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A well known problem of orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) is its sensitivity to frequency offset between the transmitted and received signals, which may
be caused by Doppler shift in the channel, or by the difference between the transmitter and receiver local oscillator frequencies. This carrier frequency offset causes loss of orthogonality between sub-carriers and the signals transmitted
on each carrier are not independent of each other. The orthogonality of the carriers is no longer maintained, which results in inter-carrier interference (ICI). The proposed work investigates an efficient ICI cancellation method termed
Repeated Correlative Coding scheme for ombating the impact
of ICI on OFDM systems. Simulation results show that under the condition of the same bandwidth efficiency and larger frequency offsets, the proposed OFDM system using Self ICI Symmetric Conjugate Repetition performs much better than standard OFDM systems in AWGN channel with large Doppler
frequencies.
Titre original
ICI Cancellation Using Self ICI Symmetric Conjugate Symbol Repetition for OFDM System
A well known problem of orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) is its sensitivity to frequency offset between the transmitted and received signals, which may
be caused by Doppler shift in the channel, or by the difference between the transmitter and receiver local oscillator frequencies. This carrier frequency offset causes loss of orthogonality between sub-carriers and the signals transmitted
on each carrier are not independent of each other. The orthogonality of the carriers is no longer maintained, which results in inter-carrier interference (ICI). The proposed work investigates an efficient ICI cancellation method termed
Repeated Correlative Coding scheme for ombating the impact
of ICI on OFDM systems. Simulation results show that under the condition of the same bandwidth efficiency and larger frequency offsets, the proposed OFDM system using Self ICI Symmetric Conjugate Repetition performs much better than standard OFDM systems in AWGN channel with large Doppler
frequencies.
A well known problem of orthogonal frequency
division multiplexing (OFDM) is its sensitivity to frequency offset between the transmitted and received signals, which may
be caused by Doppler shift in the channel, or by the difference between the transmitter and receiver local oscillator frequencies. This carrier frequency offset causes loss of orthogonality between sub-carriers and the signals transmitted
on each carrier are not independent of each other. The orthogonality of the carriers is no longer maintained, which results in inter-carrier interference (ICI). The proposed work investigates an efficient ICI cancellation method termed
Repeated Correlative Coding scheme for ombating the impact
of ICI on OFDM systems. Simulation results show that under the condition of the same bandwidth efficiency and larger frequency offsets, the proposed OFDM system using Self ICI Symmetric Conjugate Repetition performs much better than standard OFDM systems in AWGN channel with large Doppler
frequencies.
International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP )
ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 1 , Issue 6 December 2013
1
ICI Cancellation Using Self ICI Symmetric Conjugate Symbol Repetition for OFDM System Rimpy Goyal 1 , Rishav Dewan 2
Student, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, BGIET, Sangrur, India 1
Assistant Professor, Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, BGIET, Sangrur, India 2 rimpygoyal47@gmail.com
Abstract - A well known problem of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is its sensitivity to frequency offset between the transmitted and received signals, which may be caused by Doppler shift in the channel, or by the difference between the transmitter and receiver local oscillator frequencies. This carrier frequency offset causes loss of orthogonality between sub-carriers and the signals transmitted on each carrier are not independent of each other. The orthogonality of the carriers is no longer maintained, which results in inter-carrier interference (ICI). The proposed work investigates an efficient ICI cancellation method termed Repeated Correlative Coding scheme for combating the impact of ICI on OFDM systems. Simulation results show that under the condition of the same bandwidth efficiency and larger frequency offsets, the proposed OFDM system using Self ICI Symmetric Conjugate Repetition performs much better than standard OFDM systems in AWGN channel with large Doppler frequencies.
