Section 5.

3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Evaluating Denite Integrals
THEOREM (Evaluation Theorem): Suppose f is integrable on [a, b] and f = F

for an other function F.

Then
b
_
a
f(x)dx = F(b) F(a) = F(x)
_
b
a
EXAMPLES:
1.
2
_
1
x
2
dx =
x
3
3
_
2
1
=
2
3
3

1
3
3
=
7
3
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
-1
0
1
2
3
4
2.
/2
_
0
sin xdx = cos x
_
/2
0
= cos(/2) (cos(0))
= 0 (1) = 1
3.
2
_
3
1
x
dx = ln |x|
_
2
3
= ln 2 ln 3 = 0.4054...
THEOREM: If F is an antiderivative of f on an (open) interval I, then the most general antiderivative of
f on I is F(x) + C, where C is an arbitrary constant.
NOTATION: To denote the set of all antiderivatives of f on an (open) interval I we use the indenite integral
notation:
_
f(x)dx = F(x) + C
Table of Indenite Integrals
_
cf(x)dx = c
_
f(x)dx
_
[f(x) + g(x)]dx =
_
f(x)dx +
_
g(x)dx
_
x
n
dx =
x
n+1
n + 1
+ C (n = 1)
_
1
x
dx = ln|x| + C
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+ C
_
a
x
dx =
a
x
ln a
+ C
_
sin xdx = cos x + C
_
cos xdx = sin x + C
_
sec
2
xdx = tanx + C
_
csc
2
xdx = cot x + C
_
sec xtan xdx = sec x + C
_
csc xcot xdx = csc x + C
_
1
1 + x
2
dx = arctanx + C
_
1

1 x
2
dx = arcsin x + C
1
Section 5.3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Table of Indenite Integrals
_
cf(x)dx = c
_
f(x)dx
_
[f(x) + g(x)]dx =
_
f(x)dx +
_
g(x)dx
_
x
n
dx =
x
n+1
n + 1
+ C (n = 1)
_
1
x
dx = ln|x| + C
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+ C
_
a
x
dx =
a
x
ln a
+ C
_
sin xdx = cos x + C
_
cos xdx = sin x + C
_
sec
2
xdx = tanx + C
_
csc
2
xdx = cot x + C
_
sec xtan xdx = sec x + C
_
csc xcot xdx = csc x + C
_
1
1 + x
2
dx = arctanx + C
_
1

1 x
2
dx = arcsin x + C
EXAMPLES:
1.
_
x
2
dx = [PR with n = 2] =
x
2+1
2 + 1
+ C =
x
3
3
+ C
2.
_
x
8
dx = [PR with n = 8] =
x
8+1
8 + 1
+ C =
x
7
7
+ C =
1
7
x
7
+ C
3.
_

xdx =
_
x
1/2
dx = [PR with n = 1/2] =
x
1/2+1
1/2 + 1
+ C =
x
3/2
3/2
+ C =
2
3
x
3/2
+ C
4.
_
1
5

x
dx =
_
1
x
1/5
dx =
_
x
1/5
dx = [PR with n = 1/5] =
x
1/5+1
1/5 + 1
+ C =
5
4
x
4/5
+ C
5.
_
x
3

xdx =
_
x
1
x
1/3
dx =
_
x
1+1/3
. .
x
4/3
dx = [PR with n = 4/3] =
x
4/3+1
4/3 + 1
+ C =
3
7
x
7/3
+ C
6.
_
x
4
5

x
3
dx =
_
x
4
x
3/5
dx =
_
x
43/5
. .
x
17/5
dx = [PR with n = 17/5] =
x
17/5+1
17/5 + 1
+ C =
5
22
x
22/5
+ C
7.
_
x
3

x
dx
2
Section 5.3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Table of Indenite Integrals
_
cf(x)dx = c
_
f(x)dx
_
[f(x) + g(x)]dx =
_
f(x)dx +
_
g(x)dx
_
x
n
dx =
x
n+1
n + 1
+ C (n = 1)
_
1
x
dx = ln|x| + C
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+ C
_
a
x
dx =
a
x
ln a
+ C
_
sin xdx = cos x + C
_
cos xdx = sin x + C
_
sec
2
xdx = tanx + C
_
csc
2
xdx = cot x + C
_
sec xtan xdx = sec x + C
_
csc xcot xdx = csc x + C
_
1
1 + x
2
dx = arctanx + C
_
1

