ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION
PART 1 The Foundations of Television Production
CHAPTER 1 An Overview of Television Producion
Television Producion
E!ui"#en $%s &eco#e Si#"ler o Use
T'e Illusion of Re%li(
I)s All %*ou $ow +ou Do I
Tec'ni!ues Will Tell
$%vin, 'e Ed,e
Overview
Or,%ni-%ion
Television. /ideo. or 0il#1
Television versus New Medi%
T'e E!ui"#en Is Alw%(s C'%n,in,
Tod%()s E!ui"#en
T'e Producion Te%#
T'e $idden 0%cors of Producion
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 /ic4( Collins
CHAPTER 2 T'e Peo"le W'o M%4e I $%""en
T'e Producion Crew
Me#*ers of 'e Producion Crew
T%len
T'e 0reel%nce Crew
W'% Do +ou We%r1
W'% Do +ou &rin, wi' +ou1
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 T%(lor /inson
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 P'il &owdle
CHAPTER 3 T'e Television Producion 0%cili(
Producion Me'ods
T'e /enue
T'e Television Sudio
Re#oe Producion 0%ciliies
T'e Producion Swic'er
T'e Wi"e
C'ro#%5Ke(
S(nc'roni-ed Move#ens wi' 'e /iru%l Se
Di,i%l /ideo E6ecs
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 &r(%n 7en4ins
PART 2 The Process, Script, and Production Plan
CHAPTER T'e Producion Process
T'e T'ree S%,es of Producion
S%,e 83 Pl%nnin, %nd Pre"%r%ion
W'( Pl%n1
T'e Ide%3 S%rin, wi' % Conce"
Sein, 'e Go%ls %nd O*9ecives
T'e T%r,e Audience
T'e &ud,e
Li#i%ions:Resricions
T'e Producion Pl%n
Producion Me'ods
Sc'edule
Cover%,e
&uildin, % Pro,r%# Ouline
Rese%rc'
T'in4in, 'rou,' 'e S'os
Tre%#en &re%4down
Develo"in, 'e C%#er% Pl%n
Sor(*o%rds
Producion As"ecs
T'e Producion Meein,
Re#oe Loc%ion Surve(s ;Recce<
Seu"
T'e Re'e%rs%l
S%,e =3 Producion
T'e Direcor durin, 'e Producion
T'e Producer durin, 'e Producion
Producion E#"'%sis
Selecive Tools
Selecive Tec'ni!ues
T'e Screen Tr%nsfor#s Re%li(
Iner"re%ive Producion Tec'ni!ues
S%,e >3 Pos"roducion
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 7%#es Su%r
CHAPTER ! T'e Scri" %nd Producion Pl%n
T'e Scri")s Pur"ose
T'e Scri":Producion Pl%n
T'e Unscri"ed Producion Pl%n
T'e Ouline Scri"3 Se#iscri"ed Producion
0ull( Scri"ed S'ows
Scri" S%,es
&%sic Scri" L%(ou 0or#%s
Kee" I &rief
Su,,esions on Scri"wriin,
&e /isu%l
P%cin, 'e Pro,r%#
S(le
$ins on Develo"in, 'e Scri"
Scri"in, Tools
Sor(*o%rds
Addiion%l Producion Pl%n Infor#%ion
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Andre% G(erson N%sfell
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 $%4e# Der#is'
PART 3 "isuali#in$ the Stor%
CHAPTER & W'% 'e C%#er% C%n Do
Television C%#er%s
T("es of C%#er%s
C%#corders
Sudio C%#er%s
Mini%ure or Poin5of5/iew C%#er%s
C%#er% &%sics
T'e /iew?nder
T'e C%#er%)s Conrols
T'e C%#er% Lens
Lens An,le
Su""le#en%r( Lenses
Lens Conrols
Wor4in, Pr%cices
T("es of Lenses
@oo# Lens
Pri#e Lens
EAender Lens
0ocusin,
W'( 0ocus1
0ocusin, Me'ods
0ocusin, 'e @oo# Lens
Ad9usin, 'e @oo#)s &%c4 0ocus
Lens A"erure ; f5So"<
f5So"s ; f5Nu#*ers<
EA"osure
Auo#%ic Iris
M%nu%l Iris Ad9us#en
Re#oe Iris Conrol
S'uer S"eeds
/ideo G%in Ad9us#en
C%#er% Lens 0ilers
Neur%l5Densi( 0ilers
Correcive 0ilers
S%r 0ilers
Di6usion Dis4s
U/ ;$%-e< 0ilers
Pol%ri-in, 0ilers
Gr%du%ed 0ilers
C%#er% 0iler W'eel
Su""orin, 'e C%#er%
W'% T("e of Su""or1
T'e $%nd'eld C%#er%
C%#er% S%*ili-ers
T'e P%n %nd Til $e%d
Review 2uesions
Inerview Wi' A Profession%l3 N%'%n W'ie
CHAPTER ' Usin, 'e C%#er%
S%nd%rd S'os
Selecin, 'e S'o
C'ec4in, 'e S'o
C%#er% O"er%ion
0ocusin,
C%#er% Moves
Producion 0or#% S(les
T'e Sin,le5C%#er% S'oo
T'e Mulic%#er% S'oo
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 T'o#%s Crescen-o
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 7on Lord
CHAPTER ( T'e Persu%sive C%#er%
S'ooin, S(le
Screen Si-e
Selecin, 'e S'o
T'e EAre#e Lon, S'o
T'e Lon, S'o
T'e Mediu# S'o
T'e Close5U"
T'e EAre#e Close5U"
De"' of 0ield
L%r,e De"' of 0ield ;Dee"50ocus< Tec'ni!ues
S'%llow De"' of 0ield ;S'%llow50ocus< Tec'ni!ues
Movin, 'e C%#er% $e%d
P%nnin, 'e C%#er%
Tilin, 'e C%#er% $e%d
C%#er% $ei,'
EAre#e C%#er% An,les
Movin, 'e C%#er%
Su*9ecive C%#er% Tre%#en
I#i%ive C%#er% Move#en
Usin, 'e @oo# Lens
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 M% Gri##
CHAPTER ) Cre%in, %n E6ecive I#%,e
&e'ind 'e Picure
Co#"osin, 'e Picure
Pr%cic%l Co#"osiion
T'e Direcor %nd Co#"osiion
Co#"osiion Princi"les
T'e E6ec of 'e Picure 0r%#e
0r%#in,
Picori%l &%l%nce
Uni( ;Order<
/isu%l P%erns
Le%din, Lines
Rule of T'irds
ConeA
Sc%le
Su*9ec Pro#inence
I#"ressions of 'e Su*9ec
Co#"osiion %nd Color
Co#"osiion %nd Moion
A T'eor( of D(n%#ic Co#"osiion
Usin, D(n%#ic Co#"osiion
Crossin, 'e Line
Anici"%in, Ediin,
Coninui(
I#"rovin, Ediin, 0leAi*ili(
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Kei' &rown
CHAPTER 1* Television Gr%"'ics
Television Gr%"'ics Go%ls
T("es of Gr%"'ics
0or#s of Gr%"'ics
Ani#%ed Gr%"'ics
Iner%cive >D Gr%"'ics
Desi,nin, Gr%"'ics
&%c4,rounds for Gr%"'ics
Gr%"'ics E!ui"#en
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Sco Ro,ers
PART +i$htin$, ,ac-$rounds, and Sets
CHAPTER 11 Li,'in, for Television
T'e Go%ls of Li,'in,
W'( Is Li,'in, Necess%r(1
Tec'nic%l Re%sons
Arisic Re%sons
T'e N%ure of Li,'
Li,' Inensi(
T'e Color 2u%li( of Li,'
Li,' Dis"ersion
T'e Direcion of 'e Li,'
T'ree5Poin Li,'in,
&%sic Guidelines for Li,'in, Peo"le
Li,'in, Grou"s of Peo"le
Li,'in, Are%s of 'e Scene
Li,' Sources
Li,'in, Insru#ens
C%#er% Li,'
0resnel S"oli,'s
Elli"soid%l S"oli,'s
Scoo"
&ro%d Li,'
Sof Li,'
C(clor%#% Li,'
Mulil%#" Sources
O"en50%ce Ad9us%*le Li,'
ReBecors
Li,' Su""ors
Gri" Cl%#"s
Li,' S%nds
Sudio Ceilin, Su""ors
Por%*le Li,' Kis
Conrollin, 'e Li,'s
&%sic Li,'in, Pl%n
W'% Is Goin, o $%""en1
T'e Li,'in, Plo
L%#" C%re %nd S%fe(
Li,'in, %nd C%#er% Re'e%rs%l
Sound &oo# S'%dows
Li,'in, on Loc%ion
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 To##( &rown
CHAPTER 12 &%c4,rounds %nd Ses
T'e InBuence of 'e Television &%c4,round
&%sic Or,%ni-%ion
T'e Sudio Pl%n
T'e 0loor Pl%n
Li,'in, Plo
Desi,n Consider%ions
Se Desi,n for 8C3D
Re%l %nd Unre%l &%c4,rounds
T'e Neur%l &%c4,round
Econo#ic%l Ses
Se#i"er#%nen Ses
Picori%l &%c4,rounds
C(clor%#%
C'ro#%5Ke(:M%in,
/iru%l Ses
Ouside:&%c4lo Ses
T'e Loc%ion As % &%c4,round
Se Co#"onens
Se Consider%ions
C%#er% $ei,'
0ore,round Pieces
Cre%in, De"'
/ersions of ERe%li(F
W'% C%n We Do %*ou 'e &%c4,round1
Re%rr%n,in, 'e &%c4,round
Alerin, 'e &%c4,round
P%ri%l Sein,s
T("ic%l EA%#"les of P%ri%l Sein,s
0%cin, Re%li(
Se Pro*le#s
W'% C%n +ou S'oo1
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 7o'n DeCuir
CHAPTER 13 M%4eu" %nd Cosu#es
0or#s of M%4eu"
Sr%i,' M%4eu"
Correcive M%4eu"
C'%r%cer M%4eu"
Condiions of Television M%4eu"
C%#er% Re'e%rs%l
M%4eu" Tre%#en
Princi"les of M%4eu"
$%ir
$%ir Aler%ion
Cosu#es ;W%rdro*e<
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Ru' $%ne(
PART ! Recordin$ and Editin$ the Production
CHAPTER 1 Audio for Television
T'e Audio S(se#
Acousics
Mono Sound
Sereo Sound
Surround Sound
Micro"'one C'%r%cerisics
Micro"'one C%re
Direcion%l 0e%ures of Micro"'ones
Micro"'one Pic4u" Me'ods
T("es of Micro"'ones
C%#er% Micro"'ones
$%nd'eld Micro"'one
S'o,un Micro"'one
L%v%lier ;L%"el or Cli"5On< Micro"'one
&ound%r( or P@M Micro"'one
$%n,in, Micro"'one
Surround5Sound Micro"'one
Su,,esions for Usin, % Surround5Sound Micro"'one
Micro"'one S%nds %nd Mouns
Wireless Micro"'ones
$idden Mics
Conrollin, D(n%#ics
D(n%#ic R%n,e
Auo#%ic Conrol for Audio
M%nu%l Conrol
Moniorin, 'e Audio
T'e Audio MiAer
Usin, 'e Audio MiAer
N%ur%l Sound
Anici"%ion
0ilered Sound
Rever*er%ion
&uildin, 'e Soundr%c4
T("es of Pro,r%# Sound
Pro,r%# Music
Sound E6ecs
Anici"%in, Sound Ediin,
Audio Sweeenin,
Co"(ri,'
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 &r(%n 0%l4
CHAPTER 1! Recordin, 'e Sor(
Recordin, 'e /ideo
S%nd%rd5De?niion Television
$i,'5De?niion Television
Television %nd /ideo 0or#%s
/ideo%"e
An%lo, %nd Di,i%l T%"es
Consu#er Di,i%l T%"e 0or#%s
Profession%l Di,i%l T%"e 0or#%s
0l%s' Me#or(
$%rd Dis4 Drive:Inern%l $%rd Drive
EAern%l C%#er% $%rd Drives
$%rd Dis4 Recorders
Record%*le D/D
GDCAM Disc
Recordin, Medi% C%re
/ideo Recordin, Su,,esions
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 R(%n $%##er
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Ro*in &roo#?feld
CHAPTER 1& Ediin, 'e Producion
Ediin, Tec'ni!ues in Television
Ediin, &%sics
Ediin, Decisions
Ediin, Possi*iliies
T'e Mec'%nics of Ediin,
Ediin, In5C%#er%
Producion Swic'er ;/ision MiAer<
Line%r Ediin,
Nonline%r Ediin,
Pos"roducion Lo,,in,
T'e Ar %nd Tec'ni!ues of Ediin,3 Muli"le C%#er%s %nd Pos"roducion
Selecin, 'e A""ro"ri%e S'os
T'e Order of S'os
W'ere S'ould 'e Edis &e M%de1
W'% Tr%nsiion S'ould &e Used1
Good Coninui(
$ow o Use Tr%nsiions
C%useHE6ec Rel%ions'i"s
Mon%,e
Dur%ion of S'os
Priori(3 /ideo or Sound1
Good Direcin,:Ediin, Tec'ni!ues
Anici"%in, Ediin,
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Sco Powell
PART & Production Techni.ues
CHAPTER 1' Producion Pr%cices
Producion Pressures
S'ooin, S(les
Sin,le5C%#er% Tec'ni!ues
Sin,le5C%#er% Seu"s
S'ooin, Unconrolled Acion
S'ooin, Conrolled Acion
Se,#ened S'ooin,
Mulic%#er% Tec'ni!ues
/isu%l /%rie(
Crossin, 'e AAis of Acion Line
Or,%ni-in, 'e An,les
Pro,r%# O"enin,
0ocusin, Audience Aenion
S'ifin, /isu%l Ineres
Cre%in, Tension
P%ce
Ti#in,
/isu%l Cl%ri(
/iewin, An,le
Disr%cions
Confusin, %nd 0rusr%in, Su*9ec Tre%#en
T'e /isu%l Pro*le#
T'e Illusion of Ti#e
Ti#e L%"ses
0l%s'*%c4s
Cu%w%( S'os ;Inser S'os<
Re%cion S'os:P%ri%ls:Cu5In S'os
T'e Recorded Inser
Soc4 S'os ;Li*r%r( S'os<
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 D%vid NiAon
CHAPTER 1( T'e Sudio Producion
Unre'e%rsed 0or#%s
Adv%nce Re'e%rs%ls
Sudio Re'e%rs%l
Re'e%rs%l Procedures
T'e 0loor M%n%,er
Re'e%rs%l
Recordin,:Tr%ns#ission
Guidin, 'e T%len
Cuein,
Me'ods of Cuein,
Pro#"in, 'e T%len
Producion Ti#in,
Recordin, 'e Producion
Live5on5T%"e
&%sic Re%4es
S'ooin, Ou of Order
Isol%ed C%#er% ;ISO<
Sin,le5C%#er% Recordin,
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 0ion% C%'erwood
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 L%uren Cl%us
CHAPTER 1) Direcin, T%len
T%len
I#"or%nce of Peo"le in 'e Scene
Presenin, 'e Infor#%ion
Selecin, T%len
T'e C'%llen,es of Wor4in, wi' T%len
IneA"erienced T%len
T'e $os
T'e O65C%#er% $os
W'en T'ere Are Pro*le#s
Rese%rc'
W'% S'ould T%len We%r1
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 S%r%' Lec4ie
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Mor,%n Sc'uers
CHAPTER 2* Producion S(le
/isu%l S(le
A""ro"ri%eness
Rouines
A#*ience
T'e Illusion of Tru'
Picori%l 0uncion
Picure A""lic%ions
Producion R'eoric
Audio S(le
I#%,in%ive Sound
Sound Ele#ens
Sound E#"'%sis
Sound A""lic%ions
O6screen Sound
Su*siued Sound
Conrollin, Sound Tre%#en
T'e E6ec of Co#*inin, Sounds
Selecive Sound
Audio:/ideo Rel%ions'i"s
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 D%ve Greider
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 7ere#( R%uc'
CHAPTER 21 Re#oe Producion
W'% Is % Re#oe Producion1
Re#oe Producion versus Sudio Producion
S'ooin, on Loc%ion
T'e Sin,le C%#er% on Loc%ion
T("ic%l Seu"s
Power Su""lies
Sin,le5C%#er% S'ooin,
$%ndlin, 'e C%#er%
Lens An,les
Auo#%ic Conrols
Audio
Sorin, 'e Ge%r
Mulic%#er% Re#oe Producion
Mulic%#er% Pl%nnin, %nd Pre"%r%ion
Re#oe Producion /e'icles
Re#oe Producion Truc4:O& /%n
Live Tr%ns#ission
Even Cover%,e
S"ors Acion
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 To# C%v%n%u,'
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Cind( Pennin,on
PART ' /istri0ution
CHAPTER 22 Disri*uin, +our Producion
&ro%dc%s Disri*uion
>G:IG Tr%ns#ission
Tr%diion%l Non*ro%dc%s Disri*uion ;Usu%ll( Referred o As /ideo<
Disri*uin, $%rd Co"ies of 'e Producion
Online Disri*uion
Live Online Disri*uion
IPT/
0esiv%ls %nd Co#"eiions
Su##%r(
Review 2uesions
Inerview wi' % Profession%l3 Tri"" Cros*(
1lossar%
2nde3
An incredi*le nu#*er of "eo"le %nd or,%ni-%ions conri*ued o 'is "ro9ecJ I '%ve ried o
lis #os of 'e# *elowJ I %# es"eci%ll( ,r%eful o As*ur( Universi(. #( sc'ool. w'ic' '%s
%llowed #e BeAi*ili( %s well %s encour%,ed #e o s%( involved in "rofession%l elevision
"roducion %round 'e worldJ
T'e ediors % 0oc%l Press '%ve *een % cons%n encour%,e#en. ,uidin, #e 'rou,' 'e
wriin, "rocess3 Elinor Aci"is. Mic'ele Cronin. %nd C%rlin Re%,%nJ
I %""reci%e 'e reviewers w'o s"en % si,ni?c%n %#oun of i#e reviewin, 'e #%nuscri"s
%nd "rovidin, ,uid%nce3 7oe( Goodsell ;Universi( of Sou'ern Mississi""i<. Trevor $e%rin,
;Universi( of &ourne#ou'<. To# Kin,don ;E#erson Colle,e<. Al%n Lifon ;Universi( of
Sunderl%nd<. Dusin Morrow ;Te#"le Universi(<. %nd L%rr( Sc'er ;Rio $ondo Colle,e<J
T'%n4s o 'e #%n( "rofession%ls w'o ,%ve of 'eir i#e o *e inerviewed for 'is *oo4J
Conri*uors of "'oo,r%"'s. illusr%ions. %nd %dvice3 =K' Cenur( 0oA. Will Ad%#s. Al%n
Gordon Ener"rises. Alf%c%#. A""le. As*ur( Universi(. Audio5Tec'nic%. Av%ni Grou". Avid.
&%ndPro. Gre, &%nd(. Dennis &%Aer. &&C. &eAel. Tris%n &resnen. Ausin &roo4s. KJ &rown.
K%'( &runer. W'i &usse(. 7en C%n%l. C%non. C%rr5$u,'es Producions. C&C. C'%rer.
C'(ron. D%vid Cle#en. Core Sound. Do#inic Cicc'ei. Krisof Cre%ive. C'%d Crouc'. P%ul
Cl%wor'(. Co#"iA. Counr(#%n Associ%es. &ern%rd Cus%dio. 7on C("'er. Guill%u#e
D%r,%ud. D%r?s'. D%%video. 7e6 D%(. DDD. De#on 0is'e(e Lens. Discover( C'%nnel.
Dore#i. P%ul Du"ree. &ri%n Dou,l%s. ESPN. D%vid Eu*%n4. Kevin 0err%r%. 0ifeen'undred.
0isc'er Connecors. 0iresore. 0ocus En'%nce#ens. 0G Grou":fA,rou"J v. Se%n 0r%n4lin. 7e6
Gi*lin. M% Gi*lin. Mi4e Gil,er. Dou,l%s Glover. 7essic% Good%ll. Gr%ss /%lle(. 7on Green'oe.
D%vid Gros-. HighDef #%,%-ine. T(ler $o6. M% $o,%nc%#". $olo"'one. $ood#%n. 7e6
$uc'ens. I#%,ine Producs. Indie5Doll( S(se#s. Inern%ion%l S"ors &ro%dc%sin,. Russ
7ennisc'. 7/C. KOMU5T/. $%n4 Levine. Lie"%nels. Lowell. LPG. M%nfroo. 7i# Mic4le. &en
Miller. Don Min4. Mole5Ric'%rdson. T'o# Mo(n%'%n. &r%d( %nd Andre% N%sfell. N&C. N$K.
Nor' S'ore Sudios. Ol(#"ic &ro%dc%sin, Services. L(nn Owens. S%r%' Owens. P%n%sonic.
And( Peers. Lee Peers. RED Di,i%l Cine#% C%#er% Co#"%n(. &en Ro,ers. Sco Ro'rer.
Rosco. Krisin Ross. Mi4e Rowe. Devon S%l(er. Me,%n Sco. S%r%' Se%on. Senn'eiser. 7os'
S'e""%rd. S'ure. Sodiu# Ener%in#en. Son(. Dou, S#%r. Se%dic%#. M%r4 So4l.
Sr%nd. Studio#%,%-ine. &en T%*er. 7os' T%*er. 7ennie T%(lor. Te4roniA. T'o#son. C'erie AJ
T'url*(. Ti6en. TV Technology #%,%-ine. Unise. UJSJ De"%r#en of Defense. UJSJ N%v(.
/0G%d,es. /ideos#i'. T%(lor /inson. /inen. /oreA Medi%. N%'%n W%,,oner. Dou,
W%l4er. Wesco. Ad%# Wil. Ad%# Wilson. WLEG5T/. Lu4e Wer-. WOOD T/L. WOT/I %nd
WGSP. +ouTu*e. T(ler +oun,. %nd @eissJ
Sor(*o%rd 2uic4 w%s used for so#e illusr%ions3
M
PowerProducion Sofw%reJ
ESor(ellin, is 'e #os "owerful w%( o "u ide%s ino 'e world od%(JF
Ro0ert 4cAfee ,ro5n
Chan$in$ Television
Al'ou,' elevision ec'nolo,( is r%"idl( c'%n,in,. (ou '%ve o 4ee" in #ind '%
sor(ellin, is sill 'e 4e( o % ,ood elevision "ro,r%#3 w'e'er i is n%rr%ive. news. s"ors.
or co#ed(. i %lw%(s co#es down o 'e sor(J Tec'nolo,( is ver( i#"or%n. *u i re%ll( is
'ere onl( o 'el" ell %nd su""or 'e sor(lineJ
T'e c'%n,e in 'e "%r%di,# of elevision "roducion '%s occurred !uic4l( over 'e "%s few
(e%rs %nd coninues % w%r" s"eedJ Ori,in%ll(. #os "roducions oo4 "l%ce in % sudio wi'
few s'os cre%ed ouside of 'ose con?nesJ Producion w%s eAre#el( eA"ensive %nd onl( %
few selec "eo"le ,o o wor4 on 'ose s'owsJ Tod%(. 'e #%9ori( of "roducions %re %4in,
"l%ce ouside of 'e r%diion%l sudio %nd 'e r%ns#ission #e'ods '%ve eA"%nded f%r
*e(ond 'e s%nd%rd elevision *oA o 'e Inerne. iPods. cell "'ones. %nd l%r,e screensJ
T'e low cos of e!ui"#en %nd disri*uion '%s *rou,' incredi*le ec'nolo,( ino 'e '%nds
of %l#os ever(one. %llowin, % suden o use 'is or 'er si#"le c%#er% %nd ediin, sofw%re
o cre%e % "roducion '% c%n *e w%c'ed *( #illions onlineJ
W'% we %re ?ndin, is '% 'e v%rious #edi% %re no re%ll( co#"ein, wi' e%c' o'erJ
Inse%d. w'en done well. 'ese #edi% c%n su""or one %no'erJ W'en r%velin,. (ou loo4 %
(our "'oneN w'en % 'e oOce. (ou c'ec4 ou elevision "ro,r%##in, on 'e we*N w'en (ou
w%n 'e 'i,'es5!u%li( viewin,. (ou w%c' % l%r,e5screen elevision in 'e co#for of (our
'o#eJ
6hat 2s This ,oo- A0out7
M%n( s%w 'e fuure of elevision %s $DT/ on l%r,e screens in 'o#esJ 0ew "rediced '%
w'ile #%n( counries were in 'e "rocess of r%nsiionin, o 'e 'i,' !u%li( of $DT/. 'ere
would %lso *e %n incredi*le de#%nd for 'i,'l( co#"ressed ;%nd 'us lower5!u%li(< video
i#%,es '% could *e seen on cell "'ones. iPods. %nd 'e InerneJ Al'ou,' %ll of 'e rel%ed
ec'nolo,ies %re ver( i#"or%n. in 'is *oo4 we focus on 'ow o cre%e !u%li( video
"roducionsJ We do no s"end i#e wor4in, 'rou,' 'ow o co#"ress video. codecs. or 'e
s"eci?cs of v%rious ("es of c%#er%s %nd ediin, sofw%reJ We inse%d de%l wi' 'e over%ll
%re%sJ 0or 'e s"eci?cs. (ou will '%ve o re%d 'e insrucion #%nu%ls '% co#e wi' 'e
e!ui"#en or sofw%reJ
T'ou,' our ,o%l is o focus on 'e cre%ion of "ro,r%#s. we %re in 'e %w4w%rd "osiion of
*rid,in, 'e r%nsiion *eween old %nd new ec'ni!ues %nd ec'nolo,iesJ T'e c'%"ers in
'is *oo4 %re l%id ou in % lo,ic%l #%nner. s%rin, wi' 'e found%ions of elevision in P%r
8J T'ese found%ions include %n overview of 'e indusr(. % discussion %*ou 'e role of 'e
v%rious crew#e#*ers. % loo4 % "roducion e!ui"#en %nd f%ciliies. %nd % review of 'ow
elevision wor4sJ Once we unders%nd w'% 'e crew does %nd 'ow 'e e!ui"#en wor4s
o,e'er. P%r = covers 'e "roducion "rocess %nd scri"in,JP%rs > o P cover 'e v%rious
co#"onens of 'e "roducion suc' %s 'e c%#er%. ,r%"'ics. li,'in,. *%c4,rounds. #%4eu".
%udio. recordin,. %nd ediin,J P%r C covers #%n( of 'e s"eci?c "roducion ec'ni!ues '%
%re used od%( in 'e cre%ion of "ro,r%#s. %nd P%r Q de%ls wi' disri*uionJ
In %n e6or o #%4e 'e v%rious "roducion %s"ecs #ore unders%nd%*le. 'e *oo4 includes
'undreds of full5color illusr%ions. u"d%ed e!ui"#en %nd ec'ni!ues %re%s. new
disri*uion #e'ods. %nd e%c'in, resources for f%cul(J 2u%li?ed insrucors #%( %ccess
'e e%c'in, resources % '"3::eA*oo4sJelsevierJco#J
We cre%ed 'is *oo4 in 'e 'o"e of 'el"in, "re"%re (ou o cre%e !u%li( "ro,r%##in,.
w'e'er (ou)re usin, 'i,'5end "rofession%l e!ui"#en or (our #o*ile "'oneJ We w%n o
e!ui" (ou o wor4 in % v%rie( of siu%ions ;news. docu#en%r(. s"ors. n%rr%ive. co#ed(.
%nd so on<. %s well %s o use di6eren disri*uion #e'ods ;Inerne. *ro%dc%s. PDA. I5#%,.
or o'ers<J We w%n (ou o ,e 'e *es ou of (our e!ui"#en. cre%in, "ro9ecs '% '%ve %
si,ni?c%n i#"%c on (our %udienceJ
Uli#%el(. "roducion is no % #%er of 4nowin, Ew'ic' *uons o "ress.F *u 'ow o use
(our ools cre%ivel(J We 'o"e (ou will discover 'ow 'e ec'ni!ues (ou use c%n inBuence
%nd "ersu%de (our %udience. 'old 'eir %enion. develo" 'eir ineres. %nd inBuence %nd
4indle 'eir e#oionsJ 0or eA%#"le. w'en (our su*9ec #oves. s'ould (ou #ove 'e c%#er%
o follow %lon,. widen 'e lens)s cover%,e. or cu o %no'er c%#er% %n,le1 I #%ers w'ic'
#e'ods (ou c'oose. *ec%use e%c' one will '%ve % di6eren i#"%c on (our %udienceJ
6ho 2s This ,oo- For7
T'is *oo4 w%s cre%ed for %n(one w'o w%ns o cre%e !u%li( video "roducionsJ I is for
sudens %nd *e,innin, "rofession%ls %li4eJ We do no %ssu#e '% (ou '%ve "revious
"roducion eA"erience. (e 'e conen is dee" enou,' '% *e,innin, "rofession%ls c%n
"ro? fro# iJ M%n( i#es. we '%ve used "'oo,r%"'s %nd illusr%ions fro# 'e 'i,'es
levels of "roducionJ T'e ,o%l is o ,ive (ou eA%#"les '% (ou c%n %d%" o %n( level %
w'ic' (ou %re wor4in,J
6hat 2s 8e5 in This Edition7
Over >K indusr( "rofession%ls. re"resenin, v%rious %re%s of 'e ?eld. were inerviewed
for #ini inerview secions con%ined in e%c' c'%"erJ So#e "rofession%ls inerviewed '%ve
onl( *een wor4in, in 'e indusr( for % cou"le of (e%rs. w'ile o'ers '%ve wor4ed in
elevision for dec%desJ T'e( re"resen cor"or%e. news. %nd ener%in#enJ T'e resul is %
f%irl( co#"re'ensive view of w'% i is li4e o wor4 in 'e ?eld of elevision "roducionJ
Over 8=P new "'oo,r%"'s %nd illusr%ions '%ve *een %dded. includin, insrucion%l
i#%,es fro# % wide v%rie( of cone#"or%r( sourcesJ
T'is l%es ediion includes new c'%"ers on direcin, %len %nd disri*uionJ Two c'%"ers
'%ve *een deleed. disc%rdin, oud%ed #%eri%l %nd "l%cin, o'er conen ino o'er
relev%n c'%"ersJ
Conen '%s *een u"d%ed o reBec 'e curren indusr(J
Ter9inolo$%
T'e #%9ori( of 'e er#s '% we use %re 'e #os co##on in 'e Unied S%esJ $owever.
%s our indusr( *eco#es #ore ,lo*%l. we decided '% i w%s i#"or%n o %lso "l%ce 'e
Euro"e%n er#s in "%ren'eses neA o so#e of 'e UJSJ er#sJ
Su99ar%
T'e sor( is 'e 4e( o !u%li( "ro,r%#s. *u i is esseni%l '% (ou unders%nd w'% is
re!uired o "roduce 'e sor(J +ou #%( no *e re!uired o 4now 'e fe%ures of ever( "iece
of e!ui"#en. *u (ou do need o unders%nd enou,' %*ou 'e e!ui"#en '% (ou 4now
'ow o use i o cre%ivel( ell (our sor(J T'e *oo# line is '% i %ll co#es down o (ou.
no 'e e!ui"#enJ
:i9 ;5ens, Septe90er 2*11
PART 1
The Foundations of Television Production
CHAPTER 1
An Overview of Television Production
EI *elieve '% ,ood elevision c%n #%4e our world % *eer "l%ceJF
Christiane A9anpour, C88 Reporter
Ter9s
/"E< Di,i%l video e6ec e!ui"#en. wor4in, wi' 'e swic'er. is used o cre%e s"eci%l
e6ecs *eween video i#%,esJ A D/E could %lso refer o 'e %cu%l e6ecJ
/S+R< A sill c%#er% ;di,i%l sin,le5lens reBeA c%#er%< '% s'oos video. %llowin, 'e
"'oo,r%"'er o see 'e i#%,e 'rou,' 'e lens '% will c%"ure 'e i#%,eJ
+inear editin$< T'e co"(in,. or du**in,. of se,#ens fro# 'e #%ser %"e o %no'er %"e
in se!ueni%l orderJ
8e5 9edia< An( #edi% '% is #%de %v%il%*le for on5de#%nd deliver(J 0or ins%nce.
"ro,r%##in, %v%il%*le online would *e considered Enew #edi%JF
8onlinear editin$< T'e "rocess in w'ic' 'e recorded video is r%nsferred ono % co#"uerJ
T'en 'e foo%,e c%n *e %rr%n,ed %nd re%rr%n,ed. s"eci%l e6ecs %nd ,r%"'ics c%n *e
%dded. %nd 'e %udio c%n *e %d9used usin, ediin, sofw%reJ
Prosu9er e.uip9ent< Prosu#er e!ui"#en. so#ei#es 4nown %s industrial equipment.
is % lile 'e%vier5du( %nd so#ei#es e#"lo(s % few "rofession%l fe%ures ;suc' %s
inerc'%n,e%*le lenses on % c%#er%<. *u #%( sill '%ve #%n( of 'e %uo#%ic fe%ures '%
%re included on 'e consu#er e!ui"#enJ
Second screen< Tod%()s elevision %udience is no 9us w%c'in, elevision. 'e( %re %lso on
% co#"uer of so#e ("e. ofen c%lled 'e Esecond screenJF
S5itcher =vision 9i3er>< A device used o swic' *eween video in"us ;c%#er%s.
,r%"'ics. video "l%(ers. ecJ<J

ET'e de?niion of elevision is c'%n,in,J Le)s %4e %n iPod. w'ic' w%s %n MP> device % s'or
i#e %,oJ W'en (ou "u video on '% device. i *eco#es % elevisionJ So I #%4e 'e c%se
'% elevision is %cu%ll( ,rowin, o o'er devicesJ I)s *ec%use of 'e "ro,r%##in,. i)s 'e
!u%li(. i)s 'e sor(lineJ I)s %ll 'ose 'in,s we %ssoci%e wi' elevision "ro,r%##in,J
RTelevision) w%s never 'e *oASi w%s 'e "ro,r%##in, '% w%s on 'e *oAJF
Chris Pi##uro, "ice President of /i$ital 8e5s 4edia, Turner Entertain9ent
TE+E"2S2;8 PR;/?CT2;8
Al'ou,' 'e elevision #ediu# '%s eA"erienced r%nsfor#in, ec'nic%l c'%n,es in 'e "%s
dec%de. i is i#"or%n o 4ee" in #ind '% 'e 4e( o ,re% elevision is sill sor(ellin,J As
e!ui"#en '%s evolved %nd *eco#e incre%sin,l( %6ord%*le %nd %d%"%*le. "roducion
ec'ni!ues '%ve %lso evolved in order o %4e %dv%n%,e of 'ese new o""oruniiesJ
F21?RE 1@1
Consu#er $D c%#corders "rovide %n incredi*le %#oun of !u%li(. w'ic' is now %v%il%*le o 'e %#%eurJ ;P'oo coures(
of 7/C<
E.uip9ent Has ,eco9e Si9pler to ?se
+ou)ve "ro*%*l( %lre%d( discovered 'ow even ineA"ensive consu#er 'i,'5de?niion ;$D<
c%#corders c%n "roduce eAre#el( de%iled i#%,es under % wide r%n,e of condiions ;0i,ure
8J8<J C%#er% circuir( %uo#%ic%ll( %d9uss %nd co#"ens%es o ,ive (ou % ,ood "icureJ A
"'oo,r%"'er needs o do lile #ore '%n "oin 'e c%#er%. follow 'e su*9ec. %nd -oo# in
%nd ouJ To "ic4 u" %udio. we c%n si#"l( cli" % s#%ll l%v%lier #icro"'one ono % "erson)s
9%c4e. ,ive 'e# % '%nd'eld #icro"'one. or 9us use 'e #icro"'one %%c'ed o 'e
c%#er%J As for li,'in,. od%()s c%#er%s %re so sensiive '% 'e( wor4 in d%(li,' or
w'%ever %ri?ci%l li,' '%""ens o *e %roundJ So w'ere)s 'e #(ser(1 W'( do we need o
sud( elevision:video ec'ni!ues1 Tod%(. %n(one c%n ,e resulsJ
The 2llusion of Realit%
E+ou #us use 'e c%#er% %nd #icro"'one o "roduce w'% 'e *r%in "erceives. no #erel(
w'% 'e e(e seesJ Onl( 'en c%n (ou cre%e 'e illusion of re%li(JF
Roone Arled$e, For9er Producer, A,C Television
One of 'e *%sic ru's %*ou "'oo,r%"'(. elevision. %nd ?l# is '% 'e c%#er% %lw%(s
liesJ On 'e f%ce of i. i)s re%son%*le o %ssu#e '% if (ou si#"l( "oin (our c%#er% %nd
#icro"'one % 'e scene. (ou will conve( %n %ccur%e record of 'e %cion o (our %udienceJ
&u %s we s'%ll see. in "r%cice 'e c%#er% %nd #icro"'one in'erenl( r%nsfor# Ere%li(JF
T'ere c%n *e consider%*le di6erences *eween w'% is %cu%ll( '%""enin,. w'% (our
viewers %re seein,. %nd w'% 'e( 'in4 'e( %re seein,J $ow 'e %udience iner"res s"%ce.
di#ension. %#os"'ere. i#e. %nd so on will de"end on % nu#*er of f%cors. suc' %s 'e
c%#er%)s "osiion. 'e lens %n,le. li,'in,. ediin,. 'e %cco#"%n(in, sound. %nd. of course.
'eir own "erson%l eA"erienceJ
We c%n use 'is ,%" *eween 'e %cu%l %nd 'e %""%ren o our %dv%n%,eJ I %llows us o
deli*er%el( selec %nd %rr%n,e e%c' s'o o %6ec %n %udience in % s"eci?c w%(J I ,ives us
'e o""oruni( o devise di6eren ("es of "ersu%sive %nd econo#ic%l "roducion
ec'ni!uesJ
If % scene loo4s Ere%l.F 'e %udience will inv%ri%*l( %cce" i %s suc'J W'en w%c'in, % ?l#.
'e %udience will sill res"ond *( siin, on 'e ed,e of 'eir se%s o dr%#%ic siu%ionsJ
Even 'ou,' 'e( 4now '% 'e c'%r%cer '%n,in, fro# 'e cli6 is re%ll( s%fe %nd is
%cco#"%nied *( % ne%r*( "roducion crew. i does no override 'eir sus"ended dis*eliefJ
Even if (ou "u o,e'er % dis9oined series of o%ll( unrel%ed s'os. (our %udience will sill
%e#" o r%ion%li-e %nd iner"re w'% 'e( %re seein,J ;Music videos %nd
eA"eri#en%l ?l#s rel( 'e%vil( on 'is f%c o sus%in ineresJ< If (ou use % c%#er% c%su%ll(.
'e i#%,es will sill un"redic%*l( inBuence (our %udienceJ Gener%ll( s"e%4in,. c%reless or
in%""ro"ri%e "roducion ec'ni!ues will usu%ll( confuse. "u--le. %nd *ore (our %udienceJ
T'e s'ow will l%c4 % lo,ic%l %nd consisen for#J S(se#%ic ec'ni!ues %re % #us if (ou
w%n o c%c' %nd 'old %udience %enion %nd ineresJ
Social Television7
Tod%()s elevision %udience is no 9us w%c'in, elevision. 'e( %re %lso on % co#"uer of
so#e ("e. ofen c%lled 'e Esecond screenJF Accordin, o % recen Nielsen sud(. #ore '%n
LPT of #o*ile %nd co#"uer users %ccess 'e we* w'ile w%c'in, T/J $owever. onl( =IT
were %cu%ll( loo4in, % conen rel%ed o 'e T/ "ro,r%#. w'ile o'ers used i o eA
f%#il( %nd friends ;PCT<. visi soci%l newor4s ;IKT<. %nd *rowse unrel%ed conen ;>QT<J
O'er sudies '%ve s'own '% rou,'l( LKT of under5=P5(e%r5olds used % second screen o
co##unic%e wi' friends w'ile w%c'in, T/ %nd Q=T used Twier. 0%ce*oo4. or % #o*ile
%"" o co##en on s'owsJ
T'ose s%isics %re of ,re% ineres o elevision eAecuives w'o %re loo4in, for w%(s o
ine,r%e soci%l #edi% wi' elevision "ro,r%##in,J 0or eA%#"le. in New @e%l%nd. T/N@.
'%s l%unc'ed % (ou' c'%nnel '% '%s cre%ed %n iner%cive ener%in#en s'ow '%
fe%ures c'% %nd co##en%r( driven *( 0%ce*oo4J /iewers c%n ,ive 'eir o"inions usin,
"ollin,. wrie co##ens. %nd even include 'eir "ro?le "'oosN w'ic' %re s'own on 'e
"ro,r%#J
Ro*in Slo%n. fro# Twier)s #edi% "%rners'i" e%#. 'in4s 'ere is de?niel( %n %""eie for
#ore ine,r%ionJ EPeo"le li4e o %l4 %*ou 'e "ro,r%##in, %s i is '%""enin,.F 'e s%idJ EA
'is s%,e 'e( UT/ eAecuivesV %re "ri#%ril( usin, Twier o en,%,e 'eir eAisin, %udience
%nd ,ive 'e# so#e'in, o %l4 %*ouJ Our ,o%l is o ,e Twier ine,r%ed ino T/ s'owsJ I
#e%ns '% "eo"le 'in4 %*ou Twier %s % source of re%ll( ,re% conen %nd fr%n4l( i
#e%ns '% Twier ,es in fron of % re%ll( *i, %udienceJF
ESoci%l T/ is % #odern version of 'e old d%(s of ,%'erin, round 'e T/ o w%c' % v%rie(
s'ow on % S%urd%( ni,'.F s%id Re,,ie 7%#es. M%n%,in, Direcor of #%r4ein, %,enc(
Di,i%l Cl%ri(J
2tAs All a0out Ho5 Bou /o 2t
A ?rs 'ou,'. le%rnin, %*ou elevision "roducion would see# o *e 9us % #%er of
#%serin, 'e e!ui"#enJ &u le)s 'in4 for % #o#enJ $ow ofen '%ve (ou 'e%rd wo
"eo"le "l%( 'e s%#e "iece of #usic (e %c'ieve enirel( di6eren resuls1 T'e ?rs
insru#en%lis #%( 'i %ll 'e ri,' noes *u 'e "erfor#%nce #%( sound dull %nd
unineresin,J T'e second #usici%n)s #ore sensiive %""ro%c' sirs our e#oions wi'
#e#or%*le soundJ
Of course. we could si#"l( %ssu#e '% 'e second #usici%n '%d ,re%er %lenJ &u 'is
E%lenF ,ener%ll( co#es fro# "%ins%4in, sud( %nd e6ecive ec'ni!uesJ EA"erience %lone
is no enou,'Ses"eci%ll( if i "er"eu%es incorrec #e'odsJ Even !uie su*le di6erences
c%n inBuence 'e !u%li( %nd i#"%c of % "erfor#%nceJ +ou)ll ?nd "%r%llel siu%ions in
elevision "roducion "r%cicesJ
Techni.ues 6ill Tell
I)s co##on for 'ree direcors o s'oo 'e s%#e %cion. %nd (e "roduce !uie diverse
resuls3
In % Es'ooin, *( nu#*ersF %""ro%c' 'e ?rs direcor #%( s'ow us ever('in, '%)s
,oin, on. *u follow % dull rouine3 'e s%#e old wide s'o o *e,in wi'. followed *( close5
u" s'os of w'oever is s"e%4in,. wi' inercu Ere%cionF s'os of 'e lisenersJ
T'e second direcor #%( worr( so #uc' %*ou ,ein, Eunusu%lF s'os '% 'e( %cu%ll(
end u" disr%cin, us fro# 'e su*9ec iselfJ
T'e 'ird direcor)s s#oo' se!uence of s'os so#e'ow #%n%,es o cre%e %n ineresin,.
%enion5,r%**in, "ro,r%#J T'e %udience feels involved in w'% is ,oin, onJ
Cle%rl(. i)s no si#"l( % #%er of "oinin, 'e c%#er% %nd s%(in, in focusJ
Si#il%rl(. wo di6eren "eo"le c%n li,' 'e s%#e sein,J T'e ?rs "erson illu#in%es 'e
scene cle%rl( enou,'. *u 'e second so#e'ow #%n%,es o *uild % "ersu%sive %#os"'eric
e6ec '% en'%nces 'e s'ow)s %""e%lJ T'ese %re 'e 4inds of su*leies (ou will le%rn
%*ou %s we eA"lore ec'ni!uesJ
Havin$ the Ed$e
Wor4in, condiions '%ve c'%n,ed consider%*l( over 'e (e%rsJ E%rlier e!ui"#en ofen
re!uired 'e user o '%ve dee" ec'nic%l unders%ndin, o o"er%e i e6ecivel( %nd 4ee" i
wor4in,J So#e of 'e 9o*s on 'e "roducion crew suc' %s c%#er%. %udio. li,'in,. video%"e
o"er%ion. %nd ediin, were %ll '%ndled *( en,ineers w'o s"eci%li-ed in '% s"eci?c %re%J
F21?RE 1@2
L%"o" co#"uers. or even #o*ile "'ones. %llow %n edior o cre%e "ro,r%##in, %n(w'ereJ
In od%()s 'i,'l( co#"eiive indusr(. in w'ic' e!ui"#en is incre%sin,l( reli%*le %nd
o"er%ion is si#"li?ed. 'ere is % ,rowin, use of #uli%s4in,J Individu%ls need o %c!uire %
v%rie( of s4ills. r%'er '%n s"eci%li-e in one s"eci?c s4ill or cr%fJ Also. inse%d of
"er#%nen in5'ouse "roducion crews. 'e rend is o use freel%nce "ersonnel on s'or5er#
conr%cs for #%Ai#u# econo#( %nd BeAi*ili(J Tod%( co#"%nies ofen send % sin,le "erson
ou on loc%ion wi' % li,'wei,' c%#er% o record 'e i#%,es %nd sound. use % l%"o"
co#"uer s(se# o edi 'e resuls. %nd reurn wi' % co#"lee "ro,r%# re%d( o "u on 'e
%ir ;0i,ure 8J=<J
T'e "erson wi' ,re%er 4now5'ow %nd %d%"%*ili( '%s %n ed,eJ 7o* o""oruniies v%r(
consider%*l(J T'e "erson w'o s"eci%li-es in % sin,le cr%f c%n develo" s"eci?c %"iudes in
'% ?eldJ $owever. 'e "erson w'o c%n o"er%e % c%#er% od%(. li,' % se o#orrow. %nd
su*se!uenl( '%ndle 'e sound '%s #ore o""oruniies in od%()s #%r4eJ
Al'ou,' % sin,le "erson c%n %cco#"lis' #%n( roles. elevision sill relies on e%#wor4J
Resuls de"end no onl( on e%c' "erson 4nowin, 'eir own 9o*. *u %lso on 'eir
unders%ndin, of w'% o'ers %re r(in, o %cco#"lis'J
Sud(in, 'is *oo4 will ,ive (ou % nu#*er of #%9or %dv%n%,es3
&( %4in, 'e rou*le o unders%nd 'e fund%#en%ls of 'e e!ui"#en '% (ou %re usin,.
