Tasheel-un-Nahw تسهيل النحو

TASHEEL AL-NAHW
based on
Ilm al!"#$% of Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali

Copyright D!r al-Sa!dah Publications 2011
First Online Edition July 2011

General and unrestricted permission is granted for the unaltered
duplication, distribution, and transmission of this text.

In Plain English: Make as many copies as you want.

i

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Table of Contents i
List of Tables vii
Introduction to the Text & Translation ix

Arabic Terms
xi

CHAPTER 1 1
1.1.
Arabic Grammar
1
1.2
The Word 2

Noun
2

Verb
2

Particle
3
1.3 4

Types of Noun
4

Types of Verb 4

Types of Particle
4
1.4
Sentences and Phrases

6
1.4.1
Nominal Sentence
6

Verbal Sentence
7
1.4.2

8
1.4.3
Types of Phrases
9
1.
Descriptive Phrase 9
2.
Possessive Phrase
9
3.
Demonstrative Phrase
10
4.
Numerical Phrase
10
5.
Indeclinable Phrase
11
1.4.4 Additional Notes About

13
Summary 14
ii

1.5 15

Signs of a Noun
15

Signs of a Verb
15

Sign of a Particle
15
1.5.1 General Notes 16
1.6
Personal Pronouns 17
1.7
Prepositions
18
1.8
Those Particles That Resemble the Verb

20
1.9
Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs

22

CHAPTER 2

Declinable and Indeclinable Nouns

25
2.1 25

Signs of Iraab
25

Conditions of Murab
25
Difference Between
and

26
2.2
Indeclinable Noun
27
2.3
Declinable Noun
28
2.4
Types of Indeclinable Nouns

29
2.4.1
2.4.2
- Relative Pronouns
36
2.4.3
Demonstrative Pronouns
39
2.4.4
Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs

41
2.4.5
Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound

42
2.4.6
Adverbs
43

Adverb of Time
43

Adverb of Place
45
2.4.7
Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified

Quantity
47
2.4.8
Numerical phrase
47
2.5
Types of Declinable Nouns

48

48
iii

48

48
2.6
Iraab of the Various Types of Murab Nouns

52

CHAPTER 3
Further Discussion of Nouns
55
3.1
Relative Adjective
55
3.2
Diminutive Noun
57
3.3
Definite and Common Nouns

58
3.4
Masculine and Feminine Nouns

59
3.5
Singular, Dual and Plural

61
3.6
Types of Plural 62
3.7
- Words Which Are Always Marfoo

66
3.7.1
Subject/Doer
66
3.7.2
Substitute of

68
3.7.3
The Noun of
and
, Which Is Similar
to

69
3.7.4
The
of That
Which Negates an Entire

(Class)
69
3.8
Words Which Are Always Mansoob 71

3.8.1
Object
71
3.8.2

73
3.8.3

73
3.8.4

73
3.8.4

74
3.8.5
State / Condition
76
3.8.6

79
Rules for
(Numerals) 80
3.8.7

84
3.9
Words Which Are Always Majroor

87
3.10
88
iv

3.10.1
Adjective 88
3.10.2
Emphasis 91
3.10.3
Substitute 94
3.10.4
Conjunction 95
3.10.5
96

CHAPTER 4

Governing Words
97
4.1
Governing Particles 98
Particles Which Govern Nouns 98
Particles Which Govern
98
4.1.1
Particles That Give Nasb 99

4.1.2
Particles That Give Jazm 102

4.2
Governing Verbs 104

4.2.1
Transitive Verb 105

4.2.2
107
4.2.3
Verbs of Praise and Blame 109

4.2.4
Verbs of Wonder 111

4.3
Governing Nouns 112

4.3.1
Conditional Nouns 112

4.3.2
114
4.3.3
116
4.3.4
That Adjective Which Is Similar to

117
4.3.5
118
4.3.6
120
4.3.7
120
4.3.8
121
v

4.3.9
122
4.3.10
123
4.4
Non-Governing Particles 124

1.
Particles of Notification 124

2.
Particles of Affirmation 124

3.
Particles of Clarification 125

4.
125
5.
Particles of Exhortation 125

6.
Particle of Anticipation 126

7.
Particles of Interrogation 126

8.
Particle of Rebuke 126

9.
126
10.
127
11.
127
12.
Extra Particles 127

13.
Conditional Particles 128

14.
129
15.
129
16.
129
Bibliography 131

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table No

Page No

1.1
1.2
Prepositions 18
1.3
Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 20

1.4
Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs 22

2.1 )
in
(also called
) 31
2.2
in
(also called
) 32
2.3
and
in
(also called
and
)
33
2.4
( in
(also called
) 34
2.5
( 36
2.6
( 36
2.7
39
2.8
39
2.9 Nouns in the Meaning of
41
2.10 Nouns in the Meaning of
41
2.11
53
3.1
63
3.2
63
3.3
64
3.4
64
3.5
66
3.6 Different Forms of the Noun of
and Its Iraab 69

3.7 Rules Governing the Iraab of the
72
3.8
85
4.1
99
4.2
102
viii

4.3
105
4.4 Verbs Requiring Three
106
4.5
107
4.6
112
4.7
118

ix

Introduction to the Text & Translation
This book is a revised edition of Tasheel al-Nahw, which in turn is a somewhat expanded
translation of the Urdu language primer of Arabic grammar, Ilm al-Nahw by Mawlana
Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali. Mawlana Charthawalis primers for Nahw (Arabic grammar)
and Sarf (Arabic Morphology) are standard textbooks in Western madrasahs. The original
English translation of Ilm al-Nahw was prepared by scholars from Madrasah Islamiyyah,
Benoni, South Africa. They put in a lot of hardwork and made the English translation much
more beneficial than the Urdu original. May Allah reward them. At least two versions of this
translation are available online. The first one had many errors and typing issues. The newer
version has made some improvements but issues remain, especially with regards to language
and clarity of the English and Arabic texts. We decided to bring out a revised edition of this
translation to address these issues. During the course of our revision and editing, we consulted
various grammar works including al-Nahw al-Wadih, Sharh ibn Aqeel, Mujam al-Qawaid al-
Arabiyyah, and A Simplified Arabic Grammar of Mawlana Hasan Dockrat. We have completely
revised some sections, as well as a number of definitions. The organization has been changed in
a way that we feel will make it easier for the student to understand how each section fits in the
overall picture.
This is a beginner-to-intermediate level text; therefore, we have not transliterated Arabic
words exactly, keeping in mind that most people at this stage will not be comfortable with
Arabic transliteration schemes. Rather, we have used approximate equivalents that are easier to
read for the untrained. Nevertheless, non-English words have been italicized.
As for duals and plurals of Arabic words, we have not used the original Arabic duals and
plurals; rather, their plurals have been created the English way by adding an s to the singular.
Thus, two dammahs is used instead of dammahtain. The word still remains italicized so as to
reflect its non-English origin.
It should also be noted that the English equivalents of Arabic grammar terms are mere
approximations. In some cases, they convey the exact meaning. In many cases, they do not.
The student is, therefore, urged to focus on the original term in Arabic.
To the best of our ability, we have tried to remove all errors. However, we are merely
human. There are bound to be some mistakes in it. Your comments, constructive criticism,
and suggestions are all welcome. You can contact us with your feedback at the email address
given at the end.
x

We hope and pray that this revised translation will be of benefit to the students. We also
pray that Allah, the Exalted, accepts this humble effort from all those who have contributed to
it in any way, especially the typists; and gives us the power to continue with more. We also
request the readers and all those who benefit from it in any way to remember us in their
prayers.
And He alone gives success.

Aamir Bashir
Buffalo, NY
9 Shaban, 1432 (8 July, 2011)
E-mail: ainbay97@yahoo.com

xi

ARABIC TERMS

Arabic Term
Approximate
Transliteration
Equivalent English Term /
Description of the meaning

ism Noun

fil Verb

harf Particle

mudhakkar Masculine

muannath Feminine

waahid Singular

tathniyah Dual

jam Plural

dammah

fathah

kasrah

harakah
plural: harakaat
Short vowels, i.e., dammah , fathah , kasrah

huroof al-illah Long vowels i.e., -

iraab
These are the variations at the end of the word, which
take place in accordance with the governing word.

tanween two fathahs , two dammahs
, two kasrahs
sukoon

saakin a letter with sukoon

tashdeed

mushaddad A letter with tashdeed

faail Subject i.e. the doer

xii

mafool
Object i.e. the person or thing upon whom or which
the work is done.

aamil
Governing word i.e. that word, which causes iraab
change in the word(s) following it.

mamool
The governed word i.e. that word in which the iraab
change occurred.

fil maroof
The active verb i.e. that verb whose doer is
known/mentioned.

fil majhool
The passive verb i.e. that verb whose doer is not
known/mentioned.

fil laazim
The intransitive verb i.e. that verb, which can be
understood without a
fil mutaaddi
The transitive verb i.e. that verb, which cannot be
fully understood without a
marifah
Definite noun. It is generally indicated by an . For
example,
the house (a particular/specific house).

nakirah
Common noun. It is generally indicated by a tanween.
e.g.
a house (any house).

marfoo
It is that word, which is in the state of
, which is
generally represented by a dammah on the last letter.

mansoob
, which is
generally represented by a fathah on the last letter.

majroor
, which is
generally represented by a kasrah on the last letter.

1
CHAPTER 1

Section 1.1

Arabic Grammar
Definition:
Nahw is that science, which teaches us how to join a noun, verb and particle to form a correct
sentence, as well as what the
(condition) of the last letter of a word should be.

Subject Matter:
Its subject matter is
(word) and
(sentence).

Objective:
The immediate objective is to learn how to read, write and speak correct Arabic, and to
avoid making mistakes in this. For example,
, and
are four words. The

science of Nahw teaches us how to put them together to form a correct sentence.
The mid-term objective is to use our Arabic skills to understand the Quran, Hadeeth,
Fiqh and other Islamic sciences, so that we can act upon them.
The ultimate objective through the above is to gain the pleasure of Allah, the Exalted.

2
Section 1.2

The Word
Any word uttered by humans is called a
. If it has a meaning, it is called
(meaningful);
and if it does not have any meaning, it is called
(meaningless).
In Arabic,
(meaningful word) is of two types:
and
.
1.
Singular: It is that single word, which conveys one meaning. It is also called
.
2.
Compound: It is a group of words. They may form a complete sentence or an

incomplete one.

Types of

There are three types of
:
1.
(noun)
2.
(verb)
3.
(particle)

Noun:
It is that
whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with

another word.
It is the name of a person, place or thing.
It does not have any tense.
e.g.
man

house
Note: A noun can never have a
(tanween) and an at the same time.

Verb:
It is that
whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with

another word.
It has one of the three tenses: past, present, or future.
It denotes an action.
e.g.
He hit.

He helped.
Note: A
can never have a
(tanween) or an .

3

Particle:
It is that
whose meaning cannot be understood without joining a
or a
or both to it.
e.g.
(from)

(on top)

EXERCISE
1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
.
i.
(He sat.)
ii.
(and)
iii.
(girl)
iv.
(He broke.)

2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

4
Section 1.3

Types of Noun

is of three types:
1.
Primary Noun: It is that
which is neither derived from another word nor is any

word derived from it.
e.g.
horse
girl
2.
Root Noun: It is that
from which many words are derived.

e.g.
to hit
to help
3.
Derived Noun: It is that
which is derived from a masdar.

e.g.
hitter
the helped

Types of Verb

is of four types:
1.
Past tense e.g.
He hit.
2.
Present and Future tense e.g.
He is hitting or will
hit.

3.

Positive Command/
Imperative
e.g.
Hit!

4.

Negative Command/
Prohibitive
e.g.
Dont hit!

Types of Particle

is of two types:
1.
Causative Particle: It is that
, which causes
change in the word after it.

e.g.
Zayd is in the mosque.

2.
Non Causative: It is that
, which does not cause
change in the
following word.
e.g.
then
and

5
EXERCISE
1. Correct the following words (stating a reason) and give its meaning.
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

2. Find the meaning and the plural of the following nouns using a dictionary.
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

6
Section 1.4

Sentences and Phrases

is of two types:
and
is also called
and
. This is a complete sentence.

Often, it is just called
is also called
and
. This is a phrase, i.e.,

an incomplete sentence.
From now onwards, when we use sentence, we will be referring to complete sentences; and
when we use phrase, we will be referring to incomplete sentences.