1 x
2
dx = arcsin x + C
7.
_
x
3

x
dx =
_
x
1
x
1/3
x
1/2
dx =
_
x
1+1/3
x
1/2
dx =
_
x
1+1/31/2
. .
x
5/6
dx = [PR with n = 5/6] =
x
5/6+1
5/6 + 1
+ C
=
6
11
x
11/6
+ C
8.
_
x(1 + x
2
)dx =
_
_
x + x
3
_
dx =
_
xdx +
_
x
3
dx =
x
2
2
+
x
4
4
+ C
9.
1
_
0

x
_
3
_
x

x +
4

x
_
dx =
1
_
0
x
1/2
_
_
x
1
x
1/2
_
1/3
+ x
1/4
_
dx =
1
_
0
x
1/2
_
_
x
1+1/2
_
1/3
+ x
1/4
_
dx
=
1
_
0
x
1/2
_
_
x
3/2
_
1/3
+ x
1/4
_
dx =
1
_
0
x
1/2
_
x
3/21/3
+ x
1/4
_
dx =
1
_
0
x
1/2
_
x
1/2
+ x
1/4
_
dx
=
1
_
0
_
x
1/2
x
1/2
+ x
1/2
x
1/4
_
dx =
1
_
0
_
x
1/2+1/2
+ x
1/2+1/4
_
dx =
1
_
0
_
x + x
3/4
_
dx
=
_
x
2
2
+
x
3/4+1
3/4 + 1
_
1
0
=
_
x
2
2
+
x
7/4
7/4
_
1
0
=
_
1
2
x
2
+
4
7
x
7/4
_
1
0
=
_
1
2
1
2
+
4
7
1
7/4
_

_
1
2
0
2
+
4
7
0
7/4
_
=
1
2
+
4
7
=
15
14
10.
_
x(1 + x
2
)
2
dx
3
Section 5.3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Table of Indenite Integrals
_
cf(x)dx = c
_
f(x)dx
_
[f(x) + g(x)]dx =
_
f(x)dx +
_
g(x)dx
_
x
n
dx =
x
n+1
n + 1
+ C (n = 1)
_
1
x
dx = ln|x| + C
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+ C
_
a
x
dx =
a
x
ln a
+ C
_
sin xdx = cos x + C
_
cos xdx = sin x + C
_
sec
2
xdx = tanx + C
_
csc
2
xdx = cot x + C
_
sec xtan xdx = sec x + C
_
csc xcot xdx = csc x + C
_
1
1 + x
2
dx = arctanx + C
_
1

1 x
2
dx = arcsin x + C
10.
_
x(1 + x
2
)
2
dx =
_
x
_
1 + 2x
2
+ x
4
_
dx =
_
(x + 2x
3
+ x
5
)dx
=
_
xdx + 2
_
x
3
dx +
_
x
5
dx =
x
2
2
+ 2
x
4
4
+
x
6
6
+ C =
1
2
x
2
+
1
2
x
4
+
1
6
x
6
+ C
11.
_ _
11x
2
5x
1/2
+ 4x 2
7

x
_
dx =
_ _
11x
2
5x
1/2
+ 4x 2
7x
1/2
_
dx
=
_ _
11x
2
7x
1/2

5x
1/2
7x
1/2
+
4x
7x
1/2

2
7x
1/2
_
dx =
_ _
11
7
x
21/2

5
7
x
1/21/2
+
4
7
x
11/2

2
7
x
1/2
_
dx
=
_ _
11
7
x
3/2

5
7
x
1
+
4
7
x
1/2

2
7
x
1/2
_
dx =
11
7
_
x
3/2
dx
5
7
_
x
1
dx +
4
7
_
x
1/2
dx
2
7
_
x
1/2
dx
=
11
7