(ou)ll *e %*le o r%"idl( %ssi#il%e %nd %d%" w'en new ,e%r co#es %lon,J Afer '%. i)s
9us % #%er of discoverin, %n( o"er%ion%l di6erences %nd di6eren fe%uresJ
I will 'el" (ou o %nici"%e "ro*le#s %nd %void "ro*le#s *efore 'e( '%""enJ
W'en uneA"eced diOculies %rise. %s 'e( inevi%*l( will % so#e "oin. (ou will reco,ni-e
'e# %nd !uic4l( co#"ens%eJ 0or eA%#"le. w'en 'e %len '%s % we%4 voice. (ou #%( *e
%*le o i,'en 'e s'o % lile o %llow 'e sound *oo# o co#e % lile closer wi'ou
,ein, ino 'e s'oJ
;"ER"2E6
&efore we *e,in our 9ourne(. le)s %4e %n overview of 'e err%in we will *e coverin,J T'is
will 'el" o f%#ili%ri-e (ou wi' 'e %re%s '% (ou will '%ve o de%l wi' %nd ,ive % ,ener%l
ide% of 'ow 'e( inerrel%eJ
;r$ani#ation
Al'ou,' or,%ni-%ion%l *%sics follow % reco,ni-%*le "%ern for %ll ("es of elevision
"roducion. 'e %cu%l for#% 'e direcor uses will %lw%(s *e inBuenced *( suc' f%cors %s
'e followin,3
W'e'er 'e "roducion is %4in, "l%ce in % sudio or on loc%ion
W'e'er i is o *e r%ns#ied live or recorded for r%ns#ission l%er
W'e'er 'e %cion c%n *e re"e%ed ;o correc errors. %d9us s'os< or is % one5i#e
o""oruni( '% '%s o *e c%"ured 'e ?rs i#e %round
An( resricions due o li#i%ions in i#e. e!ui"#en %nd s"%ce
W'e'er 'ere is %n %udience
In so#e siu%ions. % #ulic%#er% seu" is 'e *es soluion for s'ooin, %n evenJ ;T'is is
w'en 'e c%#er%s %re conrolled *( % "roducion e%# in % se"%r%e conrol roo#J< A o'er
i#es. 'e direcor #%( c'oose o s%nd *eside % sin,le c%#er%. ,uidin, e%c' s'o fro# %
ne%r*( video #onior ;0i,ure 8J><J
PLANNING AND PERFORMANCE
In order o cre%e % s#oo'5Bowin, live elevision "roducion. 'e direcor needs o
unders%nd 'e evenN for eA%#"le. w'% is ,oin, o '%""en neA. w'ere "eo"le %re ,oin, o
s%nd. w'% 'e( %re ,oin, o do. 'eir #oves. w'% 'e( %re ,oin, o s%(. %nd so onJ
Al'ou,' 'ere will *e siu%ions in w'ic' 'e direcor '%s no o"ion *u o eAe#"ori-e %nd
selec s'os s"on%neousl(. !u%li( resuls %re #ore li4el( w'en %cion %nd c%#er%
re%#en %re "l%nned in %dv%nceJ
In #ore co#"leA "roducions. i is usu%ll( necess%r( for "erfor#ers %nd crews o wor4
followin, % "roducion sc'edule. w'ic' is *%sed on 'e scri"J T'is serves %s % re,ul%or(
fr%#ewor4 'rou,'ou 'e s'owJ Acion %nd di%lo,ue %re re'e%rsed o %llow 'e "roducion
e%# o c'ec4 'eir c%#er% s'os. li,'in,. se sound levels. re'e%rse cues. %nd so onJ
T'ese re'e%rs%ls ,ive 'e crew % c'%nce o see w'% 'e direcor is ,oin, o doJ T'e( %lso
%llow 'e direcor o see w'% does or does no wor4J In % dr%#% "roducion. %cors '%ve
usu%ll( #e#ori-ed %ll 'eir di%lo,ue ;le%rned 'eir lines<. %nd ever( word %nd #ove is
re'e%rsed *efore 'e %cu%l s'oo *e,insJ
F21?RE 1@3
Direcors usin, % sin,le c%#er% ofen ,uide 'e s'o *( viewin, 'e c%#er% i#%,e on % #oniorJ
SHOOTING THE ACTION
+ou c%n s'oo %cion in sever%l w%(s3
As % coninuous "rocess ;live5o5%"e<. recordin, ever('in, '% '%""ens
Dividin, 'e o%l %cion ino % series of se"%r%el( recorded se!uences ;scenes or %cs<
An%l(-in, e%c' %cion se!uence. "uin, 'e# ino % series of se"%r%el( recorded s'os
wi' v%ri%ions in view"oins %nd:or su*9ec si-esN %cion #%( *e re"e%ed o f%cili%e l%er
ediin,
L%er. in C'%"ers L %nd D. we will loo4 % 'e %dv%n%,es %nd li#i%ions of 'ese v%rious
#e'odsJ
CAMERAS
Tod%()s c%#er%s r%n,e fro# l%r,e newor4 c%#er%s wi' 'u,e lenses o li,'wei,' desi,ns
'% %re %d%"%*le o ?eld %nd sudio useJ ;0i,ures 8JI. 8JP. %nd 8JC<J 0or docu#en%ries %nd
news,%'erin,. even s#%ller '%nd'eld unis "l%( % v%lu%*le roleJ
F21?RE 1@
C%#er%s wi' l%r,e lenses %re used %s E?AedF or i##o*ile c%#er%sJ ;P'oo coures( of T'o#son:Gr%ss /%lle(<
F21?RE 1@!
S#%ll li,'wei,' c%#er%s %re "erfec for s'ooin, docu#en%ries %nd low *ud,eJ
F21?RE 1@&
So#e of 'e newes sill c%#er%s. c%lled DSLRs ;di,i%l sin,le5lens reBeA<. s'oo sill "'oos %nd 'i,'5!u%li( video. %ll on
'e s%#e c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of C%non<
F21?RE 1@'
$%rd drives %re incre%sin,l( used o record video i#%,esJ ;P'oo coures( of Dore#i L%*s<
VIDEO RECORDING
0or convenience %nd ,re%er BeAi*ili(. #os elevision "ro,r%#s %re recordedJ T'e "icure
%nd sound %re usu%ll( recorded on #%,neic %"e. '%rd drive. disc. or B%s' #e#or( ;0i,ure
8JQ<J In so#e siu%ions. sound #%( *e recorded on % se"%r%e %udio recorder. ooJ T'e
video recorder #%( *e3
Ine,r%ed ino 'e %cu%l c%#er% uni
In % se"%r%e ne%r*( "or%*le uni. w'ic' is conneced o 'e c%#er% *( c%*le or r%dio
$oused in % cenr%l video recordin, %re% in % re#oe v%n or ne%r*( roo#
F21?RE 1@(
Producion swic'ers %re used o swic' *eween wo or #ore live c%#er%s durin, % "ro9ecJ
In % #ulic%#er% "roducion. 'e se"%r%e ou"us of 'e c%#er%s %re o *e swic'ed or
*lended o,e'erJ T'is %s4 is usu%ll( c%rried ou wi' % "roducion swic'er ;0i,ure 8JL<J T'e
"ro,r%# is ,ener%ll( recorded on % cenr%l video recorderJ Alern%ivel(. e%c' c%#er%)s
ou"u #%( *e recorded se"%r%el( on individu%l video recordin, dec4s ;c%lled %n isol%ed
c%#er% or ISO c%#er%< %nd 'eir s'os %re edied o,e'er durin, %n ediin, sessionJ
ADDITIONAL IMAGE SORCES
Addiion%l i#%,e sources suc' %s ,r%"'ics. %ni#%ions. sill s'os. di,i%l video e6ecs
;D/Es<. %nd o'er "icure sources #%( *e insered ino 'e "ro,r%# durin, "roducion
or %dded o 'e ?n%l "ro9ec recordin, durin, 'e "os"roducion ediin, sessionJ
F21?RE 1@)
A wireless #icro"'one is "l%ced on 'e %len %nd li,'s %re used o *oos 'e n%ur%l li,'J
F21?RE 1@1*
Se *uildin, re!uires s4illed cr%fs"eo"leJ
F21?RE 1@11
T'e w%rdro*e de"%r#en % % #%9or sudioJ
PROGRAM SOND
T("ic%ll(. % #icro"'one is cli""ed o 'e s"e%4er)s clo'in,. '%nd'eld. or %%c'ed o %
sound *oo# or o'er ?in,J Music. sound e6ecs. co##en%r(. %nd 'e li4e c%n ei'er *e
"l%(ed ino 'e "ro,r%#)s soundr%c4 durin, 'e #%in %"in, session or %dded l%er durin,
"os"roducion ;0i,ure 8JD<J
LIGHTING
Li,'in, c%n si,ni?c%nl( conri*ue o 'e success of % "resen%ion. w'e'er i is
%u,#enin, 'e n%ur%l li,' or "rovidin, o%ll( %ri?ci%l illu#in%ionJ Li,'in, ec'ni!ues
involve c%refull( *lendin, 'e inensiies %nd eAure ;'%rdness or di6usion< of 'e li,'. wi'
selecivel( %rr%n,ed li,' direcion %nd cover%,e. o *rin, ou s"eci?c fe%ures of 'e
su*9ec %nd:or scene ;0i,ure 8JD<J
SETS AND SCENIC DESIGN
Scenic desi,n. or "rovidin, %""ro"ri%e surroundin,s for 'e %cion. cre%es % s"eci?c
%#*ience for 'e "ro,r%#J T'e sein, #%( include %n eAisin, loc%ion. ses '% %re *uil
for 'e "ro,r%#. or viru%l ses '% c%n *e used o si#ul%e %n environ#en ;0i,ure 8J8K<J
MA!EP AND COSTME "#ARDRO$E%
In l%r,er "roducions. 'ese %re%s %re overseen *( s"eci%lissJ &u in s#%ller "roducions.
'e res"onsi*ili( for 'ese %re%s #%( *e ,iven o so#eone else. suc' %s % "roducion
%ssis%n ;0i,ure 8J88<J
EDITING
T'ere %re wo for#s of ediin,3
1@ Li&e editing occurs durin, 'e %cu%l "erfor#%nceJ A ec'nic%l direcor. or vision #iAer.
cus or dissolves *eween video sources ;#uli"le c%#er%s. ,r%"'ics. ecJ< usin, %
"roducion swic'er ;vision #iAer< direcl( o %ir or o % record #ediu#J
2@ Po't()oduction editing occurs %fer %ll of 'e "ro,r%# #%eri%ls ;video. %udio. %nd
,r%"'ics< '%ve *een co#"iledJ T'e c'osen s'os or se,#ens %re 'en "l%ced o,e'er in
'e %""ro"ri%e order o cre%e 'e ?n%l "ro,r%#J
F21?RE 1@12
Di,i%l l%"o" line%r ediin, s(se#J ;P'oo *( Ausin &roo4s<
F21?RE 1@13
Nonline%r ediorJ ;P'oo *( Ausin &roo4s<
Two *%sic s(se#s %re used in "os"roducion ediin,3
In line*) t*(e editing. s"eci?c se,#ens fro# 'e ori,in%l foo%,e %"e %re seleced %nd
'en co"ied fro# one %"e dec4 o %no'er %"e dec4 o for# % #%ser %"eJ T'e conen is
"l%ced on 'e #%ser %"e in % line%r orderJ Si,ni?c%n c'%n,es o 'e edied #%ser %re
diOcul. %s 'e "ro,r%# w%s %sse#*led in % line%r f%s'ion on % %"eJ Line%r s(se#s usu%ll(
re!uire se"%r%e ,r%"'ics %nd %udio e!ui"#en ;0i,ure 8J8=<J Line%r ediin, e!ui"#en is
!uic4l( dis%""e%rin,J
In nonline*) editing. "orions of 'e ori,in%l foo%,e %re usu%ll( r%nsferred or di,ii-ed
ono 'e ediin, co#"uer)s '%rd drive in order o "rovide % di,i%l du"lic%eJ Nonline%r
ediin, s(se#s %llow r%ndo# %ccess o 'e individu%l video %nd %udio cli"s %nd %llow %n
unli#ied nu#*er of c'%n,es o 'e "ro,r%#. %s 'e cli"s c%n *e e%sil( recon?,ured %nd
#%ni"ul%ed on 'e '%rd driveJ T'e ?n%l #%ser is 'en ou"u o % recordin, #ediu#J
Nonline%r s(se#s usu%ll( include ,r%"'ics %nd %udio "rocessin, sofw%re ;0i,ure 8J8><J
Nonline%r e!ui"#en '%s *eco#e 'e #os "o"ul%r ("e of ediin, e!ui"#enJ
POSTPRODCTION ADIO "PROGRAM SOND%
In %ddiion o 'e n%ur%l sound fro# 'e %cion. "roducions #%( include #usic. sound
e6ecs. %nd n%rr%ion received fro# % v%rie( of sourcesJ
As wi' "icure ediin,. 'e %udio #%( *e seleced %nd #iAed live durin, 'e %cu%l
"roducionJ Alern%ivel(. 'e ?n%l soundr%c4 #%( *e *uil durin, 'e "os"roducion
sessionJ
DISTRI$TION
Tr%diion%l #e%ns of disri*uion were li#ied o D/D. s%ellie. c%*le. %nd *ro%dc%sJ T'e
w'ole conce" of elevision is c'%n,in, in 'e #inds of 'e %udienceJ In 'e "%s. viewers
were re!uired o w%c' *( %""oin#en. % i#e '% w%s desi,n%ed *( 'e newor4s or
o'er ,%e4ee"ersJ Tod%(. viewers w%n o *e %*le o w%c' %n( "ro,r%# 'e( w%n. on %n(
viewin, device '% #%( *e ne%r*(. % %n( i#eJ Online. D/Rs. %nd #o*ile "'ones '%ve
se""ed u" o 'e de#%ndW%llowin, i o '%""enJ ;0i,ure 8J8I<
EEver( i#e % new #ediu# co#es %lon, in 'e elevision #%r4e"l%ce. 'e feelin, is '% i
is ,oin, o 4noc4 ou 'e old %nd '% we s'ould *e 're%ened *( 'is new ec'nolo,(J
Inse%d. %s conen "roviders. we see ,re% o""oruni( fro# 'is for ourselves %nd %lso for
'e %dverisers '% use our #ediu# o co##unic%e o 'eir consu#ersJF
/avid Poltrac-, President, C,S "ision
F21?RE 1@1
Mo*ile "'ones. co#"uer %*les. %nd co#"uers %re c'%n,in, 'e w%( 'e %udience w%c'es elevisionJ
ADIENCE IMPACT
I)s "re( o*vious '% o %c'ieve !u%li( %nd "rofession%l resuls. (ou need o *e %*le o
co#"eenl( use 'e e!ui"#enJ $owever. i)s %ll oo e%s( o develo" 'e #ec'%nic%l 4now5
'ow %nd cre%e cool di,i%l e6ecs w'ile overloo4in, 'e #os i#"or%n issue3 'ow *es o
co##unic%e o (our %udienceJ
Ide%ll(. 'e ec'ni!ues (ou c'oose s'ould %rise fro# 'e n%ure %nd "ur"ose of 'e
"roducionJ T'e c%#er% ec'ni!ues. li,'in,. %udio. %nd sein, desi,n s'ould %ll *e seleced
o co##unic%e (our sor( o % s"eci?c %udienceJ 0or eA%#"le. so#e eAcellen
docu#en%r( "ro,r%#s '%ve *een ruined *( %n o*rusive. re"eiive. %nd irrelev%n #usic%l
*%c4,roundJ
We will *e eA"lorin, v%rious w%(s in w'ic' ec'ni!ues c%n inBuence (our %udience)s
res"onse o w'% 'e( %re seein,J T'ere is no'in, #(serious %*ou 'is ide%3 "ro,r%#
#%4in, is % "ersu%sive cr%f. 'e s%#e %s #%r4ein,. %dverisin,. %nd %ll o'er
"resen%ion%l ?eldsJ Le%rnin, 'ow o conrol %nd %d9us "roducion ec'ni!ues o %c'ieve
'e 4ind of i#"%c (ou need is one of 'e direcor)s "ri#%r( s4illsJ
Audiences don) usu%ll( ,ive #uc' 'ou,' o w'e'er 'e "ro,r%# 'e( %re w%c'in, is
%cu%ll( ?l#. elevision:video. di,i%ll( cre%ed. or % #iAure of %ll 'ese #edi%J In f%c. in
od%()s #uli#edi% world. i is *eco#in, incre%sin,l( diOcul o discern w'ere one #ediu#
ends %nd %no'er *e,insJ T'e viewer is concerned onl( wi' 'e e6eciveness of 'e
#%eri%l3 w'e'er i 'olds 'eir %enionN w'e'er i is ineresin,. %#usin,. si#ul%in,.
,ri""in,. inri,uin,. ener%inin,N %nd so onJ
T'e conver,ence of #edi% '%s *lurred 'e de#%rc%ions *eween 'e v%rious
co##unic%ion #edi%J T'e s%#e "ro,r%##in, c%n *e found on % elevision s%ion. in %
'e%er. online re%d( for downlo%d. %v%il%*le on D/D % 'e ren%l sore. or %ccessi*le
'rou,' % #o*ile "'oneJ
EIf (ou don) %4e %dv%n%,e of iner%civi(. (ou)re no #%Ai#i-in, 'e o""oruni(J We)re
%s4in, %dverisers o cre%e so#e'in, #ore ineresin, '%n 'e >K5second s"oJF
Ric- 4andler, "P /i$ital 4edia Advertisin$, /isne%CA,C
TE+E"2S2;8, "2/E;, ;R F2+47
W'e'er (ou %re involved wi' elevision. video. or ?l# "roducion. (ou will ?nd '% 'e
"ro,r%#5#%4in, "rinci"les %nd 'e e!ui"#en used c%n *e viru%ll( idenic%lJ T'e er#s
'%ve *e,un o *lur over recen (e%rs3
Tele&i'ion usu%ll( refers o % *ro%dc%s #ediu# in w'ic' "ro,r%#s %re disri*ued vi% l%nd
r%ns#iers. c%*les. or s%ellies o % ,ener%l %udience. %nd seen Eo65%irF %s "%r of %
re,ul%r "u*lic serviceJ
Video "ro,r%# #%4in, usu%ll( refers o non*ro%dc%s elevision "roducionJ Tr%diion%ll(.
'is er# '%s included 'e 'o#e video #%r4e %nd cor"or%e #edi%J Mos of 'ese "ro,r%#s
%re disri*ued in sores. online. or inern%ll( % cor"or%ionsJ &u even 'ese *ro%d
disincions do no %lw%(s wor4 in our conver,in, #edi% environ#enJ
Tr%diion%ll(. +l, #e%n '% 'e "ro9ec w%s *ein, s'o on celluloidJ Wi' so #%n(
inde"enden ?l#s *ein, s'o on video due o 'e ?n%nci%l s%vin,s. 'e er# +l, see#s o
conve( '% i will *e s'own on % *i, screen ;unless i ,oes direcl( o D/D<J Fil,. usin,
video. is ,ener%ll( 'e er# e#"lo(ed w'en referrin, o % n%rr%ive or docu#en%r(J
/ideo%"e c%n *e edied %nd 'en r%nsferred o ?l# for 'e%er "ro9ecion if re!uiredJ M%n(
'e%ers %re *e,innin, o use video "ro9ecorsJ I is lile wonder '% "eo"le %l4 %*ou
E?l#in,F or E"'oo,r%"'in,F wi' 'e video c%#er% ;0i,ure 8J8P<J
F21?RE 1@1!
A low5*ud,e ?l# is s'o usin, %n $D video for#%J
Television versus 8e5 4edia
T'ere is %lw%(s % !uesion %*ou w'% Enew #edi%F isJ I is % er# we 'e%r fre!uenl(J W'en
'e Euro"e%n &ro%dc%s Union reco,ni-ed '% is #e#*ers did no unders%nd 'e
de?niions. i wor4ed wi' 'ose #e#*ers o de?ne 'e er#J T'e or,%ni-%ion)s *%sic
!uesion w%s. 'ow c%n we disin,uis' elevision fro# 'e new #edi%1 T'e or,%ni-%ion
%do"ed wo *%sic er#s3 line*) 'e)&ice %nd nonline*) 'e)&iceJ
Television is considered % line%r serviceS'% is. 'e *ro%dc%sin, of % "ro,r%# w'ere 'e
newor4 or s%ion decides w'en 'e "ro,r%# will *e o6ered. no #%er w'% disri*uion
"l%for# is usedJ Al'ou,' 'ere %re #%n( new disri*uion "l%for#s ;s%ellie. *ro%d*%nd
Inerne. iPod:PDA. %nd 'e cell "'one<. if elevision uses 'e "l%for#. i is % line%r serviceJ
On 'e o'er '%nd. 'e nonline%r services e!u%l 'e new #edi%. w'ic' #e%ns #%4in,
"ro,r%#s %v%il%*le for on5de#%nd deliver(J 0or ins%nce. video5on5de#%nd c%n use %n(
"l%for#J I is 'e de,*nd '% #%4es 'e di6erenceJ
EMos "eo"le)s eA"erience of we* video is c'%r%ceri-ed *( 'e in(. "iAil%ed windows
f%#ili%r o +ouTu*e usersJ &u o#orrow)s we* users will eA"ec service !u%li( #uc' closer
o elevision. %nd #%9or conen owners li4e Disne( reco,ni-e '% 'e( will '%ve o se" u"
o 'is #%r4 o win %nd re%in we* viewersJF
/avid 4ercer, Principal Anal%st, Strate$% Anal%tics
The E.uip9ent 2s Al5a%s Chan$in$
If (ou %re unco#for%*le wi' c'%n,e. (ou #%( no w%n o wor4 in elevision on 'e
ec'nic%l sideJ T'e ec'nolo,( 4ee"s c'%n,in, % %n incredi*le "%ceJ $owever. 'e ,ood
news is '% 'e e!ui"#en %lso 4ee"s incre%sin, in !u%li( %nd %6ord%*ili(J T'e *%d news
is '% 'e viewers) eA"ec%ions rise wi' 'e i#"rove#ens in e!ui"#enJ M%serin, 'e
e!ui"#en will le%ve (ou free o concenr%e on 'e cre%ive %s"ecs of 'e 9o*J
$owever. % word of w%rnin,J I is e%s( o w%n o r( ou 'e v%rious E*ells %nd w'islesF
%v%il%*le in new ec'nolo,( 9us *ec%use 'e( %re 'ereJ Direcors #%( ,e e#"ed o
inroduce v%rie(3 %ddin, % wi"e 'ere or so#e o'er eAciin, new e6ec 'ereJ C%#er%
o"er%ors #%( *e e#"ed o use 'eir e!ui"#en wi' % cer%in E"%n%c'eF3 %n i#"ressivel(
r%"id doll( #ove 'ere. % f%s -oo# 'ereJ T'ere)s 'e e#"%ion o dr%#%i-e 'e li,'in,
re%#en or %dd % lile eAr% o 'e soundJ $owever. 4ee" in #ind '% %""ro"ri%eness is
'e w%c'wordJ
Toda%As E.uip9ent
&ro%dl( s"e%4in,. 'e e!ui"#en used for elevision:video "ro,r%# #%4in, od%( ends o
f%ll ino 'e followin, 'ree c%e,oriesJ $owever. 'ese 'ree c%e,ories coninue o overl%"
#ore %nd #oreJ T'e lines %re *lurrin, *eween 'e#J
F21?RE 1@1&
Consu#er $D c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of C%non<
CONSMER E-IPMENT
Consu#er e!ui"#en is inended for 'o**(iss %nd:or f%#il( useJ T'is e!ui"#en ends o
#%4e %l#os ever('in, %uo#%ic ;%uo focus. eA"osure. ecJ<N i usu%ll( '%s % lo of eAr%
s"eci%l e6ecs ;f%des. #%s4s<N %nd i is usu%ll( ver( e%s( o useJ T'e e!ui"#en is desi,ned
for occ%sion%l or li,' useJ Of course. 'is e!ui"#en is 'e le%s eA"ensive ;0i,ure 8J8C<J
PROSMER E-IPMENT
Prosu#er e!ui"#en. so#ei#es 4nown %s indusri%l e!ui"#en. is % lile 'e%vier5du(. %nd
so#ei#es e#"lo(s % few "rofession%l fe%ures ;suc' %s %n inerc'%n,e%*le lens on %
c%#er%<. *u i #%( sill '%ve so#e of 'e %uo#%ic fe%ures '% %re included on 'e
consu#er e!ui"#en. w'ic' c%n *e %lso #%nu%ll( %d9usedJ &ec%use of is co#*in%ion of
"or%*ili( %nd !u%li(. 'is ("e of lower5cos e!ui"#en is ofen used *( "rofession%lsJ
Prosu#er e!ui"#en is ,ener%ll( #ediu#"riced ;0i,ure 8J8Q<J
F21?RE 1@1'
Prosu#er $D c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
PROFESSIONAL E-IPMENT
Profession%l e!ui"#en is usu%ll( desi,ned for 'e%v(5du( ever(d%( use. usu%ll( '%s #%n(
#ore %d9us%*le fe%ures '%n 'e consu#er:"rosu#er e!ui"#en. %nd includes 'e 'i,'es5
!u%li( co#"onens. suc' %s 'i,'5!u%li( lenses. on % c%#er% ;0i,ure 8J8L<J Profession%l
e!ui"#en #us3
0uncion % 'e 'i,'es s%nd%rds. "rovidin, 'i,' de?niion %nd color ?deli( under %
v%rie( of condiions. low "icure noise. %nd no visi*le defecs or disorions ;%rif%cs<
&e eAre#el( s%*le %nd reli%*le
&e %d9used %nd #%in%ined o srin,en s%nd%rds. %nd "rovide consisen resuls ;for
ins%nce. %n i#%,e recorded on one #%c'ine #us re"roduce idenic%ll( on %no'er #%c'ine
usin, 'e s%#e s%nd%rds<
Wi's%nd !uie rou,' '%ndlin, ;suc' %s vi*r%ion. *u#"s %nd 9ols. dus. 'e%. %nd r%in<
w'en used under ver( de#%ndin, condiions
F21?RE 1@1(
Profession%l $D c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
EI)s funn( o #e '% I)# "re( %,%ins %uo5sein,s *u I)# ,oin, o *e wor4in, on % "iece
soon '%)s ,oin, o *e QPT iP'one videoJ /ideo,r%"'( see#s o *e ,oin, wo w%(sN su"er5
f%s %nd e%s( ;iP'ones. Bi" c%#er%s<. %nd 'i,'5!u%li( $D cine#%o,r%"'( ;RED c%#er%s.
DSLR<J T'e %udience see#s ?ne wi' *o'. de"endin, on 'e siu%ionJ &ein, %*le o %d%"
is 4e( ri,' nowJF
8athan 6hite, "ideo$rapher
THE PR;/?CT2;8 TEA4
In % well5coordin%ed "roducion ,rou". #e#*ers coninu%ll( inerrel%eJ A ,ood direcor will
%llow for 'e "r%cic%l "ro*le#s '% % se desi,ner '%s o f%ceJ T'e desi,ner %rr%n,es %
sein, o 'el" 'e li,'in, direcor %c'ieve 'e #os e6ecive resulsJ Si#il%rl(. 'e li,'in,
direcor needs o r%ion%li-e re%#en wi' 'e #%4eu" %risJ Of course. 'ere %re
%lw%(s individu%ls w'o concenr%e on 'eir own conri*uion o 'e eAclusion of o'ersJ &u
w'en (ou wor4 in % coo"er%ive e%# in w'ic' e%c' #e#*er %""reci%es 'e o'er "erson)s
%i#s %nd "ro*le#s. diOculies %re so#e'ow #ini#i-edJ
The Hidden Factors of Production
As (ou will discover. 'ere %re #%n( 'idden f%cors '% direcl( %6ec 'ow % elevision
direcor wor4s on % elevision "roducion. suc' %s3
T'e "ro,r%#)s *ud,e
T'e %#oun of i#e %lloc%ed for re'e%rs%l %nd recordin,
T'e %v%il%*le sudio s"%ce
T'e ("e of e!ui"#en o*%in%*le. %nd is BeAi*ili(
T'e si-e %nd 'e eA"erience of 'e "roducion e%#
Su""or:*%c4u" f%ciliies
All %s"ecs of 'e "roducion #us *e %rr%n,ed %nd %d9used o sui 'ese "%r%#eersJ
THE DAIL. ROTINE
In % sur"risin,l( s'or i#e. #%n( of 'e "rocedures %nd o"er%ions '% #(si?ed (ou no so
lon, %,o will !uic4l( *eco#e second n%ureJ T'erein lies % r%" for 'e unw%r(J I)s %ll oo
e%s( o le%rn ec'ni!ues *( roe. %nd ,o on o %""l( 'e# %s % co#for%*le rouineJ In %
*us( sc'edule. i is % e#"%ion. of course. o %""l( re,ul%r soluions '% '%ve *een
successful *efore. r%'er '%n o wor4 ou innov%ive %nd cre%ive %""ro%c'esJ $owever. if
(our ,o%l is "ro,r%##in, '% will ineres %nd en,%,e (our %udience. (ou c%nno sele for
'e rouineJ
T$E PRESSURES O0 PRODUCTION
Pro,r%# #%4in, is %n %*sor*in,. eAre#el( s%isf(in, "rocess. *u one is %lw%(s %w%re of
underl(in, "r%cic%l "ressuresJ As"ir%ions %re one 'in,. *u 'e %c'iev%*le c%n *e !uie
%no'erJ In 'e re%l world. one '%s o r%ion%li-e %nd co"e wi' 'e v%rious "ressures '%
inBuence 'e for# %nd develo"#en of "ro,r%# #%4in,3 $ow #uc' will i cos1 Is 'ere
i#e1 W'% '%""ens if i overruns 'e sc'eduled i#e1 Is 'ere enou,' s4illed l%*or
%v%il%*le1 Do we '%ve 'e e!ui"#en:#%eri%ls1 Are 'ere %n( re,ul%ions:resricions
"revenin, i1
/er( few "roducions evolve wi'ou % 'ic' of so#e 4indJ T'ere will %lw%(s *e 'e "l%nned
%cion '% does no wor4. 'e l%s5#inue '%n,5u". 'e "ro" '% *re%4s. 'e #issed cue.
%nd so onJ P%ricul%rl( w'en 'in,s ,o wron,. i)s ver( e%s( o *eco#e #ore "reoccu"ied
wi' 'e #ec'%nics of 'e siu%ionN for eA%#"le. 'ow #uc' recordin, i#e re#%ins. c%#er%
#oves. or #icro"'one s'%dows. r%'er '%n %es'eic issues or "oeni%l %udience
res"onsesJ T'ese c%n ,e "us'ed ino 'e *%c4,roundJ
I is no sur"risin, '%. es"eci%ll( durin, live %irin, of % s'ow. "ro,r%# #%4ers c%n lose
si,' of 'e v%lue %nd "ur"ose of 'e end "roduc 'eir %udience will seeJ T'e #ore full( (ou
unders%nd "roducion "rinci"les %nd "ro*le#s. 'e freer (ou %re o 'in4 %*ou 'e
si,ni?c%nce of w'% (ou %re doin,J
!EEP THE ADIENCE IN MIND
One of 'e ,re%es diOculies '% ever(one wor4in, on %n( "roducion will '%ve is 'ow o
%ssess 'ow 'e %udience will res"ondJ T'e viewer is seein, i for 'e ?rs i#e. %nd usu%ll(
'e onl( i#eJ T'e "roducion e%# '%s *eco#e overl( f%#ili%r wi' %ll is %s"ecsJ Ever(
"erson in 'e e%# is concenr%in, on 'eir own s"eci?c conri*uionJ W'ile 'e direcor is
worried %*ou 'e %len)s "erfor#%nce3
T'e se desi,ner '%s noiced w'ere so#e scenic B%s do no ? "ro"erl(J
T'e li,'in, direcor is frein, %*ou % *oo# s'%dowJ
T'e %udio "erson ?nds 'e %ir5condiionin, noise o *e o*rusive *e'ind !uie s"eec'J
T'e #%4eu" %ris is disur*ed *( % "ers"irin, fore'e%dJ
T'e cosu#e desi,ner '%s noiced cre%ses in % coll%rJ
T'e video o"er%or is "reoccu"ied wi' "icure #%c'in, in color correcionJ
T'e "roducer is concerned wi' 'e coss of overrunnin, 'e sc'eduled i#eJ
I is no e%s( o %ssess fro# 'e %udience)s view"oinJ And w'en (ou '%ve "u %ll '% e6or
ino % "ro9ec. i)s '%rd o %cce" '% (our %udience #%( *e w%c'in, 'e s'ow w'ile
wor4in, on 'eir co#"uer %nd *e o%ll( un%w%re of %n( of 'ese "ro*le#sJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ $ow do (ou de?ne elevision1
2@ W'( do we need o sud( elevision "roducion1
3@ W'% %re 'e %dv%n%,es %nd dis%dv%n%,es o *ein, %*le o #uli%s4 in elevision
"roducion1
@ Co#"%re 'e wo di6eren ("es of ediin, ;live %nd "os"roducion<J
!@ W'% %re 'e "ri#%r( di6erences %#on, video. elevision. %nd ?l#1
&@ W'% %re 'e di6erences *eween line%r %nd nonline%r ediin,1
'@ W'% %re so#e of 'e E'iddenF f%cors '% #us *e 'ou,' 'rou,' on % "roducion1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< "2CEB C;++28S
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I "roduce news. lon,5for# sories. %nd non?cion "ro,r%##in, for
newor4 news. #%,%-ine %nd docu#en%r( s'ows. non"ro?s. Ol(#"ics %nd #uli5even
s"ors. %nd 'e we*J I ine,r%e soci%l newor4in,. *lo,,in,. %nd "'oo,r%"'( ino #( wor4
o "ro#oe "ro9ecsJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I love 'e v%rie( of %ssi,n#ens. 'e r%vel. %nd 'e
o""oruni( o wor4 on "ro9ecs '% #%4e % di6erenceJ I %lso en9o( 'e o""oruni( o "u
o,e'er e%#s %nd coll%*or%e on "ro9ecsJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 Mosl( 'e fe%s or
f%#ine n%ure of freel%ncin,J W'en (ou %re dee" ino "roducion (ou don) '%ve i#e for
#%r4ein,. 'en w'en "roducion ends (ou %re loo4in, for 'e neA "ro9ec %,%inJ Kee"in,
wor4 consisen is c'%llen,in,J Also. *ud,es coninue o i,'en %nd cliens ofen w%n
#ore for lessJ Producers '%ve o *e resourceful %nd BeAi*le o #%4e #one( in 'is 4ind of
econo#(J S4ill ses need o *e *ro%dened o include s'ooin,. ediin,. *lo,,in,. %nd soci%l
newor4in, o s%( relev%nJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 I do los of "ic'in, %nd rese%rc'J So#e "eo"le
co#e o #e wi' 'eir "ro9ecs ;newor4 news< %nd I ,o o o'ers wi' ide%s '% urn ino
"roducions ;lon,5for# sor(ellin,<J
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 An(one c%n "roduce % +ouTu*e video *u ,ood sor(ellin, %nd 9ourn%lis# %re sill
esseni%lJ Producers need o *e %*le o s'oo %nd edi 'ese d%(sJ T'e( %lso need o *e
eA"er soci%l newor4ersJ T'e roue "eo"le oo4 w'en I s%red ;,oin, 'rou,' s#%ller
#%r4es o 'e newor4< is no lon,er necess%r( or reco##endedJ If (ou re%ll( w%n o do
'is. do 'isJ Produce so#e'in, i#"or%n %nd "u i on 'e we*J Pu (ourself in 'e #iddle
of 'e %cion %nd *rin, 'o#e % sor( '% ,es noicedJ
F21?RE 1@1)
/ic4( Collins. ProducerJ
Vic/y Collin' i' * f)eel*nce tele&i'ion ()oduce) 0ho h*' 0o)/ed fo) N$C Ne0'1 c)e*ted long2
fo), 'to)ytelling fo) HDNet3' #o)ld Re(o)t1 *nd 0o)/ed on ,ulti(le Oly,(ic' *nd '(o)t'
e&ent'J
CHAPTER 2
The People Who Make t !appen
ET'e "roducer '%s 'e ?n%l word on %ll #%ersS*u don) ell '% o 'e %lenN #os 'in4
'e( doJF
:oseph 4aar, /irector
Ter9s
AI1< T'e senior %udio "erson on % "roducionJ
AI2< T'e %udio %ssis%n. w'o re"ors o 'e A58J See EAudio Assis%nF ;"J =C<J
/irector< Res"onsi*le for ellin, 'e sor(J
E2C =en$ineer in char$e>< Res"onsi*le for #%in%inin, %nd rou*les'ooin, %ll e!ui"#en
on % ruc4 or in % s"eci?c sudioJ See ESudio En,ineerF ;"J =C<J
Field 9i3er< A "or%*le %udio #iAer used *( %udio "ersonnel o record % !u%li( %udio
si,n%lJ T'is er# could %lso refer o 'e "erson o"er%in, 'e ?eld #iAerJ
Freelance< Inde"enden conr%cors w'o "rovide services o #uli"le or,%ni-%ions. 'irin,
ou 'eir s4ills on %n %s5needed *%sisJ
Per die9< T'e "er die# is % si"end ofen "%id o freel%nces '% covers %n( inciden%l
coss suc' %s l%undr( %nd #e%lsJ
T/ =technical director>< Res"onsi*le for o"er%in, 'e elevision "roducion swic'erJ
"isual stor%tellin$< T'e use of i#%,es o conve( % co#"ellin, sor(J

One of 'e re%sons 'is c'%"er is ne%r 'e *e,innin, of 'e *oo4 is o underscore 'e
i#"or%nce of "eo"le in "roducionJ A ,ood crew is f%r #ore i#"or%n '%n 'e l%es
e!ui"#enJ T'e crew will #%4e or *re%4 'e "roducionJ I re%ll( does no #%er w'%
e!ui"#en (ou '%ve if (ou don) '%ve 4nowled,e%*le "eo"le runnin, iJ A ,re% crew c%n
#%4e % *orin, even eAciin,J A #ediocre crew c%n #%4e %n eAciin, even *orin,J
As (ou would eA"ec. or,%ni-%ions di6er ,re%l( in 'ow 'e( descri*e e%c' 9o*J We will r(
o 'i,'li,' 'e #os "o"ul%r descri"ions of e%c' 9o* in 'is c'%"erJ +ou will noe '% 'ere
%re %lso overl%"s *eween so#e of 'ese "osiionsJ E%c' co#"%n( decides 'ow *es o de%l
wi' 'ose overl%"sJ
F21?RE 2@1
S#%ll crews '%ve *eco#e #ore "rev%len wi' 'e inroducion of #ore "or%*le 'i,'5!u%li( c%#er%sJ ;P'oo coures( of
Son(<
F21?RE 2@2
L%r,e "roducions #%( re!uire %n %r#( of "eo"leJ
THE PR;/?CT2;8 CRE6
Television "roducion crews ,re%l( di6er in si-eJ T'ere is no % E"erfecF si-e for %ll crewsJ
T'e ri,' si-e for % "ro9ec de"ends on 'e ("e of "ro9ec '% (ou %re wor4in, on %nd 'e
"references of 'e direcorJ
A one end of 'e sc%le. 'ere %re direcors w'o inii%e 'e "ro,r%# ide%. wrie 'e scri".
%nd even "redesi,n 'e sein,sJ T'e( c%s %nd re'e%rse 'e "erfor#ers. ,uide 'e
"roducion e%#. %nd. '%vin, recorded 'e s'ow. conrol 'e "os"roducionJ S#%ller crews
'%ve *eco#e #ore "rev%len wi' 'e inroducion of #ore "or%*le %nd %6ord%*le
e!ui"#enJ T'is ("e of "roducion crew is ver( "o"ul%r wi' docu#en%ries %nd low5*ud,e
"roducions ;0i,ure =J8<J
A 'e o'er end of 'e sc%le. 'ere %re *i,5*ud,e "roducions wi' l%r,e crews. in w'ic' 'e
direcor relies 'e%vil( on 'e "roducion e%# o "rovide 'i# or 'er wi' !u%li( ses.
li,'in,. sound. %nd c%#er% wor4J T'e direcor c%n 'en concenr%e on direcin, %len %nd
s'o selecionJ Dr%#%ic "roducions '%ve r%diion%ll( used % l%r,er crew ;0i,ure =J=<J
Ano'er ("e of crew includes 'e direcor in % "resen%ion%l roleJ On "ro9ecs run *( 'ese
crews. % nu#*er of se"%r%e sories or se,#ens %re inde"endenl( "re"%red *( #e#*ers
of 'e "roducion s%6J T'e direcor is 'en res"onsi*le for visu%li-in, 'e "roducion
re%#en '% will coordin%e 'ese v%rious conri*uionsJ T'is ("e of siu%ion occurs in
#%n( #%,%-ine "ro,r%#s. newsc%ss. %nd curren %6%irs "ro,r%#sJ O*viousl(. in 'is ("e
of "roducion. #e#*ers of 'e crew o'er '%n 'e direcor '%ve si,ni?c%n i#"%c on 'e
v%rious co#"onens of 'e "ro,r%#J
T'ere is % "l%ce for %ll levels of eA"erise in 'e wide s"ecru# of elevision "roducionJ Li4e
o'er cr%fs"eo"le. crew #e#*ers *eco#e s4illed in 'eir s"eci?c ?eldJ So#eone w'ose
%len lies in dr%#% "roducion would "ro*%*l( l%c4 'e ed,e5of5se% inuiion of % ,ood
s"ors direcor3 %n %l#os cl%irvo(%n %*ili( o %nici"%e %cion %nd o %4e s"on%neous
s'o o""oruniiesJ On 'e o'er '%nd. so#eone s"eci%li-in, in s"ors #i,' *e los in 'e
world of dr%#%. in w'ic' 'e direcor. wi' "%ins%4in, s'o5*(5s'o "l%nnin,. ,uides
"erfor#%nce %nd develo"s dr%#%ic i#"%cJ And w'en "resenin, % s(#"'on( orc'esr%.
one needs s4ills '% %re f%r re#oved fro# 'ose involved in s'ooin, % docu#en%r( on
loc%ion ;0i,ure =J><J
0or s#%ller "roducions. 'e direcor #%( co#*ine 'e funcions of *o' direcor %nd
"roducerJ $%vin, *een %lloc%ed % wor4in, *ud,e. 'e "erson in 'is du%l role is res"onsi*le
for 'e enire *usiness %nd %risic %rr%n,e#ensSori,in%ion. iner"re%ion. c%sin,.
s%,in,. %nd re%#enSsu*se!uenl( direcin, 'e sudio o"er%ions %nd "os"roducion
ediin,J More ofen. 'e "roducer serves %s 'e *usiness 'e%d of % "roducion %nd is 'us
res"onsi*le for or,%ni-%ion. ?n%nce. %nd "olic(. servin, %s 'e %risic %nd *usiness
coordin%or for sever%l direcorsJ As "roducions '%ve *eco#e incre%sin,l( cosl( %nd #ore
co#"lic%ed. 'e wor4lo%d needs o *e s"re%d ouJ T'e direcor is 'en free o concenr%e
on 'e "ro,r%#)s iner"re%ion. %s well %s 'e s%,in, %nd direcion of 'e su*9ec *ein,
"resenedJ ;0i,ure =JI<
F21?RE 2@3
A dr%#%ic direcor ,ives ,uid%nce o %n %cor durin, % sin,le c%#er% "roducionJ
F21?RE 2@
A co##on di%,r%# of 'ow % elevision "roducion crew wor4sJ
T'e co##on 're%d *eween %ll of 'ese di6eren "roducion ("es is '% 'e direcor is
res"onsi*le for ellin, 'e sor(. w'e'er i is % dr%#%ic s'ow or % s"ors "roducionJ A
4nowled,e of visu%l sor(ellin, is esseni%lJ
4e90ers of the Production Cre5
Al'ou,' ;%s #enioned *efore< crew #e#*ers) 9o* descri"ions #%( v%r( fro# co#"%n( o
co#"%n(. 'is secion "rovides so#e of 'e #os co##on descri"ionsJ Ple%se noe '%
so#e res"onsi*iliies di6er *eween v%rious ("es of "ro,r%##in,. di6eren co#"%nies. %nd
di6eren counriesJ 0or eA%#"le. 'e "roducer)s role in % dr%#%ic "roducion is di6eren
fro# 'e "roducer)s role in s"orsJ
The Cre5
E%c' sudio f%cili( is desi,ned di6erenl(J T'e conrol roo# of 'e sudio or 'e ruc4 #%(
*e se"%r%e roo#s or '%ve ever(one in one *i, roo#J W'%ever 'e l%(ou. ever(one '%s
'eir own %re% %nd ever(one needs o *e %*le o co##unic%e cle%rl( o ever(one elseJ
Co##unic%ion #%( occur 'rou,' 'e inerco# or crew #e#*ers #%( *e close enou,' o
e%c' o'er '% 'e( c%n 'e%r w'% is *ein, s%idJ ;0i,ure =JP<
E4ECTIVE PRODCER
T'e eAecuive "roducer is res"onsi*le for 'e over%ll or,%ni-%ion %nd %d#inisr%ion of 'e
"roducion ,rou" ;eJ,J. % series of "ro,r%#s devoed o % s"eci?c ?eld<J $e or s'e conrols
%nd coordin%es 'e *usiness #%n%,e#en. includin, ne,oi%in, ri,'s. "ro,r%# *ud,e.
%nd w'o ,es 'ired. %nd so#ei#es #%( *e involved in #%9or cre%ive decisions %nd:or
concerned wi' wider issues suc' %s fundin,. *%c4in,. %nd co"roducion %rr%n,e#ensJ
F21?RE 2@!
W'ile conrol roo# l%(ous di6er fro# f%cili( o f%cili(. 'is is % ver( co##on l%(ou for 'e crew of % l%r,e "roducionJ
PRODCER
T'e "roducer is ,ener%ll( res"onsi*le for 'e #%n%,e#en of % s"eci?c "roducionJ Usu%ll(.