Types of Sentences
There are two types of sentences:
A.
: It is that sentence, which has the possibility of being true or false.

B.
: It is that sentence, which does not have the possibility of being true or false.

Section 1.4.1

is of two types:
1.
Nominal Sentence:
Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a noun.
The second part of the sentence can be a noun or a verb.
The first part of the sentence is called
(subject) or
(the word about which

information is being given).
The second part of the sentence is called
(predicate) or
(the word giving the

information).
The
is generally
and the
generally
.
Both parts (
and
) are
.

Sentence Analysis

The house is clean.

7
Note: A sentence may have more than one
.
Sentence Analysis

The man is tall and strong.

2 +
1 +

2.
Verbal Sentence:
Definition: It is that sentence, which begins with a verb.
The first part of the sentence is called
or
.
The second part of the sentence is called
or
and is always
.

Sentence Analysis

Zayd sat.

Note: In the above example, the verb is
i.e. it is a verb whose meaning can be

understood without a
.

Note: If the verb is
i.e. a verb whose meaning cannot be fully understood without

a
, then a
will be added and will be
.
Sentence Analysis

Allah created the sky.

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab, and analyze the following sentences.
i. ii. iii.
iv. v. vi.

2. What is the difference between (v) and (vi) above?

8
Section 1.4.2

is of ten types:
1.

Positive Command e.g.

Hit!
2.

Negative Command e.g.

Dont Hit!
3.

Interrogative e.g.

Did Zayd hit?
4.

Desire e.g.

!
I wish youth would
return.

Note:
is generally used for something unattainable.

5.

Hope e.g.

Hopefully, the
examination will be easy.

Note:
is generally used for something attainable.

6.
Exclamation e.g.
! O Allah!
7.

Request/Offer e.g.

!
Will you not come to me
so that I may give you a
dinar?

Note:
is a mere request; no answer is anticipated.

8.

Oath e.g.

!
By Allah!
9.

Amazement e.g.

!
How good Zayd is!
10.

Transaction e.g.
The seller says
I sold this book.

and the buyer says
I bought it.
Note: The sentences for
appear to be
. However, in Islamic law, contracts require the

use of past tense verbal sentences to convey the meaning of
. Hence, these will be

classified as
.
Sentence Analysis:

Did Zayd hit?

EXERCISE
1. State what type of
are the following sentences.

i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

9
Section 1.4.3

- Types of Phrases

Phrases are of five types:
1.
Descriptive Phrase: It is a phrase in which one word describes the other.

The describing word is called
.
The object being described is called
.
The
and
must correspond in four things:

1. Iraab.
2. Gender i.e. being masculine or feminine.
3. Number i.e. being singular, dual or plural.
4. Being marifah or nakirah.

For example,

the righteous men

two righteous men

the intelligent/wise girl

2.
Possessive Phrase: It is a phrase in which the first word (
) is attributed
to the second one (
). In some cases, this means that the second word owns or

possesses the first.
The
never gets an or a
.
The
is always
.
The iraab of the
will be according to the
governing it. For example,

Zayds book

10
Notes:
1. Sometimes many
are found in one single phrase. For example,

the door of the mans house

2. If a
of the
is brought, it should come immediately after the
with an
and should have the same iraab as that of the
. For example,

the new door of the house

3. If a
of the
is brought, it should come immediately after it (
), and it
should correspond to it (
) i.e. in the four aspects mentioned earlier. For example,

The door of the new house.

3.
Demonstrative Phrase: It is a phrase in which one noun (
) points
towards another noun (
).
The
must have an .
e.g.
This man

Note: If the
does not have an , it would be a complete sentence.

e.g.
This is a man.

4.
Numerical Phrase: It is a phrase in which two numerals are joined to

form a single word (number).
A
originally linked the two.

This phrase is found only in numbers 11-19.
Both parts of this phrase will be
except the number 12 (
).
e.g.
(eleven)
It was originally
.

11
Note: The first part of the number
will be given a in place of the (
) in

and
.
e.g.

)
I saw twelve men. I passed by twelve men.

5.
Indeclinable Phrase: It is a phrase in which two words are joined to form

a single word.
The first part of this phrase is always
.
The second part changes according to the
.
e.g.

) A region in Yemen.

is a verb, which means he/it became present and
is a noun, which
means death.

) A city in Lebanon.

was the name of an idol and
was the name of a king.

Note: The above mentioned various types of phrases/incomplete sentences form part of a
complete sentence.

Example 1

The trustworthy/honest trader
gained profit.

Example 2

Every faail is marfoo

and every mafool is
mansoob.

12
Example 3

I bought this book.

Example 4

Fourteen men came.

Example 5

This is Balabakk.

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following phrases.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
2. What is the difference between the following sentences?
i.
and

ii. and
iii.
and

iv. and
3. Correct the following and state the reason(s).
i.

ii.
iii.

iv.

4. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following.
i.

13
Section 1.4.4
Additional Notes About

1. Sometimes, the
is not mentioned, in which case it will be regarded as hidden (
).
1

e.g.
The Imam is in the mosque.

2. The
can be a complete sentence.

Example 1:
Zayds father is knowledgable.

Example 2:
Zayd ate the food.

EXERCISE
i. ii.

1
However, generally, to simplify matters, the
is taken to be
. See Hasan Dockrat, A

Simplified Arabic Grammar, (Azaadvillle: Madrasa Arabia Islamia, 2003 ), 37.

14
Summary

15
Section 1.5

Signs of a Noun:
1. It is preceded by an . e.g.
the man
2. It is preceded by a
. e.g.
with the pen

3. There is tanween on the last letter. e.g.
a man
4. It ends with a round . e.g.
a word
5. It is a dual )
( .
2
e.g.
two men
6. It is a plural )
( . e.g.
men
7. It is a
or )
e.g.
The man is strong.

e.g.
Zayd sat.
8. It is
. e.g.
book of Zayd
9. It is
. e.g.
tall man
10. It is
. e.g.
O man!
11. It is
. e.g.
a little man
12. It is
. e.g.
a Makkan

Signs of a Verb:
1. It is preceded by
. e.g.
He has gone out.

. e.g.
He will soon go out.

. e.g.
He will go out after a while.

. e.g.
He did not go out.

. e.g.
He will never go out.

6. It has a hidden
. e.g.
He went out.
7. It is an imperative )
( . e.g.
Go out.
8. It is a prohibitive )
( . e.g.
Do not go out.

Sign of a Particle:
That word which has no sign of a noun or verb is a particle (a particle has no sign of its own).

2
Verbs are said to be dual and plural with respect to their doers )
( . The action is one. Thus, duality

and plurality are signs of a noun and not a verb.

16
Section 1.5.1
General Notes

1. The indefiniteness of a noun )
( is indicated by a tanween. Such a noun is called
.
e.g.
a house (any house)

2. The definiteness of a noun is indicated by an . Such a noun is called
.
e.g.
the house (a specific house)

3. A noun can never have a tanween and an at the same time.
e.g.
is incorrect.
4. When the last letter of a word and the first letter of the following word have sukoon (), it
is called
(the meeting of two sukoons). In this case, the first sukoon will be
changed to a kasrah.
e.g.
will become
. The
before the will not be

pronounced.
5. When an appears before a noun, which begins with a letter from
(sun
letters) then the of must not be pronounced. The of will not get a sukoon. Instead
the
will get a tashdeed.

e.g.

6. The remaining letters are known as
(moon letters). In these, the of will get

a sukoon and will be pronounced. The
will not get a tashdeed.

e.g.
the pen
7. Generally, a noun ending with a round )
( is a feminine )
( noun.
e.g.
blackboard
8. The
etc. of a
(non-human) plural will be

.
e.g.

many idols
The idols do not benefit.

These idols.
The guard dogs are sitting.

The houses were many.

9. When writing a noun ending with two fathahs (), an alif ) ( must be added at the end.
e.g.

17
Section 1.6
Personal Pronouns

Definition:
(singular:
) are those words, which refer to the speaker )
( or the
second person )
( or the third person )
( .

Table 1.1
Personal Pronouns
Unattached Form )
( Attached Form )
He (one male), it
his, its, him
They (two males)
their, them
They (many males)
their, them
She (one female), it
her, its
They (two females)
their, them
They (many females)
their, them
You (one male)
your
You (two males)
your
You (many males)
your
You (one female)
your
You (two females)
your
You (many females)
your
I (one male or female) my

We (many males or
females)

our

(

e.g.
He is Zayd.
your pen

I am a student.
I helped her.

18
Section 1.7

Prepositions

Effect: A
gives a
to the noun it enters upon, which is then known as
.

Table 1.2

Prepositions

Meaning Example
1.
with
I wrote with the pen.

2.
by (for oath)
By Allah!
3.
like
Zayd is like a lion.

4.
for
All praise is for Allah.

5.
by (oath)
By Allah!
6.
since
I have not seen him since a week.

7.
since/for
I did not see him for four days.

8.
besides, except
The people came except Zayd.

9.

many a

Many a learned person acts on his
knowledge.
10.
besides, except

11.
from
I returned from the journey.

12.
besides, except

13.
in, regarding
Zayd is in the house.

14.
from, regarding
The doctor asked about the patient.

15.
on
The cloth/clothes is/are on the chair.

16.
up to, until
I slept till dawn.

17.
up to, towards
I travelled to Madinah.

Example 1:
Grammar in speech is like salt in food.

19
Example 2 with Sentence Analysis:

I wrote with the pen.

Note: Together, the
and
are known as
(connected) of the
in
and
of the
in
.

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

20
Section 1.8


These are called
because like
, they also govern two words.

These
appear before a
and )
.
Effect: Such a particle gives a
to the
which is then known as
(or
and so
on) and a
to the
which is then known as
(or
and so on).

Table 1.3


Meaning Example
1.

certainly, verily, indeed
Verily Allah is All Knowing.

2.

certainly, verily; that

I knew that the examination
was near.
3.

as if
It is as if the house is new.

4.

but, however

The house is new but the
furniture is old.
5.

if only, I wish
I wish youth would return.

6.

maybe, hopefully,
perhaps

Hopefully, the examination
will be easy.

Sentence Analysis:

Indeed, Allah is All-Knowing.

Notes:
1. Difference between
and :
a.
is generally used at the beginning of a sentence.

is generally used in the middle of a sentence.
b. Sometimes,
appears in the middle of a sentence. This happens when it is used after

a word with root letters .
e.g.
He says, it is a yellow cow.

21
2. The
can be a complete sentence.

Example 1:
Indeed, Zayds mother is pious.

(
=

Example 2:
Indeed, Zayd ate the food.

( =

3. If there is a
before the
, then the
will appear first and the
second.
e.g.
Indeed, to us is their return.

4. When
is joined to any of these
, their effect will be cancelled.

e.g.
Your god is only one god.

EXCERISE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

22
Section 1.9

Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs

Such a verb is called
(incomplete) because even though it is a
, it needs two
mamools (

). The sentence remains incomplete with one
.
e.g.
Zayd was (the sentence remains incomplete).

These verbs enter on a
and a )
.
Effect: They give
to the
, which becomes known as
(or
and so on) and

to the
, which becomes known as
(or
and so on).

Table 1.4

Meaning Example
1.

was

The house was clean.
2.

became

The man became wealthy.
3.

happen in the morning
OR

Zayd became ill in the
morning.

became

Zayd became rich.
4.

happen in the evening,
became

The worker became tired in
the evening.
5.

happen at mid-morning,
became

The clouds became dense at
mid morning.
6.

happen during the day,
became

It rained the whole day.
7.

happen during the
night, became

Zayd passed the night
sleeping.
8.

as long as

Sit as long as Zayd is sitting.
9.

always, continuously

Zayd was continuously sick.
10.


Zayd was always fasting.
11.


Zayd was always active.
12.


The businessman was always
truthful.
13.

no, not

The servant is not strong.

23
Sentence Analysis:
The house was clean.

Notes:
1. When
is used with
, it gives the meaning of past continuous.

e.g.
Zayd was writing/Zayd used to write.

Note: Here, the
of
is a
.

2.
can be used in
and
as well.

3.
can be used in
but not in
.

4.
and
have a past tense only (no
or
).

5.
must be preceded by another sentence.

6. The
of
is sometimes prefixed with a
.
e.g.
Is Allah not the greatest of rulers?

7. If there is a
before the
, then the
second.

EXERCISE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.

e.g.

There were clouds in the sky.