I. INTRODUCTION Wireless communications is an emerging field, which has seen enormous growth in the last several years. The huge uptake rate of mobile phone technology, Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and the exponential growth of the Internet have resulted in an increased demand for new methods of obtaining high capacity wireless networks. Most WLAN systems currently use the IEEE 802.11b standard, which provides a maximum data rate of 11Mbps. Newer WLAN standards such as IEEE802.11a are based on OFDM technology and provide a much higher data rate of 54 Mbps. However systems of the near future will require WLANs with data rates of greater than 100 Mbps, and so there is a need to further improve the spectral efficiency and data capacity of OFDM systems in WLAN applications. For cellular mobile applications, we will see in the near future a complete convergence of mobile phone technology, computing, Internet access, and potentially many multimedia applications such as video and high quality audio. The goal of third and fourth generation mobile networks is to provide users with a high data rate, and to provide a wider range of services, such as voice communications, videophones, and high speed Internet access. The higher data rate of future mobile networks will be achieved by increasing the amount of spectrum allocated to the service and by improvements in the spectral efficiency. OFDM is a potential candidate for the physical layer of fourth generation mobile systems [1]. OFDM is a special case of multi-carrier modulation. Multi-carrier modulation is the concept of splitting a signal into a number of signals, modulating each of these new signals to several frequency channels, and combining the data received on the multiple channels at the receiver. In OFDM, the multiple frequency channels, known as sub- carriers, are orthogonal to each other. The basic block diagram of the OFDM system in AWGN channel is depicted in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. The basic block diagram of an OFDM system in AWGN channel. Interference caused by data symbols on adjacent sub- carriers is referred to inter carrier interference (ICI). The orthogonality of subcarriers can be viewed in either the time domain or in frequency domain. From the time domain perspective, each subcarrier is a sinusoid with an integer http://ijetsp.info/article/IJETSPV1I601.pdf International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP ) ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 1 , Issue 6 December 2013
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number of cycles within one FFT interval. From the frequency domain perspective, this corresponds to each subcarrier having the maximum value at its own center frequency and zero at the center frequency of each of the other subcarriers. The orthogonality of a subcarrier with respect to other subcarriers is lost if the subcarrier has nonzero spectral value at other subcarrier frequencies. When this happens, the Doppler shift on each multipath component causes a frequency offset on the subcarriers, resulting in the loss of orthogonality among them. Finally, any offset between the subcarrier frequencies of the transmitter and receiver also introduces ICI to an OFDM symbol [2]. Most types of noise present in radio communication systems can be modeled accurately using Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). This noise has a uniform spectral density (making it white), and a Gaussian distribution in amplitude (this is also referred to as a normal distribution). Thermal and electrical noise from amplification, primarily have white Gaussian noise properties, allowing them to be modeled accurately with AWGN. Also most other noise sources have AWGN properties due to the transmission being OFDM. OFDM signals have a flat spectral density and a Gaussian amplitude distribution provided that the number of carriers is large (greater than about 20 subcarriers), because of this the inter- cellular interference from other OFDM systems have AWGN properties [3]. The problem of ISI in OFDM was first encountered and mitigated by the scheme proposed by Peled et. al. [4]. Conventional null guard interval was substituted by cyclic extension for fully-loaded OFDM modulation. As a result, the Orthogonality among the subcarriers was guaranteed. With the trade-off of the transmitting energy efficiency, the scheme resulted in a phenomenal ISI reduction. Hence it has been adopted by the current IEEE standards. Later, Hirosaki et. al. [5] introduced an equalization algorithm to suppress both inter symbol interference (ISI) and ICI, which had resulted from a channel distortion, synchronization error, or phase error. In the meantime, Hirosaki also applied QAM modulation, pilot tone, and trellis coding techniques in his high-speed OFDM system, which operated in voice-band spectrum. Y.Zhao et. al. [6] proposed an efficient ICI cancellation method termed ICI self-cancellation scheme. The scheme works in two very simple steps. At the transmitter side, one data symbol is modulated onto a group of adjacent subcarriers with a group of weighting coefficients. The weighting coefficients are designed so that the ICI caused by the channel frequency errors can be minimized. At the receiver side, by linearly combining the received signals on these subcarriers with proposed coefficients, the residual ICI contained in the received signals can then be further reduced. Section 2 introduces the proposed work on the ICI reduction using Repeated Correlative Coding. The simulation results are discussed in Section 3. Finally, the concluding remarks are presented in Section 4.