x
3/2+1
3/2 + 1

5
7
ln |x| +
4
7

x
1/2+1
1/2 + 1

2
7

x
1/2+1
1/2 + 1
+ C
=
11
7

x
5/2
5/2

5
7
ln |x| +
4
7

x
3/2
3/2

2
7

x
1/2
1/2
+ C
=
11
7

2
5
x
5/2

5
7
ln |x| +
4
7

2
3
x
3/2

2
7
2x
1/2
+ C
=
22
35
x
5/2

5
7
ln |x| +
8
21
x
3/2

4
7
x
1/2
+ C
12.
_ _
4 5

x + 7xsin x
9x
_
dx
4
Section 5.3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Table of Indenite Integrals
_
cf(x)dx = c
_
f(x)dx
_
[f(x) + g(x)]dx =
_
f(x)dx +
_
g(x)dx
_
x
n
dx =
x
n+1
n + 1
+ C (n = 1)
_
1
x
dx = ln|x| + C
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+ C
_
a
x
dx =
a
x
ln a
+ C
_
sin xdx = cos x + C
_
cos xdx = sin x + C
_
sec
2
xdx = tanx + C
_
csc
2
xdx = cot x + C
_
sec xtan xdx = sec x + C
_
csc xcot xdx = csc x + C
_
1
1 + x
2
dx = arctanx + C
_
1

1 x
2
dx = arcsin x + C
12.
_ _
4 5

x + 7xsin x
9x
_
dx =
_ _
4
9x

5x
1/2
9x
+
7xsin x
9x
_
dx
=
_ _
4
9

1
x

5
9
x
1/2
+
7
9
sin x
_
dx
=
4
9
_
1
x
dx
5
9
_
x
1/2
dx +
7
9
_
sin xdx
=
4
9
ln |x|
5
9

x
1/2+1
1/2 + 1

7
9
cos x + C
=
4
9
ln |x|
10
9
x
1/2

7
9
cos x + C
13.
1
_
0
x
3
+ x + 1
x
2
+ 1
dx
5
Section 5.3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Table of Indenite Integrals
_
cf(x)dx = c
_
f(x)dx
_
[f(x) + g(x)]dx =
_
f(x)dx +
_
g(x)dx
_
x
n
dx =
x
n+1
n + 1
+ C (n = 1)
_
1
x
dx = ln|x| + C
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+ C
_
a
x
dx =
a
x
ln a
+ C
_
sin xdx = cos x + C
_
cos xdx = sin x + C
_
sec
2
xdx = tanx + C
_
csc
2
xdx = cot x + C
_
sec xtan xdx = sec x + C
_
csc xcot xdx = csc x + C
_
1
1 + x
2
dx = arctanx + C
_
1

1 x
2
dx = arcsin x + C
13.
1
_
0
x
3
+ x + 1
x
2
+ 1
dx =
1
_
0
_
x
3
+ x
x
2
+ 1
+
1
x
2
+ 1
_
dx =
1
_
0
_
x(x
2
+ 1)
x
2
+ 1
+
1
x
2
+ 1
_
dx =
1
_
0
_
x +
1
x
2
+ 1
_
dx
=
_
x
2
2
+ arctan x
_
1
0
=
_
1
2
2
+ arctan 1
_

_
0
2
2
+ arctan 0
_
=
1
2
+ arctan 1 =
1
2
+

4
14.
_
2 sec x(3 sec x 5 tanx)dx =
_
(6 sec
2
x 10 sec xtan x)dx = 6
_
sec
2
xdx 10
_
sec xtanxdx
= 6 tanx 10 sec x + C
15.
_
sin 2x
sin x
dx
6
Section 5.3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Table of Indenite Integrals
_
cf(x)dx = c
_
f(x)dx
_
[f(x) + g(x)]dx =
_
f(x)dx +
_
g(x)dx
_
x
n
dx =
x
n+1
n + 1
+ C (n = 1)
_
1
x
dx = ln|x| + C
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+ C
_
a
x
dx =
a
x
ln a
+ C
_
sin xdx = cos x + C
_
cos xdx = sin x + C
_
sec
2
xdx = tanx + C
_
csc
2
xdx = cot x + C
_
sec xtan xdx = sec x + C
_
csc xcot xdx = csc x + C
_
1
1 + x
2
dx = arctanx + C
_
1