25
CHAPTER 2

Declinable and Indeclinable Nouns

Words are of two types with respect to changes, which may or may not take place at their ends.
If the end of a word remains the same in all conditions, it is called
; and that word whose

end changes is called
.

Section 2.1
1

: Those conditions (
), which remain unchanged at the end of
words are four:

and
. These are called
: Those conditions (
), which occur at the end of
words are four:
, and
. These are called
for short). These changes are brought about at

the end of a
word in accordance with the requirement of the
(governing word).

Signs of Iraab
Iraab can be shown in two ways. These are called
(signs of iraab).
1.
: These are the basic signs and are the most common. Iraab is shown by means
of a
i.e.
or
or
, or
(which is the absence of a
).
e.g.

2.
: Sometimes, the iraab is shown by means of any of the
i.e. or or
.
e.g.
Conditions of Murab
As mentioned above, the conditions that occur at the end of
words are four. Below, we

look at them in more detail.

1
This section is based upon the discussion in al-Nahw al-Wadih. See Ali al-Jaarim & Mustafa Ameen, al-Nahw
al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibdtidaiyyah, (Cairo: Dar al-Maarif, n.d.), 2:7-17.

26
1.
is that when a
or its corresponding ) (
appears at the end of a word.

Such a word is said to be
.
e.g.

2.
is that when a

.
e.g.

3.
is that when a

.
e.g.

4.
is that when a
appears at the end of a word. Such a word is said to be
.
e.g.

Difference Between
and

The words
are used to describe the conditions at the end of a
, e.g.

has a
at the end, which is a sign of its being
.
The words
are used to describe the conditions at the end of a
, e.g.

has a
at the end. It is
.
In other words, () is the same but the name is
when it appears in a
and is
when
it appears in a
. The same is true of () and ().

27
Section 2.2

Indeclinable Noun
As mentioned earlier, a
is that word whose end remains unchanged in all conditions i.e.

irrespective of the requirement of the
governing it.
e.g.

This came. I saw this. I passed by this.

Note: The
at the end of
remained constant and did not change according to the

requirement.

Types of
:
1. All Particles )
( *
2. Amongst the verbs )
( , the following are
.
1)
*
2)
*
3) The
and
) and the
and
) of
.
3. Amongst nouns )
( , there are some nouns whose ends remain constant. They are
known as
i.e. nouns, which do not give place to changes. These nouns are

and are recognized by their resemblance with any one of the three types of al-mabny al-
asl words (
or
or
). This resemblance can be in any one

of the following ways:
a. Resemblance in meaning. For example, the noun
(give grace/respite) resembles

the word
, which is
(one of the al-mabny al-asl) and has the

same meaning.
b. Resemblance in dependency. For example, the noun )
, which is
dependent on a
to give meaning, resembles a
(one of the al-mabny al-

asl), which is also dependent on another word to give meaning.
c. Resemblance in having less than three letters. For example, the noun
, which is
less than three letters, resembles
(e.g.
), which is also generally less than three

letters.
d. Resemblance in having had a
originally. For example, the noun

resembles a
in the sense that originally it contained a )
.
*These three are known as
.

28
Section 2.3

Declinable Noun
As mentioned above, a
is that word whose end accepts any of the iraab according to the
requirement of the
governing it.
e.g.

A man came. I saw a man. I passed by a man.

Note: The iraab of kept on changing according to the requirement of the
.

Types of
:
1. Amongst verbs )
( , all of
besides the
and
) and the
and
) are
.
2. Amongst nouns )
( , those nouns, which accept iraab changes are
. They are
known as
i.e. nouns which give place to iraab changes.

Note: These nouns will be
when they are used in a sentence. If not used in a

sentence, such a word will be
. For example,
on its own, out of a sentence, will

have a
.

EXERCISE
1. State with reason whether the following words are
or
.
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.

viii.

29
Section 2.4

Types of Indeclinable Nouns

The types of
are as follows:
1.
(personal pronouns)
2.
(relative pronouns)
3.
(demonstrative pronouns)
4.
(those nouns which have the meaning of verbs)

5.
(those nouns which denote a sound)

6.
(adverbs)
7.
(those nouns which indicate an unspecified quantity)

8.
(numerical phrase)

In the following pages, we will look at each of these in detail.

30
Section 2.4.1

Personal Pronouns

We have discussed
before. Now, we will look at them in greater detail.

Definition:
(singular:
) are those words, which refer to the speaker )
( or the
second person )
( or the third person )
( .
There are two types of dameers:
1.
Visible or Independent Pronoun: It is that dameer, which is visible and has a

distinct form. It appears on its own, unattached to another word (known as
) or
attached to another word (known as
).
2.
Hidden or Implied Pronoun: It is that dameer, which is not visible but is

implied.
Note: A hidden dameer can only appear in
. (refer to Table 2.2)

Below are tables showing different forms that the dameers will assume in the various conditions
(haalaat).

31
Table 2.1
)
in
(also called
(

e.g.
(

32
Table 2.2

in
(also called
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
) (
(

33
Table 2.3

and
in
(also called
and
(

e.g.
You alone we worship.

(

2
Sometimes, a )
( is added before the
to protect an iraab as in
, which would otherwise be

incorrectly read as
(the
of
is
).

34
There are two ways in which
( appears in
. One is when it is preceded by

a
; and the other is when some other word is
to it.

Table 2.4

( in
(also called
(

e.g.
His house is his.

(

Note: The dameer baariz in
will always be
.

35

:
It is that
, which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a

(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a
.
e.g.
Indeed, the matter is that Zayd is standing.

:
It is that
, which sometimes appears at the beginning of a sentence without a

(an earlier word that it refers to). The sentence after it clarifies such a
.
e.g.
Indeed, the matter is that Fatimah is standing.

:
It is that
, which appears between a
and a
for emphasis.
e.g.
It is they who are successful.

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyze the following sentences, pointing out all the
dameers, as well as their type and haalaat.
i.
ii.
iii.

iv.

36
Section 2.4.2

- Relative Pronouns
Definition: An
is a
whose purpose is understood through the sentence,

which comes after it, which is called
.
An
cannot form a complete part of a sentence on its own. It must have a

which relates (refers back) to it. The
is a
, which must have a
(visible or
hidden) referring to the
.

Table 2.5

who, that, which

those two who, that, which

those two, who, that, which

those who, that, which

Table 2.6

who, that, which

those two who, that, which

those two, who, that, which



e.g.

The man who helped you, came.

I saw those two men who hit you.

I love those men who taught me.

37
Additional Relative Pronouns:
1.
and

These are used for all genders and all numbers.
The difference is that
is used for humans and
is used for things (non-human).

e.g.

Show goodness to that person who has
shown goodness to you.

I read what you wrote.

2.
and

They are generally
and used in
has the meaning of
.
e.g.
from which book

has the meaning of
.
e.g.
which girl

3. , which appears before an
and an
, will have the effect of
.
e.g.

would equal
would equal
would equal

4.

According to the dialect of the tribe
, it is an
.
It is used for all genders and all numbers, without its form changing.

e.g.
equals
The one who hit you, came.

equals
I saw the one who hit you.

equals
I passed by the one who hit you.

38
Sentence Analysis:

That person whose father is knowledgeable, came.

EXERCISE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

39
Section 2.4.3

Demonstrative Pronouns

Definition: An
is that noun, which is used to point at something. These nouns are of

of two types.
i.
: It is used for pointing at something near.

ii.
: It is used for pointing at something far.

Table 2.7

this
that

these
two

those
two

these
two

those
two

these
those

Table 2.8

this
that

these
two

those
two

these
two

those
two

these
those

e.g.
that book

these women

those men

40
Notes:
1. The of )
is sometimes changed according to the number of persons being

addressed. The meaning will not be affected.
e.g.
He is the Lord of both of you.

2. If the
is a
, then the
will come after the
.
e.g.
This book of yours.

3. If the
occurs as a
, then the
will generally be a
.
e.g.
This is a book.
However, if the
is also
, then a suitable
should be added between the
,
which is an
, and the
for it to remain a complete sentence.

e.g.
This is the book.

If no
is added, it would be an incomplete sentence.

e.g.
This book
4. If the
is a
, then there will be no need for a
to be added between the
and
the
.
e.g.
This is the son of the king.

5.
or
(here) and
(there) are also
. However, they do not have any special

rules.

Sentence Analysis:

This pen is precious.

EXERCISE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

41
Section 2.4.4

Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs

Definition: These are nouns that have the meaning of verbs.
That which has the meaning of
, gives the noun after it a raf; and the one which has
the meaning of
, gives the noun after it a nasb.

Table 2.9
Nouns in the Meaning of

Noun Verb Meaning Example

beyond, far from

It is far from (beyond)
Zayd to do this.

what a difference,
there is a difference
between

What a difference there is
between the learned and
the ignorant!

hastened, made quick

Zayd hastened.

Table 2.10
Nouns in the Meaning of

Noun Verb Meaning Example

give respite,
let him be slow

Give Zayd respite.

leave, give up

Give up thinking about
that which does not
concern you.

take

Take the milk.

hold on to,
incumbent on you

Hold on to my
Sunnah.

come, hasten

Come to salaah.

come, hasten

Notes:
1. There are some other nouns which have the meaning of verbs. These are as follows:

come)

accept)

keep quite)
suffice)

42

bring, give)
away from me)

bring him/it to me)

2. Some of these nouns are inflectable, i.e. their form changes.
i.

e.g.

Say: bring your proof, if you are truthful.
ii.

e.g.
...
Say: O people of the book! Come to a word
e.g.

Then, come, I will make provision for you and release you with kindness.

Section 2.4.5

Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound

To denote a cough.

To denote pain.

To denote happiness, pleasure.

To make a camel sit.

To denote the cawing of a crow.

43
Section 2.4.6

Adverbs

Definition: An
is that noun, which gives us an idea of the place or time when (or
where) some work is done.

are of two kinds:
(adverb of time) and
(the adverb of place).

Adverb of Time:
1.
(when)
It gives the meaning of past tense even when it appears before
.
The sentence after
could be a
or a
.
e.g.
Remember when you were less.

e.g.
And when Ibrahim (Allah give him peace)

raised the foundation of the House (Kaba).
Sometimes, it gives the meaning of suddenness )
( .
e.g.
I came out and suddenly the principal of

the school was watching.

2.
(when)
It gives the meaning of future tense even when it appears before
.
It gives the meaning of
and
but does not give either a
.
The sentence after
could be a
or preferably a
.
e.g.
I will come to you when the sun rises.

e.g.
When the help of Allah will come.

Sometimes, it gives the meaning of suddenness )
( , in which case
must be
followed by a
.
e.g.
I came out and suddenly the dog was standing.

3.
(when)
It can be used as an interrogative )
( .
e.g.
When will you travel?

44
It can also be used as a conditional noun in which case the
and
get a
.
e.g.
When you fast, I will fast.

4.
(how)
It is used to enquire condition.
e.g.
How are you? (In what condition are you?)

5.
(when)
It is used as an interrogative.
e.g.
When will be the day of recompense?

Note:
is used only to enquire of great events of the future as compared to
.

6.
(yesterday)
e.g.
Zayd came to me yesterday.

7.
(since, from)
These two can be used to convey the beginning of a time period.
e.g.
I have not seen him since Friday.

They can also be used to refer to the entire period.
e.g.
I have not seen him for two days.

These can be used as
(followed by a
) or as
, which will be regarded as

a
followed by a
.
e.g.
I have not seen him since Friday.

8.
(not, never)
It is used to emphasize
.
e.g.
I never hit him.

9.
(never)
It is used to emphasize
.
e.g.
I will never hit him.

45
10.
(before)

(after)
They are
when they are
and the
is not mentioned, but intended.

e.g.
(
Allahs is the decision before and after (i.e., before everything and after
everything).
e.g.
(
I have been present from before (i.e., before you).
e.g.
(
When will you come after (i.e., after this)?
When the
is mentioned, they will be
.
e.g.
before the victory

Adverb of Place:
1.
(where)
It is generally
to a sentence.
e.g.
Sit where Zayd is sitting.

2.
(in front of)

(behind)
It has the same rules as those for
and
.
e.g.
(
The people stood in front and behind.
(i.e., in front of him and behind him).

3.
(under)

(on top, above)

It has the same rules as those for
and
.
e.g.
(
Zayd sat under and Amr above. (i.e., under the tree and above the tree.)

46
4.
(by, at, near, with)

e.g.
The money is with Zayd.

Note:
will get a kasrah if it is preceded by
.
e.g.
from Allah

5.
(where, how)
It is used for
.
e.g.
Where are you going?