II. SYSTEM MODEL The main disadvantage of OFDM, however, is its susceptibility to small differences in frequency at the transmitter and receiver, normally referred to as frequency offset. This frequency offset can be caused by Doppler shift due to relative motion between the transmitter and receiver, or by differences between the frequencies of the local oscillators at the transmitter and receiver [8]. In this project, the frequency offset is modeled as a multiplicative factor introduced in the channel, as shown in Fig.2.
Fig. 2. Frequency Offset Model The received signal is given by (1) where is the normalized frequency offset, and is given by fNTs. f is the frequency difference between the transmitted and received carrier frequencies and Ts is the subcarrier symbol period. w(n) is the AWGN introduced in the channel. The effect of this frequency offset on the received symbol stream can be understood by considering the received symbol Y(k) on the k th sub-carrier. (2 ) The ICI components are the interfering signals transmitted on sub-carriers other than the kth coefficients are given by (3) The required ICI coefficients are given as (4)
(5) http://ijetsp.info/article/IJETSPV1I601.pdf International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP ) ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 1 , Issue 6 December 2013
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CIR (carrier to interference ratio) is given by the ratio of desired signal component to ICI coefficient. (6) The self cancellation method relies on the fact that the ICI coefficients change gradually with respect to the subcarrier index k; therefore, the difference between consecutive ICI coefficients , is very small. . During modulation, one data symbol is mapped onto two consecutive subcarriers with predefined weighting coefficients. The weighting coefficients are calculated carefully such that the ICI signals within the successive subcarriers are cancelled by each other at the receiver end; hence this technique is called self-cancellation. In improved technique, we observed that the difference between a subcarrier and its symmetric subcarrier is very small. Therefore, a data pair is modulated onto two subcarriers , where is a complex data and is the negative conjugate of a. That means, the transmitted symbols are constrained so that,
(7)
At the receiver side, we again take the conjugate of the data symbol transmitted on symmetric at the receiver side, we again take the conjugate of the data symbol transmitted on symmetric (N-1-k) th subcarrier. The conjugate data symbol is then subtracted from the k th subcarrier and divided by two. This is expressed mathematically as
=
(8) From the above equation, the ICI coefficient is denoted as
( 9)
The improved ICI self cancellation technique also improves the system CIR. Using ICI coefficient given by S(-k), the CIR of the improved ICI self-cancellation scheme is given by
(10) The algorithm of the proposed scheme is presented below.
Step 1 Generate binary data Step 2 Perform QPSK modulation Step 3 Serial to Parallel Conversion Step 4 Generate subcarriers Step 5 Perform IFFT Step 6 Insert guard band Step 7 Parallel to Serial conversion Step 8 Apply AWGN channel model Step 9 Apply Self-cancellation SCSR scheme Step 10 Decode/Demodulate the data
III. SIMULATION RESULTS The simulations were performed for the improved ICI cancellation scheme and the same were compared with the existing schemes and standard OFDM. Fig. 3 shows the variation of CIR with respect to different frequency offsets. 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 NORMALISED FREQUENCY OFFSET C I R
( D B ) CIR vs Epsilon
proposed scheme ICI self cancellation standard ofdm
Fig. 3. CIR vs. frequency offset curves for standard OFDM, self- cancellation system and improved self-cancellation Technique. It can be observed that at frequency offset = 0.25, CIR of standard system is approx. = 10 dB and that of ICI self- cancellation and improved self-cancellation data conjugate system are 30 dB, 50 dB respectively. Therefore it can be concluded that CIR is improved by 4 times if we compare standard and improved ICI self-cancellation system at frequency offset =0.25. http://ijetsp.info/article/IJETSPV1I601.pdf International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP ) ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 1 , Issue 6 December 2013
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Secondly, in order to observe the performance of the proposed scheme in terms of BER, the simulations were dome for different frequency offsets. Figs. 4,5,6,7 depict the variation of BER (Bit Error Rate) with increase in SNR for the proposed scheme. The comparison with standard OFDM and self-cancellation technique is also presented for frequency offsets of 0, 0.3, 0.35, and 0.4.