'e "roducer is concerned wi' 'e c'oice of su"ervisor( s%6 %nd crew. inerde"%r#en%l
coordin%ion. scri" %cce"%nce. %nd "roducion sc'edulin,J T'e "roducer #%( selec or
inii%e 'e "ro,r%# conce"s %nd wor4 wi' wriersJ $e or s'e #%( %ssi,n 'e "roducion)s
direcor. %nd is res"onsi*le for #eein, de%dlines. "roducion "l%nnin,. loc%ion "ro9ecs.
re'e%rs%ls. "roducion re%#en. %nd so onJ Producers #%( %lso *eco#e involved in suc'
s"eci?cs %s cr%f or union "ro*le#s. %ssessin, "os"roducion re%#en. %nd 'e ?n%l
"ro,r%# for#%J T'e "roducer re"ors o 'e eAecuive "roducer ;0i,ure =JC<J
Gener%ll(. 'e direcor is res"onsi*le for 'e visu%li-%ion of 'e scri" or even %nd 'e
"roducer s%(s ou of 'e %cu%l '%nds5on "roducionJ $owever. in s"ors %nd news. 'e
"roducer ,ener%ll( ,es #ore involved wi' wor4in, wi' 'e %len. deer#inin, re"l%(s.
inserin, "re"roduced "%c4%,es. 'e i#in, of 'e s'ow. %nd ,uidin, 'e ,ener%l direcion of
'e "ro,r%# durin, % live "roducionJ
F21?RE 2@&
P'il Rosen'%l ;cener<. "roducer of E&e)y5ody Lo&e' R*y,ond. reviews 'e scri" wi' %cor R%( Ro#%no ;ri,'< %nd %
wrierJ ;P'oo coures( of C&S:Ron To#:L%ndov<
ASSISTANT PRODCER6ASSOCIATE PRODCER
T'e %ssis%n "roducer or %ssoci%e "roducer ;AP< is res"onsi*le for %ssisin, 'e "roducerJ
$is or 'er res"onsi*iliies. %s %ssi,ned *( 'e "roducer. #%( include coordin%in,
%""oin#ens %nd "roducion sc'edules. #%4in, sure '% conr%cs %re co#"leed. *oo4in,
,uess. cre%in, "%c4%,es. %nd su"ervisin, "os"roducionJ T'is "erson #%( *e %ssi,ned
so#e of 'e s%#e res"onsi*iliies of %n %ssoci%e direcorJ T'e AP re"ors o 'e "roducerJ
DIRECTOR
Uli#%el(. 'e direcor is 'e individu%l res"onsi*le for cre%ivel( visu%li-in, 'e scri" or
evenJ Direcors #us *e %*le o e6ecivel( co##unic%e 'eir vision o 'e crewJ T'e( %lso
'%ve o *e %*le o *e e%# *uilders. #ovin, 'e crew ow%rd '% visionJ T'is role involves
%dvisin,. ,uidin,. %nd coordin%in, 'e v%rious #e#*ers on 'e "roducion e%# ;scenic.
li,'in,. sound. c%#er%s. cosu#e. %nd so on< %nd %""rovin, 'eir %nici"%ed re%#enJ
T'e direcor #%( c'oose %nd 'ire "erfor#ers:%len:%cors ;c%sin,<. envision %nd "l%n
'e c%#er% re%#en ;s'os %nd c%#er% #ove#ens< %nd ediin,. %nd direc:re'e%rse 'e
"erfor#ers durin, "rere'e%rs%ls ;0i,ure =JQ<J
Durin, sudio re'e%rs%ls. 'e direcor ,uides %nd cues "erfor#%nce 'rou,' 'e Boor
#%n%,er. %nd insrucs 'e c%#er%. sound crews. %nd ec'nic%l direcor ;vision #iAer<J $e or
s'e %lso ev%lu%es 'e crew)s conri*uions ;ses. c%#er% wor4. li,'in,. sound. #%4eu".
cosu#e. ,r%"'ics. %nd 'e li4e<J
In so#e siu%ions. 'e direcor #%( c'oose o o"er%e 'e "roducion swic'er ;eJ,J. on %
loc%l news s'ow< %nd ,uide %nd coordin%e "os"roducion ediin, %nd %udio sweeenin,J
As #enioned *efore. 'e direcor)s 9o* c%n r%n,e in "r%cice fro# *ein, 'e sole individu%l
cre%in, %nd coordin%in, 'e "roducion o % "erson direcin, % c%#er% %nd sound crew
wi' #%eri%l or,%ni-ed *( o'ersJ T'e direcor re"ors o 'e "roducerJ
F21?RE 2@'
So#e direcors "refer o wor4 %s % direcor %nd ec'nic%l direcorJ
ASSISTANT DIRECTOR6ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR
T'e %ssis%n direcor or %ssoci%e direcor ;AD< is res"onsi*le for %ssisin, 'e direcorJ
0uncions #%( include su"ervisin, "rere'e%rs%ls. loc%ion or,%ni-%ion. %nd si#il%r evens
on 'e direcor)s *e'%lfJ Durin, re'e%rs%l %nd 'e %cu%l "roducion. 'e AD is ,ener%ll( in
'e "roducion conrol roo# %nd #%( *e res"onsi*le for linin, u" s'os. ,r%"'ics. %nd %"es
so '% 'e( %re re%d( for 'e direcor)s cueJ $e or s'e #%( %lso *e res"onsi*le for c'ec4in,
on s"eci%l s'os ;suc' %s c'ro#%54e(<. ,ivin, rouine cues ;%"e insers<. %nd so on. w'ile
'e direcor ,uides 'e %cu%l "erfor#%nce %nd c%#er%sJ T'e AD %lso %dvises 'e direcor of
u"co#in, cues %nd #%( %ssis in oXine ediin, ;i#in,s %nd edi "oins<J T'e AD #%( %lso
c'ec4 "ro,r%# i#in, %nd 'el" 'e direcor wi' "os"roducionJ T'is "erson #%( *e
%ssi,ned so#e of 'e s%#e res"onsi*iliies of %n %ssoci%e "roducerJ T'e AD re"ors o 'e
direcor. or so#ei#es o 'e "roducer ;0i,ure =JL<J
PRODCTION ASSISTANT
T'e "roducion %ssis%n ;PA< 'el"s 'e direcor %nd:or "roducer wi' "roducion needsJ
T'ese #%( include su"ervisin, 'e "roducion oOce ;#%4in, co"ies. #%4in, co6ee. %nd
runnin, err%nds<. "rere'e%rs%ls. %nd loc%ion or,%ni-%ionJ T'eir res"onsi*iliies #%( %lso
include lo,,in, %"es. %4in, noes durin, "roducion #eein,s. %nd si#il%r %s4sJ Durin,
re'e%rs%ls %nd recordin,. 'is "erson #%( %ssis 'e "roducer:direcor wi' ,r%"'ics or serve
%s % Boor #%n%,erJ
F21?RE 2@(
T'e %ssis%n direcor. lef in red. is 'el"in, 'e direcor wi' scri" cues for % dr%#%ic "roducionJ ;P'oo *( T(ler $o6<
PRODUCER)S ASSISTANT
T'e "roducer)s %ssis%n usu%ll( wor4s wi' 'e direcorJ T'is role #%( *e ver( close o %
PA)s res"onsi*iliiesJ $e or s'e #%( %lso c'ec4 "erfor#%nce %,%ins 'e scri" %nd
coninui(J T'e "roducer)s %ssis%n #%( *e %ssi,ned o line u" s'os. "re"%re insers. %nd
so on. w'ile 'e direcor ,uides 'e "erfor#%nce %nd c%#er% crewJ $e or s'e #%( %lso re%d(
'e direcor. crew. %nd recorder:"l%(er re,%rdin, u"co#in, cuesJ T'e direcor #%( %ssi,n
'e "roducer)s %ssis%n o noe 'e dur%ions:i#e code of e%c' %4e %nd 4ee" 'e direcor)s
noes re,%rdin, c'%n,es o *e #%de %nd re%4esJ
FLOOR MANAGER6STAGE MANAGER
T'e Boor #%n%,er ;0M<:s%,e #%n%,er ;SM< is 'e direcor)s "ri#%r( re"resen%ive %nd
con%c on 'e sudio Boor. in 'e *ro%dc%s *oo' ;0i,ure =JQ<. or on 'e ?eld of "l%(J T'e 0M
#%( *e used o cue "erfor#ers %nd direc 'e Boor crewJ In 'e sudio. 'e 0M is res"onsi*le
for ,ener%l sudio or,%ni-%ion. s%fe(. disci"line ;eJ,J. noise conrol<. %nd securi(J An
%ssis%n Boor #%n%,er #%( *e used o ensure '% 'e %len is "resenJ T'e 0M re"ors o
'e "roducer or direcor ;0i,ures =JD %nd =J8K<J
PRODCTION MANAGER6LINE PRODCER
T'e "roducion #%n%,er is res"onsi*le o 'e "roducer %nd direcor for #%in%inin, 'e
"roducion wi'in 'e %lloc%ed *ud,eJ $e or s'e %lso #%( serve in %d#inisr%ive funcions
rel%ive o 'e "roducionJ
TECHNICAL DIRECTOR6VISION MI4ER
T'e ec'nic%l direcor ;TD< ,ener%ll( sis neA o 'e direcor in 'e conrol roo# %nd is
res"onsi*le for o"er%in, 'e elevision "roducion swic'er ;%nd "er'%"s for elecronic
e6ecs<J T'e TD #%( %lso serve %s 'e crew c'iefJ $e or s'e re"ors o 'e direcor ;0i,ure
=J88<J
MA!EP ARTIST6MA!EP SPERVISOR
T'e #%4eu" %ris desi,ns. "re"%res. %nd %""lies #%4eu" o 'e %len. %ided *( #%4eu"
%ssis%ns %nd '%ir s(lissJ T'e su"ervisor is ,ener%ll( res"onsi*le for #uli"le #%4eu"
%riss. o ensure consisenc( ;0i,ure =J8=<J
F21?RE 2@)
T'e s%,e #%n%,er re"resens 'e direcor on 'e se or in 'e sudioJ S'e is s'own ,ivin, 'e %cors insrucions fro# 'e
direcor on 'e se of % sico#J
F21?RE 2@1*
T'e Boor #%n%,er is lein, 'e %len 4now w'ic' c%#er% is currenl( on5%ir on %n ESPN "roducionJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
F21?RE 2@11
Tec'nic%l direcors EediF % live "ro,r%# *( uili-in, % "roducion swic'er %nd #uli"le c%#er%sJ
F21?RE 2@12
A #%4eu" %ris "re"%res %len for % "roducionJ ;P'oo *( S%r%' Se%on<
F21?RE 2@13
A cosu#e desi,ner desi,ns cosu#es for % "roducionJ
F21?RE 2@1
Gr%"'ics s%6 review "roducion ,r%"'icsJ
F21?RE 2@1!
Gr%"'ics o"er%ors inser d%% ino "redesi,ned ,r%"'ics for % "roducionJ
F21?RE 2@1&
Li,'in, direcorJ
COSTME DESIGNER
T'e cosu#e desi,ner desi,ns %nd selecs "erfor#ers) cosu#es ;w%rdro*e<J $e or s'e #%(
*e %ssised *( dressers %nd w%rdro*e '%ndlers ;0i,ure =J8><J
GRAPHICS DESIGNER6GRAPHICS ARTIST
T'e ,r%"'ics desi,ner is res"onsi*le for 'e desi,n %nd "re"%r%ion of ,r%"'ics for % series
of s'ows or 9us one individu%l s'ow ;0i,ure =J8I<J
GRAPHICS OPERATOR
T'e ,r%"'ics o"er%or is 'e "erson w'o %cu%ll( i#"le#ens 'e ,r%"'ics durin, 'e
"roducionJ $e or s'e is res"onsi*le for or,%ni-in, %nd ("in, onscreen eA %nd iles for %
"roducion. ei'er doin, so durin, 'e "roducion or sorin, 'e# for l%er useJ O"er%ors
#%( %lso serve %s desi,ners:%riss ;0i,ure =J8P<J
LIGHTING DIRECTOR
T'e li,'in, direcor is res"onsi*le for desi,nin,. %rr%n,in,. %nd conrollin, %ll li,'in,
re%#en. *o' ec'nic%ll( %nd %risic%ll(J T'is res"onsi*ili( #%( include indoor %nd:or
oudoor li,'in, siu%ions ;0i,ure =J8C<J
F21?RE 2@1'
/ideo o"er%ors %re res"onsi*le for #%c'in, 'e c%#er%s %nd o'er in"u devicesJ
F21?RE 2@1(
C%#er% o"er%ors %re res"onsi*le for sein, u" 'e c%#er%s. %s well %s o"er%in, 'e#J ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er<
VIDEO OPERATOR6SHADER6VISION CONTROL6VIDEO TECHNICIAN6VIDEO ENGINEER
T'e video o"er%or is res"onsi*le for conrollin, 'e "icure !u%li( *( uili-in, es
e!ui"#en o %d9us 'e video e!ui"#enJ T'ere %re % v%rie( of %d9us#ens '% c%n *e
#%de. includin, eA"osure. *l%c4 level. %nd color *%l%nceJ O"er%ions %re closel( coordin%ed
wi' 'e li,'in, direcor ;0i,ure =J8Q<J
/IDEOGRAP$ER:CAMERA OPERATOR:CAMERAMAN:CAMERAPERSON:P$OTOGRAP$ER
T'e c%#er% o"er%ors %re res"onsi*le for sein, u" 'e c%#er%s ;unless 'e( %re %lre%d(
se u" in % sudio siu%ion< %nd 'en o"er%in, 'e c%#er%s o c%"ure 'e video i#%,es %s
re!uesed *( 'e direcorJ On s#%ll "roducions. 'e video,r%"'er #%( '%ve % lo cre%ive
conrol over 'e i#%,eJ In % #ulic%#er% "roducion. 'e direcor usu%ll( #%4es #os of 'e
?n%l cre%ive decisions %*ou 'e s'oJ In % dr%#%ic "roducion. 'e c%#er% video,r%"'er
#%( *e c%lled % cine#%o,r%"'er ;0i,ure =J8L<J
STEREOGRAP$ER
T'e er# sereo,r%"'er is used in % nu#*er of di6eren w%(s in rel%ion o s'ooin, >D
videoJ So#e c%ll % c%#er% o"er%or w'o is s'ooin, >D % sereo,r%"'erJ O'ers consider 'e
sereo,r%"'er)s role o *e so#eone w'o is 'ere for ec'nic%l su""or of 'e >D e!ui"#en.
%d9usin, 'e lenses for 'e desired >D i#%,er(J
CAMERA ASSISTANT
T'e c%#er% %ssis%n is res"onsi*le for %ssisin, 'e c%#er% o"er%or in sein, u" 'e
c%#er%J $e or s'e is %lso res"onsi*le for #%4in, sure '% 'e c%#er% o"er%or is s%fe
;4ee"in, 'i# or 'er fro# ri""in, over so#e'in, or f%llin,<. 4ee"in, "eo"le fro# w%l4in, in
fron of 'e c%#er% w'en i is on. 4ee"in, 'e c%#er% c%*le fro# ,ein, %n,led. %nd
,uidin, 'e c%#er% o"er%or durin, #ovin, s'osJ A c%#er% %ssis%n #%( %lso "us' %
c%#er% doll( if needed ;0i,ures =J8D %nd =J=K<J
FOCS PLLER
T'e focus "uller is res"onsi*le for %d9usin, 'e focus so '% 'e c%#er% o"er%or c%n
concenr%e on co#"osiionJ T'e focus "uller uses % #%r4ed lens o es%*lis' focusJ T'is
"osiion is r%rel( used eAce" in dr%#%ic s'ooin, ;0i,ure =J=8<J
F21?RE 2@1)
C%#er% %ssis%ns #%( *e re!uired o "us' 'e c%#er% doll(J ;P'oo coures( of O&S<
F21?RE 2@2*3 T'e c%#er% %ssis%n ;lef< is res"onsi*le for 4ee"in, 'e c%#er% o"er%or s%fe %nd 'e c%*le un%n,ledJ
F21?RE 2@21
T'e "erson on 'e lef is 'e focus "ullerJ $%vin, % focus "uller %llows 'e c%#er% o"er%or o concenr%e on co#"osiionJ
F21?RE 2@22
T'e ?eld %udio #iAer is usin, % s#%ll "or%*le #iAer o %d9us 'e levels on 'e %len)s #ic durin, 'e re#oe s'ooin, of %
se,#en for Acce'' Holly0oodJ
F21?RE 2@23
T'is A58 is #iAin, surround soundJ ;P'oo *( Dennis &%Aer<
ADIO MI4ER6ADIO ENGINEER6SOND SPERVISOR6SENIOR ADIO TECHNICIAN
T'e %udio #iAer ;A58< is res"onsi*le for 'e ec'nic%l %nd %risic !u%li( of 'e "ro,r%#
soundJ T'is 9o* includes deer#inin, 'e nu#*er %nd "l%ce#en of 'e #icro"'ones
re!uired for 'e "roducionJ $e or s'e %lso #%4es sure '% 'e %udio c%*les %re "ro"erl(
"lu,,ed ino 'e %udio #iAer %nd is res"onsi*le for 'e ?n%l #iA ;%udio levels. *%l%nce. %nd
on%l !u%li(< of 'e ?n%l "roducionJ Audio "ersonnel %re %lso ,ener%ll( res"onsi*le for 'e
inerco# s(se# used *( 'e crew ;0i,ures =J== %nd =J=><J
F21?RE 2@2
Audio %ssis%ns %re so#ei#es %ssi,ned o '%nd5'old #icro"'ones %round 'e ?eld of "l%(J
F21?RE 2@2!
T'is se desi,ner is wor4in, on % "ro9ec in 'is s'o"J
ADIO ASSISTANT
Su"ervised *( 'e A58. 'e %udio %ssis%n ;A5=< is res"onsi*le for "osiionin, #icro"'ones.
runnin, %udio c%*les. o"er%in, sound *oo#s. rou*les'ooin, %udio "ro*le#s. %nd
o"er%in, ?eld %udio e!ui"#en ;0i,ure =J=I<J
SET DESIGNER6SCENIC DESIGNER
T'e se desi,ner is res"onsi*le for conceivin,. desi,nin,. %nd or,%ni-in, 'e enire scenic
re%#enJ $is or 'er res"onsi*iliies #%( even include desi,nin, 'e onscreen ,r%"'icsJ T'e
se desi,ner is ,ener%ll( res"onsi*le for su"ervisin, 'e se crew durin, sein,. dressin,.
%nd sri4in, 'e ses ;0i,ure =J=P<J
SET CRE#6STAGE CRE#6GRIPS6FLOOR CRE#
T'e se crew is res"onsi*le for 'e ses or scener( suc' %s erecin,. sein,. or resein,
scener(. "ro"s. %nd %cion cues ;suc' %s roc4in, % ve'icle<J In so#e or,%ni-%ions. 'e( #%(
inii%ll( se u" %nd dress sein,sJ
ELECTRICIANS
Elecrici%ns %re res"onsi*le for ri,,in, %nd sein, l%#"s %nd elecric%l %""%r%uses.
includin, elecric%l "ro"sJ
TECHNICAL MANAGER6STDIO SPERVISOR6REMOTE SPERVISOR6TECHNICAL COORDINATOR
T'e ec'nic%l #%n%,er coordin%es %nd is res"onsi*le for %ll ec'nic%l o"er%ions of 'e
"roducionJ $e or s'e #%( *oo4 'e f%ciliies. c'ec4 ec'nic%l fe%si*ili(. #%4e sure '%
ever('in, is wor4in, correcl(. %nd ensure s%fe(J
STDIO ENGINEER6MAINTENANCE ENGINEER6ENGINEER2IN2CHARGE
En,ineers %re res"onsi*le for #%in%inin, %nd rou*les'ooin, %ll c%#er% %nd sound
e!ui"#en in % "roducionJ M%inen%nce en,ineers usu%ll( %re %ssi,ned o do re,ul%r
#%inen%nce on 'e e!ui"#en. 'e sudio en,ineer is res"onsi*le for 'e sudio. %nd %n
en,ineer5in5c'%r,e ;EIC< is res"onsi*le for % "roducion ruc4J
UTILIT+
Uiliies s%6 #e#*ers %ssis 'e en,ineerin, s%6 *( 'el"in, c%rr( ,e%r %nd c%*le. sein,
u" e!ui"#en. %nd l%(in, c%*lesJ
F21?RE 2@2&
A /TR o"er%or is usin, % '%rd drive recorder o record %nd "l%( *%c4 videoJ
F21?RE 2@2'
T'e edior is res"onsi*le for %sse#*lin, 'e s'o foo%,e ino % useful ?nis'ed "roducionJ
VTR OPERATOR6TAPE OPERATOR
T'e /TR ;video%"e recorder< o"er%or is res"onsi*le for recordin, 'e "ro,r%# %nd "l%(in,
"re"roduced "%c4%,es or re"l%(s '% will *e insered ino 'e "ro,r%#J Al'ou,' sill
referred o %s 'e /TR or %"e o"er%or. 'e o"er%or #%( %cu%ll( *e recordin, %nd "l%(in,
*%c4 "ro,r%##in, fro# % #e#or( c%rd. '%rd dis4. or '%rd drive ;0i,ure =J=C<J
WRITER
T'e wrier is res"onsi*le for wriin, 'e scri"J Occ%sion%ll( 'e "roducer or direcor will
wrie #%eri%lJ A i#es. wriers %re %ssised *( % rese%rc'er. w'o o*%ins d%%. infor#%ion.
%nd references for 'e "roducion wrierJ
EDITOR
T'e edior selecs. co#"iles. %nd cus video %nd %udio o "roduce "ro,r%#sJ $e or s'e #%(
%sse#*le cli"s ino se,#ens %nd 'ose se,#ens ino "ro,r%#s. or #%( 9us correc
#is%4es '% occurred durin, 'e "roducion "rocess ;0i,ure =J=Q<J
Enthusias9
Adapted fro9 Arthur "incie, Producer J /irector
Ever(one will no '%ve 'e s%#e level of en'usi%s# %*ou 'e "ro9ec %s (ouJ Afer %ll. i is
(our "ro9ecJ Al'ou,' 'e crew %nd c%s %re 'o"efull( ,ein, so#e'in, ou of 'e "ro9ec.
i is (our "ro9ecJ Kee" in #ind '% 'e( %re no necess%ril( 'e EownersF of 'e "ro9ec in
'e s%#e sense %s (ou %reJ
So. o eA"ec ever(one o *e %s '%""( %s (ou %*ou 'e "ro9ec is % *%d 'in,J One d%( 'e
c%#er% o"er%or #%( s'ow u" #%d *ec%use 'e ,o ino % ?,' wi' 'is s"ouseJ On %no'er
d%(. %n %cor will *e %nAious *ec%use of % c'ildc%re "ro*le# % 'o#eJ T'ere is "ro*%*l(
so#eone on 'e crew w'o 'in4s 'e:s'e is *eer '%n (ou % (our 9o*J +ou never 4now w'%
is ,oin, on in (our crew)s livesJ
+ou c%n) conrol %n( of 'isJ 2t is not personal@ A "roducion environ#en c%n *e %
"ressure coo4er %nd sron, e#oions ;no %ll of 'e# ,ood< %re *ound o surf%ceJ +ou c%nno
#%4e ever(one '%""(J If (ou r(. (ou)ll f%il %nd end u" frusr%in, "eo"leJ 0ocus on 'e wor4
% '%ndJ M%4e sure '% 'ere %re no re%l co#"l%ins ;'in,s li4e s%fe(. '%r%ss#en. food.
ecJ< %nd #%4e sure 'e re%l co#"l%ins ,e ?Aes %s #uc' %s "ossi*leJ
S%( en'usedJ So#ei#es '% *( iself will *rin, "eo"le %roundJ
TA+E8T
T%len is ,ener%ll( de?ned %s "eo"le w'o %re 'e%rd or %""e%r on elevisionJ T'ere %re %
nu#*er of di6eren ("es of %lenJ T'e followin, is % lis of so#e of 'e "eo"le w'o %re
included in %lenJ
In 'e news ?eld. i is no unco##on for % "erson o serve %s % one5"erson elevision
"roducion crew3 inerviewin,. s'ooin,. %nd %""e%rin, %s %len ;0i,ure =J=L<J
ACTORS
Acors ,ener%ll( wor4 fro# %n es%*lis'ed scri"J &( "l%(in, % role. 'e( cre%e % c'%r%cer
for 'e %udienceJ Acors usu%ll( re'e%rse *efore 'e c%#er% re'e%rs%l ;0i,ure =J=D<J
F21?RE 2@2(
M%n( elevision s%ions. due o i,' *ud,es. '%ve #oved o one5"erson news crewsJ $ere. 'e re"orer %s4s 'e
!uesions %nd 'olds 'e #icro"'one. *u is %lso 'oldin, 'e c%#er% on 'er s'oulderJ
PERFORMERS
Perfor#er is usu%ll( % er# used o descri*e "eo"le w'o %re %""e%rin, in fron of 'e
c%#er% %s 'e#selvesJ T'is ,rou" could include inerviewers. %nnouncers. newsc%sers.
%nc'or "ersons. 'oss. %nd so onJ Perfor#ers ofen %ddress 'e %udience direcl( 'rou,'
'e c%#er% usin, scri"ed. se#iscri"ed. or unscri"ed #%eri%l ;0i,ure =J>K<J So#ei#es
'e word E"erfor#erF refers o % "erson "rovidin, % s"eci?c %c ;suc' %s % 9u,,ler<J
ANCHOR
T'e %nc'or ,ener%ll( sis % % des4 or %*le of so#e ("e %nd "rovides 'e consisen %len
'% "ulls 'e s'ow o,e'erJ Anc'ors ,ener%ll( o"en 'e s'ow. inroduce on5%ir %len suc'
%s re"orers or o'er in5sudio %len. %nd 'en end 'e s'ow ;0i,ure =J>8<J
F21?RE 2@2)
Acors wor4 fro# %n es%*lis'ed scri" in C&S Television)s H*0*ii Fi&e2OJ ;P'oo *( C&S:Neil 7%co*s:L%ndov<
F21?RE 2@3*
Peo"le w'o %""e%r on elevision %s 'e#selves %re ofen c%lled t*lent or (e)fo),e)'J Acors. w'en %""e%rin, on % s'ow
suc' %s &&C)s The G)*h*, No)ton Sho0. %re considered o *e "erfor#ersJ ;P'oo *( Nic4 Ansell:PA Wire:L%ndov<
F21?RE 2@31
Anc'ors usu%ll( "rovide % level of consisenc( on % s'ow *( *ein, 'e "erson w'o o"ens 'e s'ow. inroduces o'ers. %nd
ends 'e s'owJ ;P'oo *( 7on Green'oe<
GESTS
Guess %re invied E"erson%liies.F s"eci%liss. or #e#*ers of 'e "u*licSusu%ll( "eo"le
wi'ou eA"erience in fron of 'e c%#er%J Guess could include inerviewees. cones%ns.
%udience conri*uors. %nd so onJ
T'ere %re o'er "eo"le w'o #%( *e involved in % "roducion %s well. de"endin, on 'e si-e
of 'e s%6J T'ese "eo"le #%( include securi(. "ro" #%n%,er. sun "ersonnel. c%erin,.
%nd o'ersJ
THE FREE+A8CE CRE6
M%n( co#"%nies od%( '%ve #oved fro# % full5i#e "rofession%l "roducion s%6 o uili-in,
% freel%nce crewJ 0reel%ncers %re inde"enden conr%cors w'o wor4 for #uli"le
or,%ni-%ions. 'irin, ou 'eir "roducion s4ills on %n %s5needed *%sisJ T'ere %re freel%ncers
%v%il%*le w'o c%n ?ll ever( one of 'e "roducion "osiionsJ 0reel%ncers %re ,ener%ll( "%id
on %n 'ourl( or d%(5r%e *%sisJ If 'e( %re f%r fro# 'eir 'o#e *%se. freel%ncers usu%ll( ,e
lod,in, %nd % "er die# %dded o 'eir conr%cJ T'e "er die# is % si"end '% covers %n(
inciden%l coss suc' %s l%undr( %nd #e%lsJ
6HAT /; B;? 6EAR7
W'% "roducion crew #e#*ers we%r di6ers de"endin, on (our 9o*. w'o will see (ou. if (ou
%re indoor or ou. %nd 'e evenJ
If (ou %re in 'e sudio. 'e "u*lic ,ener%ll( does no see 'e crewJ T'e #os co##on
clo'es %re %s c%su%l %s 9e%nsJ $owever. sudios c%n ofen *e cold. w'ic' #e%ns i is ,ood o
'%ve % cou"le of l%(ers so '% clo'in, c%n *e re#oved or %dded. de"endin, on 'e
e#"er%ureJ Se5u" d%(s %re %lw%(s c%su%lJ So#e inside evens. suc' %s % #%9or %w%rds
cere#on(. #%( dic%e '% 'e crew seen *( 'e "u*lic %cu%ll( dress well in order o ?
ino 'e over%ll environ#en durin, 'e s'ooin,J
Oudoor wor4 is #uc' #ore un"redic%*leJ In 'e #ornin, i could *e sunn( %nd *(
%fernoon i #%( *e "ourin, r%in %nd coldJ T'% #e%ns '% #uli"le l%(ers %nd ("es of
clo'in, s'ould *e c%rriedJ De"endin, on w'ere (ou %re. '% #%( include % T5s'ir %nd
9e%ns if i is 'o. % lon,5sleeve s'ir %nd '% o "ro9ec (ou %,%ins 'e sun. %nd % w%r#
9%c4e o "ro9ec (ou fro# 'e coldJ
W'%ever 'e siu%ion. i is %lw%(s i#"or%n o loo4 "rofession%lJ +ou will ,e #ore res"ec
fro# o'ers. w'ic' will 'el" (ou ,e (our 9o* doneJ
F21?RE 2@32
A v%rie( of #uliools %re %v%il%*leJ ;P'oo coures( of Le%'er#%n<
6HAT /; B;? ,R281 62TH B;?7
&rin,in, 'e ri,' su""lies wi' (ou c%n #%4e %ll 'e di6erence in 'e world on % s'ooJ
A,%in. i de"ends w'ere (ou %reJ I is %lw%(s i#"or%n o '%ve so#e'in, o wrie wi' %nd
"%"erJ $ere %re so#e of 'e o'er 'in,s '% s'ould *e considered3
$%
Sun*loc4
&u, s"r%(
Sun,l%sses
Sn%c4s
Muliool ;0i,ure =J>=<
Si#"le ?rs %id su""lies
S#%ll B%s'li,'
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% %re 'e #%in di6erences *eween s'ooin, % scri"ed dr%#% %nd % s"ors even1
2@ W'( do so#e "roducions re!uire l%r,e crews. w'ile o'er "roducions c%n *e s'o wi'
9us % cou"le of "eo"le1
3@ W'% is 'e di6erence *eween % direcor %nd % ec'nic%l direcor1
@ W'% is 'e di6erence *eween %n %cor %nd % "erfor#er1
!@ Uli#%el(. w'o is res"onsi*le for 'e ?n%l "ro,r%#1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< TAB+;R "28S;8
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< W'en %cin, %s % #uli#edi% 9ourn%lis. #( 9o* is o %4e %
elevision news sor( fro# conce"ion o co#"leion. %ll on #( ownJ T'is #e%ns I '%ndle
#%4in, c%lls. sein, u" %""oin#ens. ,ein, o %nd fro# 'e sor()s loc%ion;s<. s'ooin,.
conducin, inerviews. ,%'erin, infor#%ion. lo,,in, video. wriin, %nd ediin,. %nd
"resenin, 'e sor( on5%irJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 T'e luAur( of *ein, % Eone5#%n5*%ndF is '% (ou do
no s"end i#e r(in, o co##unic%e 'ow (ou w%n (our sor( o urn ou o 'e o'er
#e#*er of (our e%#. since. in e6ec. (ou %re 'e e%#J T'ere is % ,re% de%l of
conrol over 'ow 'e video (ou s'oo lines u" 'e scri" '% (ou wrieJ EA"erienced one5
#%n5*%nds will ofen Ewrie in 'eir 'e%dsF %s 'e( %re s'ooin, % sor( ou on loc%ionJ
Decision5#%4in, in 'e ?eld is #%n( i#es e%sier %nd f%ser for one5#%n*%ndsJ +ou do no
'%ve o *e concerned %*ou #%4in, sure %no'er "erson on 'e news crew '%s 'eir needs
or w%ns #eJ EAce"ion%l sories fro# one5#%n5*%nds c%n so#ei#es '%ve % 4ind of
co'esiveness '% ofen eludes sor(ellin, done *( wo5"erson crewsJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 $ere %re % few of
'e c'%llen,es f%cin, % #uli#edi% 9ourn%lisJ
I c%n *e es"eci%ll( diOcul o *e % #uli#edi% 9ourn%lis % % l%r,e5sc%le *re%4in,news
sceneJ +ou c%nno *e s'ooin, % scene eOcienl( and runnin, %round %l4in, o winesses
%nd ,%'erin, 'e s#%ll id*is of infor#%ion '% %re 'e life*lood of % re"orer w'o is
'rown ino % r%"idl( develo"in, sor(J In 'ese siu%ions. %ll (ou c%n do is (our *esJ
I c%nno sress enou,' 'ow 'el"ful i c%n *e for #%n%,ers o ,ive 'eir one5#%n5*%nds
resources '% %llow 'e# o co#"lee %nd send *%c4 'eir sories. wi' video. re#oel(J
T'ere '%ve *een d%(s w'en I '%ve s"en over ?ve 'ours of #( nine5'our wor4 d%(
9us drivin$. *ec%use 'e sor()s loc%ion w%s f%r %w%(. %nd o co#"lee i I '%d o drive %ll
'e w%( *%c4 o 'e s%ionJ Ide%ll(. one5#%n5*%nds s'ould '%ve % l%"o" co#"uer
e!ui""ed wi' nonline%r ediin, sofw%re %nd #o*ile Inerne connecivi(. %llowin, 'e
#uli#edi% 9ourn%lis o send 'eir video *%c4 o 'e s%ion fro# 'e sor()s "'(sic%l
loc%ionJ
S'ooin, video of (ourself in 'e ?eld w'ile (ou %re "resenin, %s % re"orer c%n *e diOcul
%nd i#e5consu#in,J Pull5ou LCD screens on c%#er%s c%n %id one5#%n*%nds in 'is
"rocessJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 &efore I 'e%d ou. I %lw%(s #%4e sure I '%ve
c'%r,ed *%eries %nd %ll #( e!ui"#en. includin, #( c%#er%. #icro"'ones. ri"od. li,'in,
e!ui"#en. %nd r%in "roecionJ If I %# drivin, f%r %w%(. I #%4e sure I '%ve so#e food %nd
*ever%,es in 'e c%r so I don) '%ve o so" ofen on 'e w%(J If I '%ve i#e. I #%4e sure I)ve
*een *riefed on 'e sor( *( % #%n%,er %nd '% I '%ve %ll 'e "'one nu#*ers I will need o
,%'er necess%r( infor#%ionJ If I %# no currenl( dressed in % s'ir %nd ie for on5c%#er%
"resen%ion. I #%4e sure I '%ve 'ose clo'es in 'e c%r so I c%n c'%n,e ino 'e# if I need
oJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 M%4e sure '% (ou ,e o 4now %ll %s"ecs of elevision news %nd 'ow o eAecue
di6eren funcions in % i#e5s%vin, #%nnerJ Le%rn 'ow o s'oo eOcienl(J Le%rn 'ow o
wrie convers%ion%ll(J Le%rn 'ow o "resen en'usi%sic%ll( (e n%ur%ll( onc%#er%J Le%rn
'ow o edi !uic4l(J Le%rn w'% (our "roducers %nd #%n%,ers w%n %nd 5h% 'e( w%n iJ
F21?RE 2@33
T%(lor /inson. News /ideo,r%"'er:Muli#edi% 7ourn%lis
T*ylo) Vin'on i' * ne0' &ideog)*(he)1 one2,*n25*nd *nd6o) ,ulti,edi* 7ou)n*li't fo) #FTS2
TV in T*,(*1 Flo)id*8 Hi' ()e&iou' 0o)/ h*' included 0o)/ing *' * &ideog)*(he)6)e(o)te) fo)
#LE4 in Le9ington1 !entuc/y *nd *' * )e(o)te) fo)N$C8co,J
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< PH2+ ,;6/+E
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I oversee %ll %s"ecs of our c'urc' co##unic%ions includin,
video. desi,n. "rin. we*. #%r4ein,. %nd "u*lic rel%ionsJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I love doin, % 9o* w'ere I c%n see %n,i*le resuls %nd I
*elieve in 'e c%useJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7
T'e indusr( c'%n,es so !uic4l( i is diOcul o 4ee" u" o d%eJ
M%n%,in, 'e de#%nds %nd i#elines of % *us( or,%ni-%ionJ
Develo"in, s(se#s for e%#s ;s%6 %nd voluneer< o %cco#"lis' *i, "ro9ecsJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 As co##unic%ions direcor. I #%" ou e%c'
s%,e of 'e "ro9ec ino s#%ller liss of %s4s in % "ro9ec #%n%,e#en s(se# c%lled
&%sec%#"J I is 'ere '% I %ssi,n %s4s %nd #ilesones o s%6 %nd voluneers o
%cco#"lis' 'e "ro9ecJ In #( role. I %lso %# involved in revisions %nd %""rov%ls of %ll
desi,n:video ele#ensJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 +ou don) '%ve o *e %n eA"er in %n( one 'in,J &u i 'el"s % on o '%ve % ,re%
wor4in, 4nowled,e of 'ow %ll 'e di6eren "ieces of co##unic%ions wor4 o,e'er o
co##unic%e e6ecivel(J S4ill in desi,n:video:wriin,:ecJ is i#"or%n. *u le%rnin, 'ow o
e6ecivel( wor4 %nd le%d "eo"le is e!u%ll( %s i#"or%nJ
F21?RE 2@3
P'il &owdle. Direcor of Co##unic%ionsJ
Phil $o0dle i' the Di)ecto) of Co,,unic*tion' *t * chu)ch in Geo)gi*J
CHAPTER "
The Television Production Facilit#
E0or live #ulic%#er% "roducion. 'e conrol roo# is w'ere i %ll co#es o,e'erJ T'e
direcor '%s o *e re%d( for %n('in,JF
/on 4in-, /irector
Ter9s
,atten< T'e *%r o w'ic' sudio li,'s %re connecedJ
,oo9 pole< A "ole '% is used o 'old % #icro"'one close o % su*9ecJ
Ca9era control unit =CC?>< E!ui"#en '% conrols 'e c%#er% fro# % re#oe "osiionJ
T'e CCU includes %d9usin, 'e c%#er%. lu#in%nce. color correcion. %"erure. %nd so onJ
Chro9aI-e%< Uili-in, % "roducion swic'er. 'e direcor c%n re"l%ce % s"eci?c color
;usu%ll( ,reen or *lue< wi' %no'er i#%,e source ;sill i#%,e. live video. "rerecorded
#%eri%l. %nd so on<J
Control roo9< T'e elevision sudio conrol roo#. so#ei#es 4nown %s % g*lle)y. is w'ere
'e direcor conrols 'e "roducionJ Al'ou,' conrol roo# e!ui"#en #%( v%r(. 'e( %ll
include video %nd %udio #oniors. inerco#s. %nd % swic'erJ
/"E< Di,i%l video e6ec e!ui"#en. in co#*in%ion wi' 'e swic'er. is used o cre%e
s"eci%l e6ec r%nsiions *eween video i#%,esJ A D/E could %lso refer o 'e %cu%l e6ec
inse%d of 'e e!ui"#enJ
Flats< 0ree5s%ndin, *%c4,round se "%nelsJ
2nterco9< A wired or wireless co##unic%ion lin4 *eween #e#*ers of 'e "roducion
crewJ
4onitors< Moniors were desi,ned o "rovide %ccur%e. s%*le video i#%,e !u%li(J T'e( do
no include uners %nd #%( no include %udio s"e%4ersJ
;, van< See ERe#oe ruc4.F *elowJ
Pro$ra9 9onitor< Also 4nown %s 'e Eon5%irF #onior. 'e "ro,r%# #onior s'ows 'e
%cu%l "ro,r%# '% is *ein, *ro%dc%s or recordedJ
Re9ote truc- =also -no5n as an outside 0roadcastin$ or ;, van>< A #o*ile
elevision conrol roo# '% is used %w%( fro# 'e sudioJ
Sitco9< A siu%ion co#ed( elevision "ro,r%#J
Studio< An %re% desi,ned o '%ndle % v%rie( of "roducionsN % wide o"en s"%ce e!ui""ed
wi' li,'s. sound conrol. %nd "roecion fro# 'e i#"%c of we%'erJ
S5itcher =vision 9i3er>< A device used o swic' *eween video in"us ;c%#er%s.
,r%"'ics. video "l%(ers. %nd so on<J

Tod%(. so#eone wi' % '%nd'eld c%#corder %nd % ver( #odes co#"uer c%n "roduce
resuls '% no so lon, %,o would '%ve re!uired 'e co#*ined services of % l%r,e "roducion
e%# %nd % ,re% de%l of e!ui"#enJ
Now%d%(s. 'e elevision c%#er% is free o s'oo viru%ll( ever(w'ereJ T'e %udience '%s
co#e o %cce" %nd eA"ec 'e c%#er%)s BeAi*ili(J W'e'er 'e "icures '% 'e( %re
w%c'in, %re fro# % c%#er% in 'e sudio or fro# ouer s"%ce. inense close5u" s'os fro# %
#icrosco"e or fro# % Ecrier c%#er%F %%c'ed o % swi##in, se%l. or 'rillin, s'os fro# %
s4(diver)s 'el#e c%#er%. 'ese diverse c'%nnels %re %ll ,ris for 'e endless #ill of
elevision "ro,r%##in,. %nd 'e( %re %cce"ed %s Enor#%lJF
PR;/?CT2;8 4ETH;/S
T'e w%( o develo" % "roducion de"ends on % nu#*er of f%cors3
W'e'er 'e s'ow is live ;*ein, seen *( 'e viewers %s i is '%""enin,<. or w'e'er (ou %re
recordin, 'e %cion for su*se!uen "os"roducion
W'e'er (ou s'oo coninuousl(. in 'e order in w'ic' 'e %cion will *e seen. or
selecivel( in %n order %rr%n,ed o sui 'e "roducion)s eOcienc(
W'e'er (ou %re %*le o conrol %nd direc 'e %cion (ou %re s'ooin,. or w'e'er (ou %re
o*li,ed o ,r%* s'os w'erever (ou %re %*le
As new f%ciliies '%ve *een develo"ed. es%*lis'ed #e'ods of cre%in, "ro,r%#s '%ve
,rownJ W'erever "ossi*le. "roducions %re recorded. %nd '%ve co#e o rel( #ore %nd #ore
on "os"roducion ediin, ec'ni!uesSusin, %ll 4inds of di,i%l e6ecs o en'%nce %udience
%""e%lJ
F21?RE 3@1
On5loc%ion inerviews c%n *e diOcul. due o 'e l%c4 of conrol of 'e surroundin,sJ ;P'oo coures( of Sodiu#<
As (ou will see. %l'ou,' #%n( siu%ions involve lile #ore '%n unco#"lic%ed swic'in,
*eween s'os. in o'ers 'e ediin, "rocessSw'ic' deer#ines 'ow s'os %re seleced %nd
%rr%n,edS*eco#es % su*le %rJ
All elevision "roducions '%ve % nu#*er of co##on fe%uresS'e s"eci?c s4ills re!uired of
'e direcor %nd crew c%n v%r( consider%*l( wi' 'e ("e of s'ow '% is *ein, "roducedJ
T'e "ro,r%# #%eri%l iself c%n deer#ine 'ow (ou "resen iJ So#e ("es of "roducions
follow % "re"%red "l%n. %nd o'ers '%ve o rel( 'e%vil( on s"on%neous decisionsJ Le)s loo4
% so#e eA%#"les3
2ntervie5s and tal-s sho5s@ A""ro%c'es 'ere %re inevi%*l( so#ew'% s%nd%rdi-ed. wi'
s'os concenr%in, on w'% "eo"le '%ve o s%( %nd 'ow 'e( re%c ;0i,ure >J8<J
8e5scasts@ Mos news "ro,r%#s follow % si#il%r for#%J ELive5on5%irF in 'e sudio.
newsc%sers "resen 'e news se%ed *e'ind % cenr%l des4. re%din, fro# ele"ro#"ers %nd
inroducin, sories fro# v%rious conri*uor( sourcesS"re"roduced "%c4%,es. live onsie
re"orers. %rc'ive #%eri%l. ,r%"'ics. %nd so onJ T'ere %lso #%( *e *rief inerviews. ei'er in
'e sudio or vi% % dis"l%( screenJ As newsc%ss %re coninuousl( reviewed %nd revised.
'ere is % *e'ind5'e5scenes ur,enc(. "%ricul%rl( for l%e*re%4in, news soriesJ T'e closel(
coordin%ed e%# is coninu%ll( %ssessin, %nd ediin, inco#in, #%eri%l. "re"%rin,
co##en%r(. %nd %sse#*lin, illusr%ions %nd ,r%"'ics ;0i,ure >J=<J
Sports pro$ra9s@ E%c' ("e of s"or or ,%#e "oses is own s"eci?c "ro*le#s for 'e
direcorJ S'ooin, condiions v%r( consider%*l(J On one '%nd is 'e rel%ivel( loc%li-ed %cion
of 'e *oAin, rin,J On 'e o'er is 'e f%s e**5%nd5Bow %cion of 'e foo*%ll ?eldJ W'en
"resenin, 'e wide5r%n,in, %cion of % ,olf ourn%#en. #%r%'on runners. % 'orse r%ce. or
% *ic(cle r%ce. will 'e c%#er%s follow %lon, wi' 'e %cion or s'oo fro# seleced v%n%,e
"oins1 So#ei#es. sever%l di6eren evens %re %4in, "l%ce si#ul%neousl(J C%n 'e( %ll *e
covered e6ecivel( on5%ir or will selecive se,#ens *e s'own on % del%(ed *%sis1 In e%c'
c%se. 'e direcor)s %i# is o %lw%(s *e Ein 'e ri,' "l%ce % 'e ri,' i#eJF W'ile
conve(in, % sense of coninui(. 'e c%#er% #us no onl( c%"ure 'e 'i,'li,'s. *u *e
re%d( o record 'e uneA"ecedJ Slow5#oion re"l%(s 'el" 'e co##en%ors %nd %udience
%n%l(-e 'e %cion ;0i,ure >J><J
Co9ed%@ Mos co#ed( s'ows follow 'e f%#ili%r Ere%lisicF sico# for#%J T'e sudio
"roducion is s%,ed o en%*le 'e sudio %udience ;seen or onl( 'e%rd< o see %nd re%c o
'e %cionJ T'e( c%n w%c' %n( recordin, or "re"roduced insers on '%n,in, video #oniorsJ
Addiion%l E%""ro"ri%eF l%u,'er:%""l%use or even Ere%cion s'osF #%( *e %dded durin,
"os"roducion ediin, ;0i,ure >JI<J So#e sico#s '%ve *een #oved ou of 'e sudio %nd
%re now *ein, s'o in 'e ?eldJ
4usic and dance@ Producions c%n r%n,e fro# sr%i,'forw%rd "erfor#%nce o el%*or%e
visu%l "resen%ions in w'ic' i#%,es ;%nd sound< involve consider%*le "os"roducion ;eJ,J.
cre%in, #on%,es. slow5#oion se!uences. color c'%n,es. or %ni#%ion e6ecs<J P%ricul%rl(
w'ere 'e sound %rr%n,e#ens %re co#"leA. 'e on5c%#er% "erfor#%nce #%( *e li"5s(nced
o % "reviousl( recorded soundr%c4 ;0i,ure >JP<J
/ra9a@ Dr%#% "roducions usu%ll( follow % ver( c%refull( "l%nned "rocess in w'ic' 'e
di%lo,ue. %cion. c%#er% wor4. %nd sound %nd li,'in, re%#ens %re full( scri"edJ T'e
s'ow #%( *e recorded coninuousl( or in se,#ensJ Mos dr%#% od%( relies 'e%vil( on
"os"roducion ;eJ,J. %ddin, sound e6ecs. #usic. "oss(ncin,<J
F21?RE 3@2
T'e newsc%s sudioJ ;P'oo *( 7on Green'oe<
F21?RE 3@3
Television s"ors "ro,r%#s re!uire 'e %*ili( o "redic %ccur%el( w'ere 'e %cion is ,oin,J
F21?RE 3@
Sico#s %re ,ener%ll( s'o in % sudioJ
F21?RE 3@!
A 9i* is used o c%"ure % concerJ ;P'oo *( D%ve Gros-<
THE "E8?E
Tod%(. elevision "roducions %re s'o under % v%rie( of condiions3
In % full( e!ui""ed elevision:video sudio
In %n eAe#"ori-ed sudio. se u" 9us for 'e occ%sion
On loc%ion. in %n eAisin, inerior ;suc' %s % "u*lic *uildin,<
On loc%ion. in 'e o"en %ir
E%c' loc%le '%s is s"eci?c %dv%n%,es %nd li#i%ionsJ Al'ou,' % sudio '%s %ll 'e
f%ciliies '% we #%( need ;c%#er%s. li,'s. %udio<. we '%ve o f%ce 'e f%c '% 'ere is
no'in, o s'oo 'ere ;eAce" 'e w%lls< unil we cre%e % se of so#e sor. w'ic' 'en
needs o *e decor%ed %nd li %""ro"ri%el(J T'e runnin, coss of "rovidin, 'ese condiions
c%n *e consider%*leJ
On loc%ion. (ou #%( '%ve % re%d(5#%de environ#en in w'ic' o s'oo. %nd "er'%"s
d%(li,' o "rovide 'e illu#in%ionJ &u 'ere %re v%rious new "ro*le#s. fro# v%ri%*le
we%'er condiions %nd *%c4,round noises o r%Oc %nd *(s%ndersJ +ou %re nor#%ll( %w%(
fro# (our *%se. wi' is *%c4u" services ;eJ,J. s"%re e!ui"#en. #%inen%nce. %nd so on<J
The Television Studio
Sudios %re desi,ned o '%ndle % v%rie( of "roducions wi' 'eir wide o"en s"%ces %nd
'eir %*ili( o '%ndle "ower su""lied o li,'s 'un, %n(w'ere in 'e s"%ceJ Sudios %re
ide%l. *ec%use 'e( "roec "roducions fro# 'e i#"%c of we%'er suc' %s snow %nd r%in.