It is used for
and
will get a
).
e.g.
Where you sit, I will sit.

6.
(at, by, near, with (same meaning as
)).
e.g.
The money is with Zayd.

From the All-Wise, All-knowing

is generally used with
.
The difference between
and
is that in the case of
, the possessed
thing must be present with the person; whereas, in the case of
, the possessed
thing need not be present with the person.

Note: That adverb which is murab and is mudaaf to a sentence or the word
, could be mabny
ala al-fath or it could get the iraab according to the aamil.
e.g. the adverb which is mudaaf in the following ayahs:

and

This is the day when the truth of the truthful will benefit them.

and

faces on that day

47
Section 2.4.7

Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified Quantity

1.
(so many, so much, how many, how much)

It is used for numbers
e.g.
How many silver coins do you have?

e.g.
I took this many silver coins.

is also used in the meaning of such and such.

e.g.
He said to me such and such.

2.
(so and so, such and such)

e.g.
or
I said such and such.

e.g.
or
I did such and such.

Section 2.4.8

Numerical Phrase
This has been discussed earlier. Please, refer to section 1.3.3.

48
Section 2.5

Types of Declinable Nouns

These are of two types:
1.

Definition: It is that noun which does not have two causes from amongst the nine causes
that prevent declension (
) or one such cause, which is equivalent to two.

It accepts all harakaat as well as a tanween.

2.

Definition: It is that noun which has two causes from amongst the nine causes that prevent
declension (
) or one such cause, which is equivalent to two.

Such a noun does not accept a kasrah and never gets a tanween. Thus in
, it gets
a fathah in place of a kasrah.

The nine reasons/causes which prevent iraab changes are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.

1.
: It refers to the case when a noun gives up its original form to assume a new form.

is of two types:
i.
: It refers to the case when a noun has an original.

e.g. In the case of
(three and three together), the original is
.

ii.
: It refers to the case when it is assumed that a noun had an original because it
is used as
by the Arabs.
e.g. The Arabs use
as
. However, there is only one apparent cause,
.
Therefore, in order to keep the grammar rule intact, it is assumed that the
second reason is
, and the original for
is
.

49
2.
: It refers to the case when a word is such an
, which was originally devised to give

a descriptive (
) meaning. If such a
is on the wazn of (
), and does not accept taa

for its
, it will be ghayr munsarif.

3

e.g.
red
green

3.
: It refers to the case when a noun is a proper noun (name of a person, place or thing).
e.g.
female name

name of a region in Yemen

4.
: It refers to the case when a noun is such a feminine proper noun, which has one of
the following characteristics:
i. It ends with a round . For example,
"

ii. It does not end with a round and has more then three letters. For example,
.
iii. It is a non-Arabic three letter word and the middle letter is
. For example,
.

Note:
All nouns ending in )
or ) (
are feminine.
e.g.
pregnant

red
Those feminine nouns which end in )
or ) (
are
equivalent to two reasons.

5.
: It refers to the case when a word, which is a proper noun in a non-Arabic language,
has either
more than three letters e.g.

or
has three letters and the middle letters is
. e.g.
(name of a fort)
Thus,
is munsarif because its middle letter is not
.
Note: The difference between
and
is that
is a feminine noun because of

it being the name of a country, while
is not a feminine noun. Thus,
is ghayr

3
Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtidaiyyah, 3:122 and Abdullah ibn Aqeel, Sharh ibn Aqeel ala Alfiyyat
ibn Maalik, (Karachi: Qadeemi Kutubkhana, n.d.), 4: 5.
4
Even though
is a masculine proper noun, it is considered a feminine noun because of the presence of a

round . For more discussion on the subject, see Section 3.4.

50
munsarif because of
and
, while
is munsarif because it only has

does not apply to either.

6.
: It refers to the case when a word is a combination of two words. This word must be
an
.
e.g.
name of a city in Lebanon

name of a region in Yemen

7.
: It refers to the case when a noun ends with an
and
) and one of
the following is true:
The
and
appear at the end of such a noun which is an
(proper noun).
e.g.

Note: Thus, the word
(grass) is not ghayr munsarif because it is not a proper

noun.
The
and
appear at the end of such a
whose feminine is not on the
of

.
e.g.
(intoxicated)
(thirsty)
Their feminines are not on the
of
.
Note: Thus, the word
is not ghayr munsarif because its feminine )
( is on
the
of
.
If the
and
are not extra or added (i.e. not
) but are part of the original

letters of the words, then it will not be ghayr munsarif. For example,
.

8.
: It refers to the case when a proper noun (
) is on the
of a verb.
e.g.
It is on the
of the verb

Note: Only one wazn amongst the wazn wil, (
) applies to
, as mentioned above.

9.
: It is that plural, which has after the
(alif of plural) one of the

following:
i. two
letters. e.g.
mosques
ii. one
letter. e.g.
animals
iii. three letters, the middle letter being
. e.g.
keys

51
Note:
If any of the above words ends with a round , it will not be ghayr munsarif.
e.g.
polishers

is equivalent to two reasons/causes.

Note: A ghayr munsarif noun will get a kasrah in
in the following cases:

when it is
. e.g.
I prayed in their mosque.

when it has before it. e.g.
I went to the graves.

EXERCISE
1. Mention with reason why the following words are munsarif or ghayr munsarif.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

2. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out with reason the words which are ghayr munsarif.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

52
Section 2.6

Iraab of the Various Types of Murab Nouns

We begin this section by defining some terms. Then, we will outline the iraab of each of the
various types of murab nouns.

: It is that noun, which does not end with any of the ) (
.
e.g.
: It is that noun, which ends with a or preceded by a
.
e.g.
bucket

deer

: These are six nouns, which are not in their diminutive form )
( . These
are as follows:

father
mouth

brother
something insignificant

brother-in-law
someone who possesses something

: It is that noun, which ends with an )
.
e.g.
: It is that noun which ends with a preceded by a kasrah.

e.g.

Before we list the iraab of each of the various types of murab nouns in a table, it would
be useful to remember that a simple method of illustrating different iraab is to make three
sentences on the following pattern:

Zayd came. I saw Zayd. I passed by Zayd.

In these three sentences, the word
is displaying the different iraab according to the

changing state (
). Thus, it is has a dammah in
, and a fathah in
, and a
kasrah in
.

53
Table 2.11

Noun Type
Examples for Each State

a. When mudaaf to
any noun besides the
dameer.
6

b. When mudaaf to
the dameer.
hidden hidden hidden

c. when not
mudaaf

hidden
hidden
(masculine)

(feminine)
(masculine)

(feminine)
)

5
I said to some men.
6
The of
will be dropped when it is mudaaf to any noun besides the dameer. For example, it is dropped in
the followng hadith:
... (Whatever you put in the mouth of your wife)

7
Both of them.

54
Table 2.11 Continued
Noun Type
Examples for Each State

(
hidden
&

was originally
. First, the was dropped because of
. It became
. Then, the was

changed to a and the two were joined according to the following morphological )
( rule: when a and a

appear together and the first is
, then the is changed to a , and the two are joined (this is called
),
and the dammah before the is changed into a kasrah. Thus, it became
.
"

was originally
. First, the was dropped because of
. It became
. Then, the two were

joined (
). Thus, it became
.

55
CHAPTER 3
Further Discussion of Nouns

Section 3.1

Relative Adjective
Definition: It is that noun, which shows something or someone to be related to it.
e.g.
someone or something from Baghdad

an expert in morphology

an expert in Arabic grammar

someone or something from India

Rules of Forming
:
To show this relation, a )
preceded by a kasrah is added at the end of the

noun after effecting the following changes, if needed:

1. If a three letter or a four letter noun ends with an )
, then )

should be changed to a .
e.g.
becomes

Note: In the case of a five letter noun, the )
should be dropped.
e.g.
becomes

2. If a noun ends with an ) (
, then the should be changed to a .

e.g.
becomes

3. That noun which already ends with a does not require
.
e.g.
would remain as is.

4. The round at the end of a noun should be dropped.
e.g.
becomes
becomes

5. The round and of a noun, which appears on the
of
and
should be
dropped.
e.g.
becomes
becomes

56
6. In case of the noun, which appears on the
of
and ends with a , the first should

be changed to a preceded by a fathah, and the second should be dropped.
e.g. )
becomes

7. If the fourth letter of a noun is a preceded by a kasrah, then the can be dropped or it
can be changed to a .
e.g.
becomes
or

8. If an original letter from the end of noun was dropped, it should first be brought back, and
then, the relative adjective should be made.
e.g.
(originally
) becomes
(originally
) becomes
(originally
) becomes

9. Some words do not follow any particular rule. They are based on usage.
e.g.
becomes
becomes

EXERCISE
1. Form the relative adjective from the following words.
i.
ii.
iii.
!"#

v.

57
Section 3.2

Diminutive Noun
Definition: It is that noun, which is used to express the diminutive form of a noun.
Sometimes, the purpose is to show affection or contempt.

Rules:
1. A three-lettered noun would come on the wazn of
(or
for feminine).
e.g.
becomes
(a little man)

becomes
(a little slave)

2. A four-lettered noun would come on the wazn of
.
e.g.
becomes

3. A five-lettered noun, without a , or as the fourth, would also come on the wazn of

. The fifth letter would be dropped.

e.g.
(name of a plant) becomes

A five-lettered noun, having a , or as the fourth letter, would come on the scale of

.
e.g.
(paper) becomes

Notes:
1. In the diminutive form, the hidden of a
becomes apparent.
e.g.
becomes

2. In the diminutive form, the last letter of a noun which has been dropped becomes
apparent.
e.g.
(originally
) becomes
was originally
, and underwent a morphological process to become
)

EXERCISE
1. Form the diminutive noun from the following words.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

58
Section 3.3

Definite and Common Nouns

: It is that noun, which denotes an unspecified thing; i.e. a common noun.

e.g.
a man

: It is that noun which denotes a specific thing. There are seven types of
.
1.
: It is a personal pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.1.

2.
: It is a proper noun, i.e., the name of a specific person, place or thing.

e.g.

3.
: It is the demonstrative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in section 2.4.3.

4.
: It is the relative pronoun. It has been discussed earlier in Section 2.4.2.

5.
: It is that noun, which has (definite particle) at the beginning.

e.g.
the man

6. That common noun )
( which is mudaaf to any of the above five definite nouns.

e.g.

7.
: It is the vocative noun, i.e. that noun, which appears after a
.
e.g.

EXERCISE
1. Which of the following words are marifah (state what type) and which are nakirah.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

59
Section 3.4

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

- Masculine Noun: It is that noun, which does not have any sign from amongst the
signs of femininity )
( .

- Feminine Noun: It is that noun, which has a sign from amongst the signs of
femininity. This sign could be apparent or hidden.

: The signs of being feminine are of two types:

1.
(in words): It is that sign, which is visible in words. These signs are of the
following three types:
: This renders the word
even if the appears in a masculine proper

noun. e.g.
(a masucline proper noun)

)
e.g.

) (
e.g.

If a word has any of these three signs it will be
.
2.
(assumed): It is that sign, which is not visible in words and is assumed to exist.
This is determined by looking at the diminutive form )
( of a particular word. This

reveals the original letters of the word.
e.g.
The diminutive form is
. Therefore, it is
The diminutive form is
. Therefore, it is
.

Based on the signs of femininity being
or
is of two types:
1.
(according to rule): It is that feminine noun, which has a
sign of
femininity.
2.
(according to usage): It is that feminine noun, which has a
sign of
femininity.
In terms of
(essence),
is of two types:
1.
: It is that feminine noun, which has an opposite masculine.

e.g.
(woman). Its masculine is
(man).
2.
: It is that feminine noun, which does not have an opposite masculine.

e.g.
(darkness)
(spring)

60
Notes:
1. The following are used as feminine )
( :
a. Name of females.
e.g.

b. Words denoting the feminine gender.
e.g.

c. Names of countries, cities, towns and tribes.
e.g.

d. Parts of the body found in pairs.
e.g.

Note: There are exceptions to the rule.
(cheek),
(eyebrow) etc. are

masculine.
e. Names of various types of winds.
e.g.

f. Various names of Jahannam (hell).
e.g.

g. Letters of the alphabet )
( are generally used as
. They can also be used

as masculine.
e.g. ..