Fig. 4. BER of standard OFDM system and improved self-cancellation data conjugate OFDM system at frequency offset = 0.
Fig. 5. BER of standard OFDM system and improved self-cancellation data conjugate OFDM system at frequency offset = 0.3.
Fig. 6. BER of standard OFDM system and improved self-cancellation data conjugate OFDM system at frequency offset = 0.35.
Fig. 7. BER of standard OFDM system and improved self-cancellation data conjugate OFDM system at frequency offset = 0.4. IV. CONCLUSION
The performance of OFDM system in the presence of frequency offset has been studied in terms of the CIR and the BER. ICI which results from the frequency offset degrades the performance of the OFDM system. Improved ICI self-cancellation technique is used here for the mitigation of Inter carrier interference. Further the methods used under ICI self-cancellation technique are data conjugate and data symmetric conjugate method. The improved self- cancellation scheme provides significant CIR improvement, which has been studied theoretically and by simulations. Under the condition of the same bandwidth efficiency and larger frequency offsets, the improved OFDM system using the ICI self-cancellation scheme performs much better than standard OFDM systems. CIR is improved by 4 times if we compare standard and improved ICI self-cancellation system at frequency offset = 0.25. http://ijetsp.info/article/IJETSPV1I601.pdf International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing( IJETSP ) ISSN(2319-9784) , Volume 1 , Issue 6 December 2013
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There is a significant improvement in the bit error rate of data symmetric conjugate method as compared to other methods and standard system. Through simulations it has been observed that bit error rate becomes zero at SNR = 8dB, 10dB, 16dB for frequency offset values 0.3, 0.35, 0.4 respectively using data symmetric conjugate method. It has been observed that at frequency offset=0.4, the performance of the data symmetric conjugate method is improved up to 0.98 times as compared with the standard OFDM system. The proposed self-cancellation scheme can be extended to MIMO-OFDM systems and a Bayesian Statespace approach (SIS) to combat inter-carrier interference in OFDM systems can be used. The sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) method called sequential importance sampling (SIS) can be implemented which requires very lower computational complexity and estimates accurately high value frequency offsets. However, the SIS performs slightly better, which is expected due to the nonlinearity of the statespace and it is bandwidth efficiency scheme. REFERENCES [1]. L. Hanzo, M. Munster, B. J. Choi and T. Keller, OFDM and MC-CDMA for broadband Multi-user Communications, New York, IEEE press, 2000. [2]. R. kumar and pandey, Analysis and optimization of the performance of OFDM on frequency selective time selective fading channels, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 47, no. 12, pp.18111819, Dec. 1999 [3]. J Armstrong., Analysis of new and existing methods of reducing inter carrier Interference due to carrier frequency offset in OFDM, IEEE Trans. Communications., vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 365369, Mar. 1999. [4]. A. Peled and A. Ruiz, Frequency domain data transmission using reduced Computational complexity algorithms, Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE International Conference on ICASSP '80, vol. 5, pp.964 967, Apr. 1980. [5]. B. Hirosaki, An analysis of automatic equalizers for orthogonally multiplexed QAM Systems, IEEE Trans. Commun. , vol. COM-28, pp.73-83, Jan.1980. [6]. Yuping Zhao and SvenGustav Haggman, Inter- carrier interference self-cancellation scheme for OFDM mobile communication system,IEEE Trans. Commun. Vol.49, no.7, July 2001. [7]. H. Sarika, A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset Correction, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 42, no. 10, October 1994.
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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Signal Processing (IJETSP)