'e( %re inde"enden fro# 'e i#e of d%( ;"roducions c%n *e li %s 'ou,' i is d%(li,' or
ni,'i#e<. %nd 'e( %llow for sound conrolJ T'e( %re used for #%n( dr%#%ic "roducions.
news s'ows. %nd %l4 s'ows ;0i,ures >JC %nd >JQ<J Al'ou,' in "r%cice elevision sudios
v%r( fro# 'e #odes o "ur"ose5*uil ,i%ns. %ll see# so#e'ow o s'%re % cer%in
inde?n%*le %#os"'ereJ
A ?rs ,l%nce. % sudio #%( '%ve 'e feel of % desered w%re'ouseJ I ,ener%ll( is well
sound"roofed in order o *loc4 unw%ned sounds fro# *ein, recorded on 'e "ro,r%#
#icro"'onesJ T'e %cousic%ll( re%ed w%lls %re %lso desi,ned o reduce ec'oJ If (ou loo4 u".
(ou)ll see '% 'e sudio '%s *een desi,ned wi' % fr%#ewor4 of *%rs or *%ens sus"ended
fro# 'e ceilin,J T'ese *%ens %re desi,ned o 'old %ll of 'e re!uired li,'s %s well %s o
su""or scener(J Once 'e scener( is *rou,' in %nd 'e li,'s %re 'un,. %d9used. %nd
urned on. 'e %#os"'ere c%n *eco#e co#"leel( r%nsfor#edJ
F21?RE 3@&
T'e ouside of % $oll(wood elevision sudio. or sounds%,eJ
F21?RE 3@'
T%l4 s'ows %re ,ener%ll( s'o in % sudio so '% 'e direcor c%n conrol 'e surroundin,sJ T'is sudio is w'ere 7on
Sew%r)s The D*ily Sho0 is s'oJ ;P'oo *( 7ennifer SJ Al#%n:L%ndov<
T'e se #%( *e "er#%nen in sudios. or % e#"or%r( srucure #%( *e *uil for % s"eci?c
s'owJ 0urnis'in,s %nd "ro"s %re %dded o 'e se *( 'e se desi,ner:decor%orJ Once 'e
*%sic se is in "l%ce. % li,'in, crew *e,ins o "osiion %nd %d9us e%c' l%#" o %
#eiculousl( "re"%red li,'in, "lo desi,ned *( 'e li,'in, direcorJ T'e c%#er% %nd sound
crews #ove 'eir e!ui"#en fro# sor%,e ino 'e o"enin, "osiions. "re"%rin, for 'e
u"co#in, re'e%rs%lsJ Ever(w'ere is ur,en %cion3 co#"lein, %s4s. 4ee"in, 'e sudio
cle%n. %nd #%4in, l%s5#inue c'%n,esJ
To 'e ?rs5i#e viewer. wi' 'e %r#( of "roducion "ersonnel #ovin, %round 'e sudio
doin, 'eir own 9o*s. i c%n loo4 li4e c'%osJ $owever. 'ere re%ll( is % s(se# in "l%ce '%
wor4sJ T'e v%rious "ieces of 'e "roducion 9i,s%w co#*ine o "rovide 'e s'ow '% '%s
*een "l%nned %nd "re"%redJ T'e c%#er%s se u" 'eir s'os %nd %re seen on 'e #onior
w%ll screens in 'e conrol roo#J
Wi'in 'ours. 'e "roducion will '%ve co#"leed re'e%rs%ls. 'e crew will '%ve le%rned %nd
"r%ciced 'e direcor)s re%#en. "erfor#%nces 'o"efull( will '%ve re%c'ed 'eir "e%4. %nd
'e "ro,r%# will '%ve *een recorded or r%ns#iedJ And 'en. if i is % e#"or%r( se. 'e
w'ole se will *e Esruc4F %nd uc4ed %w%( in sor%,e or disc%rdedN e!ui"#en will *e sored
%nd Boors cle%nedJ And 'en i c'%n,es *%c4 o 'e ori,in%l Ew%re'ouseJF
T'ese %re 'e condiions in w'ic' our 'eories %nd 'o"es *eco#e re%li(J And i is onl( w'en
we rel%e our %s"ir%ions o 'e relenless "ressure of "r%cic%l condiions '% we see
elevision "roducion in is rue "ers"eciveJ
THE TELEVISION STDIO IN ACTION
Durin, 'e re'e%rs%l. 'e s'ow is *ein, #oniored onl( inern%ll(J $owever. if i is % live
r%ns#ission. % 'e sc'eduled i#e 'e sudio video ;"icures< %nd %udio ;sound< si,n%ls will
*e fed vi% 'e coordin%in, elevision conrol roo# o 'e recorders or i##edi%el( o 'e
r%ns#iersJ
Al'ou,' ses c%n *e elecronic%ll( insered. #os %re free5s%ndin, "%nels referred o
%s :*t'J M%n( sudios '%ve E"er#%nenl(F *uil5in or %rr%n,ed scener( re%d( for 'eir
re,ul%r newsc%ss. coo4in, "ro,r%#s. inerviews. %nd 'e li4eJ Ses #%( include 'ree5
w%lled roo#s. % secion of % sree scene. or even % su##er ,%rdenJ E%c' se is li wi'
li,'s '% #%( *e sus"ended fro# 'e ceilin,. cl%#"ed o ses. or even %%c'ed o Boor
s%ndsJ I is '%rd o %""reci%e 'ow #uc' c%re '%s ,one ino 'e f%c '% e%c' li,' '%s
*een "l%ced %nd %n,led wi' "recision. for % s"eci?c "ur"ose ;0i,ure >JL<J
Des"ie 'e nu#*er of "eo"le wor4in, %round % se durin, 'e "roducion. i is sur"risin,
'ow !uie 'e "l%ce usu%ll( isJ Onl( 'e di%lo,ue *eween 'e %cors s'ould *e %udi*leJ
C%#er% dollies s'ould !uiel( #ove over 'e s"eci%ll( leveled Boor. %s 'e sli,'es *u#"s
c%n s'%4e 'e i#%,eJ Peo"le %nd e!ui"#en #ove %round silenl(. c'oreo,r%"'ed.
s(se#%ic%ll(. %nd s#oo'l(. o %n uns"o4en "l%nJ
F21?RE 3@(
E%c' li,' is #eiculousl( "l%ced for % s"eci?c "ur"oseJ ;P'oo *( T(ler $o6<
$owever. if (ou were o "u on %n inerco# 'e%dse. (ou would ener ino % di6eren worldY
+ou would 'e%r 'e coninuous insrucions fro# 'e unseen direcor in 'e "roducion
conrol roo#3 ,uidin,. %ssessin,. !uer(in,. eA"l%inin,. cuin,. w%rnin,. correcin,S
coordin%in, 'e sudio crew 'rou,' 'eir 'e%dsesJ T'e direcor uses 'e inerco# o ,uide
'e "roducion crewJ In 'e sudio. 'e crews o"er%in, 'e c%#er%s. #icro"'ones. li,'in,.
se. %nd so on 'e%r 'e inerco# 'rou,' 'eir 'e%dsesSinfor#%ion '% is un'e%rd *( 'e
"erfor#ers:%len or 'e sudio #icro"'onesJ T'e Boor #%n%,er. 'e direcor)s lin4 wi' 'e
sudio Boor. is res"onsi*le for di"lo#%ic%ll( rel%(in, 'e direcor)s insrucions %nd
o*serv%ions o 'e "erfor#ers wi' '%nd si,n%ls ;0i,ure >JD<J
F21?RE 3@)
T'e sudio "roducion cenerJ Audio %nd c%#er% si,n%ls %re sen o 'e conrol roo#J T'e #iAed si,n%l is 'en recorded or
r%ns#ied liveJ ;P'oos coures( of 0isc'er. Son(. %nd P%n%sonic<
F21?RE 3@1*
Audio #iAers receive % wide v%rie( of sourcesJ
Al'ou,' % ,%rden scene in 'e sudio #%( no loo4 re%l in "erson %nd u" close. on c%#er%
'e e6ec c%n *e id(llicJ A !uie *irdson, c%n *e used fro# % sound e6ecs CD o co#"lee
'e illusionJ
Micro"'ones. suc' %s %n %%c'ed #ic or % *oo# #ic. %re used o c%"ure 'e %udioJ In %
ne%r*( roo#. %n %udio #iAer is res"onsi*le for #iAin, %nd *lendin, 'e v%rious %udio levels.
fro# 'e %cor)s "erfor#%nce o 'e *ird)s son, ;0i,ure >J8K<J
W'en s'ows %re *ro%dc%s live. 'e( #us *e s'o coninuousl(J $owever. durin, % re'e%rs%l
or % s'ow '% is ,oin, o *e recorded ;i c%n *e co#"leed in "os"roducion<. 'e direcor
'%s 'e %*ili( o so" %nd s%rJ If 'e direcor sees % *%d s'o. '%s % ec'nic%l "ro*le# in
'e conrol roo#. noices % "ro*le# wi' 'e %len. or doesn) li4e so#e'in, %*ou 'e
s'o. 'e or s'e c%n ell 'e Boor #%n%,er o so" 'e %cion w'ile 'e "ro*le# is sored ouJ
Once 'e siu%ion is re#edied. 'e s'ow c%n ,o onJ
THE TELEVISION STDIO CONTROL ROOM
T'e elevision sudio conrol roo#. so#ei#es 4nown %s % g*lle)y in Euro"e. is 'e nerve
cener w'ere 'e direcor. %cco#"%nied *( % su""or ,rou". conrols 'e "roducionJ Mos
conrol roo#s %re se,#ened ino se"%r%e roo#s or %re%sJ $owever. 'ere %re s#%ller
conrol roo#s. or even one5"iece swic'er:#onior w%lls. '% #er,e #%n( of 'ese
o"er%ions ino one %re%J A l%r,e conrol roo# '%s #ore roo# %nd BeAi*ili(. *u re!uires
#ore "eo"leJ A one5"iece s(se# c%n *e o"er%ed *( one "erson *u is li#ied in 'e
nu#*er of c%#er%s i c%n include ;0i,ures >J88 'rou,' >J8><J
T'e direcor c%n '%ve #%n( "eo"le r(in, o ,e 'is or 'er %enion in 'e conrol roo#J Of
course. 'ere is %no'er w'ole ,rou" of "eo"le in 'e sudioJ $owever. in 'e conrol roo#
'e direcor needs o review ,r%"'ics. lisen o 'e %ssis%n direcor. %nd res"ond o %udio
"ersonnel. video s'%ders. "l%(*%c4. 'e ec'nic%l direcor. %nd so#ei#es 'e "roducer
;0i,ure >J8I<J
T'e direcor usu%ll( sis in 'e elevision conrol roo#S%l'ou,' so#ei#es sico# direcors
"refer o *e ou in 'e sudioSw%c'in, % l%r,e ,rou" of video #oniors c%lled 'e ,onito)
0*ll ;0i,ure >J8P<J T'e s#%ller #oniors s'ow 'e dis"l%(s fro# e%c' c%#er% *ein, used.
"lus % v%rie( of i#%,e sources suc' %s ,r%"'ics. %ni#%ions. %nd s%ellie feedsJ T'ere %re
usu%ll( wo l%r,er screensJ One is ,ener%ll( 'e "review #onior. w'ic' is 'e direcor)s
E!u%li( conrolF #onior. %nd w'ic' %llows 'i# or 'er o %ssess u"co#in, s'os. video
e6ecs. co#*ined sources. %nd 'e li4eJ T'e second #onior. is 'e Eon5%irF or
Er%ns#issionF #onior. w'ic' s'ows w'% is %cu%ll( *ein, *ro%dc%s or recordedJ
F21?RE 3@11
/ideo swic'ers c%n '%ve #%n( sources sendin, si,n%ls o 'e#J Kee" in #ind '% e%c' %re% lised in *lue #%( re"resen
one source or #%n( sources. suc' %s c%#er%sJ ;P'oo coures( of Son(<
F21?RE 3@12
T'is one5"iece s(se# includes %udio #iAin,. ,r%"'ics. video swic'in,. %nd 'e #onior w%llJ ;P'oo coures( of Son(<
F21?RE 3@13
Conrol roo#s %4e %ll di6eren for#sJ In 'is siu%ion. i is loc%ed ri,' o6 'e se in 'e sudioJ
T'e direcor)s %enion is divided *eween 'e v%rious in"u #oniors. 'e seleced ou"u
on 'e on5%ir #onior. %nd 'e "ro,r%# %udio fro# % ne%r*( louds"e%4erJ
As #enioned *efore. 'e direcor insrucs 'e "roducion e%# %nd Boor crew 'rou,' %n
inerco# 'e%dse ;e%r"'one %nd #icro"'one<J In s#%ller "roducions. 'e enire crew is on
one inerco# c'%nnel. wi' ever(one 'e%rin, ever(one else)s insrucions fro# 'e direcorJ
L%r,er "roducions uili-e #uli"le c'%nnels of inerco#. %llowin, fewer voices o *e 'e%rd.
w'ic' c%n reduce confusionJ
Al'ou,' so#e direcors #%( "refer o swic' for 'e#selves. #os direcors uili-e %
ec'nic%l direcor ;TD<J TDs %re res"onsi*le for swic'in, *eween 'e v%rious video %nd
,r%"'ic in"us on 'e swic'er ;0i,ure >J8P<J T'e TD en%*les 'e "roducion direcor o
concenr%e on conrollin, 'e #%n( o'er %s"ecs of 'e s'owJ T'e TD #%( oversee 'e
en,ineerin, %s"ecs of 'e "roducion suc' %s %li,nin, e6ecs. c'ec4in, s'os. ensurin,
source %v%il%*ili(. %nd #oniorin, !u%li(J
De"endin, on 'e si-e of 'e "roducion. 'ere %re % v%rie( of o'er "ersonnel w'o #%( *e
involved in 'e "roducion. suc' %s 'e li,'in, direcor. "roducer. %nd so on ;see 'e lis of
"ersonnel in C'%"er =<J
S"eci%l e6ecs #%( *e %dded live or. if 'e s'ow is no live %nd is *ein, recorded. i #%( *e
#ore convenien o le%ve %ll video e6ecs %nd i#%,e #%ni"ul%ion unil % "os"roducion
session r%'er '%n %e#" 'e# durin, "roducionJ
F21?RE 3@1
T'e direcor '%s % l%r,e ,rou" of "eo"le o de%l wi' durin, % "roducionJ
F21?RE 3@1!
Are%s of 'e conrol roo# ;*lue< %nd 'e conrol roo# "ersonnel ;(ellow<J ;P'oo coures( of P&S:De"%r#en of Defense<
As f%r %s c%#er%s %re concerned. e%c' sudio c%#er%)s c%*le is roued vi% % w%ll oule o is
se"%r%e CCU ;c%#er% conrol uni<. w'ere % video o"er%or ;s'%der< #oniors 'e "icure
!u%li(. c'ec4in, %nd %d9usin, 'e video e!ui"#en %s necess%r( ;see C'%"er = for 9o*
descri"ions<J T'e video o"er%or is %lso res"onsi*le for color correcin, 'e recorders %nd
o'er i#%,e sources o #%c' ;color *%l%nce. eA"osure. %nd conr%s< wi' 'e c%#er%sJ
/ideo o"er%ors ,ener%ll( #onior #uli"le sources % 'e s%#e i#eJ T'e video o"er%or)s
"osiion #%( *e loc%ed in % ne%r*( #%ser conrol roo# or wi'in 'e "roducion conrol
roo# iselfJ O'er e!ui"#en. suc' %s recordin, e!ui"#en. #%( *e loc%ed in or ouside 'e
%cu%l conrol roo#J T'ese de%ils di6er fro# co#"%n( o co#"%n(J
Co#"leA dr%#%s %nd #usic%l "roducion re!uire %n %udio #iAer '% no onl( '%s % ,ood e%r
*u %lso % ,re% de%l of deAeri( %nd s"li5second o"er%ionsJ Inco#in, sources will include
no onl( #uli"le sudio #icro"'ones *u discs. %udio %nd video recordin,s. %nd re#oe
feedsJ A 'e s%#e i#e. 'e %udio #iAer ,uides 'e sound crew on 'e sudio Boor *( usin,
'e inerco#J T'e %udio %ssis%ns #%( need ,uid%nce o %void % #ic %""e%rin, in % s'o
%nd o %void *oo# s'%dows. %nd #%( need %cion re#inders ;eJ,J. w'en %len is ,oin, o
#ove o % new "osiion<J
SERVICES AND SPPORT AREAS
Mos sudios '%ve % v%rie( of sor%,e %nd service f%ciliies ne%r*( '% 'el" in 'e s#oo'
runnin, of d%(5o5d%( "roducionJ T'eir si-e %nd sc%le v%r(. *u sudios ("ic%ll( '%ve 'e
followin,3
M%4eu" roo#s ;for individu%l #%4eu" %nd in5"ro,r%# re"%irsN 0i,ure >J8C<
A ,reen roo# wi' res roo#s w'ere %len or ,uess c%n w%i durin, "roducion *re%4s
;0i,ure >J8Q<
Dressin, roo#s ;w'ere "erfor#ers c%n dress. res. %nd %w%i 'eir c%lls<
Pro" %nd se sor%,e s"%ce ;0i,ure >J8L<
Tec'nic%l sor%,e. w'ere %ll 'e "or%*le ec'nic%l e!ui"#en is 'oused re%d( for
i##edi%e use. suc' %s c%#er% #ouns. li,'in, ,e%r. %udio e!ui"#en. #oniors. c%*les.
%nd so onN 'is no onl( 'el"s o "roec 'e e!ui"#en. *u 4ee"s 'e sudio Boor cle%r
/%rious ec'nic%l %re%s for elecronic %nd #ec'%nic%l #%inen%nce %re %lso usu%ll( loc%ed
ne%r 'e sudiosJ T'e l%r,er sudios will even include % se s'o". in w'ic' ses c%n *e
consruced ;0i,ure >J8D<J
F21?RE 3@1&
M%4eu" roo#s or %re%s %re esseni%l in #%in%inin, 'e %len)s loo4J
F21?RE 3@1'
T'e ,reen roo# %llows 'e %len o res w'en w%iin, o ,o on5c%#er%J T'is ,reen roo# is fro# The D*ily Sho0 wi' 7on
Sew%rJ ;P'oo *( 7ennifer SJ Al#%n:L%ndov<
F21?RE 3@1(
Pro" roo#s sore % collecion of "ro"s '% #%( *e needed for % "roducionJ
F21?RE 3@1)
Se s'o"s %re used *( 'e l%r,er sudios o consruc ses onsieJ
Re9ote Production Facilities
Co#"%red o sudios. re#oe "roducions #us f%ce #(ri%d diOculies. suc' %s de%lin, wi'
c'%n,es in we%'er. "%r4in, 'e re#oe uni. venue non"roducion "ersonnel w'o #%( no
unders%nd 'e o"er%ions of % re#oe crew. elecric%l "ower. %nd unw%ned %udioJ
$owever. %s ever( even c%nno '%""en in % elevision sudio. #o*ile unis '%ve *een
desi,ned o ,o on 'e ro%d %nd c%"ure 'e even w'ere i is '%""enin,J T'e( %re re%ll( 9us
#o*ile. self5con%ined elevision "roducion conrol roo#sJ &%sic%ll(. 'e( %re 'e s%#e %s
'e conrol roo#s found wi'in sudiosJ
THE REMOTE PRODCTION TRC!
Re#oe ruc4s. so#ei#es c%lled O& ;ouside *ro%dc%s< or "roducion ruc4s. %re 'e
uli#%e in #o*ile conrol roo#sJ T'ese unis no onl( con%in 'e conrol roo#. *u %lso
sor%,e for c%#er%s. #icro"'ones. %nd o'er rel%ed "roducion e!ui"#en ;0i,ures
>J=K %nd >J=8<J
Al'ou,' 'e re#oe ruc4 #%( include 'e s%#e %re%s %s 'e sudio conrol roo#. 'e( %re
,ener%ll( #uc' #ore co#"%cJ T'ese unis c%n %4e #%n( di6eren s'%"es %nd si-es. fro#
8= o P> fee lon,S%ll de"endin, on 'e needJ S"ors "roducion unis '%ve % endenc( o
*e ver( l%r,e. re!uirin, l%r,e crews ;0i,ure >J==<J Re#oe news "roducion unis %re
,ener%ll( s#%ll %nd c%n *e run *( % few "eo"leJ
PORTA$LE FL.PAC! CONTROL ROOMS
Re#oe unis do no %lw%(s '%ve o *e con%ined in % ruc4N so#ei#es 'e( co#e in c%sesJ
0l("%c4s. or "or%*le conrol roo#s '% c%n *e s'i""ed or Bown ino % loc%ion. c%n %4e %
nu#*er of di6eren s'%"esJ Al'ou,' % s#%ll s(se# c%n *e % si#"le one5"iece uni. 'e(
%re ,ener%ll( cuso#5ordered ses of e!ui"#en '% c%n %llow (ou o do %n('in, % re#oe
ruc4 c%n "rovideJ $owever. 'ese s(se#s %re *uil ino "or%*le s'i""in, c%ses '% c%n *e
s'i""ed o % loc%ion. %voidin, 'e issues of drivin, % ruc4 o 'e loc%ionJ Li4e *uildin,
*loc4s. 'e unis c%n *e wired o,e'er wi' % "redesi,ned wire '%rnessJ &ec%use 'ese
unis c%n *e s'i""ed *( % s%nd%rd s'i""in, co#"%n(. 'e( c%n *e % ver( cos5e6ecive
%lern%ive o % full re#oe ruc4J $owever. 'e( do %4e #ore i#e o *uild once 'e( %rrive
onsie ;0i,ure >J=><J
F21?RE 3@2*
T'e "roducion %re% of % re#oe ruc4 includes 'e s%#e %re%s %s 'e sudio conrol roo#J I is 'e %re% w'ere 'e direcor.
"roducer. %nd ec'nic%l direcor ;vision #iAer< %re loc%ed o cre%e 'e "roducionJ
F21?RE 3@21
&esides 'e "roducion %re% s'own in 0i,ure >J=K. re#oe ruc4s %lso '%ve % ,r%"'ics %re%. % video record %nd "l%(*%c4
%re%. % video o"er%or %re%. %nd %n %udio %re%J
F21?RE 3@22
Re#oe ruc4s co#e in %ll di6eren si-es %nd s'%"esJ
F21?RE 3@23
0l("%c4s v%r( in si-eJ Left; An %ll5in5one uni '% is rou,'l( 'e si-e of % l%"o" co#"uer %nd con%ins % four5c%#er% $D
swic'er. four5in"u %udio #iAer. ,r%"'ics. %nd % s#%ll LCD #onior w%llJ Right; A #%de5o5order l%r,e B("%c4 '% could
include #%n( video %nd %udio sources. l%r,e s"e%4ers. l%r,e #onior w%ll. es e!ui"#en. %nd so onJ
Production< ?sin$ the 2/I3/ Approach
Wi' #%n( "roducions now o"in, for >D. "roducion f%ciliies %re loo4in, % w%(s o
eOcienl( "rovide for "ro,r%##in, for =D oules %s well %s >D. (e #%in%inin, 'e !u%li(
'% 'e( re!uireJ ESPN >D. 'e newor4)s %ll5>D c%*le c'%nnel. '%s *e,un o eA"eri#en *(
usin, one sin,le #o*ile uni o o*%in *o' =D %nd >D "roducion "ro,r%##in,J Usin, one
direcor. ESPN uses 'e lef5e(e feed fro# 'e >D "roducion for 'e =D elec%s on ESPN
w'ile usin, 'e lef5 %nd ri,'5e(e feed for ESPN >DJ
W'en ESPN *e,%n s'ooin, >D. wo ses of c%#er%s '%d o *e used for e%c' "osiion. 'eir
>D c%#er%s '%d o *e "l%ced ne%r 'e =D c%#er%sJ Re%li-in, '% 'is w%s no % sus%in%*le
*usiness #odel for live >D. ESPN *e,%n eA"eri#enin, wi' s'ooin, *o' ("es of
"roducions wi' one se of c%#er%sJ
ET'e conce" of usin, 'e lef5e(e feed fro# >D o #%4e =D is '%rdl( %n eAr%ordin%r(
ec'nic%l c'%llen,e in iself.F s%(s P'il Orlins. ESPN Coordin%in, ProducerJ ET'e re%l
c'%llen,e is %cco##od%in, 'e s'os %nd 'e ,r%"'ics in % w%( '% wor4s for *o'JF
F21?RE 3@2
Wi' 'e incre%se in >D "roducion. >D ruc4s %re ofen in 'i,' de#%ndJ
THE PR;/?CT2;8 S62TCHER
T'e "roducion swic'er %llows 'e direcor o edi live *eween 'e v%rious "ro,r%# sources
;c%#er%s. ,r%"'ics. s%ellie feeds. %nd "l%(*%c4 unis<J Tod%()s swic'ers %re !uie v%ried.
fro# 'i,'5end *ro%dc%s swic'ers. co#"uer5*%sed one5"iece unis. o li#ied %*ili( video
swic'ers %v%il%*le %s %n %"" for %*les %nd so#e #o*ile "'ones ;0i,ure >J=P 'rou,'>J=Q<J
T'e "ri#%r( #e%ns of r%nsiion %re3
F21?RE 3@2!
A co#"leA "roducion swic'erJ
Cut or ta-e@ T'is ins%n c'%n,e fro# one i#%,e o %no'er is 'e #os used r%nsiion
durin, "roducionsJ I '%s *een s%id '% DDT of %ll r%nsiions %re cusJ
/issolve@ Dissolves %re % ,r%du%l c'%n,e fro# one i#%,e o 'e neA %nd %re usu%ll( used
o s'ow % c'%n,e of i#e or loc%ionJ
6ipe@ T'e wi"e is % novel r%nsiion '% c%n %4e #%n( di6eren s'%"es ;0i,ure >J=L<J I
s'ows % c'%n,e of i#e. su*9ec. or loc%ionJ Al'ou,' 'e wi"e c%n in9ec ineres or fun in
'e se!uence of s'os. i c%n *e e%sil( overusedJ
Fade@ A f%de si,ni?es % dissolve r%nsiion o or fro# *l%c4J
See C'%"er 8C for #ore infor#%ion %*ou swic'in,J
The 6ipe
Wi"es. used %s % uni!ue r%nsiion *eween inco#in, i#%,es on 'e swic'er. c%n *e !uie
BeAi*leJ Mos #ediu#%nd 'i,'er5end swic'ers %llow wi"es o *e cuso#i-edJ
F21?RE 3@2&
Coll%*r%c%# %llows one iP%d or iP'one ;direcor)s device< o %cce" wireless video sre%#s fro# four o'er iP'ones or iP%dsJ
T'e direcor)s device c%n %lso send ou c%#er% insrucions %nd sends % E%ll(F si,n%l o e%c' c%#er% w'en i is selecedJ
Al'ou,' 'e ?n%l "ro,r%# is % *i rou,'. i is e%s( o see w'ere 'is ec'nolo,( c%n ,o in 'e fuureJ ;I#%,e coures( of
Coll%*r%c%#<
F21?RE 3@2'
So#e %ll5in5one swic'ers use % co#"uer screen inerf%ce. re!uirin, '% (ou use % cursor o #%4e (our selecionsJ Mos of
'ese co#"%nies %lso '%ve devices %v%il%*le '% %llow (ou o swic' on %n inerf%ce swic'er %s wellJ ;I#%,e coures( of
NewTe4<
Al'ou,' 'e resuls %re %lw%(s ,eo#eric%l. (ou c%n c'%n,e 'e# in sever%l w%(s3
P%ern si-e c%n *e %d9usedSeA"%nded or conr%cedJ
P%ern s'%"es c%n *e %d9usedJ 0or eA%#"le. % s!u%re c%n *e #%de rec%n,ul%rN % circle
c%n *eco#e %n elli"seJ
T'e "%ern c%n *e #oved %round 'e fr%#e3 u":down. lef:ri,'. di%,on%ll(J
+ou c%n conrol 'e s"eed % w'ic' 'e "%ern c'%n,es or #oves. usin, % f%der lever or %n
%uowi"e *uonJ
T'e s(##er( of 'e "%ern c%n *e %d9usedJ
T'e "%ern ed,es c%n *e #%de '%rd ;s'%r"< or sof ;di6used<J If sources %re inerswic'ed
ins%n%neousl(. 'ere will *e % s'%r"l( de?ned divisionJ
A *order c%n *e "l%ced %round % "%ern inser. in *l%c4. w'ie. or colorJ
T'ere %re lier%ll( do-ens of wi"e "%erns. *u so#e ("ic%l eA%#"les %re s'own in 0i,ure
>J=LJ
F21?RE 3@2(
T'is illusr%ion s'ows so#e of 'e wi"e "%erns '% %re %v%il%*le on "roducion swic'ersJ /ideo ediors %lso '%ve % wide
v%rie( of wi"es %v%il%*leJ ;I#%,e coures( of T'o#son:Gr%ss /%lle(<
Chro9aIEe%
A si,ni?c%n o"ion on #%n( swic'ers is c'ro#%54e(J C'ro#%54e( %llows 'e direcor o
inser one i#%,e ono %no'er ;0i,ure >J=D<J I '%s endless %""lic%ions. es"eci%ll( w'en
co#*ined wi' o'er video e6ecsJ C'ro#%4e( c%n si#ul%e o%l re%li( or cre%e #%,ic%l.
s(li-ed. decor%ive dis"l%(sJ ;Addiion%l infor#%ion concernin, c'ro#%54e( viru%l ses is
"rovided in C'%"er 8=J<
0or dec%des. c'ro#%54e( '%s *een used o inser sudio %cion EinoF "'oo,r%"'s. ,r%"'ics.
%nd video i#%,esJ I '%s *een used in %ll ("es of "roducions fro# inerviews o o"er%. fro#
Eso%" o"er%sF o #usic%l eAr%v%,%n-%s. fro# 4ids) s'ows o serious discussions. %nd fro#
newsc%ss o we%'er forec%sin,J
F21?RE 3@2)
Wi' 'e su*9ec siin, in fron of % ,reen *%c4,round. % second%r( i#%,e ;co#"uer5,ener%ed news se< w%s insered
ino w'%ever is ,reen in 'e c%#er% s'oJ T'e co#*ined resul #%4es i loo4 %s 'ou,' 'e su*9ec is %cu%ll( in fron of
'e *%c4,round sceneJ Su*9ecs wi'in 'e #%ser s'o #us no we%r or con%in 'e 4e(in, color ;*lue or ,reen< or 'e
second%r( *%c4,round will inser ino 'ose %re%s %s wellJ T'e second%r( *%c4,round i#%,e c%n *e %n('in,3 colors. sill
i#%,es. ,r%"'ics. %nd:or recorded or live video i#%,esJ
W'en "re"%rin, % c'ro#%54e( seu". *e,in *( c'ec4in, '% 'e c'ro#%54e( %re% %nd
su*9ecs %re sui%*le3
Is 'e color of 'e *%c4,round %""ro"ri%e1 Ide%ll(. 'e ,reen *%c4,round ;%nd Boor. if
necess%r(< s'ould *e of %n even over%ll one of c'ro#%54e( ,reenJ Ano'er "o"ul%r color
used in c'ro#%54e( is *lueJ So#e s(se#s %re #ore color5criic%l '%n o'ersJ C'ec4 '% 'e
"%ined c'ro#%54e( B%s '%ve % dull. even ?nis'J &%c4,round or Boor clo' s'ould *e
srec'ed. wi'ou folds or wrin4lesJ T'e surf%ces s'ould *e evenl( liJ If 'e( v%r( in
*ri,'ness. i will *e diOcul o %d9us 'e c'ro#%54e( levels correcl(J
S%nchroni#ed 4ove9ents 5ith the "irtual Set
In order o use % #ovin, or -oo#in, c%#er% durin, % "roducion '% uses % viru%l
;c'ro#%4e(< se. 'e insered i#%,er( #us #ove in s(nc'roni-%ion wi' 'e c%#er%J
O'erwise. 'e se ;*%c4,round< would s%( 'e s%#e si-e. no #%er w'ic' c%#er% w%s
used. w'ic' cre%es % ver( unre%lisic5loo4in, se siu%ionJ So#e for# of % servo lin4 is
re!uired o ensure '% *o' o"er%e in eA%c s(nc'ronis#J T'en. %s 'e c%#er% #oves.
"ro"orion%l c'%n,es will *e seen in *o' su*9ec %nd *%c4,round "icuresJ T'e co#*ined
resuls in 'e co#"osie %re co#"leel( re%lisicJ Precise infor#%ion is re!uired %*ou 'e
c%#er%)s Boor "osiion. 'ei,'. s'ooin, %n,le. %nd lens %n,le %nd #us *e fed ino %
co#"uer. w'ic' corres"ondin,l( %d9uss 'e *%c4,round sourceJ Even sli,' c'%n,es in 'e
su*9ec c%#er% re!uire 'e enire *%c4,round "icure o *e ins%nl( rec%lcul%ed %nd
redr%wn o corres"ond if 'e co#"osie is o *e co#"%i*leJ Enire scenic environ#ens c%n
*e cre%ed %ri?ci%ll( o en'%nce 'ese s'osJ T'e *%c4,round c%n *e derived fro# %
c%#er% s'ooin,. % "'oo,r%"'ic dis"l%(. or % 'ree5di#ension%l sc%le #odel. or co#"uer5
,ener%ed *%c4,rounds c%n *e usedJ
/i$ital "ideo EKects
Di,i%l video e6ecs ;D/Es< c%n *e desi,ned ino 'e swic'er or #%( *e % se"%r%e D/E
"iece of e!ui"#enJ Li4e wi"e "%erns. so#e di,i%l e6ecs %re r%rel( used. %nd o'ers '%ve
*eco#e % re,ul%r "%r of "roducionJ
As (ou c%n see fro# 0i,ure >J>K. %n incre%sin, r%n,e of visu%l e6ecs is %v%il%*leJ So#e
'%ve % direc "roducion v%lue. so#e %dd %n ineresin, new ;for now< di#ension o
"resen%ion. %nd o'ers %re for novel(J
I is no %lw%(s o*vious '% %n e6ec is *ein, usedJ 0or ins%nce. % di,i%l e6ec #%( *e
used o ?ll 'e screen wi' % cro""ed secion of % video se,#en. or o ri# 'e ed,es of is
i#%,eJ A E,r%"'icF s'owin, % series of "orr%is could *e dis"l%(in, i#%,es fro# % D/E.
co#*ined wi' di,i%l e6ecsJ
F21?RE 3@3*
$ere is % s#%ll s%#"lin, of 'e di,i%l video e6ecs '% %re %v%il%*leJ ;I#%,es coures( of T'o#son:Gr%ss /%lle(<
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ Co#"%re % sudio %nd % re#oe "roducion %nd eA"l%in 'e %dv%n%,es %nd
dis%dv%n%,es of e%c' oneJ
2@ EA"l%in 'e *%sic #ulic%#er% %udio %nd video "%' fro# 'e c%#er% %nd #icro"'one in
'e sudio o 'e ?n%l recorderJ
3@ W'% %re 'e "ri#%r( co#"onens of % conrol roo#1
@ W'% is 'e role of 'e direcor durin, % "roducion1
!@ Lis 'e four #%in swic'er r%nsiions %nd eA"l%in 'ow e%c' is usedJ
&@ $ow c%n c'ro#%54e( *e used e6ecivel( in elevision "roducion1 Give eA%#"lesJ
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< ,RBA8 :E8E28S
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I %# % consul%n o educ%ion. ,overn#en. %nd cor"or%ions
re,%rdin, video "roducion e6ors in 'eir f%cili(. wi' 'eir "ersonnel. %nd %#on, 'eir
"r%ciceJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I en9o( '%vin, % direc i#"%c on 'e *oo# line %nd
%ssisin, % f%cili( o funcion *eerJ I li4e 'el"in, cliens #%4e ,ood e!ui"#en decisions
%nd %ssisin, 'e# o cre%e *eer "rocedure for e6ecive o"er%ionJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 T'e c'%llen,es '%
I f%ce %re for #( clien o ,ive #e %n 'ones "ers"ecive of 'eir inenJ W'% is i '% #us
'%""en1 W'% is 'e i#efr%#e for 'e %cion1 So#ei#es cliens %re no o"en o 'e
ev%lu%ion %nd do no w%n o #%4e c'%n,es *%sed on 'e reco##end%ionsJ 0in%ll(. 'ere
is %lw%(s 'e *ud,eJ Ofeni#es 'e *ud,e is 9us oo low o %cco#"lis' 'e o*9ecivesJ
M%n( i#es 'e o*9ecives c%n sill *e %cco#"lis'ed if we c%n *e BeAi*leJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 M( "roducion "re"%redness *e,ins wi' 'e
vision of 'e eAecuive "roducion. "roducer. line "roducer. %nd 'e direcorJ I #us '%ve %
'orou,' unders%ndin, of w'% 'e o*9ecives %re %nd 'en w'% 'e *ud,e is. 'en I c%n
deer#ine 'ow o #ove forw%rd ;crew. e!ui"#en. ecJ<J
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 M( su,,esions for %n ineresed "erson %re o *e 'ones. resourceful. %nd
res"ecful of 'e needs of (our clien. 'e crew. %nd 'e f%cili(J All re!uire di6eren needs
%nd %enion in order o f%cili%e 'e needs of (our "roducion %nd *rin, success o 'e
enire e%#J
F21?RE 3@31
&r(%n 7en4ins. /ideo Producion Consul%n
$)y*n <en/in' h*' o&e) => ye*)' of e9(e)ience in educ*tion1 c*5le1 *nd 5)o*dc*'t tele&i'ion8
He h*' 0o)/ed on ,ulti(le Oly,(ic 5)o*dc*'t' *' 0ell *' ()o7ect' fo) $ET1 Tu)ne)
$)o*dc*'ting1 *nd #S$2TV8 He i' the o0ne) of <en/in' Video A''oci*te'1 IncJ
PART 2
The Process$ %cript$ and Production Plan
CHAPTER &
The Production Process
ET'e re%li( in 'e "roducion world in w'ic' *ud,e. *oo# lines. i#elines. %nd Mur"'()s
L%w *u#" ino cre%ivi(. c'%r%cer. %nd sor( is w'% 'e "roducion "rocess is %ll %*ouJ
Television "ro9ecs %re #%de in "re"roducionJ T'e( #%( *e eAecued in "roducion. *u 'e(
%re #%de in 'e "re"roducion "'%seJ T'ere is no su*siuion for "re"roducion *efore (ou
,e ino "roducionJ T'% is one of 'e ou,'es 'in,s for % direcor or "roducer o le%rn
w'en cre%in, elevision %nd ?l# "ro9ecsJF
Adapted fro9 4%rl Schrei09an, Producer
EIf i doesn) loo4 %s if i)s ,oin, o wor4 on "%"er. 'en i "ro*%*l( won) wor4J Pu enou,'
e6or ino "l%nnin, %nd 'en co##unic%e 'ose "l%ns o ever(oneJF
Claire Popple5ell, Senior Producer and /irector, ,,C
Ter9s
/oll%< T'e %cion of #ovin, 'e w'ole c%#er% %nd #oun slowl( ow%rd or %w%( fro# 'e
su*9ecJ
1oals< &ro%d conce"s of w'% (ou w%n o %cco#"lis' in % "roducionJ
2I9a$< I#%,e #%,ni?c%ionN refers o video on l%r,e elevision screens neA o % s%,e in
order o 'el" 'e viewers see 'e s%,e %cionJ
;0Hectives< Me%sur%*le ,o%lsJ
Postproduction< Ediin,. %ddiion%l re%#en. %nd du"lic%ion of 'e "ro9ecJ
Stor%0oard< A series of rou,' s4ec'es '% 'el" so#eone visu%li-e %nd or,%ni-e 'e
desired c%#er% re%#enJ

As (ou would eA"ec. in 'e re%l world 'ere is % *ro%d s"ecru# of %""ro%c'es o elevision
"roducionJ One end of 'e s"ecru# is % E,e #e % ,ood s'oF %""ro%c'. l%r,el( rel(in, on
'e inii%ive of 'e c%#er% e%# o ?nd 'e *es s'osJ A 'e o'er eAre#e %re direcors
w'o 4now "recisel( w'% 'e( w%n. %nd %rr%n,e 'e %len %nd c%#er%s o ,e eA%cl( '%J
THE THREE STA1ES ;F PR;/?CT2;8
Mos elevision "roducions ,o 'rou,' 'ree #%in s%,es3
1@ Pl*nning *nd ()e(*)*tionJ T'e "re"%r%ion %nd or,%ni-%ion of 'e "roducion %nd
re'e%rs%l *efore 'e "roducion *e,insJ Nine( "ercen of 'e wor4 on % "roducion usu%ll(
,oes ino 'e "l%nnin, %nd "re"%r%ion s%,e ;0i,ure IJ8<J
2@ P)oductionJ Acu%ll( s'ooin, 'e "roducionJ
3@ Po't()oductionJ Ediin,. %ddiion%l re%#en. %nd du"lic%ionJ
T'e %#oun of wor4 % e%c' s%,e is inBuenced *( 'e n%ure of 'e su*9ecJ One '%
involves % series of sr%i,'forw%rd E"erson%li(F inerviews is ,ener%ll( % lo e%sier o
or,%ni-e '%n one on %n Arcic eA"lor%ion or % 'isoric%l dr%#%J &u in 'e end. % ,re% de%l
de"ends on 'ow 'e direcor decides o %""ro%c' 'e su*9ecJ
F21?RE @1
Durin, 'e Bow of 'e video "roducion "rocess. rou,'l( DK "ercen of 'e wor4 ,oes ino 'e "l%nnin, %nd "re"%r%ion
s%,eJ
Wor4in, % 'e 'i,'es !u%li( level. direcors c%n cre%e incredi*le "ro,r%##in, *( usin,
si#"le #e'odsJ Tre%#en does no '%ve o *e el%*or%e o #%4e is "oinJ If % wo#%n in
'e deser "ic4s u" 'er w%er *ole. ?nds i e#"(. %nd 'e c%#er% s'ows % "%c' of d%#"
s%nd w'ere i resed. 'e s'o '%s old us % ,re% de%l wi'ou %n( need for el%*or%ionJ A
sin,le loo4 or % ,esure c%n ofen '%ve % f%r sron,er i#"%c '%n len,'( di%lo,ue
%e#"in, o s'ow 'ow wo "eo"le feel %*ou e%c' o'erJ
I is i#"or%n o unders%nd 'e co#"leAi( of 'e "roducionJ So#e ide%s see# si#"le
enou,'. *u c%n *e diOcul or see# i#"ossi*le o c%rr( ouJ O'ers loo4 ver( diOcul or
i#"r%cic%*le. *u %re e%sil( %c'ieved on 'e screenJ
STA1E 1< P+A88281 A8/ PREPARAT2;8
EA "roducion)s !u%li( will *e in direc "ro"orion o 'e !u%li( %nd !u%ni( of
"re"roducionJ Ever( sin,le ele#en in 'e video or %udio c'%nnel of % "roducion #us *e
conrolled. *ec%use ever( sin,le ele#en will %6ec 'e %udience)s re%cionJF
Ronald Hic-9an, /irector
6h% Plan7
So#e "eo"le ?nd 'e ide% of "l%nnin, ver( resriciveJ T'e( w%n o ,e on wi' 'e
s'ooin,J 0or 'e#. "l%nnin, so#e'ow urns 'e 'rill of 'e uneA"eced ino %n or,%ni-ed
co##i#enJ
&u #%n( siu%ions #us *e "l%nned %nd wor4ed ou in %dv%nceJ Direcors need o ,e
"er#ission o s'oo on "riv%e "ro"er(. o #%4e %""oin#ens o inerview "eo"le. o
%rr%n,e %d#issions. %nd so onJ T'e( #i,' occ%sion%ll( '%ve success if 'e( %rrive
un%nnounced. *u i is no s%fe o %ssu#e 'isJ $owever. direcors %lso need o *e "re"%red
o %4e %dv%n%,e of uneA"eced o""oruniiesJ I is wor' %4in, %dv%n%,e of 'e
uneA"eced. even if (ou decide no o use i l%erJ
T'e elevision "roducion "rocess is so#ei#es line%r %nd so#ei#es nonline%rJ So#ei#es
'e conce" s%rs wi' % "iece of #usic %nd so#ei#es % scri"J O'er i#es 'e conce"
#%( ori,in%e wi' % wrier. 'e "roducer. 'e direcor. or even % "roducion %ssis%nJ So.
even 'ou,' 'e se"s in 'e "rocess #%( *e in % di6eren order % i#es. 'e #os co##on
"rocess is descri*ed in 'e followin, secionsS%nd i %lw%(s s%rs wi' %n ide%J
The 2dea< Startin$ 5ith a Concept
So#e'in, ri,,ers 'e ide%J Usu%ll(. i co#es fro# %n ineresin, "erson%l eA"erience. %
sor( (ou 'e%rd. so#e'in, (ou re%d in % *oo4 or news"%"erSso#e ineresin, inciden '%
,%ve (ou 'e ide% for (our "roducionJ Afer 'e ide%. (ou '%ve o *e,in o for#ul%e (our
,o%ls %nd o*9ecivesJ
Settin$ the 1oals and ;0Hectives
W'% do (ou re%ll( w%n (our %udience o 4now %fer 'e( '%ve viewed (our "roducion1 I
could *e '% (ou w%n 'e "ro,r%# o *e educ%ion%l. o ener%in. or o ins"ireJ T'e %nswer
o 'is !uesion is esseni%l. %s i ,uides 'e enire "roducion "rocessJ T'e ,o%ls %nd
o*9ecives will deer#ine w'% is used %s % #e%surin, sic4 'rou,'ou 'e res of 'e
"roducion "rocessJ Go*l' %re *ro%d conce"s of w'% (ou w%n o %cco#"lis'J $ere)s %
s%#"le ,o%l3 I 0*nt to e9(l*in ho0 to +eld * Fo),ul* One )*cing te*,J
O57ecti&e' %re #e%sur%*le ,o%lsJ T'% #e%ns so#e'in, '% c%n *e esed o see w'e'er
'e %udience re%ced 'e w%( (ou w%ned 'e# o re%c o 'e "ro,r%#J T%4e 'e i#e o
'in4 'rou,' w'% 'e %udience s'ould 4now %fer seein, (our "ro,r%#J T'e followin, %re
so#e s%#"le o*9ecivesJ
W'en 'e viewers ?nis' w%c'in, 'e "ro,r%#. PK "ercen of 'e# s'ould *e %*le o3
Idenif( 'ree ("es of s"onsors'i"
Idenif( four crew "osiions
&o' of 'ese %re o*9ecives. *ec%use 'e( %re #e%sur%*leJ T'e nu#*er of o*9ecives is
deer#ined *( 'e ,o%lsJ T'is #e%ns '% so#ei#es onl( one o*9ecive is neededN o'er
i#es. ?ve #%( *e re!uiredJ
E0or(5siA "ercen of our elevision %udience is now w%c'in, our newor4)s s'ows onlineJ We
%re ?ndin, '% online viewin, is co#"le#en%r( o *ro%dc%s viewin,. so #%4in, our
"ro,r%##in, #ore %ccessi*le o "eo"le drives %w%reness. ineres %nd r%in,s *o' online
%nd on5%irJF
/avid ,ot-in, For9er Senior "ice President, Research and Audience Anal%tics,
C,S 2nteractive
The Tar$et Audience
W'e'er (our "ro,r%# is % sico#. % news "ro,r%#. co##erci%l. or % s"ors "roducion. i is
esseni%l o deer#ine 0ho 'e "ro,r%# is for. %nd is c'ief (u)(o'e3
W'o is 'e viewin, %udience1 Are 'e( senior cii-ens. eens. or c'ildren1
Is i for 'e ,ener%l "u*lic. for s"eci?c ,rou"s. or for % loc%l ,rou"1
W'% level of conen is re!uired3 *%sic. iner#edi%e. or %dv%nced1 If 'e %udience
consiss of c'ildren w'o c%nno re%d. relev%n i#%,es #%( *e re!uiredJ
Is %n( s"eci?c *%c4,round. !u%li?c%ion. l%n,u%,e. or ,rou" eA"erience necess%r( for 'e
%udience1 If 'e %udience is new o 'e l%n,u%,e. c%refull( c'osen words will need o *e
usedJ
Are 'ere s"eci?c "roducion s(les '% 'is %udience f%vors1 Teens le%n ow%rd %n MT/
elevision s(le. (e older viewers #%( %""reci%e % C$S Ne0' Sund*y Mo)ning "roducion
s(leJ T'e %r,e %udience s'ould deer#ine (our "ro,r%#)s cover%,e %nd s(leJ I is self5
eviden '% 'e sor of "ro,r%# (ou would #%4e for % ,rou" of conen eA"ers would *e
ver( di6eren '%n one #%de for (oun, c'ildren ;0i,ure IJ=<J
T'e condiions under w'ic' 'e %udience is ,oin, o w%c' 'e "ro,r%# %re i#"or%n ooJ
Tod%(. #os video "ro,r%#s %re no #%de o *e *ro%dc%sJ T'e( %re viewed %s D/Ds or
sre%#ed ino 'o#es. cl%ssroo#s. cor"or%e oOces. %nd #%n( o'er loc%ionsJ So 'e wise
direcor ries o %nici"%e 'ese condiions *ec%use 'e( c%n consider%*l( %6ec 'e w%(
'e "ro,r%# is "roducedJ $ow %nd w'ere is (our %udience ,oin, o see 'e "ro,r%# ;0i,ure
IJ><1 Consider3
F21?RE @2
T'e inended %udience s'ould deer#ine 'ow 'e direcor covers 'e su*9ecJ In 'is siu%ion. ,ener%ll( % (oun,er crowd
would f%vor % di6eren s(le of cover%,e '%n elderl( "eo"leJ ;P'oo *( P%ul Du"ree<
Will 'e( *e w%c'in, % r%diion%l elevision screen in 'eir 'o#es1
Will 'e( *e % se%ed ,rou" of sudens w%c'in, % l%r,e screen in % d%r4ened cl%ssroo#1
Will 'e viewer *e w%c'in, % sre%#ed video over 'e Inerne w'ile % 'e oOce1
Will 'e "ro,r%# *e viewed on %n iPod w'ile ridin, in % c%r1
Will 'e video *e "ro9eced on l%r,e screens neA o % s%,e in order o 'el" 'e viewers
see 'e s%,e %cion1 T'is is 4nown %s i#%,e #%,ni?c%ion ;I5#%,<J
F21?RE @3
Di6eren w%(s o w%c' elevisionJ ;P'oos *( P%n%sonic. 7on C("'er. %nd +ouTu*e<
Ho5 5ill %our audience vie5 %our production7
$isoric%ll(. elevision "roducions were cre%ed for % #oder%el( si-ed elevision seJ Tod%(.