2. There are some words that Arabs use as feminine without regard to the presence or absence
of signs of femininity. Examples include the following:

(bucket)
(tillage/field)
(well)

(self)
(fire)
(house)

61
Section 3.5

Singular, Dual and Plural

Singular: It is that noun, which denotes one.

e.g.
one man

Dual: It is that noun, which denotes two. It is formed by placing at the end of a singular
)
( one of the following:

An
preceded by a fathah and a
with a kasrah )
( i.e.
]
[ for
.
e.g.
two men
A
preceded by a fathah and a
with a kasrah )
( i.e. ]
[
for
.
e.g.
two men

Plural: It is that noun, which denotes more than two.

e.g.
men
Note: The
of
and
is dropped in case of
.
e.g.
(Originally,
but the
was dropped due to
.)

(Originally,
but the
was dropped due to
.)

(Originally,
but the
was dropped due to
.)

(Originally,
but the
was dropped due to
.)

EXERCISE
1. Translate the following into Arabic.
i. The boys two bicycles.
ii. The farmers two servants.
iii. Your parents came.
iv. I saw your parents.
v. The servants of deen.
vi. The teachers of the school.

62
Section 3.6

Types of Plural

Sound Plural: It is that plural whose
(the singular letter sequence/form) of

does not change, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence does
not break.
e.g.
(singular
)

There are two types of
:
1.
Masculine Sound Plural: It is formed by adding at the end of a singular

)
( one of the following:

A
preceded by a dammah and a
with a fathah )
( i.e.
]
[ for
.
e.g.
preceded by a kasrah and a
with a fathah )
( i.e.
[
] for
.
e.g.

2.
Feminine Sound Plural: It is formed by discarding the round and adding

at the end of a singular, one of the following:
An
preceded by a fathah and a madmoom long )
(
i.e. ]
[ for
.
e.g.

An
preceded by a fathah and a maksoor long )
( i.e.
]
[ for
.
e.g.
Broken Plural: It is that plural whose
(the singular letter sequence/form) of

changes, when its plural is made. In other words, the singular letter sequence breaks.
e.g.
(singular
Restricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from three to ten. It has
four common
.

63
Table 3.1

Wazn Singular Meaning Plural

self
statement
food
boy

Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural, which is not preceded by an is also
considered
.
e.g.
intelligent females

intelligent males

Unrestricted Plural: It is that plural, which denotes a number from ten upwards.
Some of the common
are given below.

Table 3.2


slave
knowledgeable
prophet
messenger
star
servant
patient
student
group/sect
boy

64
Note: The masculine and feminine sound plural which is preceded by an is also
considered as
.
e.g.
Plural of a Plural: It is the plural of a plural. Sometimes, it appears on the wazn of

and sometimes on the wazn of
. Every plural does not have a plural. Some

examples of plurals, which have a plural are given below.

Table 3.3

Singular Meaning Plural Plural of Plural

blessing
nail
house
well-qualified
: It is that plural, which has after the
(alif of plural), one of the following:

two
letters. e.g.

one
letter. e.g.
(the original being
)
three letters, the middle one being
. e.g.

Some of the common wazns of
are given below:

Table 3.4


mosque
key
rule/maxim
message/letter
elder

65

Collective Noun: It is a singular noun, which gives a plural meaning.

e.g.
nation

group
Note:
1. These words have plurals. )
(
2. In usage, if the word is considered, it will be used as a singular noun.
e.g.
The people are present.

If its meaning is considered (as is commonly done), it will be used as a plural noun.
e.g.
righteous people

Notes:
1. Some plurals do not have the same root letters as their singulars.
e.g.
(woman)
(the one who possesses something)

2. Some plurals are not according to rule )
( .
e.g.
(mother)
(mouth)
(water)
(human being)
(goat/sheep)
Generic Noun: It is that noun, which refers to an entire genus (category).

e.g.
refers to anything which falls under the concept of a tree.

EXERCISE
1. What type of plurals are the following?
i. ii.
iii. iv.
v. vi.
vii.

66
Section 3.7

- Words Which Are Always Marfoo

There are eight words that are always in the state of raf. These are as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.

Some of these have been discussed before.
(subject) and
(predicate) were
discussed in Section 1.3.1,
was discussed in Section 1.7, and
was
discussed in Section 1.8. We discuss the rest below.

Section 3.7.1

Subject/Doer
Definition: It is the doer of the action or of the meaning contained in the verb.
The
can either be a personal pronoun or an
(i.e. visible in words after the

). We discussed personal pronouns in Section 2.4.1. As for the case, when
is
, the verb )
( usage will be as given below.

Table 3.5

Example
1.

and no
word appears between the

and

2.

according to
preceding noun

3.

and a word
appears between the
and

or

or

4.

or
or

5.

or
or

6.
any
corresponding in
gender

67
Table 3.5 Continued

Example
7.

according to
preceding noun

8.

or
or

EXERCISE
1. Fill in a suitable
in the spaces below.

i. _______ ii.
_______/_______
iii. _______ iv. _______/_______
v. _______/_______ vi.
_______/_______

68
Section 3.7.2

Substitute of

Definition: It is that noun, which appears with a
(passive voice). The original
is
dropped and the
subsitutes it, thus it is also called
(the
of such
a
whose
is not mentioned).
e.g.
Zayd was hit. (The doer is not known/mentioned.)

The same
usage rules apply as mentioned above in Table 3.5.

e.g. 1.

2.

3.
or

4.
or

5.
or

6.
or
or

7.
or
or

8.
or

Sentence Analysis:

The door was opened.

EXERCISE
1. Convert the following to
with its
.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

2. Convert the following to
.
i.

ii.

iii.

iv.

69
Section 3.7.3

The Noun of
and
, Which Is Similar to

It means that
and
have the same meaning and effect (
) as
.
e.g.
Zayd is not standing.

No man is more virtuous than you.

can appear before a
or a
appears before a
.
When the
of
appears before the
, or the word
appears before the
, the
effect of
is cancelled.
e.g.

And Muhammad is not but a messenger. /

And Muhammad is only a messenger.
[Allah bless him and give him peace]

Section 3.7.4

The
of That
Which Negates an Entire
(Class)

gives its
a fathah and its
a dammah when the
and the
are
.
e.g.
No man is standing.
Table 3.6
Different Forms of the Noun of
and Its Iraab

Explanation Iraab Example

1.

or
"

There is no servant of
a man in the house.

The one who attempts
to do good is not
blameworthy.
2.

There is no man in the
house.

1
It refers to the case when a word is connected to another word, which completes its meaning, in the same way
that mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi are connected to one another.

70
Table 3.6 Continued

Explanation Iraab Example

3.

- The
has to be
repeated with
another
.
- The effect of
is
cancelled.

Neither is Zayd in the
house nor Amr.
4.

with a word
between it and

- The
has to be
repeated.
- The effect of
is
cancelled.

Neither is there a man
in it nor a woman.
5.

and
repeated
with no word
between them
- It can be read in
five ways.

Note: The
of
may be omitted when the meaning is understood.

e.g.
i.e.
There is no harm upon you. / No problem.

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the rule which applies.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

2
There is no power (to do good) and there is no power (to stay away from evil)

71
Section 3.8

Words Which Are Always Mansoob

3

1.
7.

2.
8.

3.
known as
9.

4.
10.

5.
11.

6.
12.

Of these, 8,9,10 and 11 have been discussed before. Here, we will discuss the remaining.

Section 3.8.1

Object
Definition: It is that word on which the action of the
takes place.
e.g.
Khalid drank water.

Sometimes, the verb governing the
is dropped as in the following:

a.
(the one being called):

e.g.
O son of Zayd!

It was originally )
( . The verb
was dropped.

Note:
The
(vocative particle) substitutes the omitted verb.

Some of the vocative particles are as follows:
and
These are used when the
is near.
and
These are used when the
is far.
This is used for both (near and far).

3
There are exceptions to the rule. Mustathnaa, for example, is not always mansoob. It is still mentioned under this
category because most of the time, it is mansoob.

72
Table 3.7
Rules Governing the Iraab of the
Example
1.

O son of Zayd!
2.

O reader of a book!
3.

(Unspecified nakirah)

O man! Take my hand. (call of
a blind man to any person for
assisstance)
4.

(Specified nakirah)

O man!
5.

(Singular marifah)

O Zayd!
6.

(masculine) or
(feminine) has to be
added between the
and
O man!
O woman!

(abbreviation) is allowed in munaadaa.

e.g.
can become
or
can become

Note: The last letter can be given a dammah or it can retain its original harakah.

b.
: This is said to ones guest for welcoming him/her.

Its original is
, which means You have come to your own people

and have trampled comfortable ground. In other words, you are welcome. Here two
verbs,
and
have been dropped.

c. Sometimes, the verb governing the
is dropped at the time of warning someone,

due to context. Examples include the following:

is used instead of
to give the same meaning, which is

Beware of the road! Here, the verb
has been dropped.

is used instead of
to give the same meaning, which

is Save yourself from the lion.

4
This is another term for
. As mentioned earlier, it is similar to mudaaf in meaning.

73
Section 3.8.2

Definition: It is the masdar of the verb that governs it and is used for the following:

(emphasis) e.g.
I beat him severely.

(description of type) e.g.
I sat like a Qari would sit.

(number of times) e.g.
I hit him twice.

Note: Sometimes, the verb governing
is dropped because of context.

For example,
. Originally, it was
, which means You came a

good coming. Here, the verb
, and
, which is the
, have been dropped

because of context. Only the
of the
, which is
, remains.

Section 3.8.3

Definition: It is that noun, which explains the reason for the action taking place. Generally, it
is a masdar.
e.g.
I beat/hit him to teach (him) manners.

Section 3.8.4

Definition: It is that noun, which appears after such a
, which has the meaning of
(with).
This
is known as
.
e.g.
Zayd came with the book.
I came with Zayd.

74
Section 3.8.4

Definition: It is that noun, which denotes the time )
( or place )
( in which the action

took place.
e.g.
I travelled for a month.

Both types of
, viz.,
and
are of two types:
(limited, restricted)
and
(umlimited, unrestricted).
Types of

i.
(limited, restricted): for example,

day e.g.
I fasted for one day.

night e.g.
I worked for one night.

month e.g.
I fasted for a month.

year e.g.
I travelled for a year.

ii.
(umlimited, unrestricted): for example,

long period of time

e.g.
I fasted for a long time.

some time (could be short or long time period of time)

e.g.

Nuh called his people for some time.
Types of

i.
(limited, restricted):
e.g.
I prayed in the mosque.

e.g.
I sat in the house.

ii.
(umlimited, unrestricted):

behind e.g.
I sat behind him.

in front of e.g.
I stood in front of him.

Note: In the case of )
, the preposition
is mentioned in words; while in

the case of )
, it is assumed (
).

75
The above-mentioned fives mafools have been combined in one verse, which is as
follows:

I praised Haamid and Hameed a lot out of regard for thanking them,
for an extended period of time.

Sentence Analysis:
1.

2.

3.

| |

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and identify the type of
in the following sentences.

i.

ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

76
Section 3.8.5

State / Condition
Definition: It is a noun, which describes the condition of either the
or the
or both at
the time the action contained in the verb took place.
e.g.
Zayd came in the condition that he was mounted.
I came to Zayd in the condition that he was sleeping.
I spoke to Zayd in the condition that both of us were

sitting.

Notes:
1. The condition itself is known as
, whereas the one whose condition is being

described is known as
.
2. The
gets a nasb, which is generally in the form of two fathahs.

3. The
is generally
and the
is generally
(when the
is not a
sentence).
e.g.
Zayd came riding/while he was mounted.

4. If the
is
, the
is brought before the
.
e.g.
A man came to me riding/while he was mounted.

5. The
can be a
.
e.g.
Zayd ate sitting.

Here, the
is
, which is the hidden dameer in
.
6. The
can be a sentence.
If the
is a
, then a
(with or without a dameer) is added to give the

meaning of condition.
e.g.
Dont come near salaah while you are

intoxicated.
If the
is a
and the
is
has to appear before the
.
e.g.
Zayd came while his servant had left.

77
Sentence Analysis:
1.
Zayd came riding/while he was mounted.

2.
I came to Amr while he was asleep.

3.
I met Bakr while he was sitting.

+ )
(

4.
Zayd ate while sitting.

(

|

+ (

78
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the
and

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

79
Section 3.8.6

Definition: It is an
, which removes the ambiguity or vagueness created by the previous

noun. This ambiguity may be in distance, weight, measure, number, etc.
e.g.
I saw eleven stars.