1 x
2
dx = arcsin x + C
15.
_
sin 2x
sin x
dx =
_
2 sin xcos x
sin x
dx =
_
2 cos xdx = 2
_
cos xdx = 2 sin x + C
16
1
.
/3
_
0
cos x + cos xtan
2
x
2 sec
2
x
dx =
/3
_
0
cos x(1 + tan
2
x)
2 sec
2
x
dx =
/3
_
0
cos xsec
2
x
2 sec
2
x
dx =
/3
_
0
cos x
2
dx
=
1
2
/3
_
0
cos xdx =
1
2
sin x]
/3
0
=
1
2
_
sin
_

3
_
sin 0
_
=
1
2
_

3
2
0
_
=

3
4
16
2
.
/3
_
0
cos x + cos xtan
2
x
2 sec
2
x
dx =
/3
_
0
cos x(1 + tan
2
x)
2 sec
2
x
dx =
/3
_
0
cos x
_
1 +
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
_
2
1
cos
2
x
dx
=
/3
_
0
cos x
_
cos
2
x
cos
2
x
+
sin
2
x
cos
2
x
_
2
1
cos
2
x
dx =
/3
_
0
cos x
_
cos
2
x+sin
2
x
cos
2
x
_
2
1
cos
2
x
dx =
/3
_
0
cos x
1
cos
2
x
2
1
cos
2
x
dx =
/3
_
0
cos x
2
dx
=
1
2
/3
_
0
cos xdx =
1
2
sin x]
/3
0
=
1
2
_
sin
_

3
_
sin 0
_
=
1
2
_

3
2
0
_
=

3
4
17.
_
_
x
2
+ 2
x
_
dx =
_
x
2
dx +
_
2
x
dx =
x
3
3
+
2
x
ln2
+ C
7
Section 5.3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
Applications
THEOREM (Net Change Theorem): The integral of a rate of change is the net change:
b
_
a
F

(x)dx = F(b) F(a)

EXAMPLE: We have
b
_
a
_
x
3
3
_

dx =
b
_
a
x
2
dx =
b
3
3

a
3
3
APPLICATIONS:
(a) If an object moves along a straight line with position function s(t), then its velocity is v(t) = s

(t), so
t
2
_
t
1
v(t)dt = s(t
2
) s(t
1
)
is the net change of position, or displacement, of the particle during the time period from t
1
to t
2
. Similarly,
t
2
_
t
1
|v(t)|dt = total distance traveled
(b) The acceleration of the object is a(t) = v

(t), so
t
2
_
t
1
a(t)dt = v(t
2
) v(t
1
)
is the change in velocity from time t
1
to time t
2
.
EXAMPLE: A particle moves along a line so that its velocity at time t is v(t) = t
2
t 6 (measured in
meters per second).
(a) Find the displacement of the particle during the time period 1 t 4.
(b) Find the distance traveled during this time period.
8
Section 5.3 Evaluating Denite Integrals 2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka
EXAMPLE: A particle moves along a line so that its velocity at time t is v(t) = t
2
t 6 (measured in
meters per second).
(a) Find the displacement of the particle during the time period 1 t 4.
(b) Find the distance traveled during this time period.
Solution:
(a) The displacement is
s(4) s(1) =
4
_
1
v(t)dt =
4
_
1
(t
2
t 6)dt =
_
t
3
3

t
2
2
6t
_
4
1
=
9
2
This means that the particles position at time t = 4 is 4.5 m to the left of its position at the start of the
time period.
(b) Note that
v(t) = t
2
t 6 = (t 3)(t + 2)
and so v(t) 0 on the interval [1, 3] and v(t) 0 on [3, 4]. Thus the distance traveled is
4
_
1
|v(t)|dt =
3
_
1
|v(t)|dt +
4
_
3
|v(t)|dt =
3
_
1
[v(t)]dt +
4
_
3
v(t)dt
=
3
_
1
(t
2
+ t + 6)dt +
4
_
3
(t
2
t 6)dt
=
_

t
3
3
+
t
2
2
+ 6t
_
3
1
+
_
t
3
3

t
2
2
6t
_
4
3
=
61
6
10.17 m
9