(ou need o 4now w'% #ediu# (our %udience will *e w%c'in,. %s i si,ni?c%nl( i#"%cs
'ow 'e "roducion is #%deJ
Tr( o %nici"%e 'e "ro*le#s for %n %udience w%c'in, % dis%n "icure #oniorJ Lon, s'os
'%ve corres"ondin,l( lile i#"%cJ Closer s'os %re esseni%l. %s 'e( %dd e#oion %nd
dr%#%J S#%ll leerin, #e%ns no'in, on % s#%ll dis%n screenJ To i#"rove 'e visi*ili( of
,r%"'ics. 4ee" de%ils *%sic %nd li#i 'e infor#%ionJ
If (our %r,e %udience #%( *e w%c'in, on %n iPod or o'er ver( s#%ll5screen device.
direcors s'ould le%n ow%rd #ore close5u"s '%n usu%l. %s 'e lon, s'os #%( no *e %s
discern%*le on 'e s#%ll screen ;0i,ure IJI<J
$ere %re % nu#*er of re#inder !uesions '% c%n 'el" (ou %nici"%e (our %udience)s
"oeni%l "ro*le#s3
Does 'e "ro,r%# rel( on 'eir "reviousl( es%*lis'ed 4nowled,e1
$ow #uc' does 'e %udience %lre%d( 4now %*ou 'e su*9ec1
Will 'e "ro,r%# *e w%c'ed sr%i,' 'rou,'. or will i *e so""ed %fer secions for
discussion1
Will 'ere *e o'er co#"ein,. nois( %r%cions %s 'e( w%c'. suc' %s % %n eA'i*iion1
Will 'e "ro,r%# soon *e ou of d%e1
W'% is 'e i#e li#i for 'e "ro,r%#1
F21?RE @
Close5u" s'os %dd e#oion %nd dr%#% o % "roducion %nd %dd needed de%il o s#%llscreen "roducions suc' %s 'ose
seen on %n iPod("e deviceJ
The ,ud$et
I is unders%nd%*le '% #os direcors %re #ore cre%ive #inded '%n *usiness #indedJ
$owever. (ou '%ve o *e ?n%nci%ll( s%vv( in order o s%( wi'in 'e *ud,e consr%insS
%nd ever( "roducion '%s *ud,e consr%insJ 0i,ure IJPs'ows % s%#"le *%sic elevision
*ud,ein, s'eeJ
F21?RE @!
An eA%#"le of % si#"le elevision *ud,e s'eeJ ;Coures( of Krisof Cre%ive. IncJ:KrisofCre%iveJco#<
I is i#"or%n o unders%nd w'% (ou '%ve %v%il%*le ?n%nci%ll( % 'e *e,innin, of 'e
"ro9ecJ Once 'e o%l *ud,e '%s *een es%*lis'ed. i needs o *e *ro4en down ino
c%e,oriesJ T'e c%e,ories #%( include *u %re no con?ned o 'e followin,3
Tr%ns"or%ion
S%6:crew
T%len:%cors
Scri"
E!ui"#en coss ;ren%l or "urc'%se<
Pos"roducion
Pro"s
Per#is
0ood
Lod,in,
Su""lies
An esi#%e needs o *e #%de for e%c' c%e,or(J Once 'e esi#%es %re co#"leed. (ou
c%n see if (our "ro9ec is ,oin, o ? 'e %ssi,ned over%ll *ud,eJ Mos of 'e i#e (ou will
need o ri# in order o ? 'e *ud,eJ $owever. occ%sion%ll( (ou will see '% (ou '%ve
so#e eAr% #one( in 'e *ud,e. %llowin, (ou o incre%se % c%e,or( or wo ;0i,ure IJC<J
Once 'e *ud,e is ?n%l. i is i#"or%n o *e,in r%c4in, e%c' eA"endiureJ T'is en%*les (ou
o 4ee" %n e(e on 'e c%e,ories %s well %s 'e over%ll *ud,eJ If (ou ,o over in one
c%e,or(. i #e%ns '% (ou '%ve o %4e #one( fro# % di6eren c%e,or(Sor (ou will ,o
over *ud,eJ
&uildin, % r%c4 record of *ein, %*le o s%( wi'in *ud,es will incre%se 'e rus '% cliens
'%ve in (ou. 4nowin, '% (ou c%n res"onsi*l( cre%e "roducionsJ
F21?RE @&
&ud,ein, sofw%re 4ee"s r%c4 of "roducion eA"enses. co#"%rin, 'e esi#%ed coss o 'e %cu%l cossJ Co#"uer
sofw%re is %v%il%*le o 4ee" % ver( de%iled *ud,eJ Mo*ile sofw%re '% wor4s on % "or%*le device is 'el"ful w'en in 'e
?eldJ T'is is % screens'o fro# 0il# &ud,e. % free iP'one *ud,ein, %"" for s#%ll ?l#sJ
+i9itationsCRestrictions
T'ere %re % nu#*er of o*vious f%cors '% deer#ine w'% (ou c%n do. %nd 'ow (ou ,o
%*ou 'e "roducion. includin, *ud,e resricionsN 'e %#oun of i#e %v%il%*leN #one(
%nd le,%l issuesN 'e i#e of d%( or se%sonN we%'erN li#i%ions or s'or%,es of e!ui"#en
or "ersonnelN 'e eA"erience %nd %d%"%*ili( of 'e %lenN %nd %n( loc%l inrusions. suc' %s
loc%ion noisesJ
The Production Plan
Ever( "ro,r%# needs % "roducion "l%nJ As #enioned e%rlier. so#ei#es 'e "ro,r%# #%(
*e %n unscri"ed even unfoldin, live. ri,' in fron of (ouJ Al'ou,' so#e live evens c%nno
*e scri"ed. % "roducion "l%n is sill % necessi(J Goin, 'rou,' %l#os 'e s%#e "rocess %s
cre%in, % scri". 'e direcor #us 4now 'e even %nd cre%e 'e *es cover%,e "l%nJ Afer
reviewin, 'e v%rious ouco#es of 'e even. i is i#"or%n o co#e u" wi' enou,'
conin,enc( "l%ns '% will %llow (ou o coninue coverin, 'e even. no #%er w'%
'%""ens ;0i,ure IJQ<J
Production 4ethods
Gre% ide%s %re no enou,'J Ide%s '%ve o *e wor4ed ou in re%lisic. "r%cic%l er#sJ T'e(
'%ve o *e eA"ressed %s i#%,es %nd soundsJ In 'e end. 'e direcor '%s o decide w'% 'e
c%#er% is ,oin, o s'oo. %nd w'% 'e %udience is ,oin, o 'e%rJ W'ere do (ou s%r1
T'ere %re wo ver( di6eren %""ro%c'es o video "roducion3
T'e un(l*nned #e'od. in w'ic' insinc %nd o""oruni( %re 'e ,uidesJ
T'e (l*nned #e'od. w'ic' or,%ni-es %nd *uilds % "ro,r%# in c%refull( %rr%n,ed se"sJ
F21?RE @'
A s"ors even is %n eA%#"le of %n unscri"ed even '% sill re!uires % "roducion "l%nJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
F21?RE @(
So#e docu#en%ries %re s'o usin, 'e un"l%nned %""ro%c'. in w'ic' insinc %nd o""oruni( %re 'e ,uidesJ ;P'oo *(
Will Ad%#s<
THE NPLANNED APPROACH
Direcors followin, 'e un"l%nned %""ro%c' ,e %n ide%. 'en loo4 %round for su*9ecs %nd
siu%ions '% rel%e o iJ Afer s'ooin, "ossi*le #%eri%l. 'e( l%er cre%e % "ro,r%# fro#
w'%ever 'e( '%ve foundJ T'eir ins"ir%ion s"rin,s fro# 'e o""oruniies '% '%ve %risenJ
An eA%#"le would *e if % direcor decides o #%4e % "ro,r%# %*ou s%fe( % se%J Usin, 'e
un"l%nned %""ro%c'. 'e direcor #i,' ,o o % #%rin% %nd develo" % "roducion *%sed on
'e sories 'e%rd 'ereJ Or 'e ide% could *e discussed wi' 'e life,u%rds. %nd 'e direcor
#i,' 'en decide o follow %n enirel( di6eren "l%nJ A co##erci%l doc4 could %lso *e
visied. %nd 'e direcor #i,' discover #%eri%l 'ere of %n enirel( di6eren 4indJ
Afer %ccu#ul%in, % collecion of ineresin, se!uences ;%#os"'eric s'os. n%ur%l sound.
inerviews. ecJ<. 'e conen is reviewed %nd 'en "u ino % #e%nin,ful orderJ A "ro,r%#
could 'en *e cre%ed '% ?s 'e %ccu#ul%ed #%eri%l. "ro*%*l( wriin, % co##en%r( %s
% &oiceo&e) o #%c' 'e edied "icuresJ
A *es. 'is %""ro%c' is fres'. unin'i*ied. i#"rovis%ion%l. #%4es use of 'e uneA"eced.
%voids ri,id disci"line. %nd is ver( %d%"%*leJ S'os %re ineresin,l( v%riedJ T'e %udience is
4e" %ler. w%c'in, %nd iner"rein, 'e c'%n,in, sceneJ
A wors. 'e resul of suc' s'o5'unin, is % '%"'%-%rd dis%ser. wi' lile co'esion or sense
of "ur"oseJ &ec%use 'e %""ro%c' is uns(se#%ic. ,%"s %nd overl%"s %*oundJ Good
co'eren ediin, #%( *e diOculJ O""oruniies #%( '%ve *een #issedJ T'e direcor usu%ll(
relies 'e%vil( on 'e voiceover o r( o "rovide %n( sor of rel%ions'i" %nd coninui(
*eween 'e i#%,es ;0i,ure IJL<J
THE PLANNED APPROACH
T'e "l%nned #e'od of "roducion %""ro%c'es 'e "ro*le# !uie di6erenl(. %l'ou,' 'e
resuls on 'e screen could *e si#il%rJ In 'is siu%ion 'e direcor wor4s ou. in %dv%nce.
'e eA%c for# 'e or s'e w%ns 'e "ro,r%# o %4e %nd 'en cre%es i %ccordin,l(J
0und%#en%ll(. (ou c%n ei'er3
&e,in wi' 'e environ#en or sein, %nd decide 'ow 'e c%#er%s c%n *e "osiioned o
,e 'e #os e6ecive s'os ;0i,ure IJD<J
Envision cer%in s'os or e6ecs '% (ou w%n o see. %nd cre%e % sein, '% will "rovide
'ose resuls ;0i,ure IJ8K<J
F21?RE @)
Producion %nd en,ineerin, s%6 review % venue for % elevision "roducion usin, 'e "l%nned %""ro%c'J T'e( *e,in wi'
'e sein, %nd 'en decide w'ere o "l%ce 'e c%#er%sJ
A lo will de"end on w'ic' of 'e followin, scen%rios %""lies3
Inte)()eting *n e9i'ting 'c)i(t ;%s in dr%#%<J T'is will involve %n%l(-in, 'e scri"3
eA%#inin, 'e sor(line %nd 'e #%in %cion in e%c' scene %nd visu%li-in, individu%l s'osJ
$uilding * t)e*t,ent f)*,e0o)/J T'% is. considerin, 'ow (ou %re ,oin, o "resen %
s"eci?c "ro,r%# su*9ec %nd wor4in, ou 'e 4inds of s'os (ou w%nJ
A *es. 'e "l%nned %""ro%c' is % #e'od in w'ic' % crew c%n *e coordin%ed o ,ive 'eir
*esJ T'ere is % sense of s(se#%ic "ur"ose 'rou,'ou 'e "ro9ecJ Pro*le#s %re l%r,el(
ironed ou *efore 'e( develo"J Producion is *%sed on w'% is fe%si*leJ T'e "ro,r%# c%n
'%ve % s#oo'5Bowin,. c%refull( 'ou,' ou. "ersu%sive s(leJ
A wors. 'e "roducion *eco#es *o,,ed down in or,%ni-%ionJ T'e "ro,r%# c%n *e sod,(
%nd rouine %nd l%c4 ori,in%li(J O""oruniies %re i,nored. *ec%use 'e( were no "%r of 'e
ori,in%l sc'e#e. %nd would #odif( iJ T'e resul could *e % dis%serJ
In re%li(. %n eA"erienced direcor uses % co#*in%ion of 'e "l%nned %nd un"l%nned
%""ro%c'es. s%rin, o6 wi' % "l%n %nd 'en %4in, %dv%n%,e of %n( o""oruniies '%
*eco#e %v%il%*leJ
F21?RE @1*
N%rr%ive direcors use 'e "l%nned %""ro%c' o "roducion *( uili-in, % sor(*o%rdJ $owever. 'e( cre%e 'e sein, o ?
'e sor(J
Schedule
I is i#"er%ive o si down %nd es%*lis' % sc'edule '% includes 'e esseni%l de%dlinesJ
T'ese de%dlines usu%ll( revolve %round 'e followin, issues3 W'en does 'e scri" need o
*e co#"leed1 W'en do loc%ions need o *e c'osen1 W'en does 'e %len need o *e
seleced %nd conr%ced1 De%dlines %re %lso seleced for 'e crew. e!ui"#en. re'e%rs%ls.
,r%"'ics. "ro"s. re'e%rs%ls. %nd rou,' "roducion %nd "os"roducion sc'eduleJ Kee" in
#ind '% % 'is s%,e (ou %re no %cu%ll( doin, %n( of 'ese 'in,sN (ou %re deer#inin,
'e sc'edule %nd sein, 'e de%dlines %s o w'en 'e( #us *e co#"leedJ
An( i#e 'e sc'edule is no #e. 'ere will *e % ri""le e6ec on 'e o'er %re%s of 'e
"roducion. *ec%use one of wo 'in,s is ,oin, o '%""en3 'e "roducion will ei'er ,o over
*ud,e or so#e ele#ens will need o *e cu in order o #%4e u" for los i#e %nd:or #one(J
Covera$e
W'% do (ou w%n o cover in 'e %v%il%*le i#e1 $ow #uc' is )e*'on*5le o cover in '%
i#e1 If 'ere %re oo #%n( o"ics. i will no *e "ossi*le o do 9usice o %n( of 'e#J If 'ere
%re oo few. 'e "ro,r%# #i,' see# slow %nd l%*oredJ T'ere is no'in, o *e ,%ined *(
"%c4in, 'e "ro,r%# full of f%cs. for %l'ou,' 'e( #%( sound i#"ressive. %udiences r%rel(
re#e#*er #ore '%n % fr%cion of 'e#J Unli4e wi' 'e "rined "%,e. 'e viewer c%nno
c'ec4 *%c4 o con?r# so#e'in,. unless 'e "ro,r%# is desi,ned o *e so""ed %nd
rewound or is fre!uenl( re"e%edJ
T'e 4ind of su*9ec '% is *ein, covered. %s well %s w'o #%4es u" 'e %udience %nd 'e
conen '% needs o *e fe%ured. will inBuence 'ow 'e c%#er% is uili-ed in 'e "ro,r%#.
w'ere i concenr%es. 'ow close 'e s'os %re. %nd 'ow v%ried 'e( %reJ $ere %re so#e of
'e %re%s '% 'e direcor or "roducer s'ould consider in %dv%nce3
W'% %re 'e conen %re%s '% need o *e covered1
Is 'e su*9ec ;"erson. even. or o*9ec< *es seen fro# s"eci?c %n,les1 Does % s"eci?c
%n,le 'el" co##unic%e 'e #ess%,e #ore e6ecivel(1 ;See 0i,ure IJ88J<
Would 'e %ddiion of ,r%"'ics 'el" 'e %udience unders%nd 'e conen of 'e
"roducion1
If "ossi*le. w%c' % "reli#in%r( un?l#ed re'e%rs%l so '% 'e *es view"oins %nd s'os
c%n *e deer#inedJ
Give 'e %len %nd crew 'e vision %nd ,o%ls for 'e "roducion %nd 'en 'el" 'e# 4now
w'% 'e( c%n do o %ssis in %%inin, 'e ,o%lsJ
F21?RE @11
T'is "roducer is deer#inin, 'e *es c%#er% %n,les for cover%,e in % s%diu#J
,uildin$ a Pro$ra9 ;utline
T'e "ro,r%# ouline *e,ins wi' % series of he*ding' s'owin, 'e #%in 'e#es '% need o
*e discussedJ
Le)s use 'e eA%#"le of %n insrucion%l video %*ou *uildin, % w%llJ In 'is c%se. 'e o"ics
'% #i,' *e covered could include3 ools needed. #%eri%ls. found%ion. #%4in, #or%r.
%nd #e'ods of l%(in, *ric4s %nd "oinin,J We c%n now deer#ine 'ow #uc' "ro,r%# i#e
c%n *e devoed o e%c' o"icJ So#e will *e *rief %nd o'ers rel%ivel( len,'(J So#e of 'e
o"ics will need o *e e#"'%si-edN o'ers will *e s4i""ed over o sui 'e "ur"ose of 'e
"ro,r%#J
T'e neA s%,e is o %4e e%c' of 'e o"ic 'e%din,s %nd noe 'e v%rious %s"ecs '% need
o *e covered %s % series of'u5he*ding'J Under Eools.F for ins%nce. e%c' ool '% #us *e
de#onsr%ed s'ould *e lisedJ Now 'ere is % srucure for 'e "ro,r%# %nd 'e direcor c%n
*e,in o see 'e for# i is li4el( o %4eJ
Research
So#e "ro,r%#s. suc' %s dr%#%s ;es"eci%ll( "eriod dr%#%s<. docu#en%ries. news.
inerviews. %nd o'ers need o co#"lee rese%rc' in order o cre%e 'e "ro,r%#)s conen
or #%4e sure '% 'e eAisin, conen is %ccur%eJ T'is rese%rc' #%( involve ,oin, o 'e
li*r%r(. doin, online rese%rc'. or con%cin, reco,ni-ed eA"ers in 'e conen %re% of 'e
s'owJ Tr%vel #%( even *e re!uiredJ
T'e i#"or%n 'in, o re#e#*er 'ere is '% rese%rc' is i#e consu#in, %nd #%( %6ec
'e "roducion *ud,eSes"eci%ll( if % conen eA"er w%ns %n %""e%r%nce fee or Bi,'s %nd
lod,in, %re included for 'e crew or ,uesJ
Thin-in$ throu$h the Shots
T'ere %re % nu#*er of di6eren s'os '% %re used in "roducions3 inerviews. "%nel
discussions. "i%no %nd insru#en%l "erfor#%nces. sin,ers. %nd newsc%ssJ T'ese %re
usu%ll( f%#ili%r o % sudio "roducion crew %nd #e%nin,ful s'ooin, v%ri%ions c%n *e
li#iedJ W'% 'e %len is s%(in, ;or "l%(in,< is #ore i#"or%n '%n sr%inin, o %c'ieve
new %nd ori,in%l s'osJ Conse!uenl(. 'ese "roducions follow nor#%l "%erns so '% 'e
direcor ofen s%rs o6 wi' "l%nned %n,les %nd 'en #%( inroduce % s"eci?c re%#en %s
i *eco#es desir%*le ;0i,ures IJ8= %nd IJ8><J
Pl%nnin, for re,ul%r "roducions is "ri#%ril( % #%er of coordin%in, s%6 %nd f%ciliiesN
ensurin, '% 'e video "%c4%,es or cli"s %re %v%il%*le ;wi' 4nown i#in, %nd cue "oins<N
"re"%r%ion of ,r%"'ics. iles. %nd si#il%r fe%uresN %nd or,%ni-in, %n( %ddiion%l #%eri%lJ
T'e "roducion iself #%( *e *%sed on % series of 4e( s'os %nd so#e s"on%neous on5'e5
B( decisionsJ
Treat9ent ,rea-do5n
0or #%n( s'ows. 'e %cion is "redeer#ined *( 'e "ro,r%# for#%S'e %len is ,oin, o
ener *( w%l4in, down % s%irc%se %nd siin, in % s"eci?c c'%ir o *e inerviewed. 'en
#ove over o % %*le o %l4 %*ou 'e "roduc on dis"l%(J T'e s'os %re sr%i,'forw%rdJ T'e
direcor c'ec4s over 'e "l%ns. %nd wi' %n e(e o 'e "ro,r%# scri". "l%ces c%#er%s in
re,ul%r "osiions '% ? 'e re%#en ;lon, s'os. ,rou" s'os. sin,les. re%cion s'os<J An(
v%ri%ions c%n *e wor4ed ou durin, re'e%rs%lsJ
F21?RE @12
In % for#%l inerview. 'ere %re rel%ivel( few s'osJ
F21?RE @13
T'ere is ofen % *ro%d r%n,e of s'o o"ionsJ ;P'oos *( Ausin &roo4s<
$owever. if (ou %re direcin, % #ore co#"lic%ed "roducion. "l%nnin, will need o *e #ore
de%iledJ +ou *e,in *( re%din, 'rou,' 'e scri". wi' 'e ses %nd l%(ous of 'e loc%ionJ
As (ou re%d. (ou visu%li-e e%c' scene %nd consider issues suc' %s w'e'er %len is ,oin, o
#%4e %n enr%nce or eAi. w'% 'e( %re ,oin, o do. w'ere 'e( will *e doin, i. %nd
w'e'er 'e( will need "ro"s suc' %s % #%"J Are 'e( ,oin, o s"e%4 o 'e c%#er%1 Are
o'er "eo"le in 'e scene. %nd w'% %re 'e( doin,1 Are 'e( ,oin, o #ove %round ;loo4
ou % window on 'e se<1 Al'ou,' 'ese !uesions sound ver( o*vious. 'e( don) 9us
'%""enJ Ever('in, '%s o *e "l%nned. %rr%n,ed. %nd le%rnedJ
T'e neA se" is o s(se#%ic%ll( *loc4 ou 'e %cionJ 0or eA%#"le. (ou #i,' %s4 (ourself.
EWould i *e *eer if 'e 'osess is seen enerin, 'e roo# %nd #ovin, over o 'e des4. or
s'ould we discover 'er %lre%d( se%ed1 &ec%use 'e s'ow is %*ou dress desi,n. would i *e
"refer%*le if 'e %udience s%w 'er clo'in, %s s'e eners r%'er '%n o"enin, wi' % 'e%d
%nd s'oulders s'o % 'e des41 Is 'e ide% of % des4 oo for#%l %n(w%(1 Would %n e%s(
c'%ir *e "refer%*le1F %nd so onJ
Afer deer#inin, 'e %cion. consider w'% ("e of s'os would *e %""ro"ri%e %nd w'ere
'e c%#er%s s'ould *e o ,e 'e#J If one c%#er% #oves ino 'e se o ,e % close s'o of
'e ie# 'e( %re discussin,. will 'e c%#er% now *e in 'e second c%#er%)s s'o1 Would i
*e *eer o record so#e s'os of 'e "roduc %fer 'e for#%l inerview %nd 'en edi in
'einser s'o durin, "os"roducion1 T'is is 'ow % direcor *uilds % coninuous succession
of s'os. noin, 'e# in 'e scri" #%r,in. ei'er %s %**revi%ed re#inders or %s in(
s4ec'esJ T'e s%#e siu%ion c%n ofen *e %c4led in v%rious di6eren *u e!u%ll( successful
w%(sJ Le us loo4 % %n eA%#"le for % dr%#%ic "roducion3
Retu)ning hu'5*nd ente)' doo)1 0ife h*' *n une9(ected gue'tJ
T'is could *e *ro4en down %s3
S'o 83 $us*%nd eners door. '%n,s u" '% W #ediu# s'o s'ows w'o i is %nd orien%es
'e %udienceJ
S'o =3 Wife loo4s u". ,reein, 'i# W #ediu# wo5s'o s'owin, 'er wi' ,uesJ
S'o >3 $us*%nd urns %nd sees 'e ,ues W close5u" s'o of 'us*%nd)s re%cionJ
S'o I3 T'e ,ues rises. w%l4s o ,ree 'e 'us*%nd W fro# #ediu# wo5s'oN "%ns wi'
,ues. doll(in, in for i,' wo5s'o of ,ues %nd 'us*%ndJ
/evelopin$ the Ca9era Plan
De"endin, on 'e ("e of "roducion. 'e direcor #%( need o deer#ine 'e ("e of lenses
re!uired for % s"eci?c ("e of s'oJ In order o "l%n 'e s"eci?cs. i is ver( 'el"ful o '%ve %
sc%le5%ccur%e Boor "l%n or ,round "l%nJ T'e o'er o"ion is o visi 'e loc%ion %nd
#e%sure iJ T'ese issues %rise es"eci%ll( ofen w'en wor4in, % re#oe siesJ One of 'e
w%(s o c%lcul%e 'e lenses needed is o use % lens c%lcul%or ;% c'%r or PDA sofw%re<J +ou
c%n %lso 9ud,e 'e ("es of s'o ;close5u". full len,'. ecJ< '% % cer%in lens %n,le will
,iveJ
T'e resul%n "roducion "l%n ;c%#er% "l%n<. o,e'er wi' #%r,in %cion noes or s4ec'es.
will for# 'e *%sis for %ll ec'nic%l "l%nnin, %nd su*se!uen re'e%rs%lsJ Even 'e *i,,es
"roducions c%n *e %n%l(-ed ino s'os or se!uences in 'is w%(J
Stor%0oards
Direcors need o 'in4 'rou,' e%c' scene in 'eir #inds. c%"urin, 'e i#%,es %nd urnin,
'e# ino % sor(*o%rdJ A sor(*o%rd is % series of rou,' s4ec'es '% 'el" 'e direcor
visu%li-e %nd or,%ni-e 'eir c%#er% re%#enJ I is % visu%l #%" of 'ow 'e direcor 'o"es
o %rr%n,e 'e s'os for e%c' scene or %cion se!uenceJ Sor(*o%rds %re covered in #ore
de%il in C'%"er P ;0i,ure IJ8I<J
Production Aspects
Once 'e scri" %nd:or "roducion "l%n. %nd "ossi*l( even sor(*o%rds. %re co#"leed. 'ere
is % w'ole series of "l%nnin, %nd "re"%r%ion '% needs o *e co#"leedJ T'ese %s4s %re
no line%rN '% is. 'e "roducion s%6 c%n *e wor4in, on %ll of 'e# % 'e s%#e i#eJ T'e
"roducer %nd direcor ofen %c %s co%c'es. reviewin, 'e wor4 *( e%c' se,#en of 'eir
s%6. encour%,in,. ,ivin, feed*%c4. "rovidin, !u%li( conrol. %nd c'%llen,in, 'e# o #ove
forw%rd % % *ris4 "%ceJ T'e "roducer or 'e direcor '%s o 9u,,le %ll of 'ese %s"ecs % 'e
s%#e i#eJ
SELECT AND O$TAIN LOCATIONS
S'oo loc%ions #us *e c'osenJ A loc%ion #%( *e % sudio. % s"ors venue. % 'ouse. or
so#e o'er loc%ionJ Per#is or conr%cs #%( need o *e o*%inedJ L%er in 'is c'%"er. we
will discuss 'e loc%ion sie surve(J
F21?RE @1
A sor(*o%rd on 'e se of % "roducionJ T'e sor(*o%rd rou,'l( visu%li-es w'% 'e "ro,r%# will loo4 li4eJ ;P'oo *( T%(lor
/inson<
DETERMINE CAMERA LOCATIONS
&( deer#inin, 'e s"eci?c c%#er% loc%ions. (ou c%n c%lcul%e c%*le len,'s. conr%c
e!ui"#en if needed. %nd "l%n o'er se"sJ
SELECT AND CONTRACT THE TALENT
Anc'ors. n%rr%ors. %cors. or %n(one else w'o will *e %""e%rin, in fron of 'e c%#er% #us
*e c'osen %nd 'en conr%cedJ Once 'e %len '%s *een c'osen. 'en (ou loo4 %
conr%cs. cosu#in,. #%4eu". %nd si#il%r rel%ed de%ilsJ
SELECT AND HIRE THE CRE#
T'e %""ro"ri%e "roducion %nd en,ineerin, crew #us *e 'iredJ T'is #%( or #%( no
involve conr%csJ E%c' "erson needs o 4now 'eir s%r %nd end d%es %s well %s 'eir "%(.
insrucions. %nd % #uliude of o'er de%ilsJ
CREATE AND IMPLEMENT THE ADIO PLAN
Audio s"eci?c%ions #us *e deer#inedJ 0or eA%#"le. w'% needs o *e 'e%rd1 Once (ou
4now w'% #us *e 'e%rd. %n %udio "l%n is cre%edJ T'is "l%n s'ould include 'e "l%ce#ens
for e%c' #icro"'one. needed sound e6ecs. %nd %n( o'er re!uired %udio in"usJ
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENT THE GRAPHIC PLAN
Wor4in, wi' desi,ners %nd decor%ors. ,r%"'ics will need o *e desi,ned o cre%e % #ood
or loo4 for 'e "roducionJ T'ese ,r%"'ics #%( include eA. %ni#%ions. %nd even se
,r%"'icsJ I is i#"er%ive '% 'e ,r%"'ics %re consisenJ
E-IPMENT MST $E CHOSEN AND CONTRACTED
T'e e!ui"#en needs #us *e deer#inedJ T'is #%( include c%#er%s. %udio ,e%r. li,'s.
%nd so onJ T'is e!ui"#en #%( %lre%d( *e owned or #%( need o *e rened. w'ic' would
'en re!uire conr%csJ
F21?RE @1!
Producion #eein,s %llow 'e s%6 fro# 'e v%rious %re%s o ,e o,e'er o *e u"d%ed on % re,ul%r *%sisJ T'ese 9oin
#eein,s %lso "rovide %n o""oruni( for 'e s%6 o %s4 !uesionsJ
The Production 4eetin$
Producion #eein,s %re %n esseni%l "%r of 'e "l%nnin, "rocessJ T'ese #eein,s s'ould
include re"resen%ives fro# e%c' of 'e "roducion %re%s lised "reviousl(. %s well %s
en,ineerin,. 'e "roducion #%n%,er. %nd loc%ion "ersonnelJ E%c' "erson "%rici"%in, in
'e #eein, will 'en '%ve 'e o""oruni( o s%( infor#ed %nd %s4 !uesions. wi' %ll of
'e o'er %re% re"resen%ives "resenJ T'is %""ro%c' %llows 'e# o wor4 ou co#"lic%ed
siu%ions '% %rise w'en c'%n,es %re #%de ;0i,ure IJ8P<J
Once 'e #eein, is co#"lee. e%c' individu%l follows u" on 'e issues r%ised in 'e
#eein,J T'is #%( include docu#en%ion. *ud,ein,. s%On,. sc'edulin,. %nd so onJ T'is
"roducion "l%nnin, #eein, for#s 'e *%sis for eOcien e%#wor4J Pro*le#s %nici"%ed
%nd overco#e % 'is s%,e "reven l%s5#inue co#"ro#isesJ C%#er% c%*le rouin,. for
eA%#"le. is % ("ic%l "oeni%l '%-%rdJ C%*les ,e %n,led %nd c%n i#"ede o'er c%#er%s. or
dr%, %round noisil(J
Re9ote +ocation Surve%s =Recce>
0und%#en%ll(. 'ere %re wo ("es of s'ooin, condiions3 % (our 5*'e %nd )e,ote
loc*tionJ +our 5*'e is w'erever (ou nor#%ll( s'ooJ I #%( *e % sudio. 'e%er. roo#. or
even % s%diu#J T'e *%se is w'ere (ou 4now eA%cl( w'% f%ciliies %re %v%il%*le
;e!ui"#en. su""lies. %nd scener(<. w'ere 'in,s %re. 'e %#oun of roo# %v%il%*le. %nd so
onJ If (ou need o su""le#en w'% is 'ere. i usu%ll( c%n *e e%sil( doneJ
A re#oe loc*tion is %n(w'ere %w%( fro# (our nor#%l s'ooin, loc%ionJ I #%( *e 9us
ouside 'e *uildin, or w%( ou in 'e counr(J I could *e in % ve'icle. down in % #ine. or in
so#eone)s 'o#eJ T'e #%in 'in, %*ou s'ooin, %w%( fro# (our *%se is o ?nd ou in
%dv%nce w'% (ou %re ,oin, o de%l wi'J I is i#"or%n o *e "re"%redJ T'e "reli#in%r( visi
o % loc%ion is ,ener%ll( c%lled % )e,ote 'u)&ey. 'ite 'u)&ey. or loc*tion 'u)&ey ;0i,ure
IJ8C<J I c%n *eco#e %n('in, fro# % !uic4 loo4 %round o % de%iled surve( of 'e sieJ
W'% is found on 'e surve( #%( inBuence 'e "l%nned "roducion re%#enJ T'e re#oe
surve( c'ec4lis ,ives #ore s"eci?csJ
F21?RE @1&
Sie surve(s %llow (ou o c'ec4 ou 'e %cu%l loc%ion o #%4e sure '% i will #ee 'e "roducion needsJ
Setup
All of 'e "roducion e!ui"#enSw'ic' #%( include 'e c%#er%s. #ounin, ,e%r. li,'s.
#icro"'ones. ,r%"'ic ,ener%ors. %nd rel%ed c%*lin,S#us *e se u" e%rl( enou,' o le%ve
i#e for rou*les'ooin,J T'is #e%ns '% 'e seu" usu%ll( *e,ins 'ours *efore i is neededJ
If ever('in, wor4s. 'en 'e crew ,es % *re%4 *efore 'e "roducion *e,insJ If 'ere %re
"ro*le#s. 'e crew #%( sill *e rou*les'ooin, w'en 'e "roducion *e,insJ Once
ever('in, is o"er%ion%l. re'e%rs%ls #%( *e,inJ
The Rehearsal
De"endin, on 'e ("e of "roducion. one or #%n( re'e%rs%ls #%( occurJ T'ese re'e%rs%ls
,ive 'e direcor. crew. %nd %len 'e c'%nce o see 'ow ever('in, Bows. w'e'er 'e
e!ui"#en wor4s 'e w%( i w%s "l%nned. %nd w'e'er c'%n,es need o *e #%deJ W'en 'e
re'e%rs%ls %re co#"lee. i is ,ener%ll( i#e o *e,in 'e "roducion ;0i,ure IJ8Q<J
STA1E 2< PR;/?CT2;8
We '%ve ?n%ll( re%c'ed 'e "roducionY $%rd wor4 in 'e "l%nnin, %nd "re"%r%ion s%,e
s'ould di#inis' 'e nu#*er of "ro*le#s '% occur durin, 'e "roducionJ I does no #e%n
'% (ou won) '%ve "ro*le#s. *u i s'ould % le%s reduce 'e nu#*erJ
The /irector durin$ the Production
Durin, 'e "roducion is w'en 'e direcor ?n%ll( ,es o direc 'e crew o c%"ure 'e
%udio %nd video needed o co##unic%e 'e #ess%,eJ T'e direcor visu%ll( iner"res 'e
scri" or even. #oiv%es 'e crew o do 'eir *es wor4. %nd ,uides 'e %len o ,e 'e
*es "erfor#%nces ;0i,ures IJ8L %nd IJ8D<J
F21?RE @1'
T'e direcor wor4s wi' 'e %cors durin, % re'e%rs%lJ
F21?RE @1(
T'e direcor direcin, % sudio s'owJ ;P'oo *( 7on Green'oe<
F21?RE @1)
T'e direcor of 'is sico# is direcin, fro# 'e Boor of 'e sudio. reviewin, 'e c%#er% s'os on % !u%d5s"li #oniorJ
The Producer durin$ the Production
T'e "roducer)s res"onsi*iliies v%r( *%sed on 'e ("e of "roducionJ $owever. 'e or s'e
%lw%(s 4ee"s %n e(e on 'e *ud,e %nd 'e "roducion sc'edule %nd ensures '% 'e
"roducion is #eein, 'e ori,in%ll( s%ed ,o%lsJ
Production E9phasis
+ou c%n use i#%,es %nd sounds o re"or evens si#"l(. undr%#%ic%ll(. %nd uno*rusivel(J
0or so#e ("es of "roducion. 'e *es 4ind of s%,in, %nd c%#er% re%#en "rovides %
!uie. s(#"%'eic *%c4,round o 'e "erfor#%nceSsuc' %s for %n o"er% or %n inerviewJ
$owever. 'ere %re "ro,r%# su*9ecs '% need %s #uc' E'("eF %s "ossi*leSB%s'in,.
swirlin, li,' e6ecs. %rresin, color. unusu%l sound !u%li(. *i-%rre c%#er% %n,les. %nd
un"redic%*le cuin,So cre%e %n eAciin, "roducionJ
So#e "roducions '%ve % rel%ivel( loose for#%. o'ers re!uire s"li5second i#in,. wi'
%ccur%el( cued i#%,es co#in, fro# live re#oe loc%ionsJ So#e "ro,r%#s e6ecivel( use %
co#"il%ion of "rerecorded #%eri%l woven o,e'er *( co##en%r( %nd #usicJ O'er ("es
of "roducions concenr%e on %cionN o'ers on re%cionJ Di%lo,ue #%( *e %ll5i#"or%nSor
!uie inciden%lJ
Aw%( fro# 'e sudio. "roducions c%n *e %n('in, fro# % one5c%#er% s'oo r%ilin, wildlife
o % l%r,e5sc%le re#oe ;ouside *ro%dc%s< coverin, % v%s %re% wi' #%n( c%#er%sJ
Unforeseen "ro*le#s %re inevi%*le. %nd 'e resricions of 'e environ#en %nd 'e we%'er
%6ec 'e direcor)s o""oruniiesJ
Selective Tools
T'e c%#er% %nd #icro"'one do no *e'%ve li4e our e(es %nd e%rs. *u su*siue for 'e#J
Our e(es Bic4 %round wi' % 4nowled,e of our surroundin,s. "rovidin, us wi' %n i#"ression
of unresriced sereosco"ic visionN in f%c. we c%n deec de%il %nd color over onl( % in(
%n,le. %nd our "eri"'er%l vision is #onoc'ro#%ic %nd !uie *lurredJ In d%il( life. we *uild u"
%n i#"ression of our environ#en *( "erson%ll( conrolled s%#"lin,3 concenr%in, on
cer%in de%ils w'ile i,norin, o'ersJ T'e c%#er% %nd #icro"'one. on 'e o'er '%nd.