Here, the word (
) has clarified what (
) refers to.
Sentence Analysis:

Notes:
The ambiguous noun is called
and the noun which clarifies it is called
or

.
The
is mansoob and gets two fathahs.

Sometimes, the
is not mentioned in words but is understood from the

meaning of the sentence )
( .
e.g.
The boy is good in terms of (his) speech.

If the
is a number, the rules with regards to the usage of numerals (on the
next page) must be kept in mind.

EXERCISE
and

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

80
Rules for
(Numerals)
Before we proceed, it should be pointed out that

(number) is the mumayyaz, and

(the counted noun) is the tameez.

One and two (1-2)
The
and the
must correspond in all aspects.

e.g.
one boy

one girl
The
will appear second.

Note: Normally, for one or two men etc., one would simply say
or
. However,
at times, the number is used for emphasis.

Three Through Ten (3-10)
The
and the
must be of opposite gender.

e.g.
eight pens

five cars
Note: In choosing the correct
gender, the singular form of the
will be taken
into account.
e.g.
seven nights and eight days

Here, the singular
(night) of
is feminine, and
(day) of
is
masculine.
From three onwards, the
second.
The
will be
.

Eleven and Twelve (11-12)
The
and the
must agree in all aspects.

e.g.
eleven stars

twelve girls
From eleven onwards till 99, the
will be
.

81
Thirteen Through Nineteen (13-19)
The gender of the first part of the
should be opposite of the gender of the
.
e.g.
fourteen men

nineteen girls
The
will be
.
The ten (masc.)/ (fem.) will agree with the
in terms of gender.
Note: The of / will get a fathah when used with a masculine and a sukoon
when used with a feminine.

Twenty Till Ninety (20, 30, 40,,90)
The gender of
to
(20,30,40,90) will remain the same, irrespective of

whether the
is masculine or feminine.
e.g.
twenty men

thirty girls
The
will be
.

Twenty-one and Twenty-two (21-22)
The first part of the
and the
must agree in all aspects.

e.g.
twenty-one men

twenty-one girls
The
will be
.

Twenty-three Through Twenty-nine (23-29)
The gender of the first part of the
should be opposite of the gender of the
.
e.g.
twenty-four men

twenty-six girls
The
will be
.
The same will apply to 33-39, 43-4993-99.
The tens will remain the same, irrespective of whether the
is masculine or
feminine.

82
Hundred (100)

will remain the same, irrespective of whether the
e.g.
hundred men

hundred girls
For 200,
will be used. (
in
)
e.g.
two hundred girls

two hundred girls

The
will be
.
Since
is feminine, the number before
will be masculine.
e.g.
four hundred men

four hundred women

If there are units with the 100s as well, the same gender rule will apply as above till 99.
e.g.
hundred and ten books

hundred and forty-five note-books

Thousand (1,000)

e.g.
thousand men

thousand girls
The
will be
.
Since
is masculine, the number before
will be feminine.
e.g.
four thousand men

four thousand women

Million (1,000,000)

e.g.
million men

million girls
The
will be
.
Since
is masculine, the number before
will be feminine.
e.g.
four million men

four million women

83
EXERCISE
1. Write the following in Arabic.
i. 2 schools
ii. 12 women
iii. 17 doors
iv. 21 cars
v. 150 houses
vi. 444 miles
vii. 11 books
viii. 14 chairs
ix. 26 boys
x. 111 elephants
xi. 195 keys
xii. 3333 roses

84
Section 3.8.7

means to exclude.

is that noun, which has been excluded and appears after the
is that noun from which the
has been excluded. It appears before
are as follows:

e.g.

Related Terminology

refers to the case when the
was included in the
before the
.
e.g.

(Zayd was one of the people before the exclusion.)

refers to the case when the
was not included in the
before the

.
e.g.
The angels prostrated except Iblees.

(Iblees was never one of the angels.)

The people came except the donkey.

(Donkey was never included among the people.)

refers to that sentence in which the
is not mentioned.
e.g.
No one came except Zayd.

refers to that sentence in which the
is mentioned.
e.g.

85

(positive statement) refers to that sentence, which does not have a
or

.
e.g.

(negative sentence) refers to that sentence, which does have a
or

.
e.g.
The people did not come except Zayd.

The iraab of the
will be as given below:

Table 3.8

Sentence Type
Example
1.

The people came to
me except zayd.
2.

The angels prostrated
except Iblees.
3.

or
same as

No one came to me
except Zayd.
4.

according to
(as if

does not exist)

No one came except
Zayd.

I did not see anyone
except Zayd.

I did not pass by
anyone except Zayd.
5.

All types

The people came
except Zayd.

86
Table 3.8 Continued

Sentence Type
Example
6.

All types

or

(as a preposition)

The people came
except Zayd.
7.

All types

The people came
except Zayd.

Note: The iraab of the word
is the same as that of
. Thus, the simple way to

determine the iraab of ghayr is to replace ghayr with illaa. Now, whatever iraab mustathnaa
gets, should be given to ghayr.
For example, we have two sentences, 1)
and 2)
.
To determine the iraab of ghayr, follow the following two steps for each of these
sentences.
a. Replace with
and see what the iraab of the mustathnaa would be.

1)
2)

The first sentence is moojab and ghayr mufarragh, so the mustathnaa will be
mansoob. The second sentence is ghayr moojab and mufarragh, so the
mustathnaa is according to the aamil. Thus, it is marfoo.
b. The iraab of the mustathnaa (with
) will be given to ghayr.

1)
2)

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and explain the iraab of the mustathnaa.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

87
Section 3.9

Words Which Are Always Majroor

There are two types of words that are always majroor. These are as follows:
1. Noun preceded by a
.
e.g.
in the book
2.

e.g.
book of Zayd.

88
Section 3.10

Definition: A
is that noun, which follows the noun before it. The preceding noun is called
the
.
The aamil which governs the
also governs the
.
There are five
:
1)
2)
3)

4)
5)

Section 3.10.1

Adjective

is of two types: 1)
2)

1.
: It is that word, which describes the actual
.
As mentioned in section 1.3.3, the
follows the
, which is the
in this
case, in the following:
a. Iraab
b. Gender
c. Being marifah or nakirah
d. Being singular, dual or plural
The
can be a complete sentence, in which case the
must be .
The
, which is a sentence must have a
which refers to the nakirah mawsoof.

e.g.
A boy who was riding bicycle came to me.

Note:
If a
is followed by a sentence, it will be a
or
.
e.g.
The boy is riding the bicycle.

Here, (
) is
, and (
) is the
.

89

The boy who was riding the bicycle came

to me.
Here, (
) is
, and (
) is the
.
2.
: It is that word, which does not describe the
, but describes that which is

connected to the
.
e.g.
The boy whose father is learned, came to me.

Here, (
) is a
of (
), which is connected to the matboo (
).
However, it is not a
of the matboo itself.

Notes:
1. In
, the
and
must correspond in only two aspects:

a. Iraab
b. Being marifah or nakirah
2. The
will always be singular, irrespective of whether the
is singular, dual
or plural.
e.g.
These are two pictures whose frames are beautiful.

3. The
will correspond in gender to the word after it.

e.g.
The lady, whose son is intelligent, came.

Sentence Analysis
1.
A learned man came.

( +

2.
A woman whose son is learned, came.

|

+
(
+

90
%#
A man whose father is learned, came.

|

)
(
+

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences pointing out the

and the
.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

2. Analyse the following sentences and and point out the difference between them.
i.
ii.
iii.

91
Section 3.10.2

Emphasis
Definition: It is that
, which gives emphasis to the
in the matter related to it or

emphasizes the inclusion of all members of the
in the matter related to it.

The
is called
and the
is called
.
e.g.
(The second Zayd emphasized Zayds coming.)

e.g.
emphasized that all came, no one remained.)

and

1.
Verbal Emphasis: The emphasis is attained by repeating the
, which may
be
, or sentence.
e.g.
Zayd, Zayd came.

The absent one became present, became present.

I will not, will not break the pledge.

You open the window.

You are the censured one, you are the censured one.
2.
Emphasis Through Meaning: The emphasis is attained with any of the

following words:

Below, we discuss each of these.
a.
(himself, herself)
These are used for singular, dual and plural.
They have to be
to a
.
Their
and form )
( must correspond with those of the
.
The plural form )
( of
and

is used for dual.

e.g.
Zayd himself stood.

The two Zayds themselves stood.

The (many) Zayds themselves stood.

The female teacher herself came.

The two female teachers themselves came.

The (many) female teachers themselves
came.

92
b.
(both)
These are used for dual only.

is masculine and
is feminine.
It must be
to a dual
.
e.g.
Both of the men stood up.
Both of the female teachers stood up.

c.
(all)
They are used for singular and plural.

is used with a
, which must correspond to the
is used with its form )
( changing to correspond to the
.
e.g.
I read the whole book.

All the people came.

I bought the whole horse.


Note:
and
can only be used for emphasis in those things, which have parts
or can be divided. Thus,
(I treated all of Zayd hospitably)

would be incorrect.
d.

These are used for greater emphasis.
They appear after
. They are not used without
nor can they appear

before
.
e.g.
All of the people came.

All of the women stood up.

Sentence Analysis


|
)
(

|

2 +

93
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

94
Section 3.10.3

Substitute
Definition: A
is that
, which is actually intended in the sentence and not its
. The
matboo merely serves as an introduction to the taabi.
The
is called
(substitute) and the
is called
or
(the
substituted).
Example:
&'()* (+,- .-+/01-* 2'31#

(

|

There are four types of
:
1)
2)
3)
4)

1.
: It is that
, which refers to the exact same thing as the
.
e.g.
&'()* (+,- .-+/01-* 2'31#

2.
: It is that
, which is a part of the
.
The
must have a
, which refers to the
.
e.g.
I hit Zayds head.

3.
: It is that
, which is related to the
, but is not part of it.

The
must have a
, which refers to the
.
e.g.
Zayds shirt was stolen.

4.
: It is that
, which is mentioned after an error, as a correction.

e.g.
I bought a horse; no, a donkey.

EXERCISE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

95
Section 3.10.4

Conjunction
, which appears after a
. The
appears between the

and the
. The meaning of the verb directed to the
is also directed to the
.
The
is called
and the
is called
.
e.g.
Zayd and Amr came.

The various
are as follows:

Notes:
1. If the
is a
, then its
has to be mentioned after it.

e.g.
Zayd and I hit.

2. However, if after the
, another word appears before the
, then the

need not be brought.

e.g.
Zayd and I hit, today.

Neither us nor our forefathers associated partners.

3. If the
is a
preceded by a
, then the
should also be preceded by

the same
.
e.g.
I passed by you and Zayd.

EXERCISE
1. Fill in a suitable
, translate, fill in the iraab and analyse the following sentences.

i. _______
ii. _______
iii. _______
iv. _______
v. _______
vi. _______

96
Section 3.10.5

, which clarifies or specifies its
.
Often, it is a more famous name of two names.
Example:
Abu Hafs Umar stood up.

| )

Example:
Abu Amr Zayd came.

(

|

EXERCISE
i. ii.

97
CHAPTER 4

Governing Words

Definition: An
is a word that governs/causes iraab changes in another word.

: 1)
2)

1.
: It is that
, which is not in word form i.e. it is abstract.

.
i.
: which means that being free of a
gives
.
e.g.
Zayd is standing.
Here, (
) is the
, which is marfoo because of ibtidaa. (
) is the khabar and

it is also marfoo because of ibtidaa.
ii. In the case of
, being free of a
or
gives
.
e.g.
Zayd is working.
Here (
) is marfoo because it is free of any
or
.

2.
: It is that
, which is in word form.

There are three types of
.
i.

ii.

iii.

98
Section 4.1

Governing Particles

A. Particles, Which Govern Nouns
1.
refer to section 1.6

2.
refer to section 1.7

3.
refer to section 3.7.3

4.

5.

6.

7.

B. Particles, Which Govern

1.

2.

99
Section 4.1.1

Particles That Give Nasb

These are as follows:

These appear before
and cause the following changes at the end:

They give the last letter a fathah if it is not a
.
If the last letter is a
, it is dropped. The exception is the
of the two
.

Table 4.1

Meaning Example

that, to

I want to enter Paradise.

will not, never

The disbeliever will never enter Paradise.

so that

I came so I could rest.

then, in that
case

In that case, you will be successful in your
work. [This is said in response to the one
who may have said:
(I will work
hard).]

Notes:
1. Sometimes
, together with its
, gives the meaning of a masdar. In this case,
is called

.
e.g.
i.e.

Your fasting is better for you.

2.
is hidden after the following six huroof and gives the last letter of
a nasb.
a. After
:
e.g.
(
I travelled until I entered the city.

b. After
or
: i.e. that
, which appears after
or any of the
forms of
.
e.g.
(
Allah was not going to punish them.

100
c. After
(until) or
(but that).
e.g.
)
I will stick to you until you give me my right.

(
The sinner will be punished unless he provides an excuse.

d. After
: i.e., that
which turns away from the word after it the effect,

which the
had on the word before it (before the
).
e.g.
(
Do not command the truth while you lie.
(Here, the
turned away/stopped the effect of
from
.)
This
is also known as
or
.
The sentence must start with a
or
.

e. After
: i.e., that
which has the meaning of
(it is also called
).
e.g.
(
I came so I could rest.

f. After
: i.e., that , which comes in reply to any of the following six:

1.
e.g. )

Visit me so that I treat you hospitably.
2.
e.g.

Do not cross the limit regarding it, lest, My wrath
descends upon you.
3.
e.g.

You do not visit us, so that we may treat you hospitably.
4.
e.g.

Where is your house, so I can visit you.
5.
e.g.

I wish I had wealth, so I would have spent it.
6.
e.g.

Why dont you visit us so that you receive good!

101
3.
has to be written after a
if the
is joined to a
.
e.g.
( So that he does not know.

4.
which appears after a verb with the root letters is not a
. Therefore, it
does not give
a fathah. Such an
is known as
i.e., that

which was .
e.g.
I knew that he will stand up.

e.g.
He knew that some of you will be sick.

EXERCISE
and its effect in the following

sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

102
Section 4.1.2

Particles That Give Jazm

These are as follows:

These appear before
and cause the following changes at the end:

They give the last letter a sukoon if it is not a
.
If the last letter is a
, it will be dropped. The exception is the
of the two

.

Table 4.2

Meaning Example

if
If you sit, I will sit.

did not
He did not hit me.
not yet
The boy went but has not returned yet.

should, shall, let
He should sit.

do not
Do not sit.

Notes:
1.
appears before two verbal sentences. The first one is called
(condition) and the

second
(answer/result).
2. If
appears before
, it should be translated negatively.

e.g.
He is not but an honorable angel. /

He is only an honorable angel.
3.
should be brought before the
of a
when the
is one of the following:

a.
e.g.

If you come to me you will be treated hospitably.
b.
e.g.

If you see Zayd, treat him hospitably.
c.
e.g.

If Zayd comes to you, do not humiliate him.

103
d.
e.g.

If you treat me hospitably, then, may Allah reward you
well.
4.
will be translated in the future tense when it is

a. used as a
e.g.

May Allah reward you well.
b. preceded by
e.g.

If you sit, I will sit.
c. preceded by
e.g.

Whoever comes with good, there will be ten like it
for him.

EXERCISE
and its effect on the following

sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

104
Section 4.2

Governing Verbs

Active Verb: It is that verb whose doer is known/mentioned.

, whether transitive or intransitive, governs the following nouns as and when

applicable:
it gives raf to the
.
it gives nasb to the following, as and when applicable:
i.
can only be governed by a
)
ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.
Passive Verb: It is that verb whose doer is not known/mentioned.

is also known as
(a verb whose faail is not named).

It gives raf to the )
.
It gives nasb to all the remaining mansoobaat.
e.g.

Zayd was beaten severely on Friday, in front of the Judge, in his office, to teach
him manners.

Intransitive Verb: It is that verb whose meaning can be understood without a

.
e.g.
Zayd sat.

: These were discussed earlier in section 1.8.

105
Section 4.2.1

Transitive Verb
Definition: It is that verb whose meaning cannot be understood without a
.
e.g.
Zayd hit Bakr.

There are four types of
. These are as follows:

1. Those verbs, which require one
as is the case with most verbs.

e.g.

2. Those verbs, which can be given two
. These include the following:

Any verb, which has the meaning of
(to give).
e.g.
etc.

I gave the beggar a bread.

Some other verbs, which can also have two
include the following

etc.
e.g.
Knowledge clothes its possessor with dignity.

3. Those verbs, which must be given two
.
These verbs are known as
(verbs which relate to the heart/feelings).

They enter upon a
and
unlike the verbs above (number 2).

Table 4.3

Verb Usage Example

used for certainty )
I was sure Saeed was going.


I was sure Rasheed was
knowledgeable.

I was sure Zayd was trustworthy.


(
or doubt )

I was sure Zayd was present. /
I thought Zayd was present.

used for doubt )
I thought Zayd was well-educated.

used for doubt )
I thought Khalid was standing.

used for doubt )
I thought Bakr was sleeping.

106
Note: Other verbs, which also require two
include the following:

to make something something else

e.g.
I made the pages a book.

to take someone/something as someone/something

e.g.
Allah took Ibraheem (peace be upon him) as a friend.

to make something something else

e.g.
I made the book organized.

4. Those verbs which require three
. Each of these has the meaning

informing/showing. These are as follows:

Table 4.4
Verb Example
I informed Zayd that Khalid is sleeping.

I informed Zayd that Bakr is well-educated.

The messenger informed me that the chief is
coming.

I informed them that arrogance is blameworthy.

I informed the boys that sport is beneficial.

I informed the travellers that the train is late.

I informed the children that swimming is
beneficial.

EXERCISE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

107
Section 4.2.2

Definition: These verbs behave the same way as
.
They are used for the following purposes:
1.
show nearness in the attainment (
) of the
.
2.
show desire for attainment of
.
3.
show commencement of action.

Table 4.5

Type Example

preferably without

Zayd was about to
go.

preferably without

Khalid was about to
sit.

preferably with
Zayd was about to sit.
preferably with

Hopefully Zayd will
come out.

without
Zayd began writing.

without
Zayd began reading.

without
Zayd began eating.

* These verbs are used only in past tense.
The
can be used as normal verbs too.

e.g.
Zayd took his clothes.

Sentence Analysis:
Hopefully Zayd will come out.

108
EXERCISE
i.

ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

109
Section 4.2.3
Verbs of Praise and Blame

Verbs of praise:
e.g.
What a wonderful man Zayd is!

e.g.

Verbs of blame:
e.g.
What an evil man Zayd is!

e.g.
What an evil man Zayd is!

That which appears after the
is called
or
.
The
of
must be one of the following:

i. prefixed with .
e.g.

ii.
to a noun prefixed with .

e.g.
What a wonderful learned man Zayd is!

iii. a hidden
followed by a
(being
).
e.g.
[ What a wonderful man Zayd is!

In
is the
.

)
is its
is the
.

Notes:
1. These verbs are used in the past tense in their singular form (masculine or feminine).
2. At times the
is dropped.
e.g.
i.e.
What a wonderful slave Ayub is!

Sentence Analysis:

110
EXERCISE
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

111
Section 4.2.4

Verbs of Wonder
There are two wazns to express wonder for three letter verbs )
( .
1.
has the meaning of
.
e.g.
How wonderful Zayd is!

( +

2.
: )
has the meaning of past tense and the is extra )
( .
e.g.
( How wonderful Zayd is!

To express wonder for other than three letter verbs )
( , a word such as /
or
etc. should be placed before the masdar of the desired verb. The
masdar will be
, thus mansoob.
e.g.
How very respectful people are towards the learned.

EXERCISE
i.
ii.
iii.

112
Section 4.3

Governing Nouns
Amongst these,
were discussed in section 2.4.4. Here, we will discuss the rest.

Section 4.3.1

Conditional Nouns
They govern two
giving both a jazm.

They appear before two sentences. The first is called
(condition) and the second

(result).

Table 4.6

Noun Meaning Usage Example
1.

who,
who ever

Whoever treats me hospitably, I
will treat him hospitably.
2.

what,
whatever

Whatever you eat, I will eat.
3.

however
much

Whatever you spend in the way of
good, will benefit you.
4.

when

Whenever you go, I will go.
5.

when

Whenever you travel, I will travel.
6.

where

Wherever you go, I will go.

7.

where

Wherever you stay, I will stay.
8.

where

Wherever you travel, I will travel.
9.

how,
manner

Whichever way you sit, I will sit.
10.

any of
the above
any of the
above

Whichever place you go, I will go.

Notes:
1.
and
have the same function as
, except that they are particles )
(
and not nouns. Collectively they are called
if e.g.
If you go, I will go.

when e.g.
If you do evil, you will be regretful.

113
2. When the following nouns are used for
(interrogative), they appear before one

sentence.

e.g.

EXERCISE
1. Complete the following sentences with a suitable
.
i. _______ iii. _______
ii. _______ iv. _______

114
Section 4.3.2

Definition: It has the same effect as that of an active verb )
( i.e. it gives raf to the

and nasb to the
.

Notes:
1. If the
is prefixed with , it could include any of the three tenses.

e.g.
Zayds father beat/is beating/will beat Bakr.

2.
without is often used as
to its
, in which case it would generally

give the meaning of past tense.
e.g.
Zayd is the beater/hitter of Bakr.

3.
without when preceded by any of the following would give the meaning of
present or future tense:
a.

e.g.

Zayds father is beating/will beat Bakr.
b.

e.g.

I passed by a man whose father is
beating/will beat Bakr.
c.

e.g.

The one whose father is beating/will
beat Bakr came to me.
d.

e.g.

Zayd came to me while his son was
riding a horse.
e.

e.g.

Is Zayd beating Bakr?/Will Zayd beat
Bakr?
f.

e.g.

Zayd is not standing/will not stand.

Sentence Analysis:

| )
( |

115
EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the effect and tense of the
in the
following sentences.
i. iii.
ii. iv.

116
Section 4.3.3

Definition: It has the same effect as that of a passive verb (
), i.e. it gives raf to the

.
The rules mentioned above regarding the
also apply here.

Examples:
a.

e.g.

Zayds son is being beaten/will be
beaten.
b.

e.g.

I passed by a man whose son is being
beaten/will be beaten.
c.

e.g.

The one whose son is being
beaten/will be beaten, came to me.
d.

e.g.

Zayd came to me while his son was
being beaten/will be beaten.
e.

e.g.

Is Zayd being beaten?/Will Zayd be
beaten?
f.

e.g.

Zayd is not being beaten /will not be
beaten.

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and point out the effect and tense of the
in the
following sentences.
i. ii.

117
Section 4.3.4

That Adjective Which Is Similar to

Definition: It is a noun, which is created from the masdar of a
(three-letter
intransitive verb) to indicate permanent existence of the meaning in the doer.
Like its
, it generally gives the
a raf.
e.g.
His face is beautiful.

It shows the meaning of permanency in the object it relates to e.g.
(beautiful) is a
permanent quality, as compared to
, which indicates a temporary meaning e.g.

is a temporary quality, which exists only at the time of the action.

All such nouns, which are derived from a
(three-letter intransitive verb) and

give the meaning of
but are not on its wazn, are

Some of the common wazns of
(based on usage) are as follows:

e.g.
happy

e.g.
beautiful

e.g.
noble/honorable

e.g.
coward

e.g.
brave
Colors and bodily defects appear on the following wazns:

(masculine) e.g.
red

mute

(feminine) e.g.
red

mute
The
of non-three letter verbs )
( is brought on the wazn of its

on the condition that permanency of meaning is intended.

e.g.
straight

118
Section 4.3.5

Definition: It is that noun, which indicates that a quality is found to a greater extent in one
person/thing when compared to another.
e.g.
Khalid is more courageous than Amr.

Table 4.7

Masculine Example Feminine Example Meaning
Singular

Bigger/older
Dual

Bigger/older
Plural

Bigger/older

Bigger/older

Usage:

is used in three ways.

1. With
: the
will always be a singular masculine )
( .
e.g.
Zayd is more knowledgeable than Bakr.

Aishah is older than Zaynab.

2. With : the
must correspond with the word before it in gender and number.

e.g.
The two more knowledgeable Zayds are absent.

The older Aishah is present.

3. With
: the
may be
or it may correspond with the word before it.

e.g.

The Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people.

The two Zayds are the most knowledgeable of people.

Aishah is the oldest of people.

119
Notes:
1.
of words, which indicate color, physical defects and of
verbs is
made by placing the words
, etc. before the masdar of that word. The masdar will

be the tameez, and therefore, will be mansoob.
e.g.
He is redder than Zayd.

He is lamer than Zayd.

He is more hard-working than Zayd.