"rovide us wi' onl( resriced se,#ensJ And 'e infor#%ion "rovided in 'ese se,#ens is
#odi?ed in v%rious w%(s. %s we '%ve seen. *( 'e c'%r%cerisics of 'e #ediu# ;disorin,
s"%ce. "ro"orions. sc%le. ecJ<J
Selective Techni.ues
If (ou si#"l( se u" (our c%#er% %nd #icro"'one overloo4in, 'e %cion %nd -oo# in close
for de%il. 'e viewer "ro,ressivel( loses 'e over%ll view %nd sru,,les o unders%nd 'e
*i, "icureJ If (ou ,o wi' % wide s'o. s'owin, #ore of 'e scene. so#e de%il will *eco#e
indiscerni*leJ T'e c'oice of sui%*le view"oin %nd s'o si-e "rovides 'e conce" of ,uided
selecionS'e *e,innin,s of ec'ni!uesJ
Good "roducion ec'ni!ues "rovide v%rie( of sc%le %nd "ro"orionN of co#"osiion "%ernN
of ceners of %enion %nd c'%n,in, su*9ec inBuenceJ +ou %c'ieve 'ese 'in,s *( v%ri%ion
in s'o si-e %nd c%#er% view"oin. *( #ovin, 'e su*9ec %nd:or 'e c%#er%. or *( %lerin,
'e su*9ec '% is seenJ
Al'ou,' (ou #%( so#ei#es encour%,e 'e viewer o *rowse %round % s'o. (ou will
,ener%ll( w%n 'i# or 'er o loo4 % % "%ricul%r fe%ure. %nd o follow % cer%in 'ou,'
"rocessJ
The Screen Transfor9s Realit%
T'e c%#er% %nd #icro"'one c%n onl( conve( %n i#"ression of 'e su*9ec %nd sceneJ
W'%ever 'e li#i%ions or in%ccur%cies of 'ese i#%,es. 'e( %re 'e onl( direc
infor#%ion our viewer '%s %v%il%*le o 'e#J And. of course. iner"re%ion #us v%r( wi'
one)s own eA"erience %nd "revious 4nowled,eJ W'e'er (ou %re %i#in, o conve( %n
%ccur%e %ccoun ;newsc%s< or o con9ure %n illusion ;dr%#%<. 'e screen will r%nsfor#
re%li(J
+ou could ?ll 'e screen wi' % s'o of % 'u,e %ircr%f. or wi' % di#inuive #odelJ T'e
"icures would loo4 ver( si#il%rJ +e nei'er conve(s 'e su*9ecive esseni%lsS'% is. 'ow
(ou feel s%ndin, *eside 'e ,i%n "l%ne or '%ndlin, 'e in( #odelJ Inroducin, % "erson
ino 'e s'o would es%*lis' sc%le. *u i would sill no include our c'%r%cerisic res"onses
o suc' % siu%ion3 'e w%( we would *e %wed *( 'e 'u,e si-e. or inri,ued *( 'e #inue
de%ilJ
T'e c%#er% c%n *e used o selec de%il fro# % "%inin, or % "'oo,r%"' %nd 'e elevision
screen "us % fr%#e %round i. r%nsfor#in, 'is isol%ed %re% ino % new co#"lee "icureN
%n %rr%n,e#en '% did no ori,in%ll( eAisN or %n %rr%n,e#en '% if sus%ined in % close5
u" c%n e%sil( *eco#e de%c'ed %nd dissoci%ed in 'e %udience)s #inds fro# 'e co#"lee
su*9ecJ
W'en % solid scul"ure is s'o in is 'ree5di#ension%l for#. i *eco#es re"roduced %s % B%
"%ern on 'e elevision screenJ Pl%nes #er,e %nd iner%c %s 'e( c%nno do w'en we
eA%#ine 'e re%l scul"ure wi' our own e(esJ Onl( on 'e B% screen c%n % *illi%rd *%ll
*eco#e r%nsfor#ed ino % B% disc under di6used li,'in,J In "r%cice. (ou c%n %cu%ll(
#%4e use of 'is f%lsi?c%ion of re%li(J T'e ver( "rinci"les of scenic desi,n 'e%vil( rel( on iJ
Kee" in #ind '% 'e c%#er% %nd #icro"'one do inevi%*l( #odif( 'e i#%,es 'e( conve(N
%nd '% 'ese i#%,es %re e%sil( #is%4en for ru' *( 'e viewerJ
2nterpretative Production Techni.ues
I is one of 'ose "roducion "%r%doAes '% %l'ou,' (our c%#er% c%n s'ow w'% is
'%""enin,. i will ofen f%il o conve( 'e %#os"'ere or s"iri of 'e occ%sionJ +ou c%n ofen
%c'ieve #ore convincin, re"resen%ive resuls *( deli*er%el( usin, selecive ec'ni!ues
'%n *( direcl( s'ooin, 'e evenJ
Sr%i,'forw%rd s'os of % #oun%in cli#*er #%( no co##unic%e 'e 'rills %nd '%-%rds of
'e siu%ionJ &u use low c%#er% %n,les o e#"'%si-e 'e re%c'erous slo"eSs'ow
're%enin, over'%n,s. sr%inin, ?n,ers. sli""in, fee. dislod,ed sones. l%*orin, *re%'.
slow %scendin, #usicS%nd 'e illusion ,rowsJ Even cli#*in, % ,enle slo"e c%n %""e%r
'%-%rdous if sron, iner"re%ive ec'ni!ues %re usedJ
So#ei#es 'e %udience c%n *e so sron,l( #oved *( 'is su*9ecive re%#en '%
s(#"%'eic *odil( re%cions se in w'en w%c'in, suc' scenesSeven di--iness or n%use%J
Even siu%ions ouside 'e viewer)s "erson%l eA"erience ;eJ,J. 'e el%ion of freef%ll or 'e
'orror of !uic4s%nd< c%n *e conve(ed o so#e de,ree *( c%refull( c'osen i#%,es %nd %udioJ
Tec'ni!ues c%n %lso *e inroduced o*rusivel( for dr%#%ic e6ec. or so uno*rusivel( '%
'e e6ec %""e%rs n%ur%l. %nd 'e viewer is !uie un%w%re '% 'e siu%ion is conrived3
O'trusive( T'e c%#er% suddenl( dro"s fro# %n e(e5level s'o o % low5%n,le s'oJ
)no'trusive( T'e c%#er% s'oos % se%ed %cor % e(e levelJ $e s%nds. %nd 'e c%#er%
ils u" wi' 'i#J We now '%ve % low5%n,le s'oJ
W'en siu%ions see# o occur %cciden%ll( or uno*rusivel(. 'e( %re inv%ri%*l( #ore
e6eciveJ 0or eA%#"le. %s %n inruder #oves ow%rd 'e c%#er%. 'e *eco#es #en%cin,l(
underli *( % ne%r*( %*le l%#"J
M%n( ec'ni!ues '%ve *eco#e so f%#ili%r '% we now re,%rd 'e# %s 'e nor#S% n%ur%l
w%( of doin, 'in,sJ &u 'e( %re re%ll( illusions '% 'el" us conve( s"eci?c conce"s3
EC'i"#un4F voices ;'i,'5"ic'ed %udio< for s#%ll cre%ures
Ec'o *e'ind ,'osl( encouners
Ri# li,' in Eo%ll( d%r4F scenes
&%c4,round #usic
In % live "ro,r%#. 'e "roducion "rocess ,ener%ll( ends % 'e co#"leion of 'e "roducion
se,#en of 'e "rocessJ $owever. if i w%s recorded for l%er disri*uion. 'e neA s%,e is
"os"roducionJ
STA1E 3< P;STPR;/?CT2;8
Ever('in, '% w%s s'o e%rlier is now %sse#*led o,e'er in % se!ueni%l f%s'ionJ Mis%4es
c%n *e correced %nd visu%l e6ecs. sound e6ecs. %nd #usic %ddedJ Pos"roducion is
covered in de%il in C'%"er 8CJ
T'e ,o%l is % ?n%l s'ow '% is "olis'ed. wi'ou %n( noice%*le "roducion issuesJ If 'e
"roducion #ees 'e ori,in%ll( s%ed ,o%ls. 'en i is % successY
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ EA"l%in 'e 'ree s%,es of % elevision "roducionJ
2@ W'ere do conce"s co#e fro# for % "roducion1
3@ $ow do sein, "roducion ,o%ls %nd o*9ecives i#"%c 'e w%( (ou s'oo % "ro,r%#1
@ Descri*e 'e di6erences *eween 'e "l%nned %nd un"l%nned %""ro%c'es o "roducionJ
!@ W'% is 'e v%lue of % "roducion #eein,1 W'o %ends 'is #eein,1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< :A4ES ST?ART
/eGne %our Ho0< Coordin%e over%ll lo,isics. f%ciliies. %nd vendors for newor4 "ro,r%#s
%nd sudio s'owsJ 0in%nci%l conrol of s'ow cos *ud,esJ M%in%in crew lo,s %nd d%il(
sc'edulesJ Li%ison wi' v%rious s"ors le%,ues. e%#s. %nd venuesJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 Even 'ou,' I #%( *e wor4in, on % s"eci?c s"or for
'e enire se%son. 'e wor4 is never 'e s%#eJ E%c' ci(. venue. or ,%#e "resens is own
uni!ue c'%llen,es w'e'er i *e lo,isic%ll(. o"er%ion%ll(. or "roducion:ec'nic%l wiseJ I
#%( *e %*le o '%ve % *%seline on 'ow I %""ro%c' e%c' even. *u I need o %d9us for 'e
wrin4les e%c' even "resensJ T'% 4ee"s i fres' %nd "revens ,ein, in % coo4ie 5cuer
ruJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 C'%llen,es co#e
*o' fro# wor4 %nd "erson%l lifeJ +ou need o *e %*le o *%l%nce *o'J T'ere %re i#es w'en
(ou will *e r%velin, IHP d%(s % wee4 wi' lile i#e for 'o#e lifeJ If (ou %re sin,le. '%
#%( no *e #uc' of %n issue. *u (ou)re if #%rried wi' 4ids. (ou need o *e sure ever(one
is on *o%rd wi' (our c'osen "rofessionJ Wor4 c'%llen,es will *e %ll 'e unforeseen l%s5
#inue c'%n,es '% co#e u"J Could *e %n('in, fro# % Bi,' *ein, del%(ed. *%d we%'er.
del%( or "os"one#en of ,%#e. "ower ou%,e. %ddin, % c%#er% o 'e *ro%dc%s or
*re%4in, news. w'e'er i)s even rel%ed. or o'er n%ion%l newsJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 T'e s%r o e%c' even *e,ins wi' % "roducion
#eein, so (ou 4now w'% 'e ,o%l of 'e *ro%dc%s is %nd w'% is eA"ecedJ 0ro# 'ere I
%# %*le o *e,in 'e lo,isic%l "l%nnin, %nd wor4 wi' 'e e%#s. venues. ecJ on "re"%rin,
for our %rriv%l % 'e venueJ If i)s % sudio s'ow I %# wor4in, on. i)s ?ndin, ou 'e info on
w'% ,%#es we will focus on %nd need %ddiion%l "roducion su""or % in order o #%4e our
s'ow s%nd ouJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 Or,%ni-%ion %nd #uli%s4in, %re 4e( r%is o "ossess if w%nin, o ,e ino
*ro%dc%s "roducion #%n%,e#enJ +ou will no 9us *e wor4in, on 'e ,%#e *ein,
*ro%dc%s '% wee4J +ou will *e wor4in, on ,%#es >HI wee4s ou %nd %lso o'er evens %s
wellJ +ou could *e wor4in, on N0L. N$L. %nd ?,ure s4%in, %ll % 'e s%#e i#eJ A "erson
needs o *e %*le o *ud,e 'eir i#e %nd 4ee" ever('in, in s(nc in order o *e successfulJ
F21?RE @2*
7%#es Su%r. Producion M%n%,er
<*,e' Stu*)t i' * ()oduction ,*n*ge) fo) N$C S(o)t' G)ou(8 He h*' 0o)/ed on ,ulti(le
Oly,(ic'1 D*teline1 *nd '(eci*l'1 *' 0ell *' othe) '(o)t' e&ent'J
CHAPTER *
The %cript and Production Plan
ESories c%n %4e us "l%ces of w'ic' we c%n onl( dre%#J An %udience will sus"end 'eir
dis*elief in order o *e swe" ino % sor(J We '%ve o "u %side 'e ide% '% R#en c%n) B()
o en9o( Su(e),*nJF
,arr% Coo-, /irector
EEver( sor( s'ould '%ve % 'u#%n f%ceJ S'ow 'e viewer so#eone o idenif( wi'N or s'ow
'e viewer % "ro*le# 'e or s'e c%n unders%nd. 'en s'ow 'e soluionJF
To9 Schroeppel, /irector
Ter9s
,rea-do5n sheet< An %n%l(sis of % scri". lisin, %ll of 'e "roducion ele#ens lised in
order of 'e sc'eduleJ
Ca9era script< A revised scri" for c%#er% re'e%rs%ls. includin, 'e de%ils of 'e
"roducion re%#en3 c%#er%s %nd %udio. cues. r%nsiions. s%,e insrucions. %nd se
c'%n,esJ
Fact sheetCrundo5n sheet< Su##%ri-es infor#%ion %*ou % "roduc or ie# for %
de#onsr%ion "ro,r%#. or de%ils of % ,ues for %n inerviewerJ
;utline script< Usu%ll( includes %n( "re"%red di%lo,ue. suc' %s 'e s'ow o"enin, %nd
closin,J
Preli9inar% scriptC5riterAs script< Inii%l su*#ied full5"%,e scri" ;di%lo,ue %nd %cion<
*efore scri" ediin,J
Rehearsal script< Scri" "re"%red for elevision %nd used for "resudio re'e%rs%lJ Scri"
de%ils 'e sein,s. c'%r%cers. %cion. %len direcives. %nd di%lo,ueJ
Runnin$ order< In % live "roducion. 'e "ro,r%# is s'o in 'e scri"ed orderJ
Shootin$ order< W'en %"in, % "roducion. 'e direcor c%n s'oo in w'%ever order is
#os convenien for 'e crew. %cors. %nd:or direcorJ
Sho5 for9at< Liss 'e ie#s or "ro,r%# se,#ens in % s'ow. in 'e order in w'ic' 'e(
%re o *e s'oJ I #%( s'ow dur%ions. w'o is "%rici"%in,. s'o nu#*ers. %nd so onJ
S%nopsis< An ouline of 'e c'%r%cers. %cion. %nd "loJ T'is s(no"sis 'el"s ever(one
involved in 'e "roducion unders%nd w'% is ,oin, onJ

Once %n ide% is conceived. i #us *e r%nsfor#ed ino % #ess%,e. % scri". %nd:or %
"roducion "l%nJ Gener%ll(. 'e scri" #us *e cre%ed *efore %n('in, else is done. *ec%use
i will *e 'e source '% ever( o'er %re% dr%ws fro#J
THE SCR2PTAS P?RP;SE
Pl%nnin, is %n esseni%l "%r of % serious "roducion %nd 'e scri" for#s 'e *%sis for '%
"l%nJ Scri"s do 'e followin,3
$el" 'e direcor cl%rif( ide%s %nd develo" % "ro9ec '% successfull( co##unic%es o 'e
viewers
$el" 'e direcor coordin%e 'e enire "roducion e%#
$el" 'e direcor deer#ine w'% resources will *e needed for 'e elevision "roducion
;0i,ure PJ8<
F21?RE !@1
Direcor. on 'e se of % sico#. discussin, 'e scri" wi' wriersJ Scri"s 'el" coordin%e 'e "roducion e%#J
Al'ou,' so#e "rofession%l crews on loc%ion ;% % news even. for ins%nce< #%( %""e%r o
*e s'ooin, enirel( s"on%neousl(. 'e( %re usu%ll( wor4in, 'rou,' % ried5%nd5rue
"rocess or "%ern '% '%s *een "roven successful in "%s siu%ionsJ
0or cer%in ("es of "roducion. suc' %s n%rr%ives. 'e scri" usu%ll( *e,ins 'e "roducion
"rocessJ T'e direcor 'en re%ds 'e dr%f scri". w'ic' usu%ll( con%ins ,ener%l infor#%ion
on c'%r%cers. loc%ions. s%,e direcions. %nd di%lo,ueJ $e or s'e 'en visu%li-es 'e scenes
%nd %ssesses 'e "ossi*le re%#enJ T'e direcor #us %lso %nici"%e 'e scri")s "oeni%l
%nd "ossi*le diOculiesJ A 'is s%,e. c'%n,es #%( *e #%de o i#"rove 'e scri" or #%4e
i #ore wor4%*leJ NeA. 'e direcor ,oes on o "re"%re % c%#er% re%#enJ
Ano'er #e'od of scri"in, *e,ins wi' %n oulineJ In 'is #e'od. (ou decide on 'e
v%rious o"ics (ou w%n o cover %nd 'e %#oun of i#e '% (ou c%n %llo o e%c' o"icJ A
scri" is 'en develo"ed *%sed on 'is ouline %nd decisions %re #%de concernin, 'e
c%#er% re%#en for e%c' se,#enJ
W'en "re"%rin, % docu#en%r(. %n eAended ouline *eco#es % s'ooin, scri". s'owin,
"er'%"s 'e ("es of s'os '% 'e direcor would li4eJ I usu%ll( %lso includes rou,'
!uesions for on5loc%ion inerviews wi' "%rici"%nsJ All o'er co##en%r( is usu%ll(
wrien l%er. o,e'er wi' e6ecs %nd #usic. o ?n%li-e 'e edied "roducionJ
In order o '%ve % concise. e%s(5o5re%d scri". %**revi%ions %re usu%ll( usedJ T'ese
%**revi%ions si,ni?c%nl( reduce 'e %#oun of word%,e on 'e scri". w'ic' %lso reduces
'e nu#*er of re!uired "%,es ;T%*le PJ8<J
THE SCR2PTCPR;/?CT2;8 P+A8
The ?nscripted Production Plan
T'ere %re so#e ("es of "ro,r%#s '% c%nno *e scri"edJ 0or eA%#"le. s"ors evens
c%nno *e conrolledN (ou never 4now w'ere 'e( %re ,oin, o ,oJ $owever. 'e direcor sill
needs o 'in4 'rou,' % !u%si scri" or w'% is ofen 4nown %s % "roducion "l%nJ T'ese
"roducion "l%ns %re desi,ned o #%" ou 'e ,ener%l Bow of 'e "roducion. wi'
conin,enc( "l%ns %4in, ino consider%ion '% 'e even could %4e #%n( uneA"eced
urns %lon, 'e w%(J
The ;utline Script< Se9iscripted Production
T'e ("e of scri" used will l%r,el( de"end on 'e 4ind of "ro,r%# *ein, #%deJ T'ere will *e
so#e "roducion siu%ionsS"%ricul%rl( w'ere %len i#"rovises %s 'e( s"e%4 or "erfor#S
w'en 'e Escri"F si#"l( liss de%ils of 'e "roducion ,rou". f%ciliies needed. %nd
sc'edulin,. %nd s'ows *%sic c%#er% "osiions. %nd so onJ
An ouline scri" usu%ll( includes %n( "re"%red di%lo,ue. suc' %s 'e s'ow)s o"enin, %nd
closin,J W'en "eo"le %re ,oin, o i#"rovise. 'e scri" #%( 9us lis 'e order of o"ics o *e
coveredJ Durin, 'e s'ow. 'e lis #%( *e included on % c%rd 'eld *( 'e %len. % cue c%rd
"osiioned ne%r 'e c%#er%. or % ele"ro#"er in order o re#ind 'e 'osJ If 'e s'ow is
co#"lic%ed wi' #uli"le ,uess or evens occurrin,. % s'ow for#% is usu%ll( cre%ed
;T%*le PJ=<J T'is liss 'e "ro,r%# se,#ens ;scenes< %nd s'ows 'e followin,3
T'e o"ic ;suc' %s % ,ui%r solo<
T'e %#oun of i#e %lloc%ed for 'is s"eci?c se,#en
T'e n%#es of %ll %len involved ;'oss %nd ,uess<
0%ciliies ;c%#er%s. %udio. %nd %n( o'er e!ui"#en %nd s"%ce needed<
EAern%l conen sources '% will *e re!uired ;suc' %s %"e. di,i%l. s%ellie. %nd so on<
W'en se,#ens ;or edied "%c4%,es< '%ve *een "reviousl( recorded o *e insered ino 'e
"ro,r%#. 'e scri" #%( s'ow 'e o"enin, %nd closin, words of e%c' %nd 'e "%c4%,e)s
dur%ionJ T'is se" %ssiss %ccur%e cuein,J
Full% Scripted Sho5s
W'en % "ro,r%# is full( scri"ed. i includes de%iled infor#%ion on %ll %s"ecs of 'e
"roducion. %s descri*ed in 'e followin, su*secionsJ
SCENES
Mos "roducions %re divided ino % series of scenesJ E%c' scene covers % co#"lee
coninuous %cion se!uence %nd is ideni?ed wi' % nu#*er %nd loc%ion ;eJ,J. Scene >S
OOce se<J A scene c%n involve %n('in, fro# %n inerview o % d%nce rouine. % son,. or %
de#onsr%ion se!uenceJ
SHOTS
W'en 'e direcor '%s decided 'ow 'e or s'e is ,oin, o iner"re 'e scri". e%c' scene will
*e su*divided ino % series of s'osN e%c' s'o s'ows 'e %cion fro# % s"eci?c view"oinJ
T'e s'os %re 'en nu#*ered consecuivel( for e%s( reference on 'e scri". in 'e order in
w'ic' 'e( will *e screenedJ
In % live "roducion. 'e "ro,r%# is s'o in 'e scri"ed order ;runnin, order<J W'en %"in, %
"roducion. 'e direcor c%n s'oo in w'%ever order is #os convenien ;s'ooin, order< for
'e crew. %cors. %nd:or direcorJ T'e direcor #%( decide o o#i s'os ;Edro" S'o =PF< or
o %dd eAr% s'os ;S'os =IA. =I&. ecJ<J $e or s'e #%( decide o record S'o PK *efore
S'o 8 %nd 'en edi 'e# ino 'e correc runnin, order % % l%er i#eJ
DIALOGE
T'e enire "re"%red di%lo,ue. s"o4en o 'e c%#er% or *eween "eo"leJ T'e %len #%(
#e#ori-e 'e scri" or re%d i o6 ele"ro#"ers or cue c%rdsJ
E-IPMENT
T'e scri" usu%ll( indic%es w'ic' c%#er%:#icro"'one is *ein, used for e%c' s'o ;eJ,J.
C%#J = 0is'"ole<J
$ASIC CAMERA INSTRCTIONS
De%ils of e%c' s'o %nd c%#er% #oves ;eJ,J. C%#J 8 CU on 7oe)s '%ndN doll( ou o lon,
s'o<J
S#ITCHER "VISION MI4ER% INSTRCTIONS
0or eA%#"le3 cu. f%deJ
CONTRI$TOR. SORCES
De%ils of w'ere video%"e. ,r%"'ics. re#oe feeds. %nd so on %""e%r in 'e "ro,r%#J W'en
is i necess%r( o full( scri" % "roducion1
1@ W'en 'e di%lo,ue is o follow % "rescri*ed eA '% is o *e le%rned or re%d fro# %
"ro#"er or scri"J
2@ W'ere %cion is de%iled. so '% "eo"le #ove o cer%in "l%ces % "%ricul%r i#es %nd do
s"eci?c 'in,s 'ereJ ;T'is c%n %6ec c%#er%s. sound. %nd li,'in, re%#enJ<
3@ W'en 'ere %re c%refull( i#ed insers ;"rerecorded #%eri%ls< '% '%ve o *e cued
%ccur%el( ino 'e "ro,r%#J
@ W'en 'e dur%ion of % secion #us *e 4e" wi'in %n %lloed i#e slo. (e cover cer%in
%,reed5u"on su*9ec "oinsJ ;T'e s"e%4er #i,' o'erwise dwell on one "oin. %nd #iss
%no'er %lo,e'erJ<
!@ W'ere 'ere %re s"o cuesSsuc' %s % li,'nin, B%s' %nd %n e6ecs disc sound of 'under
S% % "oin in 'e di%lo,ueJ
ET'e *i,,es #isconce"ion %*ou wriin, for elevision is '% i)s 9us li4e The Dic/ V*n
Dy/e Sho0J Wriers %re %l#os never 'o#e *( P3>K PJMJ Onl( 'e %cors '%ve 'ose 'oursJF
Car9en Finestra, CoIcreator and E3ecutive Producer, !ome mprovement
Script Sta$es
T'e full( scri"ed s'ow is develo"ed in sever%l s%,es. %s descri*ed in 'e followin,
su*secionsJ
DRAFT6 PRELIMINAR. SCRIPT6OTLINE SCRIPT6#RITER3S SCRIPT
T'e inii%l su*#ied full5"%,e scri" ;di%lo,ue %nd %cion< *efore scri" ediin,J
REHEARSAL SCRIPT
A scri" "re"%red for elevision %nd used for "resudio re'e%rs%lJ T'e scri" de%ils 'e
loc%les ;sein,s<. c'%r%cers. %cion. %len direcives. %nd di%lo,ue ;T%*le PJ><J
CAMERA SCRIPT
A revised scri" for c%#er% re'e%rs%ls. %u,#ened wi' de%ils of "roducion re%#en3
c%#er%s %nd %udio. cues. r%nsiions. s%,e insrucions. %nd se c'%n,es ;T%*le PJI<J
FLL SCRIPT
T'e full scri" is no. %s so#e "eo"le *elieve. %n %risic%ll( in'i*iin, docu#en '%
co##is ever(one concerned o % ri,id "l%n of "rocedureJ I c%n *e #odi?ed %s 'e need
%risesJ I si#"l( infor#s ever(one %*ou w'% is eA"eced % e%c' #o#en of 'e
"roducionJ Re'e%rs%l i#e is oo "recious o use u" eA"l%inin, w'% is eA"eced of ever(one
%s (ou ,oJ I is f%r *eer o '%ve % de%iled scri" '% s'ows 'e eA%c #o#en for 'e
li,'in, c'%n,e. o cue 'e ,r%"'ics. or o inroduce % s"eci%l e6ecJ T'e full scri" is %
c'%n,e%*le "l%n of 'ow 'e "roducion will "roceed '% '%s de%ils %dded o i %s 'e
"roducion develo"sJ
0ull( scri"ed %""ro%c'es c%n *e found in newsc%ss. dr%#% "roducions. o"er%s. siu%ion
co#ed( s'ows. docu#en%ries. %nd co##erci%lsJ W'en di%lo,ue %nd:or %cion %re
s"on%neous. 'ere c%n *e no scri"Sonl( %n ouline of w'ere 'e s'ow is 'e%ded ;eJ,J.
discussions<J A for#%l %l4 is usu%ll( scri"edJ
T'e #ore fr%,#en%r( or dis9oined 'e %cu%l "roducion "rocess is. 'e #ore esseni%l 'e
scri" *eco#esJ I 'el"s ever(one involved o %nici"%eJ And in cer%in for#s of "roducion
;suc' %s c'ro#%54e( s%,in,<. %nici"%ion is esseni%l for i,' sc'edulin,J
In % co#"leA "roducion '% is video%"ed ou of se!uence. 'e "roducion crew #%( *e
un%*le o funcion #e%nin,full( wi'ou % full scri". '% #%4es i cle%r 'ow
s'os:se!uences %re inerrel%ed %nd reve%ls coninui(J T'e li,'in, direcor #%(. for
eA%#"le. need o %d9us 'e li,'in, *%l%nce for % scene so '% i will cu s#oo'l( wi' 'e
di6eren s'os '% were "reviousl( c%"uredJ
T'e full scri" c%n *e % v%lu%*le coordin%in, docu#en. en%*lin, (ou o see % % ,l%nce 'e
rel%ions'i"s *eween di%lo,ue. %cion. re%#en. %nd #ec'%nicsJ Durin, "l%nnin,. of
course. i 'el"s 'e e%# esi#%e 'ow #uc' i#e 'ere is for % c%#er% #ove. 'ow lon,
'ere is for % cosu#e c'%n,e. w'e'er re%rr%n,in, s'ooin, order will ,ive 'e necess%r(
i#e for % #%4eu" c'%n,e. 'e scenes durin, w'ic' 'e Er%inF s'ould *e seen ouside 'e
windows of 'e li*r%r( se ;iJeJ. 'e w%er s"r%( urned on %nd 'e %udio e6ecs inroduced<
S%nd 'e 'ous%nd %nd one de%ils '% inerf%ce in % s#oo'5runnin, s'owJ
T'e full scri" is used di6erenl( *( v%rious #e#*ers of 'e "roducion e%#J 0or 'e
direcor. 'e scri" '%s wo "ur"oses3 %s % reference "oin w'en develo"in, re%#en.
esi#%in, 'e dur%ion of se!uences. "l%nnin, c%#er% #oves. %nd so on. %nd o
de#onsr%e o #e#*ers of 'e e%# w'% 'e or s'e re!uiresJ T'e direcor)s %ssis%n;s<
follows 'e scri" c%refull( durin, re'e%rs%ls %nd %"in,. c'ec4in, di%lo,ue %ccur%c(. noin,
w'ere re%4es %re needed. i#in, secions ;'eir dur%ions. w'ere % "%ricul%r even
occurred<. "er'%"s re%d(in, %nd cuin, conri*uor( sources. %s well %s Ec%llin, s'osF on 'e
inerco#Sfor eA%#"le. ES'o =I on =J Co#in, o >JF T'e "erson o"er%in, 'e "roducion
swic'er follows 'e scri" in de%il. "re"%rin, for u"co#in, r%nsiions. su"eri#"osiions.
e6ecs. %nd so on. w'ile c'ec4in, 'e v%rious #onior "icuresJ
O'ers in 'e e%# for w'o# % scri" would *e oo disr%cin, ;eJ,J. c%#er% %nd *oo#
o"er%ors< use i %s % de%iled reference "oin w'en necess%r(. *u %re ,uided *( si#"li?ed
oulines suc' %s *re%4down s'ees %nd c%#er% c%rds %s 'e( #e#ori-e 'eir o"er%ions
;T%*le PJP<J
,asic Script +a%out For9ats
T'ere is no one s%nd%rd scri" l%(ouJ Scri" l%(ou s(les c%n v%r( widel(J So#e "refer %
sin,le5colu#n cine#%ic for#%. wi' r%nsiions in % lef #%r,in. %nd %ll video %nd %udio
infor#%ion in % sin,le #%in colu#nJ O'er versions use wo veric%l colu#ns. wi' "icure
re%#en ;c%#er%s. swic'in,< on 'e lef. %nd %cion %nd di%lo,ue on 'e ri,'. o,e'er
wi' sudio insrucions %nd li,'in,:e6ecs cuesJ Direcors ofen #%r4 u" 'eir scri" *(
'%nd wi' 'eir own insrucion%l s(#*ols o indic%e r%nsiions %nd s'osJ
SINGLE2COLMN FORMAT
Al'ou,' 'ere %re di6eren v%ri%ions of 'e sin,le5colu#n for#%. %ll video %nd %udio
infor#%ion is usu%ll( con%ined in % sin,le #%in colu#nJ &efore e%c' scene. %n eA"l%n%or(
inroducion descri*es 'e loc%ion %nd 'e %cionJ
Re#inder noes c%n *e #%de in % wide lef5'%nd #%r,in. includin, r%nsiion s(#*ols ;for
eA%#"le3 G Z cuN 0U Z f%de5u"<. cues. c%#er% insrucions. 'u#*n%il s4ec'es of s'os or
%cion. %nd so onJ
T'is ("e of scri" is widel( used for n%rr%ive ?l#5s(le "roducion %nd sin,le5c%#er% video.
in w'ic' 'e direcor wor4s %lon,side 'e c%#er% o"er%orJ I is "er'%"s less useful in %
#ulic%#er% seu". in w'ic' 'e "roducion e%# is #ore dis"ersed. wi' ever(one needin,
o 4now 'e direcor)s "roducion inenions ;T%*le PJC<J
T#O2COLMN FORMAT
Li4e 'e one5colu#n for#%. 'ere %re #%n( v%ri%ions of 'e wo5colu#n for#%J T'is
r%diion%l elevision for#% is eAre#el( BeAi*le %nd infor#%iveJ I ,ives %ll #e#*ers of 'e
"roducion crew s'o5*(5s'o de%ils of w'% is ,oin, onJ T'e( c%n %lso %dd 'eir own
s"eci?c infor#%ion ;eJ,J. de%ils of li,'in, c'%n,es< %s neededJ See T%*le PJQJ
Two versions of 'e scri" %re so#ei#es "re"%redJ In 'e ?rs ;re'e%rs%l scri"<. 'e ri,'
colu#n onl( is "rinedJ Su*se!uenl(. %fer de%iled "l%nnin, %nd "re"roducion re'e%rs%ls.
'e "roducion de%ils %re %dded o 'e lef colu#n o for# 'e c%#er% scri"J
Eeep 2t ,rief
ET'e s%,e loves wordsN elevision %nd 'e cine#% love #ove#enJ T'e ,o%l is o s%( w'%
(ou w%n o s%( in 'e *riefes w%( "ossi*leJ If '% #e%ns %4in, ou %n enire s"eec'. %nd
re"l%cin, i wi' %n %rc'ed e(e*row. do soJ If (ou '%ve o c'oose *eween 'e wo. 'e
%rc'ed e(e*row "ro*%*l( "%c4s 'e ,re%es "unc'J A nod s"e%4s volu#esN % f%ci%l ic4 c%n
*rin, down %n e#"ireJ T'is %""ro%c' c%n ,uide wriers o wrie #ore e6ecive di%lo,ue in %ll
,enresJ T'e di%lo,ue c%n *e !u%li%ive. no !u%ni%iveJF
Adapted fro9 Sa0astian Cor0ascio, 6riter and /irector
THE DRAMA SCRIPT
T'e dr%#%ic full scri" #%( *e "re"%red in wo s%,es3 'e )ehe*)'*l 'c)i(t %nd 'e c*,e)*
'c)i(tJ
T'e )ehe*)'*l 'c)i(t usu%ll( *e,ins wi' ,ener%l infor#%ion s'ees. includin, %
c%s:c'%r%cer lis. "roducion e%# de%ils. re'e%rs%l %rr%n,e#ens. %nd si#il%r de%ilsJ
T'ere #%( *e % s(no"sis of 'e "lo or sor(line. "%ricul%rl( w'en scenes %re o *e
s'o:recorded ou of orderJ T'e re'e%rs%l scri" ,ener%ll( includes 'e followin, ("es of
de%ils3
Loc%ion3 T'e sein, w'ere 'e scene will *e s'o
Ti#e of d%( %nd we%'er condiions
S%,e or loc%ion insrucions ;T'e roo# is c%ndleli %nd % lo, ?re *urns *ri,'l(<
Acion3 &%sic infor#%ion on w'% is ,oin, o '%""en in 'e scene. suc' %s %cors) #oves
;7oe ,es in 'e c%r<
Di%lo,ue3 S"e%4er)s n%#e ;c'%r%cer< followed *( 'eir di%lo,ueN %ll delivered s"eec'.
voiceover. voice insers ;for eA%#"le. "'one convers%ion<. co##en%r(. %nnounce#ens.
%nd so on ;"er'%"s wi' direcion%l co##ens suc' %s Es%dl(F or Es%rc%sic%ll(F< ;0i,ure PJ=<
E6ecs cues3 Indic%in, 'e #o#en for % c'%n,e o %4e "l%ce ;li,'nin, B%s'. eA"losion.
7oe swic'es li,' ou<
Audio insrucions3 #usic %nd sound e6ecs
F21?RE !@2
Acors review 'e scri" %s 'e( re'e%rse for C&S Television)s #ithout A T)*ceJ ;P'oo *( Mic' $%dd%d:C&S:L%ndov<
T'e c*,e)* 'c)i(t %dds full de%ils of 'e "roducion re%#en o 'e lef side of 'e
re'e%rs%l scri". %nd usu%ll( includes3
T'e s'o nu#*er
T'e c%#er% used for 'e s'o %nd "ossi*l( 'e "osiion of 'e c%#er%
&%sic s'o de%ils %nd c%#er% #oves ;CU on 7oeN doll( *%c4 o LS %s 'e rises<
Swic'er insrucions ;cu. dissolve. ecJ<
E&ein, % ,ood elevision screenwrier re!uires %n unders%ndin, of 'e w%( ?l# %cceler%es
'e co##unic%ion of wordsJF
Steven ,ochco, Producer
S?11EST2;8S ;8 SCR2PT6R2T281
T'ere %re no s'orcus o ,ood scri"wriin,. %n( #ore '%n 'ere %re o wriin, s'or
sories. co#"osin, #usic. or "%inin, % "icureJ Scri"wriin, ec'ni!ues %re le%rned 'rou,'
o*serv%ion. eA"erience. %nd re%din,J &u 'ere %re so#e ,ener%l ,uidelines '% %re wor'
4ee"in, in #ind %s (ou "re"%re (our scri". %s eA"l%ined in 'e followin, secionsJ
,e "isual
Al'ou,' %udio %nd video i#%,es %re *o' ver( i#"or%n in % elevision "roducion. viewers
"erceive elevision %s "ri#%ril( % visu%l #ediu#J M%eri%l s'ould *e "resened in visu%l
er#s %s #uc' %s "ossi*leJ If "l%nned %nd s'o well. 'e i#%,es c%n "owerfull( #ove 'e
%udienceSso#ei#es wi' ver( few wordsJ O'er i#es "ro,r%#s rel( %l#os enirel( on 'e
%udio. usin, 'e video i#%,es o sren,'en. su""or. %nd e#"'%si-e w'% is 'e%rdJ /isu%l
sor(ellin, is diOcul *u "owerful w'en done wellJ
W'en direcors w%n 'eir %udience o concenr%e on w'% 'e( %re 'e%rin,. 'e( r( o
#%4e 'e "icure less de#%ndin,J If. for ins%nce. 'e %udience is lisenin, o % de%iled
%r,u#en %nd r(in, o re%d % screen full of s%isics % 'e s%#e i#e. 'e( will "ro*%*l(
no do ei'er successfull(J
Pacin$ the Pro$ra9
Kee" in #ind '% wriin, for "rin is o%ll( di6eren '%n wriin, for elevisionJ In "rin. 'e
re%der c%n re%d % 'eir own "%ce. so". %nd rere%d w'enever 'e( w%n oJ In % elevision
"ro,r%#. 'e viewin, %udience ,ener%ll( '%s o w%c' 'e "ro,r%# % 'e direcor)s c'osen
"%ceJ An esseni%l "oin o re#e#*er w'en scri"in, elevision is '% 'e di6erence
*eween 'e r%es % w'ic' 'e viewer c%n %4e in infor#%ionJ A lo de"ends. of course. on
'ow f%#ili%r 'e %udience %lre%d( is wi' 'e su*9ec %nd 'e er#s usedJ W'ere de%ils %re
new o 'e %udience. %nd 'e infor#%ion is co#"lic%ed. #ore i#e will *e re!uired o
co##unic%e 'e infor#%ion in % #e%nin,ful w%(J Ironic%ll(. so#e'in, '% c%n see#
diOcul %nd involved % 'e ?rs viewin, #%( %""e%r slow %nd o*vious % few viewin,s l%erJ
T'% is w'( i is so '%rd for direcors o esi#%e 'e e6ec of #%eri%l on 'ose w'o %re
,oin, o *e seein, i for 'e ?rs i#eJ Direcors *eco#e so f%#ili%r wi' i '% 'e( 4now i
*( 'e%r %nd lose 'eir o*9ecivi(J
T'e 4e( o co##unic%in, co#"leA su*9ecs is o si#"lif(J If 'e densi( of infor#%ion or 'e
r%e % w'ic' i is delivered is oo 'i,'. i will confuse. *ewilder. or 9us encour%,e 'e
%udience o swic' i o6S#en%ll(. if no "'(sic%ll(J
As se!uences %re edied o,e'er. ediors ?nd '% video i#%,es %nd 'e soundr%c4
so#ei#es '%ve 'eir own n%ur%l "%ceJ T'% "%ce #%( *e slow %nd leisurel(. #ediu#. f%s.
or *riefJ If ediors %re forun%e. 'e "%ce of 'e "icure %nd 'e sound will *e rou,'l( 'e
s%#eJ $owever. 'ere will *e occ%sions w'en 'e( ?nd '% 'e( do no '%ve enou,'
i#%,es o ?'e sound se!uence. or 'e( do no '%ve enou,' soundr%c4 o "u *e'ind 'e
%#oun of %cion in 'e "icureJ
Ofen w'en 'e %len '%s eA"l%ined % "oin ;"er'%"s %4in, P seconds<. 'e "icure is sill
s'owin, 'e %cion ;"er'%"s =K seconds<J T'e "icure. or %cion. needs o *e %llowed o
?nis' *efore %4in, 'e co##en%r( on o 'e neA "oinJ In 'e scri". % lile di%lo,ue #%(
,o % lon, w%(. %s % series of s'or "ieces cu ino 'e "ro,r%#. r%'er '%n % coninu%l Bow
of ver*i%,eJ
T'e reverse c%n '%""en. oo. w'en 'e %cion in 'e "icure is *riefJ 0or eA%#"le. %
loco#oive "%sses 'rou,' 'e s'o !uic4l( in % few seconds. %4in, less i#e '%n i %4es
'e %len o %l4 %*ou iJ So. #ore "icures of 'e su*9ec %re needed. "er'%"s fro# %no'er
view"oin. o su""or 'e di%lo,ueJ
Even w'en "icure %nd sound %re #ore or less 4ee"in, 'e s%#e "%ce. do no '%*iu%ll( cu
o % new s'o %s soon %s 'e %cion in 'e "icure is ?nis'edJ So#ei#es i is *eer o
coninue 'e "icure *rieB(. in order o %llow i#e for 'e %udience o "rocess 'e
infor#%ion '% 'e( '%ve 9us seen %nd 'e%rd. r%'er '%n #ove on wi' f%s cuin, %nd %
r%"id co##en%r(J
I is %ll oo e%s( o overlo%d 'e soundr%c4J Wi'ou "%uses in % co##en%r(. i c%n *eco#e
%n endless *%rr%,e of infor#%ionJ Moreover. if 'e edior '%s % de%iled scri" '% ?s in
wi' ever( #o#en of 'e i#%,e. %nd 'e %len '%""ens o slow down % %ll. 'e words c%n
,e ou of se" wi' 'e 4e( s'os 'e( %re rel%ed oJ T'en 'e edior '%s 'e c'oice of
cuin, "%rs of 'e co##en%r(. or *uildin, ou 'e "icure ;wi' %""ro"ri%e s'os< o
en%*le "icure %nd sound o *e *rou,' *%c4 ino s(ncJ
St%le
T'e wors ("e of scri" for elevision is 'e ("e '% '%s *een wrien in % for#%l lier%r(
s(le. %s if for % news"%"er %ricle or %n ess%(. w'ere 'e words. "'r%ses. %nd senence
consrucion %re 'ose of 'e "rined "%,eJ W'en 'is ("e of scri" is re%d %loud. i ends o
sound li4e %n oOci%l s%e#en or % "ronounce#en. r%'er '%n 'e Buen ever(d%( s"eec'
'% usu%ll( co##unic%es *es wi' % elevision %udienceSwe don) w%n % scri" '% is so
collo!ui%l '% i includes %ll 'e 'esi%ions %nd sl%n,( '%lf5'ou,'s one ends o use. *u
we %lso w%n o %void co#"leA senence consrucionJ
I %4es so#e eA"erience o *e %*le o re%d %n( scri" Buenl(. wi' 'e re!uired n%ur%l
eA"ression '% *rin,s i %liveJ &u if 'e scri" iself is wrien in % siled s(le. i is unli4el(
o i#"rove wi' 'e%rin,J T'e #%eri%l s'ould *e "resened %s if 'e %len were %l4in, o %n
individu%l in 'e %udience. r%'er '%n "rocl%i#in, on % s%,e. or %ddressin, % "u*lic
#eein,J
T'e w%( 'e infor#%ion is delivered c%n inBuence 'ow ineresin, 'e su*9ec see#s o *eJ
T'e #ind *o,,les %3 ET'e re%iner lever %cu%es 'e ine,r%ed conour followerJF &u we
i##edi%el( unders%nd if i is wrien 'is w%(3 E$ere (ou c%n see. %s we "ull 'is lever. 'e
loc4 o"ensJF
If 'e %udience '%s o "%use o ?,ure ou w'% is #e%n. 'e( will no *e lisenin, closel( o
w'% is *ein, s%id i##edi%el( %ferw%rdsJ Direcors c%n ofen %ssis 'e %udience *(
%nici"%in, 'e "ro*le#s wi' % "%ssin, eA"l%n%ion. or % su*ile ;es"eci%ll( useful for
n%#es<. or % si#"le di%,r%#J
Hints on /evelopin$ the Script
$ow scri"s %re develo"ed will v%r( wi' 'e ("e of "ro,r%# %nd 'e w%( individu%l
direcors wor4J T'e ec'ni!ues %nd "rocesses of ,ood scri"wriin, %re % sud( in
'e#selves. *u we c%n %4e % loo4 % so#e of 'e ,uidin, "rinci"les %nd ("ic%l "oins '%
need o *e consideredJ
#RITERS OFTEN COLLA$ORATE
M%n( elevision s'ows %re wrien *( % e%# of wriers w'o coll%*or%e on scri"s ;0i,ure
PJ><J 0or eA%#"le. on % sico#. wriers c%nno *e funn( ever( d%(J So. % e%# of co#ed(
wriers wor4 o,e'er o ,e 'e *es scri" "ossi*leJ
F21?RE !@3
Te%#s of wriers ofen coll%*or%e in order o ,e 'e *es scri" "ossi*leJ T'e wriers %nd "roducers of CSI;N. %re s'own
wor4in, o,e'erJ ;P'oo *( Cli6 Li"son:C&S:L%ndov<
#RITER3S $LOC!
T'ere will *e i#es w'en (ou E'i % w%llF w'en wriin,J W'en (ou '%ve *een wor4in, for
%w'ile %nd re%li-e '% (ou %re no ,ein, %n( r%cion on 'e scri". %4e % *re%4 %nd do
so#e'in, else for % w'ile o 'el" cle%r (our #indJ T'en ,o *%c4 wi' % fres' "ers"ecive
;0i,ure PJI<J
THE NATRE OF THE SCRIPT
T'e Scri" M%( 0or# 'e &%sis of 'e Enire Producion Tre%#en
$ere 'e "roducion is s%,ed. "erfor#ed. %nd s'o %s indic%ed in 'e scri"J As f%r %s
"ossi*le. di%lo,ue %nd %cion follow 'e scri"ed versionJ
F21?RE !@
Two wriers fro# 'e elevision series Mon/ %4e % *re%4 durin, % scri"wriin, session o "l%( %ir5'oc4e(J On 'e w%ll
*e'ind 'e# %re noec%rds ?lled wi' ide%s for 'e s'owJ ;P'oo coures( of NNS:L%ndov<
T'e Scri"wrier M%( Pre"%re % Dr%f Scri" ;iJeJ. % su,,esed re%#en<
T'is is sudied %nd develo"ed *( 'e direcor o for# % s'ooin, scri"J
T'e Scri" M%( &e Wrien %fer M%eri%l $%s &een S'o
Cer%in "ro,r%#s. suc' %s docu#en%ries. #%( *e s'o o % "reconceived ouline "l%n. *u
'e ?n%l #%eri%l will l%r,el( de"end on 'e o""oruniies of 'e #o#enJ T'e scri" is
wrien o *lend 'is #%eri%l o,e'er in % co'eren sor(line. %ddin, eA"l%n%or(
co##en%r(:di%lo,ueJ Su*se!uen ediin, %nd "os"roducion wor4 is *%sed on 'is scri"ed
versionJ
T'e Scri" M%( &e Wrien %fer M%eri%l $%s &een Edied
$ere 'e video%"e edior %sse#*les 'e s'o #%eri%l. cre%in, coninui( %nd % *%sis for %
sor(lineJ T'e scri" is 'en develo"ed o sui 'e edied "ro,r%#J Occ%sion%ll(. % new scri"
re"l%ces 'e "ro,r%#)s ori,in%l scri" wi' new or di6eren eAJ 0or eA%#"le. w'en 'e
ori,in%l "ro,r%# w%s cre%ed in % di6eren l%n,u%,e fro# '% of 'e inended %udience. i
#%( *e #%r4eed %s %n M[E version. in w'ic' 'e soundr%c4 includes onl( E#usic %nd
e6ecsJF All di%lo,ue or voiceover co##en%r( is %dded ;du**ed in< l%er *( 'e reci"ien in
%no'er l%n,u%,eJ
SCRIPT#RITING $ASICS
A successful scri" s%is?es wo i#"or%n re!uire#ens3
T'e "ro,r%#)s #%in "ur"ose3 o %#use. infor#. inri,ue. "ersu%de. %nd so onJ
I #us *e "r%cic%lJ T'e scri" #us *e % wor4%*le ve'icle for 'e "roducion crewJ
0und%#en%ll(. we need o ensure '%3
T'e scri" #ees is de%dlineJ W'en is 'e scri" re!uired1 Is i for % s"eci?c occ%sion1
T'e re%#en is fe%si*le for 'e *ud,e. f%ciliies. %nd i#e %v%il%*leJ An over%#*iious
scri" will necess%ril( '%ve o *e re%rr%n,ed. edied. %nd '%ve is scenes rewrien o
"rovide % wor4%*le *%sis for 'e "roducionJ
T'e re%#en usu%ll( #us ? 'e %nici"%ed "ro,r%# len,'J O'erwise. i will *eco#e
necess%r( o cu se!uences or "%d 'e "roducion wi' %dded scenes %ferw%rds o ? 'e
s'ow o 'e %lloed i#e sloJ
T'e s(le %nd 'e for# of "resen%ion %re %""ro"ri%e for 'e su*9ecJ An unsui%*le s(le.
suc' %s % li,''e%red %""ro%c' o % ver( serious su*9ec. #%( rivi%li-e 'e su*9ecJ
T'e su*9ec re%#en is sui%*le for 'e inended %udienceJ T'e s(le. co#"leAi(.
concenr%ion of infor#%ion. %nd o'er de%ils %re rel%ive o 'eir "ro*%*le ineres %nd
%enion s"%nJ
AS! .ORSELF
W'o Is 'e Pro,r%# 0or1 W'% Does +our Audience Alre%d( Know1
An%l(-in, (our %udience is covered in C'%"er IJ
W'% Is 'e Pur"ose of T'is Pro,r%#1
EA%#"les of "ro,r%# s(le %re ener%in#en. infor#%ion. insrucion. or "ersu%sion ;%s in
%dverisin,. "ro,r%# r%ilers. "ro"%,%nd%<J Is 'ere % follow5u" o 'e "ro,r%# ;suc' %s
"u*lici( o6ers or ess<1
Is 'e Pro,r%# One of % Series1
Does i rel%e o or follow o'er "ro,r%#s1 Do viewers need o *e re#inded of "%s
infor#%ion1 Does 'e scri" s(le need o *e si#il%r o "revious "ro,r%#s1 Were 'ere %n(
o#issions. we%4nesses. or errors in "revious "ro,r%#s '% c%n *e correced in 'is
"ro,r%#1
W'% Is 'e Len,' of 'e Pro,r%#1
Is i *rief1 ;Mus i #%4e %n i##edi%e i#"%c1< Is i lon, enou,' o develo" %r,u#ens or
eA"l%n%ions for % r%n,e of o"ics1
$ow Muc' De%il Is Re!uired in 'e Scri"1
Is 'e scri" inended o *e co#"lee wi' di%lo,ue %nd %cion1 ;Acu%l visu%l re%#en
de"ends on 'e direcorJ< Is 'e scri" % *%sis for i#"rovis%ion ;eJ,J. *( % ,uide or lecurer<1
Is i %n ide%s s'ee. ,ivin, %n ouline for re%#en1
Are +ou Wriin, Di%lo,ue1
Is i for %cors o re%d. or ineA"erienced "erfor#ers1 ;0or 'e l%er. 4ee" i *rief. in s'or
E*iesF o *e re%d fro# % "ro#"er or s"o4en in 'eir own wordsJ< Is 'e di%lo,ue o *e
n%ur%lisic or Ec'%r%cer di%lo,ueF1
Is 'e Su*9ec % /isu%l One1
If 'e su*9ecs %re %*sr%c. or no lon,er eAis. 'ow will (ou illusr%e 'e#1
$%ve +ou Considered 'e Scri")s Re!uire#ens1
I %4es onl( % few words on 'e "%,e o su,,es % siu%ion. *u o re"roduce i in "icures
%nd sound #%( re!uire consider%*le i#e. eA"ense. %nd e6or ;eJ,J. % *%le scene<J +ou
#%( '%ve o rel( on %v%il%*le soc4 li*r%r( videoJ Does 'e scri" "ose o*vious "ro*le#s for
'e direcor1 0or eA%#"le. % scri" involvin, s"eci%l e6ecs. suns. %nd 'e li4e1
Does 'e Scri" Involve Cosl( Conce"s T'% C%n &e Si#"li?ed1
An inerconinen%l convers%ion could *e covered *( %n eA"ensive wo5w%( video s%ellie
r%ns#ission. or c%n i *e %cco#"lis'ed *( uili-in, %n online ele"'one c%ll %cco#"%nied *(
"reviousl( %c!uired foo%,e or sill i#%,es1
Does 'e Su*9ec Involve Rese%rc'1
T'e scri" #%( de"end on w'% rese%rc'ers discover w'ile invesi,%in, 'e su*9ecJ Do (ou
%lre%d( '%ve infor#%ion '% c%n %id 'e direcor ;'%ve con%cs. 4now of sui%*le loc%ions.