2. The words
and
are also used for
.
e.g.
The oppressor is the worst of people.

3.
gives its hidden dameer a raf.

e.g.
Zayd is more virtuous than Bakr.

The dameer
in
is its
.

EXERCISE
1. Translate, fill in the iraab and explain the usage of

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.

120
Section 4.3.6

Definition: It is that noun which refers to the action indicated by the corresponding verb
without any reference to time.
Effect: It has the same effect as that of its verb i.e. it gives raf to the
and nasb to the
.
e.g.
Today, I saw Zayds beating of Bakr.

Usage:
Masdar is generally used in one of the following ways:
as a
to its
.
e.g.
i.e. )
( I disliked Zayds beating of

Bakr.
as a
to its
.
e.g.
i.e. )
( I disliked Zayds beating of

Bakr.
EXERCISE
1. Fill in the iraab and explain the usage of the masdar in the following sentences.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Section 4.3.7

In the case of mudaaf, it is assumed that one of the following prepositions )
( is hidden
between the mudaaf and mudaaf ilayhi.

when the mudaaf is a part/type )
( of the mudaaf ilayhi.

e.g.
i.e.
silver ring

when the mudaaf ilayhi is a
.
e.g.
i.e.
night prayer

when it is neither of the above two.

e.g.
i.e.
Zayds son

121
Section 4.3.8

Definition: It is that noun, which would give the noun )
( after it a nasb.
A noun will be considered as
when it has one of the following:

a. tanween.
e.g.
(
There is not even palms measure of clouds in the sky.
b. hidden tanween.
e.g.
was originally
)
There are eleven men with me.
c. of a dual noun.
e.g.
(
I have two qafeezes
1
of wheat.
d. which resembles the of a sound masculine plural )
( .
e.g.
(
I have twenty dirhams.
The
in the above examples cannot be mudaaf while having a tanween or having a noon
of dual/plural, thus the noun after it gets a nasb because of it being
.

1
A qafeez is a classical Islamic measure of weight.

122
Section 4.3.9

Definition: It is that noun, which indicates an unspecified quantity.
It is clarified by the noun following it.
These are
and
: can be used in two ways: as an interrogative )
( or as an informative exclamation
)
( .

1.
(how many)
It gives the noun )
( after it a nasb.
The
is brought singular.
e.g.
How many books do you have?

At times, the preposition
appears before the
.
e.g.
How many books do you have?

2.
(so many)
It gives the noun )
( after it a jarr (because of it being a mudaaf ilayhi).

The
may be singular or plural.

e.g.
So much of wealth you have spent!

At times the preposition
appears before the
.
e.g.
There are so many angels in the skies/heavens.

(so much, such and such)

It gives the noun )
( after it a nasb.
The
is brought singular.
e.g.
I have this much dirhams.

EXERCISE

1. What is the difference between the following sentences.
i. ii.

123
Section 4.3.10

Definition: It is that noun, which shows extremity/intensity in meaning.
Some of the wazns of
are as follows:

most learned

great distinguisher

excessive jester

careful maintainer/sustainer

very eloquent

Notes:
1. The round at the end of some wazns is for
and not for gender.

e.g.
well-learned
2. The wazn
is also used to denote a profession.

e.g.
cook
carpenter

124
Section 4.4

Non-Governing Particles
1.
Particles of Notification:
These are used to draw the attention of the listener. These are as follows:

meaning Lo! / Behold! / Take heed!

e.g.
Behold! Zayd is sleeping.
This

Behold! Indeed, Allahs help is near.

Lo! I am present.
2.
Particles of Affirmation:
These are used for affirmation of a statement made earlier. These are as follows:

(yes)
It is used to verify a statement, be it positive or negative. For example,
If someone says
(Did Zayd come?), the reply will be
(yes)
meaning
(he came).
If someone says
(Has Zayd not come?), the reply will be
(yes)
meaning
(He did not come.).

(yes, why not)

It is used to convert a negative statement into a positive one.
e.g. If someone says
(Zayd did not stand up.), the reply will be

(yes, why not) meaning
(Zayd has stood up.).

(yes)
It is the same as
. However it is used with an oath )
( after a question.
(Did Zayd stand up?), the reply will be

(yes, by Allah!) meaning
(Zayd stood up.).

125

(yes)
It is the same as
.
(Zayd came.), the reply will be
or
or

(yes) meaning
(Zayd came.).
Note:
is very rarely used for this purpose.

3.
Particles of Clarification:
These are used to clarify a word in a sentence. These are as follows:

(that is)
e.g.
And ask the town, that is, the people of the town.

And We called him, that is, O Ibraheem!

4.
: These are used to give a masdary meaning. These are as follows:
and
come before a
.
comes before a
.
e.g.
)
When the earth became straitened for them despite its vastness.

) Your truthfulness pleases me.

) (News of) his sleeping reached me.

Note:
and are governing particles.

5.
Particles of Exhortation:
These are used to encourage someone to do something when they appear before
. These are as follows:

e.g.
Do you not pray salah?

These particles are also used to create regret and sorrow in the listener when they
appear before
. Therefore, they are also called
.
e.g.
Have you not prayed Asr salah?

126
6.
Particle of Anticipation:
It is
, which is used for one of the following:

: It gives
the meaning of near past.

e.g.
Zayd has arrived (recently).

: It gives
the meaning of seldomness.

e.g.
Indeed, sometimes, a generous person is miserly.

: It gives
or
the meaning of certainty.

e.g.
Certainly Zayd came.

Certainly Allah knows.

7.
Particles of Interrogation:
These are and
.
e.g.
Is Zayd standing?

Did Zayd stand up?

8.
Particle of Rebuke:
This is
, which means Never!

It is used to rebuke or reprimand.
e.g.
is said to some one who says
(Hit Zayd.).
It gives the meaning of certainty.
e.g.
Indeed, soon you will know.

9.
: It is used for one of the following:

: that tanween, which shows a noun to be murab.

e.g.
: that tanween, which shows a noun to be nakirah.

e.g.
: that tanween, which subsitutes a mudaaf ilayhi.

e.g.
i.e.
the day when so and so happened

127
10.
: It is used for emphasis in
and
. It is of two forms:
and
. Both
have the same meaning.

Indeed, he should hit.

You must help.

11.
: It is used for the following:

: It is used for emphasis.

e.g.
Indeed, you are more feared

: It comes in the answer to
and
.
e.g.

If Allah did not repel some people by means of others, the earth would
be corrupted.

By Allah! I will fast tommorrow.

: extra.
e.g.
Indeed, they eat food.

12.
Extra Particles: These are not translated. However, they add beauty and
emphasis to the meaning. These are:

are governing particles
)
Usage:

: It appears after
.
e.g.

: It appears after
.
e.g.
When the bearer of good news came.
: appears after the following:

e.g.
When you are afflicted, be patient.

e.g.
When you travel, I will travel.

e.g.
Whoever comes to you, treat him

hospitably.

128

e.g.
Whichever way you turn, there is the face of

Allah.

e.g.
Then, should some guidance come to you

from Me.

e.g.
So, it is through mercy from Allah that you

are gentle to them.

e.g.
I swear by this city.

e.g.
Indeed, they eat food.

e.g.
Is there a creator besides Allah?

e.g.
There is nothing like Him.

e.g.
Zayd is not a liar.

13.
Conditional Particles:
(however, as far asis concerned)
It is used to explain/clarify something, which was mentioned briefly.
has to be brought in its answer )
( .
e.g.

So, some of them will be wretched and (some) blessed. As for the
wretched, they will be in the Fire.

(if)
It is used to negate the second sentence )
( on account of the first sentence

)
( not being fulfilled.

e.g.

If there had been gods besides Allah in them (the heavens and the earth),
they would have been corrupted.
(There will not be corruption because there is not more than one god.)

Note: If a
is added to
i.e.
it will give the meaning of even though and will be

known as
.
e.g.
Celebrate walimah even if it be with one

(slaughtered) goat.

129
14.
: Apart from being used for
and
, it is also used to demonstrate that the

second sentence )
( cannot be attained because of the presence of the condition of the

first sentence )
( .
e.g.
Had it not been for Zayd, Bakr would have perished.

15.
: It is that
(as long as).

e.g.
i.e.

I will stand as long as the leader is sitting.
16.
: These are as follows:

(and): This is without regard to sequence.

e.g.
Zayd and Bakr came.

Here, sequence is not considered.

(then, thus):
It shows sequence with slight delay.
e.g.
Zayd came. Then, Bakr (came).

It can also show cause )
( .
e.g.

He sends down water from the sky, because of which the earth becomes
green.

(then): It shows sequence with delay.

e.g.
Zayd came. Then, (after some time) Bakr (came).

(upto, till, even): It shows the end point.

e.g.
I read the Quran until the end.

The pilgrims came, even those on foot.

(eitheror):
e.g.
The fruit is either sweet or bitter.

(or):
e.g.
We stayed for a day or a part of a day.

130

(or): It is generally used with an interrogative )
( .
e.g.
Is Zayd with you or Bakr?

(not): This negates from the
that which has been established for the
.
e.g.
Zayd came to me and not Bakr.

(but, instead, rather): It is used for
i.e. to give up one notion for another.

e.g.
Zayd came to me. Rather, Bakr (came).

(but): It is used with a
and serves the purpose of
i.e. to rectify.
e.g.
Zayd did not come to me but Bakr came.

131
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abd al-Ghaniyy al-Daqr (1993). Mujam al-Qawaid al-Arabiyyah fi al-Nahw wa al-Tasreef.
Damascus: Dar al-Qalam.
Abdullah ibn Aqeel (n.d.). Sharh ibn Aqeel ala Alfiyyat ibn Malik, vols. 1-4. Karachi:
Qadeemi Kutubkhana.
Ali al-Jaarim and Mustafa Ameen (n.d.). Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Ibtidaiyyah, vols.
1-3. Cairo: Dar al-Maarif.
Ali al-Jaarim and Mustafa Ameen (n.d.). Al-Nahw al-Wadih li al-Madaris al-Thaniwiyyah,
vols. 1-3. Cairo: Dar al-Maarif.
Ibn Hayyan al-Andalusi (2008). Hidayat al-Nahw. Karachi: Maktabat al-Bushra.
Mawlana Hasan Dockrat (2003). Tawdeeh al-Nahw: A Simplified Arabic Grammar. Azaadville,
South Africa: Madrasah Arabiah Islamia.
Mawlana Mushtaq Ahmad Charthawali (n.d.). Ilm al-Nahw. Karachi: Altaf & Sons.

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TASHEEL AL-NAHW

Sentences and Phrases

Those Particles That Resemble the Verb

Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs

Declinable and Indeclinable Nouns

Types of Indeclinable Nouns

Those Nouns Which Have the Meaning of Verbs

Those Nouns Which Denote a Sound

Those Nouns Which Indicate an Unspecified

Types of Declinable Nouns

Iraab of the Various Types of Murab Nouns

Definite and Common Nouns

Masculine and Feminine Nouns

Singular, Dual and Plural

- Words Which Are Always Marfoo

Which Negates an Entire

Words Which Are Always Mansoob 71

Words Which Are Always Majroor

Particles That Give Nasb 99

Particles That Give Jazm 102

Governing Verbs 104

Transitive Verb 105

Verbs of Praise and Blame 109

Verbs of Wonder 111

Governing Nouns 112

Conditional Nouns 112

That Adjective Which Is Similar to

Non-Governing Particles 124

Particles of Notification 124

Particles of Affirmation 124

Particles of Clarification 125

Particles of Exhortation 125

Particle of Anticipation 126

Particles of Interrogation 126

Particle of Rebuke 126

Extra Particles 127

Conditional Particles 128

Those Particles That Resemble the Verb 20

Auxiliary (Defective) Verbs 22

and Its Iraab 69

huroof al-illah Long vowels i.e., -

tanween two fathahs , two dammahs

saakin a letter with sukoon

mushaddad A letter with tashdeed

faail Subject i.e. the doer

the house (a particular/specific house).

a house (any house).

(condition) of the last letter of a word should be.

are four words. The

. If it has a meaning, it is called

(meaningful word) is of two types:

Compound: It is a group of words. They may form a complete sentence or an

whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with

(tanween) and an at the same time.

whose meaning can be understood without the need to combine it with

can never have a

whose meaning cannot be understood without joining a

Primary Noun: It is that

which is neither derived from another word nor is any

Root Noun: It is that

from which many words are derived.

Derived Noun: It is that

which is derived from a masdar.

Past tense e.g.