%v%il%*ili( of inser #%eri%l. ecJ<1
W'ere Will 'e I#%,es Co#e 0ro#1
Will 'e su*9ecs *e *rou,' o 'e sudio1 ;T'is %llows #%Ai#u# conrol over 'e "ro,r%#
re%#en %nd "resen%ionJ< Or will c%#er%s *e ,oin, on loc%ion o 'e su*9ecs1 ;T'is #%(
include siu%ions li4e s'ooin, in #useu#sJ< Scri" o""oruniies #%( de"end on w'% is
%v%il%*le w'en 'e "roducion is *ein, s'oJ
REMEM$ER
S%r Scri"in, wi' % Si#"le Ouline
&efore e#*%r4in, on 'e #%in scri" re%#en. i c%n *e "%ricul%rl( 'el"ful o rou,' ou %
s4eleon version. w'ic' usu%ll( includes % ,ener%l ouline re%#en. coverin, 'e v%rious
"oins '% need o *e included. in 'e order in w'ic' 'e direcor "ro"oses de%lin, wi'
'e#J
/isu%li-e
So#ei#es "icures %lone c%n conve( 'e infor#%ion #ore "owerfull( '%n 'e s"o4en
wordJ
T'e w%( % co##en%r( is wrien ;%nd s"o4en< c%n inBuence 'ow 'e %udience iner"res
% "icure ;%nd vice vers%<J
Picures c%n disr%cJ Peo"le #%( concenr%e on loo4in, inse%d of lisenin,Y
Avoid E%l4in, 'e%dsF w'erever "ossi*leJ +ou #%( w%n o s'ow 'e su*9ec *ein, %l4ed
%*ou. r%'er '%n 'e "erson w'o is s"e%4in,J
T'e scri" c%n onl( indic%e visu%l re%#enJ I will seldo# *e s"eci?c %*ou s'o de%ils.
unless '% is esseni%l o 'e "lo or siu%ionJ Direcors '%ve 'eir own ide%sY
Avoid Overlo%din,
Kee" i si#"leJ Don) *e lon,5winded or use co#"lic%ed senencesJ Kee" o 'e "oinJ
W'en % su*9ec is diOcul. %n %cco#"%n(in, di%,r%#. c'%r. or ,r%"' #%( 'el" #%4e 'e
infor#%ion e%sier o unders%ndJ
Do no ,ive oo #uc' infor#%ion % % i#eJ Do no %e#" o "%c4 oo #uc' infor#%ion
ino 'e "ro,r%#J I is *eer o do 9usice o % few o"ics '%n o cover #%n( in%de!u%el(J
Develo" % 0low of Ide%s
De%l wi' one su*9ec % % i#eJ Gener%ll(. %void cuin, *eween di6eren o"icsJ
Do no '%ve di6eren infor#%ion on 'e screen '%n in 'e co##en%r(J T'is c%n *e ver(
disr%cin, %nd confusin, o 'e viewerJ
Ai# o '%ve one su*9ec or se!uence le%d n%ur%ll( ino 'e neAJ
W'en 'ere %re % nu#*er of se"%r%e di6eren o"ics. 'in4 'rou,' 'ow 'e( %re rel%ed
%nd 'e r%nsiions necess%r( o 4ee" 'e %udience)s ineresJ
Consider P%ce
/%r( 'e "%ce of 'e "ro,r%#J Avoid % f%s "%ce w'en i#"%rin, f%csJ I conve(s %n over%ll
i#"ression. *u f%cs do no sin4 inJ A slow "%ce c%n *e *orin, or resful. de"endin, on 'e
conenJ
Re#e#*er '% 'e %udience c%nno refer o 'e "ro,r%# l%er ;unless i is iner%cive or
'e( '%ve % video recorder<J If 'e( #iss % "oin. 'e( #%( f%il o unders%nd 'e neAS%nd
will "ro*%*l( lose ineresJ
W%c' +our S(le
Use %n %""ro"ri%e wriin, s(le for 'e inended viewerJ Gener%ll(. %i# for %n infor#%l.
rel%Aed s(leJ
T'ere is % world of di6erence *eween 'e s(le of 'e "rined "%,e %nd 'e w%( "eo"le
nor#%ll( s"e%4J Re%din, fro# % "ro#"er "roduces %n unn%ur%l. siled e6ecJ
&e ver( c%reful %*ou inroducin, 'u#or in 'e scri"Y
Scriptin$ Tools
Mos wriers use one of 'e nu#erous scri"wriin, sofw%re "ro,r%#s o cre%e 'eir scri"sJ
T'ese "ro,r%#s usu%ll( '%ve % v%rie( of for#%s. %llowin, 'e wrier o selec 'e #os
%""ro"ri%e scri" for#% '% ?s 'e "roducion 'e( %re wor4in, onJ So#e of 'is sofw%re
will %llow 'e wrier o cre%e 'e full scri" desi,ned in % w%( '% o'er scri"s. suc' %s %
c%#er% scri". c%n *e e%sil( "rined wi' lile %ddiion%l e6orJ
Scri"wriin, %""s '%ve %lso *een cre%ed '% %llow #o*ile "'ones %nd %*les o *e used
for scri"wriin,J T'ese ools %re es"eci%ll( 'el"ful o u"d%e % scri" w'ile in 'e ?eld or
wrie down ide%s w'en (ou %re no close o (our co#"uer ;0i,ure PJP<J
Stor%0oard Advanta$es
Once (ou '%ve 'ou,' 'rou,' 'e s'os on "%"er. 'e %cu%l "roducion will ,o f%serJ
+ou will s%ve #one(3 "%"er is less eA"ensive '%n ?l#. video or 'e crew)s i#eJ
I 'el"s 'e crew %nd %cors unders%nd w'% 'e direcor w%nJ
I %llows 'e crew o review 'e scene %nd ,ive feed*%c4J
I will %ssis (ou in deer#inin, 'e nu#*er of c%#er%s %nd s'o co#"osiionJ
I 'el"s r%c4 coninui(J
Stor%0oards
M%n( direcors need o 'in4 'rou,' e%c' "roducion scene in 'eir #inds. c%"urin, 'e
i#%,es %nd urnin, 'e# ino % sor(*o%rdJ T'e sor(*o%rd is "ri#%ril( used for
dr%#%ic "roducions. *u is used for o'er evens %s wellJ An eA%#"le would *e 'e o"enin,
cere#onies % 'e Ol(#"ics ;0i,ure PJC<J
F21?RE !@!
T'ere %re #%n( di6eren co#"uer5*%sed scri"wriin, "ro,r%#sJ T'e ?rs i#%,e s'ows % screen s'o of 0in%l Dr%f
sofw%re %nd % scri"J T'e second i#%,e s'ows % s#%r"'one scri"wriin, %""J
T'e sor(*o%rd is % series of rou,' s4ec'es '% 'el" 'e direcor visu%li-e %nd or,%ni-e 'is
or 'er c%#er% re%#enJ I is % visu%l #%" of 'ow 'e direcor 'o"es o %rr%n,e 'e 4e(
s'os for e%c' scene or %cion se!uence ;0i,ures PJQ %nd PJL<J
T'ere %re #%n( %dv%n%,es o usin, % sor(*o%rd3
Assis 'e direcor in 'in4in, 'rou,' 'e s'o se!uences
$el" 'e direcor *e #ore eOcien on 'e se
/isu%li-e 'e se!uence so '% o'ers c%n ,ive feed*%c4
Allows 'e crew o 4now 'ow 'e nu#*er c%#er% %n,les %nd c%#er% "l%ce#ens
Assiss wi' scene coninui(
Direcors ?nd '% 'e sor(*o%rd c%n *e % v%lu%*le %id. w'e'er 'e( %re ,oin, o s'oo
%cion3
Coninuousl(. fro# s%r o ?nis'
In secions or scenes ;one co#"lee %cion se!uence % % i#e<
As % series of se"%r%e s'os or E%cion se,#ens.F e%c' s'owin, % "%r of 'e se!uence
Sor(*o%rds c%n *e desi,ned % nu#*er of di6eren w%(sJ T'ere %re sofw%re "ro,r%#s '%
%ssis 'e direcor in visu%li-in, ide%sN so#eone c%n rou,'l( s4ec' 'e# ouN or %
sor(*o%rd %ris c%n cre%e de%iled dr%win,s '% c%n even *e %ni#%ed o *e s'own
durin, 'e fundr%isin, "eriod ;0i,ures PJDHPJ8=<J
F21?RE !@&
T'is sor(*o%rd w%s % "%,e fro# 'e o"enin, cere#on( % 'e Ol(#"icsJ $%nd5dr%wn. i served %s % ,uide o 'e s%6
involved in 'e *ro%dc%s of 'e "roducionJ ;I#%,e coures( of Inern%ion%l S"ors &ro%dc%sin,<
F21?RE !@'
T'is sor(*o%rd w%s cre%ed for % elevision co##erci%lJ ;I#%,e coures( of 7i# Mic4le<
$%nd5dr%wn sor(*o%rds usu%ll( *e,in wi' % ,rid of fr%#esJ S%r o i#%,ine (our w%(
'rou,' 'e ?rs scene. rou,'l( s4ec'in, 'e co#"osiion for e%c' s'oJ +ou don) '%ve o
*e %*le o dr%w well o "roduce % successful sor(*o%rdJ Even 'e crudes scri**les c%n 'el"
(ou or,%ni-e (our 'ou,'s %nd s'ow o'er "eo"le w'% (ou %re r(in, o doJ If 'e %cion is
co#"lic%ed. (ou #i,' need % cou"le of fr%#es o s'ow 'ow % s'o develo"sJ Le)s loo4 %
% ver( si#"le sor(line. o see 'ow 'e sor(*o%rd "rovides (ou wi' i#%,in%ive
o""oruniiesJ
The young (e)'on h*' 5een 'ent to 5uy he) +)'t (o't*ge 't*,(J
T'ere %re do-ens of w%(s o s'oo 'is *rief se!uenceJ +ou could si#"l( follow 'er %ll 'e
w%( fro# 'er 'o#e. w%c'in, %s s'e crosses 'e ro%d. eners 'e "os oOce. ,oes u" o 'e
couner W 'e resul would *e o%ll( *orin,J
ANAL.?ING ACTION
Le)s 'in4 %,%inJ We 4now fro# 'e "revious scene w'ere s'e is ,oin, %nd w'(J All we re%ll(
w%n o re,iser %re 'er re%cions %s s'e *u(s 'e s%#"J So le)s cu ou %ll 'e su"erBuous
foo%,e. %nd concenr%e on '% #o#en ;0i,ure PJ8><3
1@ T'e c'ild %rrives % 'e couner. %nd loo4s u" % 'e cler4J
2@ $esi%in,l(. s'e %s4s for 'e s%#"J
3@ S'e o"ens 'er ?n,ers. o '%nd 'e #one( o 'e cler4J
F21?RE !@(
T'ese sor(*o%rds were cre%ed *( %ris 7os' S'e""%rd for dr%#%ic "roducionsJ
F21?RE !@)
Left; A fr%#e fro# % sor(*o%rdJ Right; $ow 'e c%#er% s'o '% s"eci?c sceneJ ;P'oo *( T%(lor /incen<
F21?RE !@1*
A sor(*o%rd used for % dr%#%ic "roducion '% w%s cre%ed *( co#"uer sofw%re desi,ned for non%rissJ ;I#%,e
cre%ed usin, Sor(&o%rd 2uic4 *( Power Producion<
@ T'e cler4 s#iles %nd %4es 'e #one( %nd "ulls ou 'e s%#" *oo4J
!@ A close s'o of 'e cler4 e%rin, 'e s%#" fro# % s'eeJ
+ou now '%ve % se!uence of s'os. f%r #ore ineresin, '%n % coninuous follo02'hotJ I
si#ul%es 'e i#%,in%ionJ I ,uides 'e %udience)s 'ou,' "rocessesJ I '%s % ,re%er
over%ll i#"%cJ $owever. if 'is ("e of re%#en is c%rried ou "oorl(. 'e e6ec c%n loo4
ver( dis9oined. conrived. %nd "osedJ I is esseni%l '% 'e re%#en #%c'es 'e s(le
%nd 'e#e of 'e su*9ecJ
F21?RE !@11
Sor(*o%rd "ro,r%#s %re %v%il%*le on %ll ("es of devicesJ &o' of 'ese screens'os were %4en fro# % sor(*o%rd "ro,r%#
on %n iP'oneJ ;Sofw%re *( Cine#e4<
F21?RE !@12
Co#"uer5*%sed sor(*o%rd "ro,r%#s %llow 'e non%ris o cre%e "rofession%l loo4in, sor(*o%rdsJ ;Sofw%re *( Power
Producion<
T'e w'ole se!uence could '%ve *een *uil wi' dr%#%ic c%#er% %n,les. sron, #usic. %nd
e6ecsJ &u would i '%ve *een %""ro"ri%e1 If 'e %udience 4nows '% % *o#* is ic4in,
%w%( in % "%rcel *ene%' 'e couner. i #i,' '%ve *eenJ I is %ll oo e%s( o over5dr%#%i-e
or E"re(5u"F % siu%ion ;suc' %s s%r ?lers "roducin, #ulir%( "%erns %round 'i,'li,'s.
%nd di6usion ?lers for #is( e6ecs<J Resis 'e e#"%ion o %dd oo #uc' o 'e scene.
4ee" i %""ro"ri%eJ
T'is *re%4down '%s no onl( 'el"ed (ou o visu%li-e 'e "icure re%#en. *u %llowed (ou
o *e,in o 'in4 %*ou 'ow one s'o is ,oin, o le%d ino 'e neAJ +ou c%n s%r o de%l wi'
"r%cic%liiesJ +ou see. for eA%#"le. '% s'os 8 %nd > %re %4en fro# 'e fron of 'e
couner. %nd s'os =. I. %nd P need o *e %4en fro# *e'ind iJ O*viousl(. 'e #os lo,ic%l
%""ro%c' is o s'oo 'e se!uence ou of orderJ T'e sor(*o%rd *eco#es % s'ooin, "l%nJ
To "r%cice sor(*o%rdin,. review % #oion "icure c%refull(. #%4in, % s4ec' of e%c' 4e(
s'oJ T'is w%(. (ou will soon ,e ino 'e '%*i of 'in4in, in "icure se!uences. r%'er '%n
in isol%ed s'osJ
Additional Production Plan 2nfor9ation
In %ddiion o 'e scri" %nd "ossi*l( % sor(*o%rd. 'ere %re % nu#*er of o'er
"roducion:scri"in, ools '% #%( *e 'el"fulJ
S%nopsis< An ouline of c'%r%cers. %cion. %nd "loJ A""ended o % dr%#%ic scri".
"%ricul%rl( w'en s'o ou of se!uence. or o coordin%e % seriesJ T'is s(no"sis is 'el"ful o
%ssis ever(one involved in 'e "roducion o unders%nd w'% is ,oin, onJ
Fact sheetCrundo5n sheet< Su##%ri-es infor#%ion %*ou % "roduc or ie# for %
de#onsr%ion "ro,r%#. or de%ils of % ,ues for %n inerviewerJ Provided *( % rese%rc'er.
edior. or %,enc( for ,uid%nceJ
Sho5 for9atC0rea-do5n sheetCrunnin$ order< Liss 'e evens or "ro,r%# se,#ens in
order. %llowed dur%ions. "%rici"%ns) n%#es. c%#er%s. %udio "ic4u" %lloc%ed. sein, used.
video %nd %udio insers. %nd so onJ ;T'is is so#ei#es %lso c%lled % rundown s'ee. *u is
no o *e confused wi' 'e f%c s'eeJ< Inv%lu%*le for unscri"ed. se#iscri"ed. %nd scri"ed
s'ows '% con%in % series of self5con%ined se,#ens ;se!uences. scenes<J I is %lso useful
%s % su##%r( of % co#"leA dr%#%ic scri" o s'ow % % ,l%nce3 s'o nu#*ers for e%c'
scene. o"er%ion%l de%ils. insers. *re%4 for #%9or resein, ;cle%rin, "ro"s. redressin, se.
#ovin, scener(<. cosu#e. #%4eu" c'%n,es. %nd so onJ ;See T%*le PJPJ<
F21?RE !@13
W'en edied o,e'er correcl(. % se!uence loo4s n%ur%lJ &u even % si#"le scene s'owin, % "erson *u(in, % s%#" needs
o *e 'ou,' 'rou,'J Noe 'ow s'os 8 %nd > %re %4en on one side of 'e couner. %nd s'os =. I. %nd P on 'e o'erJ
;Illusr%ion cre%ed *( Sor(&o%rd 2uic4 sofw%re<
Individu%l c%#er% infor#%ion3
Shot sheet< T'e s'o s'ee is % lis of %ll of 'e individu%l c%#er%)s re!uired s'osJ S'o
s'ees reduce 'e %#oun of co##unic%ion *eween 'e direcor %nd 'e c%#er% o"er%ors
durin, 'e %cu%l "roducion. %s 'e s'os %re %lre%d( on 'e s'eeJ
Tea9 roster< In s"ors "roducion. i is ofen 'el"ful for c%#er% o"er%ors o '%ve % lis of
e%# #e#*ers wi' 'eir 9erse( nu#*ersJ T'% w%(. if 'e direcor ells 'e# o s'oo %
s"eci?c "erson ;*( n%#e<. 'e( c%n see w'% 'eir nu#*er is ;0i,ure PJ8I<J
F21?RE !@1
C%#er% o"er%ors ofen use infor#%ion. suc' %s % s'o s'ee or % e%# roser. '% %ssiss 'e# in doin, 'eir 9o*J
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% %re 'e di6eren ("es of scri"s %nd 'ow %re 'e( used in % "roducion1
2@ W'( is % s'ow for#% used durin, % "roducion1
3@ W'en is i necess%r( o full( scri" % "roducion1
@ $ow is % sor(*o%rd used in % "roducion1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< A8/REA 1BERTS;8 8ASFE++
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I cre%e 'e sor( for #ovies %nd T/ s'ows %nd urn i ino 'e
scri" '% co##unic%es 'e %risic vision %s well %s 'e "r%cic%l insrucions o 'e
"roducion crewJ Usu%ll( I %# 'ired *( % "roducer w'o '%s % "%ricul%r sor( in #ind ;*%sed
on %n eAisin, "ro"er( li4e % *oo4. or % conce" '% 'e( li4e<. %nd #( 9o* is o unders%nd
'% vision %nd cre%e % sor( %nd scri" '% #ees 'e needJ So#ei#es I wrie #( own
"ro9ecs ;Es"ec scri"sF< %nd %4e 'ose ?nis'ed "ro9ecs o "roducers w'o #i,' *u( 'e#J
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I li4e 'e BeAi*ili(J I c%n wrie w'en %nd 'ow I w%n o.
%s lon, %s I %# #eein, de%dlinesJ T'is 'el"s #e 9u,,le #( f%#il( %nd o'er res"onsi*iliies
wi' #( wor4J I li4e 'e f%c '% if I)# no on % wor45for5'ire "ro9ec I c%n sill wrie #( own
"ro9ecs o sellJ I li4e 'e v%rie( in "ro9ecsSfor #on's I #%( *e wriin, %n inense dr%#%.
*u w'en i)s done. I c%n wrie co#ed( for % w'ileJ T'ere is %lw%(s % new c'%llen,eJ I love
'e cre%ive %s"ec of i. co#*ined wi' 'e "ro*le#solvin, %s"ec of iJ W'ile (ou c%n
cre%e o%ll( new %nd ori,in%l "eo"le %nd worlds. (ou %re %lso wor4in, for 'e needs of 'e
"roducer %nd 'e #%r4e. so (ou '%ve o 4now 'ow o #%4e 'e %r %nd co##erce co#e
o,e'er. w'ic' is i)s own 4ind of cre%ivi(J I love o see % ?nis'ed "ro9ec. re#e#*erin,
'% I w%s siin, in #( 4ic'en wonderin, 'ow o #%4e '% c'%r%cer or "lo "oin wor4.
%nd 'en #on's or (e%rs l%er. % e%# of %#%-in,l( cre%ive "eo"le *rou,' i %ll o life.
%nd i wen ou ino 'e world %nd ouc'ed %n %udienceJ T'%)s %n eA'il%r%in, feelin,J
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 Wriers %re
considered e%sil( eA"end%*le. so 'ere is % lo of "ressure o deliver % "erfec "ro9ec in
order o s%( 'ired for #uli"le dr%fs %nd 4ee" wriin, credi ;w'ic' c%n deer#ine residu%l
"%(#ens<J If (ou)re no % "erson '% c%n lisen o criicis# %nd eAecue noes. 'en (ou
c%n f%ce % lo of c'%llen,es ?ndin, wor4 or s%(in, e#"lo(ed on % "ro9ecJ Producers w%n
wriers o lisen. unders%nd. %nd *e BeAi*leJ &u 'ere %re nu#erous w%(s o ,e ?red. fro#
9us no 'iin, 'e #%r4. o 'e "roducers w%nin, % di6eren Efeel.F o 'e "roducer
w%nin, o 'ire % *udd( %s % f%vorJ Ano'er #%9or c'%llen,e is '% screenwriin, c%n "%(
*i, #one(. *u 'e *i, 9o*s onl( co#e %lon, once in % w'ileJ In fe%ures (ou c%n #%4e
seven ?,ures one (e%r %nd 'en no wor4 for 'e neA 'ree or four (e%rsJ ;Television is %
lile #ore s%*le. if (ou %re Es%6edF on % s'ow. *u if 'e s'ow ,es c%ncelled. i)s % si#il%r
"ro*le#J< T'ere %re % lo of wriers v(in, for 'e s%#e 9o*s. %nd onl( EA5lisF wriers ,e
'ired on 'e o" "ro9ecsJ +ou '%ve o live c%uiousl( %nd 4now 'ow o #%4e #one( l%s over
lon, "eriods of i#eJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 All of #( wor4 co#es *efore "roducionJ I)#
usu%ll( o6 wriin, so#e'in, else *( 'e i#e #( scri" ,oes ino "roducion. *u if is %
s#%ller "ro9ec I)# so#ei#es *rou,' *%c4 for "roducion rewries for s"eci?c loc%ions
'e()ve found or %cor c'%llen,es 'e( #i,' f%ceJ To "re"%re for wriin, in ,ener%l. I sudied
% lo of sor( srucure %nd c'%r%cer 'eor(. %nd w%c'ed % lo of #ovies %nd T/ s'owsJ 0or
s"eci?c "ro9ecs. I)ll do 'e%v( rese%rc' ino 'e loc%ions. 'e c'%r%cers) c%reers. or %n(
o'er uni!ue ele#en of 'e sor(J I)ll %lso w%c' % lo of o'er ?l#s in 'e ,enre. es"eci%ll(
%n( '% 'e "roducer w%ns o use %s % e#"l%e for one. srucure. ecJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 Re%d ever('in, (ou c%n %*ou wriin, for ?l# %nd elevision. %nd 'en re%d 'e
scri"s of #ovies or s'ows (ou loveJ +ou c%n ?nd % lo of scri"s online now. if (ou se%rc'.
%nd i)s ver( educ%ion%l o see 'ow i wen fro# 'e "%,e o 'e screenJ Afer '%. wrie.
wrie. wrieJ And s'ow "eo"le w'% (ou %re wriin,J All of 'e 9o*s I)ve l%nded c%#e fro#
connecions I #%de %nd fro# s'owin, #( scri"s %roundJ I %4es sever%l scri"s *efore (ou
re%ll( ,e 'e '%n, of for#%in,. screen"l%( s(le. srucure. %nd c'%r%cerJ I 4now
"rofession%ls in 'e *usiness w'o won) re%d % new wrier)s wor4 unless 'e()ve wrien
'ree ;%nd even u" o enY< screen"l%(s %lre%d(J Wrie. wrie. wrieJ
F21?RE !@1!
Andre% G(erson N%sfell. Screenwrier
And)e* Gye)t'on N*'fell i' * (*)tne) *t Sodiu, Ente)t*in,ent in Lo' Angele'J
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< HAEE4 /ER42SH
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I %nc'or 'e wee4end s"ors % N&C I in W%s'in,on. DJCJ I %lso
co5'os our wo s"ors s'owsC*(it*l G*,e' %nd S(o)t' Fin*lJ I %lso "roduce wo d%(s % wee4
in %ddiion o #( %nc'orin, %nd re"orin, duiesJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I love '%vin, 'e o""oruni( o ener%in "eo"le wi'
,re% video %nd soriesJ M( ,re%es "%ssion is ellin, sories of "eo"le w'o '%ve overco#e
,re% %dversi(J I)s % "rivile,e o '%ve 'e o""oruni( o s'%re sories of ins"ir%ionJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 C'%llen,in, #(self
o %lw%(s wrie cre%ive fres' su6 '% en,%,es %nd infor#s our viewersJ M%n%,in, i#e is
cruci%lN for eA%#"le. on Sund%( ni,'s I "re"%re for wo s'ows3 'e 88PJMJ s"orsc%s %nd our
>K5#inue s"ors s'owJ I '%ve % lo of ener,(. *u so#ei#es i s%rs o w%ne *efore 'e
88 PJMJs"ors. so % lile *i of c%6eine fro# 'e vendin, #%c'ine 'el"sJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 Includin, w%c'in, 'e ,%#es '% ni,'. I
rese%rc'. rese%rc'. %nd rese%rc'J I %lw%(s loo4 for '% ineresin, nu,,e or f%c '% #%4es
'e sor( sron,erJ T'e eAciin, "%r is usin, '% *i of infor#%ion %nd cr%fin, % le%d o se
u" 'e 'i,'li,'sJ Ano'er ,re% 'in, is 'e o""oruni( o le%rn so#e'in, new ever( d%(.
w'e'er i *e %*ou % s"eci?c e%# or "l%(erJ &ein, "re"%red is criic%l *ec%use i "roves
(our credi*ili( %s % 9ourn%lisJ I li4e o 'in4 '% *ec%use I)# "re"%red. our viewers rus #e
%nd 'e infor#%ion I "rovideJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 Wor4 '%rdJ I)s s%id %ll 'e i#e. *u (ou re%ll( '%ve o wor4 '%rd o o*%in % "osiion
in elevisionJ T'ere)s so #uc' co#"eiion. so w'ile (ou)re in sc'ool. ,o 'e eAr% #ile. do
'e eAr% wor4. c'%llen,e (ourselfJ If (our "rofessors don) '%ve % "%ricul%r curriculu# '%
%llows (ou o do so#e'in, (ou)d li4e. %s4 'e# if (ou c%n ,o Eouside 'e *oAF %nd (ou
#i,' sur"rise (ourself wi' 'e end resulJ &e focused w'en (ou)re in sc'ool. i)s % i#e o
'%ve fun. *u re%ll( urn (our %enion on (our fuureJ &e %,,ressiveJ Go %fer 'in,s. don)
'esi%e *ec%use (ou 'in4 i)s oo diOculJ I en9o( #( 9o* *ec%use I ,e "%id o %l4 %*ou
s"ors ever( d%( w'ic' is ver( s%isf(in, for % s"ors 9un4ie li4e #(selfN ?nd so#e'in,
(ou)re re%ll( "%ssion%e %*ou. *e i s"ors. we%'er. or newsJ As % senior in colle,e. ,e %
resu#e %"e o,e'er %nd *e,in sendin, i ou in 'e s"rin, *efore ,r%du%ionJ W%iin, unil
%fer (ou ,r%du%e 9us #%4es i '% #ore diOculJ I s'ould '%ve % #on%,e of (ou in
di6eren sein,s. iJeJ. in sudio. in 'e ?eld. ecJ follow '% wi' %
s"orsc%s:we%'erc%s:newsc%s. 'en % sor( or wo '% s'ows (our wriin,J Also. ,e %n
inerns'i". '%)s re%ll( w'ere (ou)ll le%rn 'e #os %*ou 'e *usinessJ O*servin, w'% ,oes
on %nd '%vin, 'e c'%nce o ,e (our '%nds on % c%#er% or ediin, e!ui"#en will 'el"
develo" (our s4illsJ $%vin, 'e %*ili( o do sever%l E'in,sF will 'el" (ou ,o fur'erJ
F21?RE !@1&
$%4e# Der#is'. S"ors Re"orer:Anc'or
H*/e, De),i'h i' * '(o)t' *ncho) *nd )e(o)te) fo) #RC6N$C@ in #*'hington1 D8CJ
ART "
+isuali,in- the %tor#
CHAPTER .
What the /amera /an 0o
EW'ile c%#er%s wi' los of fe%ures %re nice. i is no 'e c%#er% '% cre%es incredi*le
i#%,esSi is w'% (ou do wi' 'e c%#er% '% is i#"or%nJF
:eK Hutchens, Photo$rapher
Ter9s
3/< I#%,es '% %""e%r o '%ve 'ree di#ensions. 'ei,'. wid'. %nd de"'J
Converti0le ca9era< C%n *e used in % v%rie( of con?,ur%ionsJ T'is ("e of c%#er%
,ener%ll( s%rs ou %s % c%#er% E'e%dJF A v%rie( of %%c'#ens c%n 'en *e %dded ono
'e c%#er% 'e%d. includin, di6eren 4inds of lenses. view?nders. recorders. %nd so on. o
sui % s"eci?c "roducion re!uire#enJ
EFP =electronic Geld production> ca9corders< Used for non5news "roducions suc' %s
"ro,r%# insers. docu#en%ries. #%,%-ine fe%ures. %nd co##erci%lsJ C%n %lso *e used for
% #ulic%#er% "roducionJ
E81 =electronic ne5s $atherin$> ca9corders< Gener%ll( used for news ,%'erin,J Ofen
'ese c%#er%s %re e!ui""ed wi' % #icro"'one %nd c%#er% li,' %nd %re used o s'oo
inerviews %nd *re%4in, newsJ
/epth of Geld< T'e dis%nce *eween 'e ne%res %nd f%r'es o*9ecs in focusJ
/oll% shot< T'e %cion of #ovin, 'e w'ole c%#er% %nd #oun slowl( ow%rd or %w%( fro#
'e su*9ecJ
/S+R< Di,i%l sin,le5lens reBeA sill c%#er% wi' video c%"%*iliiesJ
Focal len$th< An o"ic%l #e%sure#enS'e dis%nce *eween 'e o"ic%l cener of 'e lens
%nd 'e i#%,e sensor. w'en (ou %re focused % % ,re% dis%nce suc' %s in?ni(J Me%sured
in #illi#eers ;##< or inc'esJ
Focus puller< T'e "erson res"onsi*le for 4ee"in, 'e c%#er% in focus usin, % follow5focus
deviceJ
Follo5Ifocus device< A device '% is %%c'ed o % ?l#5s(le c%#er%)s lens. %llowin, %
focus "uller o %d9us 'e focus on 'e c%#er%J
P;" =pointIofIvie5> ca9era< T'ese s#%ll. so#ei#es ro*oic c%#er%s c%n *e "l%ced in
"osiions '% ,ive 'e %udience % uni!ue view"oinJ
Pri9e lens =pri9ar% lens>< A ?Aed cover%,e. ?eld of view. or foc%l len,'J
Telephoto lens< A n%rrow5%n,le lens '% is used o ,ive % #%,ni?ed view of 'e scene.
#%4in, i %""e%r closerJ T'e lens #%,ni?es 'e sceneJ
6ideIan$le lens< A lens '% s'ows us % ,re%er %re% of 'e scene '%n nor#%ll( seenJ T'e
su*9ec loo4s unusu%ll( dis%nJ

/ideo:elevision c%#er%s '%ve *eco#e incre%sin,l( user5friendl( over 'e (e%rsJ /%rious
conrols '% "reviousl( needed w%c'ful re%d9us#ens c%n now *e lef o clever %uo#%ic
circuir( '% we%4s 'e# %uo#%ic%ll(J On 'e f%ce of i. 'ere #%( 'us see# o *e lile
"oin in ,ein, involved wi' 'e ec'nic%liies of is conrolsJ I loo4s %s if (ou onl( need o
"oin 'e c%#er% %nd -oo# in %nd ou o %d9us 'e si-e of 'e s'oSle%vin, circuir( o %4e
c%re of %ll o'er issues suc' %s eA"osure. li,' !u%li(. %nd so onJ W'( do we need o le%rn
%*ou lens %"erures. de"' of ?eld. lens %n,les. %nd o'er de%ils1
0r%n4l(. i re%ll( de"ends on 'ow criic%l (ou %re of 'e resulsJ W'en (ou w%n successive
"icures o #%c' in *ri,'ness. conr%s. %nd color !u%li(. wi' consisen "ers"ecive %nd
conrolled focusin,. (ou need o unders%nd 'e e6ecs of 'e v%rious c%#er% conrolsJ
Al'ou,' %uo#%ic co#"ens%or( circuis ;%uocircuis< c%n cer%inl( e%se "ressures w'en
wor4in, under diOcul condiions %nd %re v%lu%*le f%ll*%c4 devices '% c%n *e 'el"ful. 'e(
do '%ve 'eir li#i%ionsJ Good c%#er% wor4 involves #%4in, su*le %risic 9ud,#ens. %nd
%uocircuis si#"l( c%n) do '% for (ouJ
Knowin, %*ou 'e v%rious c%#er% %d9us#ens %nd 'e e6ecs '% 'e( c%n '%ve on (our
i#%,es will no onl( en%*le (ou o #%4e 'e *es 9ud,#ens. *u will %lso "re"%re (ou for
"ro*le#s '% %rise under ever(d%( condiionsJ
TE+E"2S2;8 CA4ERAS
A wide r%n,e of elevision:video c%#er%s %re %v%il%*le od%(. fro# #odesl( "riced desi,ns
for consu#ers ;even #o*ile "'one c%#er%s< o ver( so"'isic%ed s%e5of5'e5%r
"rofession%l c%#er%sJ T'e #%r4e s"re%d of #odels suis % v%rie( of %""lic%ionsN %s (ou
would eA"ec. *o' desi,n %nd "erfor#%nce v%r( wi' cosJ Al'ou,' c%#er%s % 'e lower
end of 'e r%n,e c%n "rovide ver( s%isf%cor( i#%,e !u%li( under o"i#u# condiions. 'e
#ore %dv%nced e!ui"#en desi,ns "roduce consisenl( eAcellen "icures for lon, "eriods.
even in diOcul circu#s%nces ;0i,ure CJ8<J
A nu#*er of f%cors c%n inBuence one)s c'oice of c%#er%3
Cos3 inii%l %nd runnin, coss
P'(sic%l %s"ecs3 wei,'. "or%*ili(. #e'od of #ounin,. %nd reli%*ili(
O"er%ion%l fe%ures3 %v%il%*le o"ions. conrols. '%ndlin,. %nd BeAi*ili( ;eJ,J. -oo#
r%n,e<
I#%,e "erfor#%nce3 resoluion. color !u%li(. %n( "icure i#"%ir#en ;%rif%cs<.
"erfor#%nce s%*ili(. %nd sensiivi(
Deer#inin, 'e fe%ures '% %re #os i#"or%n o (ou de"ends on 'ow (ou %re ,oin, o
use 'e c%#er%J Are (ou s'ooin, live or recordin,1 Are (ou wor4in, wi' % sin,le5c%#er%
seu" or %s "%r of % #ulic%#er% "roducion1 Are (ou ediin, w'% (ou s'oo %s (ou ,o or
will 'e #%eri%l *e edied l%er1 So#e c%#er% s(se#s %re #ore %""ro"ri%e '%n o'ers
for s"eci?c siu%ionsJ
One f%cor c%n sron,l( ouwei,' o'ersJ If. for ins%nce. % news uni is wor4in, under
'%-%rdous condiions w'ere 'e li4eli'ood of e!ui"#en loss or d%#%,e is 'i,'. i #%( *e
wiser o use % s#%ll. low5cos consu#er:s#%ll5for#% c%#corder r%'er '%n % l%r,er.
eA"ensive c%#er%Y
F21?RE &@1
C%#er%s '%ve *een desi,ned for % wide v%rie( of users %nd siu%ionsJ ;P'oos coures( of Son(. P%n%sonic. %nd T'o#son<
The "ideo Si$nal Path throu$h the Ca9era
T'e /ideo Si,n%l
T'e i#%,e fro# 'e lens is focused ono %n i#%,e sensor wi'in 'e video c%#er%J A "%ern
of elecric%l c'%r,es for#s on 'e li,'5sensiive %re% of 'e sensor. w'ic' corres"onds in
sren,' % e%c' "oin o li,' %nd s'%de in 'e lens i#%,eJ As s"eci%l sc%nnin, circuis
s(se#%ic%ll( re%d %cross 'is c'%r,e "%ern in % series of "%r%llel lines. % v%r(in, si,n%l
vol%,e or video is "roduced rel%in, o 'e ori,in%l "icure onesJ Afer %#"li?c%ion %nd
elecronic correcions. 'e video si,n%l fro# 'e c%#er% ;wi' %dded s(nc'roni-in, "ulses<
c%n *e disri*uedJ
Loo4in, % 'e %""%renl( endless r%n,e of colors %nd s'%des in 'e world %round us. i
see#s incredi*le '% 'e( c%n *e re"roduced on % elevision screen si#"l( *( #iAin,
%""ro"ri%e "ro"orions of red. ,reen. %nd *lue li,'J +e. '% is 'e underl(in, "rinci"le of
color elevisionJ
T'e sensors in 'e elevision c%#er% c%n onl( res"ond o v%ri%ions in *ri,'nessJ T'e(
c%nno direcl( deec di6erences in colorJ $owever. if % color ?ler is "l%ced in fron of 'e
li,' sensor in 'e c%#er%. 'e video si,n%l '% i "roduces will 'en corres"ond o 'e
"ro"orions of '% color in 'e sceneJ
T'e si#"les video c%#er% s(se#s use % #ulicolored sri"ed ?ler ?ed over % sin,le li,'
sensorJ T'ese sin,le5c'i" c%#er%s %re ,ener%ll( used for consu#ersJ $owever. in
"rofession%l c%#er%s. w'ic' %re re!uired o "rovide #ore %ccur%e color %nd de%il. 'ree
se"%r%e sensors %re usedJ In 'ese. 'e i#%,e fro# 'e lens "%sses 'rou,' % s"eci%l "ris#
*loc4 wi' dic'roic ?lers ;0i,ure CJ=<J T'ese ?lers "roduce 'ree color5?lered i#%,es
corres"ondin, o 'e red. ,reen. %nd *lue "ro"orions in 'e sceneJ T'e video si,n%ls fro#
'e res"ecive sensors corres"ond o 'e 'ree "ri#%ries needed o re"roduce % "icure in
full colorJ
F21?RE &@2
A "ris# *loc4 wi' dic'roic ?lers "roduce 'e 'ree colors ;red. ,reen. %nd *lue< '% %re needed o re"roduce %n i#%,e in
full colorJ
Li,' %nd S'%de
Al'ou,' 'e sensors %nd ?lers "rovide 'e full r%n,e of colors for 'e elevision i#%,e.
w'% %*ou is li,' %nd s'%de %nd is *ri,'ness v%ri%ions1 If 'e red. ,reen. %nd *lue %re
%dded o,e'er. 'e( e!u%l w'ieJ If 'e( %re %ll e!u%l *u ver( we%4. 'e( will resul in %
ver( we%4 w'ie. or w'% we would c%ll % d%r4 ,r%(J If 'e si,n%ls %re sron,er. 'e %re% on
'e screen will *e *ri,'erJ If #os "%rs of 'e screen %re ener,i-ed *( sron, video si,n%ls.
we iner"re 'is %s % *ri,' "icure. %nd vice vers%J
To su##%ri-e3 T'e e6ecive color ;'ue< resuls fro# 'e %cu%l "ro"orions of red. ,reen.
%nd *lue. %nd 'e *ri,'ness of e%c' "%r of 'e screen de"ends on 'e over%ll sren,' of
'e #iAureJ
TBPES ;F CA4ERAS
$isoric%ll(. 'ere '%ve *een #%n( di6eren ("es of c%#er%s. ,ener%ll( sored ino one of
'ree c%e,ories3 consu#er. "rosu#er:indusri%l. %nd "rofession%lJ Gener%ll(. 'e c%e,ories
were %ssi,ned %ccordin, o 'e level of !u%li( %nd 'e fe%ures e%c' c%#er% "rovidedJ Of
course. 'ere %re sill so#e 'i,'5end "rofession%l c%#er%s %nd so#e low5resoluion:low5
fe%ure consu#er c%#er%s '% %re %i#ed % s"eci?c #%r4esJ $owever. 'e !u%li( of
od%()s c%#er%s '%ve *lurred 'e lines *eween 'ese 'ree c%e,ories. so#ei#es %llowin,
lower5end:lower5cos c%#er%s o *e used in 'i,'5end "rofession%l "roducionsJ So#e of 'e
di6eren s(les of c%#er%s %re discussed in 'e followin, secionsJ
Ca9corders
C%#corders %re 'e #%in ("e of c%#er% used od%( in elevision "roducionsJ As 'i,'5
!u%li( c%#corders '%ve *ec%#e %v%il%*le % lower "rices. 'ese '%ve *een %do"ed *(
#%n( or,%ni-%ions 'rou,'ou 'e world. for *o' sudio %nd loc%ion "roducion ;0i,ures
CJ> %nd CJI<J Al'ou,' c%#corders c%n record 'eir own si,n%l. 'e( c%n %lso *e used in
#ulic%#er% "roducionsJ T'ese c%#er%s '%ve "roven o *e no onl( convenien. *u
%d%"%*le. wi' lower o"er%in, coss '%n #%n( o'er c%#er%sJ
F21?RE &@3
Wi' 'eir 'i,'5resoluion sensors %nd $D c%"%*iliies. cell "'ones %re *eco#in, incre%sin,l( "o"ul%r %s video c%#er%sJ
T'e iP'one I s'own %*ove is %%c'ed o %n OWLE ,ri" '% includes ri"od:li,' #ouns. % "rofession%l #ic. %nd %n %dd5on
wide5%n,le lensJ One of 'e #%in %dv%n%,es of 'ese "'ones is '% 'e video c%n e%sil( *e i##edi%el( edied on 'e
"'one %nd 'en r%ns#ied *%c4 o % news s%ion. clien. or direcl( ono % we*sie W ri,' fro# 'e "'oneJ
F21?RE &@
$i,'5end "rofession%l c%#er%s %re used in siu%ions w'ere %*solue conrol is needed over ever( %s"ec of 'e i#%,eJ
;P'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
F21?RE &@!
A nu#*er of di6eren >D c%#er%s '%ve *een inroduced. includin, % ver( low cos consu#er #odel "To( left%. % low cos
"rofession%l #odel "$otto, left%. %nd % 'i,' end >D ri, "Right% '% incor"or%es wo c%#er%sJ ;P'oos coures( of
P%n%sonic %nd >ALIT+<
Case Stud%< 1uidin- 2i-ht
Guiding Light. 'e lon,es5runnin, scri"ed elevision series in *ro%dc%s 'isor(.
sr%e,ic%ll( en'%nced is loo4 in =KKL *( *eco#in, 'e ?rs series of is 4ind o *e ?l#ed
eAclusivel( wi' s#%ll. '%nd'eld. 'i,'l( "or%*le di,i%l c%#corders. w'ic' en%*le 'e s'ow
o *e s'o inside %cu%l 'o#es %nd oOces. or on loc%ion "r%cic%ll( %n(w'ereJ T'e
c%#corder c'osen for 'is new "roducion #odel w%s % C%non "rosu#er c%#er%J
T'e 4e( o Guiding Light)s new "roducion #odel of eAclusivel( usin, co#"%c. '%nd'eld
C%non c%#corders is w'% 7%ne Morrison. 'e "roducer of 'e s'ow)s di,i%l de"%r#en.
descri*ed %s E0our w%lls %nd % ceilin,J Is "ur"ose is o #%4e 'e s'ow #ore ini#%e for 'e
viewer %nd o re%ll( *rin, 'e# ino S"rin,?eld. so 'e( c%n *e % "%r of 'ese c'%r%cers)
lives in % w%( 'e( '%ven) *een *eforeJF S"rin,?eld. Guiding Light)s ?cion%l loc%le. is
"orr%(ed *( % su*ur*%n New 7erse( own sever%l #iles wes of 'e series) M%n'%%n
sudiosJ EIn our old "roducion #odel Uusin, "edes%l5s(le c%#er%s o s'oo %cors
"erfor#in, in r%diion%l 'ree5sided sesV. our wo sudios in M%n'%%n '%d roo# for seven
ses % % i#e.F Morrison %ddedJ Now. 'owever. usin, 'ese co#"%c c%#corders. "roducers
of Guiding Lightc%n s'oo in %s #%n( loc%ions %s 'e( wis'J ET'is '%s o"ened u" our
Rc%nv%s) in w%(s we weren) %*le o i#%,ine *eforeJ Our wriers '%ve so #%n( #ore "l%ces
w'ere scenes c%n '%""enJ T'e( c%n wrie "eo"le in 'e "%r4. or % 'e #unici"%l *uildin,. or
usin, c%rs '% %cu%ll( drive. %s o""osed o c%rs '% 9us si on % sudio BoorJ T'is new
"roducion #odel '%s co#"leel( c'%n,ed 'e w%( 'e s'ow loo4s %nd 'e w%( sories c%n
*e oldJF ;0i,ure CJC<
:ennie Ta%lor, !i-h0ef 9a$a#ine
F21?RE &@&
T'e c%#er% used o s'oo Guiding LightJ ;P'oo coures( of C%non<
The Converti0le Ca9era
Converi*le c%#er%s c%n *e used in % v%rie( of con?,ur%ionsJ T'is ("e of c%#er%
,ener%ll( s%rs ou %s % c%#er% E'e%dJF T'e c%#er% 'e%d is 'e "%r of 'e c%#er% '%
cre%es 'e i#%,eS"ri#%ril( 'e i#%,e sensorsJ 0i,ure CJQA s'ows % c%#er% 'e%d wi' %
sudio *%c4 %%c'ed. w'ic' %llows i o *e used in % #ulic%#er% siu%ionJ A v%rie( of
%%c'#ens c%n 'en *e %dded ono 'e c%#er% 'e%d. includin, di6eren 4inds of lenses.
view?nders. %nd recorders o sui % s"eci?c "roducion re!uire#enJ $ere %re % few
eA%#"les3
%tudio$ stationar#$ or hard camera( T'is con?,ur%ion uili-es % lon, lens. % sudio *%c4.
% l%r,e sudio:E0P view?nder. %nd re#oe conrols for 'e -oo# %nd focusJ Due o 'e
wei,' of 'e l%r,e lens. 'is c%#er% is f%irl( s%ion%r( unless %lso %%c'ed o % doll(
;0i,ure CJQ&<J
!andheld camera( W'en #%Ai#u# #o*ili( is re!uired. % s'oulder5su""ored '%nd'eld
c%#er% c%n *e usedJ T'is c%#er% uili-es % s#%ll e(e"iece view?nder. 'e E0P:ENG lens.
%nd no re#oe conrols for 'e -oo# %nd focus ;0i,ure CJQC<J A converi*le '%nd'eld
c%#corder c%n %lso *e cre%ed *( re"l%cin, 'e sudio *%c4 wi' % recorder ;0i,ure CJQD<J
3FP camera( T'e elecronic ?eld "roducion c%#er% c%n *e se u" in % nu#*er of di6eren
w%(sJ In 0i,ure CJQE. 'e c%#er% is con?,ured %s "%r of % #ulic%#er% "roducion wi' %n
E0P lens. -oo# conrols. %nd 'e l%r,e view?nderJ T'is ("e of c%#er% is li,'er o r%ns"or
'%n 'e sudio:s%ion%r( c%#er%J $owever. 'e E0P)s lens is no %s lon,J
F21?RE &@'
Converi*le c%#er%s "rovide #%Ai#u# BeAi*ili( for 'e c%#er% crew. %llowin, 'e# o con?,ure 'e c%#er% for 'e
s"eci?c needs of 'e "roducionJ
F21?RE &@(
T'is sudio con?,ur%ion uili-es % s#%ll c%#corder wi' sudio *%c4. l%r,e sudio #onior. re#oe conrols. %nd %n ENG
lensJ ;P'oo coures( of 7/C<
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W'eeled dollies %re ofen used wi' sudio c%#er%sJ ;P'oo *( 7on Green'oe<
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T'is PO/ c%#er% w%s #ouned ono % referee)s 'el#e in order o ,ive viewers % c'%nce o see w'% 'e referee w%s
seein,J
Studio Ca9eras
Sudio "roducions #%4e use of % wide r%n,e of c%#er% desi,ns. fro# '%nd'eld c%#er%s in
% sudio con?,ur%ion o 'e l%r,e r%diion%l sudio c%#er%s ;see o" c%#er% in 0i,ure
CJ8 %nd 0i,ure CJL<J $owever. 'is ("e of c%#er% is no li#ied o 'e sudioN (ou will %lso
see i % s"ors evens %nd o'er #ulic%#er% "roducionsJ T'e l%r,e EsudioF view?nder is
usu%ll( inended o #%4e i e%sier for 'e c%#er% o"er%or o %ccur%el( focus %nd co#"ose
'e i#%,esJ
Sudio c%#er%s %re usu%ll( #ouned on 'e%v(5du( w'eeled dolliesS"edes%ls or rollin,
ri"odsSon % "%n %nd il 'e%d. w'ic' en%*les i o urn ;"%n< %nd il ;0i,ure CJD<J Is focus
%nd -oo# conrols %re usu%ll( ?Aed o 'e "%nnin, '%ndles ;"%n '%ndles<. w'ic' "osiion 'e
'e%dJ
4iniature or PointIofI"ie5 Ca9eras
Mini%ure or PO/ ;"oin5of5view< c%#er%s %re *ein, uili-ed on % re,ul%r *%sis *( direcors
w'o need o ,e % c%#er% ino % loc%ion '% would *e eAre#el( diOcul for % nor#%l
c%#er%J T'ese diOculies #%( *e si-e ;'e c%#er% #%( no ? ino % i,' loc%ion<. s%fe(
;i #%( no *e s%fe o '%ve % c%#er% %nd o"er%or in % d%n,erous loc%ion<. or visi*ili( ;'e
direcor #%( no w%n 'e c%#er% o *e seen<J Gener%ll(. 'ese c%#er%s %re re#oel(
conrolled *( % c%#er% o"er%or ;0i,ures CJ8K.CJ88. CJ8=. %nd CJ8><J
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C%#er% o"er%ors c%n use % PO/ c%#er% o ,e ino s#%ll %re%sJ T'is o"er%or used % PO/ c%#er% %%c'ed o % "ole o
,e % s'o in % *ull)s "en % % rodeoJ Noe '% % l%v%liere #ic '%s *een %"ed o 'e c%#er% o c%"ure 'e %udioJ ;P'oo *(
&en Miller<
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T'e Discover( C'%nnel)s Mi4e Rowe uses % s#%ll $D PO/ c%#er% %"ed o % li,' o c%"ure i,' %re%s in % c%veJ In 'is
siu%ion. Mi4e is *o' 'e 'os %nd one of 'e c%#er% o"er%ors for 'e s'ow Di)ty <o5'J ;P'oo *( Dou,l%s Glover<
F21?RE &@13
Tr%diion%ll( 'ou,' of %s consu#er c%#er%s. s#%ll $D c%#er%s. suc' %s 'e GoPro s'own. %re now *ein, used *(
elevision newor4s %s well %s docu#en%ries for s"eci%l( s'osJ T'ese $D c%#er%s '%ve ,%ined "o"ul%ri( %s % c%#er%
'% c%n *e conneced o %n('in,J 0or % rel%ivel( low cos. 'is 'i,' !u%li( lile c%#er%. wi' % 8QK wide %n,le lens %nd
w%er"roof c%se. records o %n SD c%rdJ T'e "'oo on 'e ri,' w%s s'o wi' 'is c%#er%J
The /S+R =Pros and Cons>
Di,i%l sin,le5lens reBeA c%#er%s ;DSLR< '%ve *eco#e % for#id%*le force in 'e elevision
world od%( ;0i,ure CJ8I<J W'ile ori,in%ll( 'e( were desi,ned %s % sill c%#er% '% '%s
so#e video c%"%*ili(. direcors %re usin, 'e# o s'oo cor"or%e videos. co##erci%ls.
elevision newor4 s'ows. %nd even fe%ure ?l#sJ So#e c%#er% #odel)s 'i,' #e,%"iAel
sensors %nd 8KLK" !u%li(. co#*ined wi' 'eir s#%ll si-e %nd low cos. #%4e 'e# % cos5
e6ecive o"ion in video "roducionJ $owever. 'ere %re "osiives %nd ne,%ives %*ou 'e
curren cl%ss of DSLR c%#er%sJ W'ile 'e( %re coninu%ll( i#"rovin,. 'e curren #odels %re
,ood for so#e "ro9ecs %nd no % ,ood c%#er% for o'er "ro9ecsJ $ere %re so#e of 'e "ros
%nd cons3
Advanta$es<
Low cos3 W'en co#"%red o video c%#er%s wi' si#il%r i#%,e !u%li(. 'e DSLR is ver(
cos e6eciveJ
De"'5of5?eld3 T'e l%r,e sensor si-e c%n "rovide % ver( s'%llow de"'5of5?eldJ
Wei,'3 Is li,' wei,' #%4es i e%sier o #ove %roundJ
Low "ro?le3 W'en s'ooin, docu#en%ries. 'e c%#er% is less o*viousJ
Low li,'3 DSLRs c%n s'oo in ver( low li,' siu%ions %nd sill #%in%in 'eir !u%li(J
F21?RE &@1
T'e DSLR '%s *eco#e % "o"ul%r c'oice %s % video c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of C%non<
/isadvanta$es<
Recordin, i#e3 T'e curren DSLR #odels '%ve so#ew'ere %round % 8=5#inue #%Ai#u#
coninuous recordin, i#eJ W'ile 'e c%#er% c%n *e i##edi%el( res%red. 'is does cre%e
so#e recordin, li#i%ionsJ
Audio3 DSLRs usu%ll( '%ve %uo#%ic ,%in conrol. un*%l%nced in"us. %nd no "'%no#
"owerJ All of 'ese #e%n '% (ou '%ve o record (our %udio on % se"%r%e 'i,'5!u%li( %udio
device %nd 'en s(nc i l%erJ Ano'er %udio dis%dv%n%,e is '% #os DSLRs do no include
% 'e%d"'one in"u o %llow (ou o #onior 'e %udio !u%li(J In order o ensure !u%li( %udio.
i #us *e recorded inde"endenl( %nd 'en s(nced l%er in "os"roducionJ T'ere %re %
nu#*er of sofw%re o"ions %v%il%*le '% will %ssis (ou in s(ncin, 'e %udioJ
S%*ili(3 Due o 'eir s#%ll si-e. DSLRs %re '%nd'eld. no s'oulder #ounedJ T'is is no %
,re% desi,n for s%*ili( w'ile recordin, #oionJ Mos c%#er% o"er%ors use % s'oulder
#ouned su""or w'en '%nd'oldin, 'e#J
Ti#ecode3 T'e l%c4 of i#ecode c%n cre%e so#e "ro*le#s w'en %e#"in, o s(nc %udio
in 'e "os"roducion "rocessJ
2u%li(3 In order o o*%in 'e 8KLK i#%,e fro# 'eir sensor. so#e #odels use % ("e of
line s4i""in, w'en c%"urin, 'e i#%,eJ W'ile 'is ("e of down5resin, reduces 'e %#oun
of "rocessin, for 'e c%#er%. i c%n c%use so#e serious %li%sin, issues. w'ic' c%uses
"ro*le#s w'en s'ooin, 'i,'l( de%iled "%ernsJ
;ther /S+R issues<
T'e er#s used on % sill c%#er% %re no 'e s%#e %s 'e er#s on % video c%#er%J 0or
eA%#"le. sill c%#er%s use EISOF w'ile video c%#er%s use E,%inJF
T'ere %re few video conrols on % DSLR co#"%red o % "rosu#er or "rofession%l video
c%#er%J T'is c%n li#i 'e c%#er% o"er%or)s %*ili( o %d9us *l%c4s or #%4e o'er ?ne5une
%d9us#ensJ
T'e DSLR does no %lw%(s loo4 "rofession%l if (ou %re wor4in, for % clienJ Co#"%red o %
("ic%l si-e "rofession%l c%#er%. 'e( #%( loo4 %#%euris'J
CA4ERA ,AS2CS
Le)s now %4e % closer loo4 % 'e v%rious fe%ures found on c%#er%s ;0i,ures
CJ8P. CJ8C. CJ8Q. %nd CJ8L< %nd 'ow 'e( c%n %6ec 'e w%( (ou use 'e#3
T'e c%#er%)s view?nder
T'e c%#er%)s #%in conrols
T'e c%#er% lens %nd 'ow i *e'%ves
T'e ec'ni!ues of %d9usin, eA"osure for 'e *es "icure !u%li(
Me'ods of su""orin, 'e c%#er%
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P%rs of %n ENG:E0P c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
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P%rs of % sudio5con?,ured c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of 7/C<
F21?RE &@1'
P%rs of % 'i,'5!u%li( ;I K< $D c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of RED<
F21?RE &@1(
A ?l#5s(le video c%#er% con?,ur%ion #%( include wo view?ndersJ T'e ?l#5s(le view?nder is used *( 'e c%#er%
o"er%orJ T'e "roducion #onior or view?nder c%n *e used *( 'e o"er%or or *( 'e focus "ullerJ T'e focus "uller is %
"erson w'o uses % follow5focus device o 4ee" 'e i#%,e s'%r"l( focusedJ T'ese c%#er% con?,ur%ions ,ener%ll( %lso
include % #%e *oA used o 'old ?lers %nd s'ield 'e lens fro# li,' ,l%resJ ;P'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
The "ie5Gnder
An e6ecive view?nder is esseni%l for successful c%#er% wor4J I en%*les (ou o selec.
fr%#e. %nd %d9us 'e s'oN o co#"ose 'e "icureN %nd o %ssess focus %d9us#enJ W'en
(ou %re wor4in, %lone. wi' % "or%*le c%#er%. 'e view?nder will usu%ll( *e (our "rinci"%l
,uide o "icure !u%li( %nd eA"osure. %s well %s "rovidin, coninu%l re#inders %*ou
video%"in,. 'e *%er()s condiion. %nd o'er relev%n f%corsJ
Tr%diion%ll(. #os view?nders %re ?ed wi' % *l%c45%nd5w'ie #onior. dis"l%(in, % 'i,'5
,r%de *l%c45%nd5w'ie i#%,eJ Al'ou,' LCD screens do '%ve 'e %dv%n%,e '% (ou c%n
see 'e s'o in color ;%l'ou,' i)s no necess%ril( idenic%l o '% on 'e "icure #onior<.
one c%nno see ?ne de%il %s e%sil( on 'e LCD. %nd #%nu%l focusin, #%( *e #ore diOculJ
$owever. color screens '%ve ,oen #uc' 'i,'er !u%li( %nd '%ve ,%ined in "o"ul%ri(J
So#e c%#er% s(se#s s'ow 9us % lile #ore '%n 'e %cu%l s'o *ein, r%ns#ied so '%
'e c%#er% o"er%ion c%n see w'e'er 'ere is %n('in, 9us ouside 'e fr%#e '% #i,'
in%dverenl( co#e ino 'e "icureJ Al'ou,' 'e view?nder s'ows eA%cl( 'e s%#e s'o
%re% %s 'e r%ns#ied "icure. 'e c%#er% o"er%or '%s no w%rnin, if %n unw%ned su*9ec
;% #icro"'one. % *(s%nder< is %*ou o inrude ino 'e s'oJ
&ec%use 'e view?nder is % #oniorin, device. %n( %d9us#ens #%de o is *ri,'ness.
conr%s. s'%r"ness. or swic'in, will no %6ec 'e c%#er%)s video ou"uJ Nor#%ll(. %
view?nder is fed wi' 'e c%#er%)s own video. *u w'en necess%r(. i #%( *e %*le o *e
swic'ed o dis"l%( %no'er c%#er%)s "icure %s wellJ T'is fe%ure les (ou co#"%re wo or
#ore c%#er%s) s'os. or o s'ow 'e# co#*ined in % co#"osie e6ecJ +ou c%n %lso use 'e
view?nder o dis"l%( es "%erns ;eJ,J. color *%rs<. w'ic' %llow (ou o c'ec4 'e c%#er%)s
"erfor#%nceJ
/iew?nders ofen '%ve % nu#*er of indic%ors '% %id in fr%#in, 'e i#%,e. suc' %s % s%fe
%re% line %round 'e view?nder)s ed,es o re#ind 'e c%#er% o"er%or 'ow i#"or%n
infor#%ion %nd iles ne%r "icure ed,es c%n *e los in%dverenl( 'rou,' ed,e cuo6 on
oversc%nned T/ receiver screensJ O'er view?nders #%( 4ee" 'e c%#er% o"er%or
infor#ed %*ou 'e c%#er% or recorder)s sein,s %nd s%usJ T'ese #%( include li,' or
%udio #eers. s'uer s"eeds. % %ll( li,' s'owin, w'en 'e c%#er% is recordin, or Eon5%ir.F
-oo# lens sein,s. E-e*r%F ;refers o % c%#er% fe%ure '% dis"l%(s %ll over5eA"osed %re%s
of 'e i#%,e wi' di%,on%l sri"es w%rnin, 'e o"er%or o reduce 'e eA"osure<. *%er(
s%us. %nd o'er dis"l%(sJ /%rious indic%ors 4ee" (ou infor#ed %*ou 'e c%#er% %nd
recorder)s sein,s %nd s%usJ So#e #oniors even "l%ce % red line %round %ll s'%r"l(
focused su*9ecsJ
T'e view?nder on % c%#corder no onl( s'ows 'e video i#%,e *ein, s'o. *u i c%n %lso *e
swic'ed so '% 'e c%#er% o"er%or sees % re"l%( of 'e newl( s'o i#%,esJ C%#er%
o"er%ors c%n c'ec4 for %n( f%uls in c%#er%wor4. "erfor#%nce. or coninui( %nd c%n 'en
res'oo 'e se!uence if necess%r(J
"ideo Ca9era Ter9inolo$%
$l*c/ le&el; T'e inensi( of *l%c4 in 'e video i#%,eJ If se incorrecl(. "icure de%il
!u%li( will *e "oor in di#l( li %re%sJ Lowerin, 'e "icure)s *l%c4 level #oves %ll i#%,e
ones ow%rd *l%c4 %nd crus'es 'e lowes onesJ R%isin, 'e *l%c4 level li,'ens "icure
ones *u does no reve%l de%il in 'e *l%c4es onesJ
#hite 5*l*nce; T'e #os co##on ec'ni!ue used o color5*%l%nce % c%#er%J I is 'e
"rocess of c%li*r%in, % c%#er% so '% 'e li,' source will *e re"roduced %ccur%el( %s
w'ieJ In order o *%l%nce 'e color. 'e c%#er% is %i#ed % % w'ie su*9ec. usu%ll( % w'ie
c%rd li *( 'e scene)s li,' source. %nd 'e w'ie *%l%nce *uon is "us'ed. %d9usin, 'e
color ;0i,ure CJ8D<J &( c%""in, 'e c%#er% or closin, 'e iris. 5l*c/ 5*l*nce c%n %lso *e used
o "rovide % reference for *l%c4 %fer w'ie *%l%ncin,J
Len' *(e)tu)e; T'e o"enin, in 'e lens ;iris< '% les li,' ino 'e c%#er%J I %llows 'e
o"er%or o d%r4en or *ri,'en 'e video i#%,e. de"endin, on 'e li,' in 'e sceneJ
G*,,*; Ad9uss 'e one %nd conr%s of % video i#%,eJ $i,' ,%##% sein,s "roduce %
co%rser. eA%,,er%ed conr%sN lower sein,s resul in 'in %nd reduced on%l conr%sJ
Video g*in; T'e %#"li?c%ion of 'e c%#er%)s video si,n%l. usu%ll( resulin, in so#e video
noiseJ &oosin, 'e ,%in %llows 'e c%#er% o s'oo in lower li,' siu%ions '%n nor#%lJ
$owever. i %lso "rovides % lower5!u%li( i#%,eJ
F21?RE &@1)
C%#er%s %re -oo#ed in on 'e w'ie c%rd. %llowin, %ccur%e w'ie *%l%nceJ ;P'oo *( Lu4e Wer-<
The Ca9eraAs Controls
Television c%#er%s '%ve 'ree di6eren c%e,ories of conrols3
T'ose '% need o *e coninu%ll( re%d9used w'ile s'ooin,. suc' %s focus
Occ%sion%l %d9us#ens suc' %s co#"ens%in, for c'%n,in, li,'
T'ose involved in %li,nin, 'e c%#er%)s elecronics in order o o*%in o"i#u# consisen
"erfor#%nce
Once 'ese %re se u". 'e( s'ould no *e c%su%ll( we%4edY T'ere %re re%ll( wo !uie
disinc %s"ecs o "icure #%4in,3 c%#er% wor4 %nd i#%,e !u%li( conrolJ T'ese c%n *e
conrolled #%nu%ll(. se#i5%uo#%ic%ll(. or even co#"leel( %uo#%ic%ll(J Le)s loo4 %
so#e "r%cic%l c%sesJ
MLTICAMERAS
C%#er% o"er%ors w'o %re "%r of % #ulic%#er% "roducion concenr%e on 'e su*leies of
c%#er% wor4J T'e( s"end 'eir i#e selecin, %nd co#"osin, 'e s'os. selecivel( focusin,.
-oo#in,. %nd conrollin, doll( #ove#ensJ T'e !u%li( of 'e video i#%,e is re#oel(
conrolled *( % video o"er%or uili-in, % c%#er% conrol uni ;CCU< or re#oe conrol uni
;RCU<. %s s'own in 0i,ure CJ=KJ T'ere %re *%sic%ll( wo ("es of c%#er% %d9us#ens #%de
*( 'e video o"er%or3
Preset ad4ustments( Durin, 'e seu" "eriod. c%#er% circuir( is %d9used o ensure
o"i#u# i#%,e !u%li(J T'is #%( include color %nd on%l ?deli(. de?niion. %nd
s'%din, ;%d9usin, 'e %"erure<J T'ese %d9us#ens c%n *e done #%nu%ll( usin, es
si,n%ls dis"l%(ed on es e!ui"#en. or. in di,i%l s(se#s. 'e "rocess c%n *e se#i5
%uo#%ed *( inserin, "ro,r%##%*le #e#or( c%rdsJ
0#namic ad4ustments( Durin, 'e %cu%l elevision "roducion. 'e video o"er%ors.
so#ei#es 4nown %s Es'%ders.F coninu%ll( %d9us 'e c%#er%)s i#%,es ;in er#s of
eA"osure. *l%c4 level. ,%##%. color *%l%nce< o o"i#i-e 'e su*9ecive !u%li( of s'os %nd
#%c' 'e v%rious c%#er%)s i#%,esJ T'is %""ro%c' no onl( le%ves 'e c%#er% o"er%or free
o concenr%e on e6ecive c%#er% wor4. *u resuls in 'e 'i,'es %nd #os consisen
i#%,e !u%li(J
F21?RE &@2*
A video o"er%or %d9uss % c%#er% '% is "%r of % #ulic%#er% "roducion uili-in, % CCUJ
SINGLE CAMERAS
Sin,le5c%#er% o"er%ors %re no onl( re!uired o ensure '% 'e( o*%in well5co#"osed
i#%,es. *u #us %lso %d9us 'e c%#er% o o*%in 'e 'i,'es5!u%li( i#%,e "ossi*leJ T'ere
%re % nu#*er of o"ions for %d9usin, 'e c%#er%3
T'e c%#er%)s *uil5in %uo#%ic circuir( c%n *e used o re%d9us 'e c%#er%)s
"erfor#%nce %s condiions c'%n,eJ Al'ou,' 'is is % ,ood o"ion w'en in % 'urr( o c%"ure
'e i#%,es. i ,ives 'e le%s %#oun of !u%li( conrol o 'e c%#er% o"er%orS%nd #%(
no "rovide 'e o"i#u# !u%li( in ever( siu%ionJ
Preview 'e scene *efore s'ooin, %nd %d9us 'e conrols unil "icures %""e%r o"i#u# in
'e view?nder or % ne%r*( #oniorJ
Re%d9us 'e c%#er% conrols w'ile s'ooin,J
THE CA4ERA +E8S
ENever #%4e 'e #is%4e of 'in4in, '% % lens is % #ere %ccessor( o 'e c%#er%S
es"eci%ll( in $D i#%,in,J T'e $D lens '%s 'e "ri#%r( role in s'%"in, 'e i#%,e %nd ,ivin,
i criic%l "erfor#%nce %ri*ues '%. in urn. will deer#ine 'e uli#%e di,i%l
"erfor#%nce of (our c%#er%JF
+arr% Thorpe, Canon ?@S@A@
+ens An$le
Lens %n,les '%ve % disinc i#"%c on 'e ?n%l i#%,eJ E%c' lens foc%l len,' '%s is own
("e of disorionJ +ou need o unders%nd 'e ("es of lenses o 4now w'% lens is *es for
(our s"eci?c siu%ionJ
T'e er# foc*l length is si#"l( %n o"ic%l #e%sure#enS'e dis%nce *eween 'e o"ic%l
cener of 'e lens %nd 'e i#%,e sensor w'en (ou %re focused % % ,re% dis%nce. suc' %s
in?ni(J I is ,ener%ll( #e%sured in #illi#eers ;##<J
A lens desi,ned o '%ve % long foc*l length is c%lled % tele(hoto len' or % n*))o0 *ngle len'J
T'e su*9ec %""e%rs #uc' closer '%n nor#%lJ W'en 'e lens '%s % s'or foc%l len,'.
usu%ll( c%lled % 0ide2*ngle len'. i %4es in #uc' #ore of 'e sceneJ $owever. su*9ecs will
loo4 #uc' f%r'er %w%(J
$ow #uc' of 'e scene %nd su*9ec 'e lens s'ows will de"end on sever%l %re%s3
T'e si-e of 'e su*9ec iself
$ow f%r 'e c%#er%:lens is fro# 'e su*9ec
T'e foc%l len,' of 'e lens *ein, used
T'e si-e of 'e c%#er%)s i#%,e sensor ;suc' %s \. ]. or ^ inc'<
T'e foc%l len,' of (our lens is no % #ere ec'nic%li(J A lens) foc%l len,'s will %6ec3
$ow #uc' of 'e scene (our s'o s'ows
T'e %""%ren "ro"orions. si-es. %nd dis%nces of ever('in, in 'e s'o ;"ers"ecive<
$ow #uc' of 'e scene is in focus %nd 'ow '%rd i is o focus %ccur%el(
C%#er% '%ndlin,. suc' %s 'ow diOcul i is o 'old 'e s'o se%d(
T'ere %re 'ree *ro%d ("es of c%#er% lens %n,les3 nor#%l. ele"'oo ;n%rrow %n,le<. %nd
wide5%n,leJ
F21?RE &@21
T'e %n,le of 'e lens deer#ines w'% is c%"ured in 'e c%#er%J
NORMAL LENS
A no),*l len' ,ives % view"oin '% is ver( close o w'% is seen *( 'e 'u#%n e(eJ T'is
foc%l len,' lens is used #ore '%n %n( o'er lens since i '%s 'e le%s %#oun of disorionJ
TELEPHOTO LENS
A tele(hoto len' is desi,ned o '%ve % lon, foc%l len,'J T'e su*9ec %""e%rs #uc' closer
'%n nor#%l. *u (ou c%n see onl( % s#%ller "%r of 'e sceneJ De"' %nd dis%nce c%n loo4
unn%ur%ll( co#"ressed in 'e s'o ;0i,ures CJ=8 %nd CJ==<J
Usin, % ele"'oo lens %n,le '%s so#e #%9or %dv%n%,es3
W'en (ou c%nno ,e 'e c%#er% ne%r 'e su*9ec *ec%use of o*srucions
W'en 'e su*9ec is ou of re%c'
W'en 'ere is insuOcien i#e o #ove 'e c%#er% closer o 'e su*9ec
W'en 'e c%#er% is ?Aed in "osiion
W'en 'e c%#er% o"er%or is un%*le o #ove %round uno*rusivel(
T'ere %re ofen occ%sions. *o' in 'e sudio %nd in 'e ?eld. w'en 'e onl( w%( '% (ou
c%n 'o"e o ,e %n e6ecive s'o of 'e su*9ec is *( usin, % ele"'oo lensJ
$owever. 'e ele"'oo lens %lso '%s so#e dr%w*%c4s ;0i,ure CJ=><3
De"' c%n %""e%r unn%ur%ll( co#"ressedSfore,round5o5*%c4,round dis%nce see#s
#uc' s'orer '%n i re%ll( isJ Solid o*9ecs loo4 s'%llower %nd Ede"'5s!u%s'edJF
Dis%n su*9ecs loo4 #uc' closer %nd l%r,er '%n nor#%lJ T'in,s do no see# o di#inis'
wi' dis%nce %s we would eA"ecJ
An(one #ovin, ow%rd or %w%( fro# us see#s o %4e %n iner#in%*le i#e o cover 'e
,round. even w'en runnin, f%sJ A 'e r%cer%c4. 'orses ,%llo" ow%rd us. *u %""e%r o
cover lile ,round des"ie 'eir e6orsJ
F21?RE &@22
T'e red lines s'ow % wide5%n,le lens w'ile 'e *lue lines s'ow % n%rrow5%n,le:ele"'oo lensJ ;C%#er% "'oo coures( of
7/C<
W'en 'e c%#er% uses % ele"'oo lens o s'oo % su*9ec 'e%d5on len,'wise. 'e su*9ec
will loo4 #uc' s'orer '%n i re%ll( isJ 0or eA%#"le. % l%r,e oil %n4er #%( loo4 % few (%rds
lon,J
If % lon, ele"'oo lens is uili-ed o c%"ure close5u" s'os of "eo"le. (ou will noice '%
'eir fe%ures %re un"le%s%nl( B%ened %nd f%ci%l #odelin, is ,ener%ll( reducedJ S'o fro#
'e fron ;full f%ce< or w'en sli,'l( %n,led ;'ree5!u%rers f%ce<. 'is e6ec c%n *e ver(
o*viousJ
C%#er% '%ndlin, *eco#es incre%sin,l( #ore diOcul %s 'e ele"'oo lens foc%l len,' is
incre%sedJ Even sli,' c%#er% #ove#en. c%used *( % s'%4( '%nd'eld or doll(in, over %n
uneven Boor. c%uses i#%,e 9er4inessJ I is no e%s( fe% o follow % f%s5#ovin, su*9ec. suc'
%s % B(in, *ird. in % close s'o wi' % ele"'oo lens %nd 4ee" i %ccur%el( fr%#ed
'rou,'ou is #%neuversY A"%r fro# '%ndlin, diOculies. 'ere is 'e %ddiion%l focusin,
'%-%rd of wor4in, wi' % s'%llow de"' of ?eldY
W'en usin, % ele"'oo lens. i is diOcul o 'old 'e c%#er% sill for %n( len,' of i#e
wi'ou s'%4e fro# one)s *re%'in,. 'e%r*e%. or irin, #usclesJ A ,us of wind c%n *e %
dis%serY &u i is viru%ll( i#"ossi*le o '%nd'old % c%#er% wi' % lon, ele"'oo lensJ
Tele"'oo lenses usu%ll( re!uire 'e c%#er% o"er%or o use % ri"od or o'er c%#er%
su""or. %nd loc4 'e "%n %nd il 'e%d o 4ee" 'e i#%,e se%d(J
#IDE2ANGLE LENS
A 0ide2*ngle len' '%s % s'or foc%l len,' '% %4es in corres"ondin,l( #ore of 'e sceneJ
$owever. su*9ecs will loo4 #uc' fur'er %w%( %nd 'e de"' %nd dis%nce %""e%r
eA%,,er%edJ T'e eA%c cover%,e of %n( lens will de"end on is foc%l len,' rel%ive o 'e
si-e of % c%#er%)s i#%,e sensorsJ As (ou #i,' eA"ec. wide5%n,le lenses '%ve 'e o""osie
c'%r%cerisics of ele"'oo lensesJ
#ide2Angle Len' Di'to)tion
T'e wide5%n,le lens eA%,,er%es "ers"eciveJ De"' %nd s"%ce %re over5e#"'%si-edJ
Su*9ecs in 'e i#%,e see# fur'er %w%( '%n 'e( re%ll( %re ;0i,ures CJ=> %nd CJ=I<J
An(one %""ro%c'in, or w%l4in, %w%( fro# % c%#er% wi' % wide5%n,le lens see#s o *e
#ovin, #uc' #ore !uic4l( '%n nor#%lJ
F21?RE &@23
Lens %n,les disor 'e "ers"ecive of 'e sceneJ Wide5%n,le lenses eA"%nd 'e su*9ecs %nd ele"'oo lenses co#"ress 'e
su*9ecsJ
F21?RE &@2
T'is i#%,e w%s s'o wi' % ?s'5e(e wide5%n,le lensJ T'e c%#er% o"er%or w%s s%ndin, ver( close o 'e *uildin,. *u 'e
lens w%s sill %*le o c%"ure 'is s'oJ $owever. noe 'e disorion '% %4es "l%ce in 'is siu%ionJ ;P'oo coures( of
De#on 0is'e(e Lens<
T'is disorion c%n *e used o (our %dv%n%,eJ A wide5%n,le lens c%n ,ive % wide over%ll
view of 'e scene. even w'en i is rel%ivel( closeJ T'is c%n *e % ,re% 'el" w'en s'ooin, in
resriced s"%cesJ Even % s#%ll roo# c%n loo4 !uie s"%cious w'en s'o on % wide5%n,le lens
S% ver( useful dece"ion w'en (ou w%n o e#"'%si-e s"%ce. or #%4e s#%ll sein,s
%""e%r #ore i#"ressiveJ
T'ere %re i#es w'en 'e wide5%n,le lens disorion c%n *e %n e#*%rr%ss#enJ If. for
ins%nce. (ou %re s'ooin, wi'in % ver( con?ned %re% suc' %s % cell. onl( % wide5%n,le lens
will ,ive (ou % ,ener%l view of 'e loc%ionJ ;An( o'er lens %n,le would "rovide onl( close
s'osJ< &u % 'e s%#e i#e. 'e wide5%n,le lens eA%,,er%es "ers"ecive %nd #%4es 'e
surroundin,s see# ver( s"%ciousJ In 'ese circu#s%nces. 'e onl( %lern%ive is o use %
nor#%l lens %n,le. %nd #ove ouside 'e roo#. s'ooin, in 'rou,' % window or doorJ
If (ou %4e close s'os of "eo"le 'rou,' wide5%n,le lenses. (ou will ,e eAre#el( unre%l
disorions %nd %n odd5s'%"ed 'e%d ;0i,ure CJ=P<J
Never use wide5%n,le lenses for close s'os of ,eo#eric%l su*9ecs suc' %s "%,es of "rin.
,r%"' "%"er. or s'ee #usicJ T'e ,eo#eric%l disorion c%n *eco#e ver( noice%*leJ W'en
"%nnin, % s'o con%inin, sr%i,' veric%l or 'ori-on%l lines. wide5%n,le lenses *end 'e
lines ne%r 'e "icure ed,esJ T'e wider 'e lens. 'e #ore o*vious 'ese e6ecs *eco#eJ
#ide2Angle C*,e)* H*ndling
On 'e "lus side. c%#er% wor4 is #uc' e%sier w'en usin, % wide5%n,le lensJ C%#er%
#ove#ens %""e%r s#oo'er. %nd %n( sli,' *u#"s %s 'e c%#er% #oves %re less li4el( o
c%use 9er4( s'osJ As %n eAr% *onus. focusin, is less criic%l. %s 'e %v%il%*le de"' of ?eld
is #uc' ,re%erJ
T'e %dv%n%,es %nd dis%dv%n%,es of 'e 'ree ("es of lenses %re oulined in T%*le CJ8J
F21?RE &@2!
Al'ou,' su"er5wide5%n,le s'os c%n ,ive % ,ood view of % ver( con?ned %re%. f%ces c%n *eco#e incredi*l( disoredJ
;P'oo *( Guill%u#e D%r,%ud<
Supple9entar% +enses
&( %ddin, %n eAr%. 'u((le,ent*)y lens ono 'e fron of % c%#er% lens. (ou c%n %ler is
foc%l len,'J T'ese su""le#en%r( lenses c%n *e used wi' %l#os %n( ("e of lens. %nd c%n
c'%n,e 'e lens so '% i *eco#es #ore of % ele"'oo. wide5%n,le. or close5u" lens ;0i,ure
CJ=C<J
+ens Controls
Mos lens s(se#s '%ve 'ree se"%r%e %d9us#ens '% c%n *e #%de #%nu%ll( or se#i5
%uo#%ic%ll(3
0ocusS%d9usin, 'e dis%nce % w'ic' 'e i#%,e is s'%r"es
f5so"S%d9usin, % v%ri%*le iris di%"'r%,# inside 'e lens s(se#
@oo# ;if uili-in, % -oo# lens<S%lerin, 'e lens foc%l len,' o %d9us 'ow #uc' of 'e
scene 'e s'o covers
Gener%ll(. 'ow 'e lens conrols %re %d9used will %6ec 'e followin,3
$ow s'%r" 'e de%il in 'e i#%,e is ;focusin,<
EA%cl( 'ow #uc' of 'e i#%,e %""e%rs s'%r"l( de?ned in 'e s'o ;de"' of ?eld<
$ow #uc' of 'e scene %""e%rs in 'e s'o ;foc%l len,':%n,le of view<
T'e i#"ression of dis%nce. s"%ce. %nd si-e '% 'e "icure conve(s
T'e over%ll *ri,'ness of 'e "icure. %nd 'e cl%ri( of li,'er ones %nd s'%dows
;eA"osure<
F21?RE &@2&
T'is su""le#en%r( wide5%n,le lens c%n *e screwed ono 'e fron of 'e c%#er% lensJ ;P'oo coures( of /0 G%d,es<
+ens Care
C%#er% lenses %re ver( sensiive oolsJ Al'ou,' we #%( *e,in *( '%ndlin, new c%#er%
e!ui"#en wi' ender5lovin, c%re. f%#ili%ri( c%n resul in c%su%l '%*isJ EA"erienced
c%#er% o"er%ors develo" % res"ec for 'eir lens s(se#sJ T'e( %""reci%e '% % #o#en)s
disr%cion c%n c%use % ,re% de%l of eA"ensive d%#%,e o 'ese "recision o"ic%l devices.
es"eci%ll( w'en wor4in, under %dverse condiionsJ Li!uid. dus. or ,ri c%n in % #o#en
wrec4 'e lens or de,r%de is "erfor#%nceJ
6or-in$ Practices
T'ere %re sever%l w%(s of wor4in, ou 'e sor of s'o (ou will ,e % v%rious dis%nces3
Trial and error( A Er( i %nd seeF %""ro%c'. in w'ic' 'e c%#er% is #oved %round o
"oeni%l "osiions. c'%n,in, 'e lens foc%l len,' sein, unil (ou ,e 'e resul (ou w%nJ
T'is is % ver( l%*orious "rocessJ
0irector5s view6nder( In 'is %""ro%c'. 'e direcor s%nds in 'e "l%nned c%#er% "osiion
%nd c'ec4s ou 'e scene 'rou,' % '%nd'eld "or%*le view?nderJ Afer is -oo# lens '%s
*een %d9used o "rovide 'e re!uired s'o si-e. 'e corres"ondin, foc%l len,' is 'en re%d
o6 'e view?nder)s sc%le %nd 'e c%#er%)s lens is se o 'is ?,ure ;0i,ure CJ=Q %ndCJ=L<J
/omputer calculators( T'ere %re % nu#*er of ools %v%il%*le '% will c%lcul%e lens
%n,les. de"' of ?eld. %nd o'er #e%sure#ensJ So#e. suc' %s 'e one s'own in 0i,ure
CJ=D. wor4 on % PDA device. #%4in, i ver( e%s( o %4e ino 'e ?eldJ T'ese co#"uer5
*%sed c%lcul%ors %re es"eci%ll( ,ood for "re"l%nnin, % s'ooJ
37perience( W'en wor4in, re,ul%rl( in cer%in surroundin,s. suc' %s % news sudio. (ou
soon co#e o %ssoci%e v%rious s'o si-es wi' s"eci?c c%#er% "osiions %nd foc%l len,'
sein,sJ $owever. 'ese "ro"orions will *e %lered if (ou '%""en o c'%n,e o % c%#er%
wi' % di6eren sensor si-eJ
F21?RE &@2'
A direcor)s view?nder c%n *e used o deer#ine 'e c%#er% "osiion %nd 'e %""ro"ri%e lensJ ;P'oo coures( of Al%n
Gordon Ener"rises<
F21?RE &@2(
T'is #o*ile "'one %"". Are#is. uses 'e inern%l video c%#er% o s'ow 'e v%rious lenses '% c%n *e used o s'oo %
sceneJ T'e i#%,e c%n 'en *e s%ved for fuure useJ
TBPES ;F +E8SES
Loo9 +ens
Mos elevision:video c%#er%s co#e wi' % -oo# lens. w'ic' is % re#%r4%*l( BeAi*le
"roducion oolJ A -oo# lens s(se# '%s 'e ,re% %dv%n%,e '% is foc%l len,' is
%d9us%*leJ +ou c%n %ler is cover%,e of 'e scene si#"l( *( urnin, % rin, on 'e *%rrel of
'e lensJ T'is c'%n,e ,ives 'e i#"ression '% 'e c%#er% is ne%rer or f%r'er fro# 'e
su*9ec. % 'e s%#e i#e #odif(in, 'e %""%ren "ers"eciveJ A %n( ,iven sein, wi'in is
r%n,e 'e -oo# lens *e'%ves li4e % ?Aed foc%l len,' lens. c%lled % "ri#e lensJ
T'e -oo# lens) #%in %dv%n%,e is '% (ou c%n selec or c'%n,e *eween %n( foc%l len,'s
wi'in is r%n,e wi'ou inerru"in, 'e s'oJ +ou c%n -oo# ou o ,e %n over%ll view of 'e
%cion %nd -oo# in o eA%#ine de%ils ;0i,ures CJ>K %ndCJ>8<J T'e f%c '% in 'e "rocess
(ou %re "l%(in, %round wi' 'e s"%i%l i#"ressions (our "icure conve(s is usu%ll(
inciden%l o 'e convenience of ,ein, s'o v%ri%ions fro# % c%#er% view"oinJ
?OOM LENS CONTROLS
T'ere %re *%sic%ll( wo #e'ods of %d9usin, 'e foc%l len,' of % -oo# lens3
0irect control( &( urnin, % rin, or % lever on 'e lens *%rrelJ T'e #%9or %dv%n%,e of 'is
("e of conrol is '% i does no #%4e %n( noise. unli4e #oori-ed s(se#sJ On #os
c%#er%s. (ou c%n override 'e #oori-ed lens servo5swic' conrol %nd o"er%e 'e -oo#
%cion #%nu%ll(J
%ervo control( T'e lens -oo# %cion is conrolled *( % s#%ll forw%rd:reverse v%ri%*le5
s"eed elecric #oorJ
F21?RE &@2)
T'is screens'o is fro# 'e sofw%re "ro,r%# "CAM. w'ic' runs on % PDAJ T'e sofw%re 'el"s 'e direcor or c%#er%"erson
;video. ?l#. %nd "'oo,r%"'(< c%lcul%e 'e correc lens. de"' of ?eld. %nd sein,sJ ;P'oo *( D%vid Eu*%n4<
F21?RE &@3*
@oo#in, in "ro,ressivel( ?lls 'e screen wi' % s#%ller se,#en of 'e sceneJ
F21?RE &@31
P%rs of % -oo# lensJ ;P'oo coures( of C%non<
F21?RE &@32
T'e ?n,ers on 'e lef %re "osiioned on % roc4er swic'. %llowin, 'e c%#er% o"er%or o -oo# in or ouJ ;P'oo *( 7os'
T%*er<
On #os c%#er%s. % roc4er swic' for#s "%r of 'e lens 'ousin,J W'en 'e c%#er% is
'%nd'eld or s'oulder5#ouned. ?n,ers on 'e ri,' '%nd c%n e%sil( o"er%e 'e wo5w%(
roc4er swic' o %d9us 'e -oo#J Pressin, W ;wide5%n,le< c%uses 'e lens o -oo# ou
ow%rd is wides %n,leN w'en 'e T ;ele"'oo< is "ressed. 'e lens -oo#s in o 'e lon,es
foc%l len,'J &( rele%sin, 'e roc4er swic'. 'e -oo# c%n *e so""ed % %n( "oin wi'in 'e
-oo# r%n,eJ Mos -oo# lenses %lso '%ve %n %d9us%*le -oo# s"eed ;0i,ure CJ>=<J
On l%r,e c%#er%s. suc' %s 'e l%r,er sudio %nd ?eld c%#er%s. % servo re#oe conrol is
usu%ll( loc%ed on one of 'e ri"od "%n '%ndlesJ T'ese conrollers "rovide % s#oo'. even
c'%n,e. "%ricul%rl( durin, % ver( slow Ecree"5inJF T'e s"rin,5lo%ded 'u#*5lever conrol is
urned o 'e lef o -oo# ou. %nd o 'e ri,' o -oo# inJ Li,' 'u#* "ressure resuls in
slow -oo#in,. %nd 'e%vier "ressure ,ives % f%s -oo#J +ou soon le%rn o %d9us 'u#*
"ressure o conrol 'e -oo# r%e ;0i,ure CJ>><J
?OOM LENS ADVANTAGES
@oo# lenses '%ve un!uesion%*l( %dded %n i#"or%n di#ension o c%#er% wor43
@oo#s "rovide % wide selecion of lens) foc%l len,'J
C%#er% o"er%ors c%n r%"idl( selec %n( foc%l len,' wi'in 'e lens) r%n,eJ
@oo#in, c%n *e conrolled #%nu%ll( or *( % #oor driven % v%rious "rese s"eedsJ
T'e( %llow 'e c%#er% o"er%or o sli,'l( %d9us 'e si-e of 'e s'o o i#"rove
co#"osiion:fr%#in, wi'ou '%vin, o #ove 'e c%#er% ne%rer or f%r'er %w%( fro# 'e
su*9ecJ
@oo#in, is #uc' e%sier %nd #ore "recise '%n doll(in, ;%l'ou,' 'e ?n%l e6ec #%( no
*e %s ,ood %s % doll( s'o<J
?OOM LENS DISADVANTAGES
Al'ou,' % -oo# '%s #%n( %dv%n%,es. i %lso '%s so#e dis%dv%n%,es3
De"' of ?eld. "ers"ecive. %nd c%#er% '%ndlin, v%r( %s 'e lens is -oo#ed in %nd ouJ
If (ou %re coninu%ll( v%r(in, 'e -oo# sein,s durin, % re'e%rs%l. i is i#"or%n o re"e%
'e s%#e %n,les %nd c%#er% "osiions w'en recordin,J Su""ose. for ins%nce. '% (ou %re
now fur'er %w%( '%n "reviousl( %nd (ou -oo# in o co#"ens%eJ T'is EcorrecedF s'o will
no '%ve 'e s%#e rel%ive su*9ec "ro"orionsJ +ou #i,' now *e in 'e w%( of %no'er
c%#er% or % *oo# #ic in 'e sudioJ To %void 'is ("e of discre"%nc(. noe 'e de%ils of 'e
lens %n,le on % c%rd. s'o s'ee. or scri". %nd #%r4 or %"e 'e c%#er%)s Boor "osiions
durin, re'e%rs%lJ
@oo#in, c%n e%sil( *e #isused %s % l%-( su*siue for #ore e6ecive c%#er% #ove#enJ
So#ei#es % doll( s'o would *e #uc' #ore e6ecive '%n % -oo#. *u 'e -oo# is e%sierJ
F21?RE &@33
L%r,er c%#er%s incor"or%e -oo# %nd focus conrols '% %re loc%ed on 'e ri"od)s "%n '%ndlesJ
?OOMING THE LENS VERSS THE DOLL. SHOT
W'en needin, o #ove closer or f%r'er %w%( fro# (our su*9ec durin, % s'o. (ou '%ve wo
o"ions3
Use % -oo# lens %nd -oo# in or ou
Doll(. or %cu%ll( #ove 'e "'(sic%l c%#er% ow%rd or %w%( fro# (our su*9ec
+ou #%( wonder. w'% is 'e *i, de%l1 Don) 'e( loo4 'e s%#e1 If (ou %re s'ooin, % B%
surf%ce. suc' %s % "%inin,. 'e e6ec of -oo#in, is idenic%l wi' '% of doll(in,S%n
over%ll #%,ni?c%ion or reducion of 'e i#%,eJ $owever. 'ere is % si,ni?c%n visu%l
di6erence *eween % -oo# s'o %nd % doll( s'oJ Al'ou,' 'e -oo# s'o c%n s'ow 'e
#%,ni?c%ion or reducion of 'e i#%,e. % doll( s'o s'ows % di6eren "ers"ecive. i
e#"'%si-es 'e di#ension%l %s"ecs of 'e sceneJ In0i,ure CJ>I. (ou c%n %cu%ll( see '%
'e c%#er% #oved down 'e %isle. s'owin, #ore infor#%ion o 'e viewer '%n is "ossi*le
wi' % -oo# s'oJ @oo#in, is seldo# % co#"leel( convincin, su*siue for #ovin, 'e
c%#er%J
Pri9e +ens
A ver( "o"ul%r lens wi' n%rr%ive or ?l# "eo"le. is % ()i,e ;()i,*)y< len'J Pri#e lenses
'%ve % ?Aed foc%l len,'. '% #e%ns '% 'e scene cover%,e c%nno *e v%ried wi'ou
"'(sic%ll( #ovin, 'e c%#er% %nd lensJ T'e "ri#e lens is "%ricul%rl( useful w'en3
T'e 'i,'es o"ic%l !u%li( is necess%r(
Cre%in, % s"eci%l o"ic%l e6ec suc' %s %n eAre#el( wide5%n,le ?s'5e(e lens
S'ooin, in low5li,' siu%ionsN "ri#es '%ve lower li,' losses. %nd 'us %re %*le o o*%in
% !u%li( i#%,e in low li,'
&ec%use is foc%l len,' is ?Aed. 'e "ri#e lens will cover onl( % s"eci?c %n,le of view.
%ccordin, o w'e'er i is desi,ned %s % n%rrow5%n,le ;or ele"'oo or lon,< lens. % wide5
%n,le ;or s'or< lens. or %s % nor#%l lens s(se#J +ou c%n onl( c'%n,e % "ri#e lens)
cover%,e *( %ddin, % su""le#en%r( lensJ Pri#e lenses %re %v%il%*le wi' ?Aed foc%l
len,'s r%n,in, fro# 9us % few #illi#eers ;for wide5%n,le wor4< o ele"'oo lenses wi'
foc%l len,'s of #ore '%n 8KKK ## ;0i,ure CJ>P<J
E3tender +ens
So#e -oo# lenses include % *uil5in su""le#en%r( lens '% is c%lled % =9 e9tende)J T'e
eAender c%n *e Bi""ed in or ou of use %nd is %v%il%*le in si-es o'er '%n =A. *u '% is
'e #os co##on con?,ur%ionJ T'e =A eAender dou*les 'e foc%l len,' of 'e lens.
%llowin, 'e c%#er% o"er%or o -oo# in #uc' closer o 'e su*9ec ;0i,ure CJ>C<J
T'ere %re % few dr%w*%c4s o usin, %n eAender lens3
T'e eAender lens c%nno *e swic'ed in or ou w'en s'ooin, *ec%use i disru"s 'e
visu%l i#%,eJ I #us *e c'%n,ed *eween s'osJ
F21?RE &@3
@oo#in, si#"l( #%,ni?es %nd reduces 'e "icureJ I does no "roduce 'e c'%n,es in 'e scene '% %rise %s 'e doll( is
#oved 'rou,' % sceneJ Incre%sin, 'e foc%l len,' n%rrows 'e lens %n,le. ?llin, 'e screen wi' % s#%ller %nd s#%ller
secion of 'e s'oJ T'e "'oo,r%"'s illusr%e 'e di6erence *eween 'e -oo# %nd doll(J Noice '% 'ere is no #uc' of
% di6erence *eween i#%,es 8& %nd =&J $owever. %s 'e doll( coninues in =C. i *e,ins o s'ow % di6eren "ers"ecive.
s'owin, '% 'ere is % %*le *eween 'e wo c'%irs on 'e lefJ P'oo 8D -oo#s "%s 'e %*le. w'ile 'e doll( "ers"ecive
in =D %4es 'e viewer u" o 'e %*le %nd %llows 'e# o see 'e o" of iJ
F21?RE &@3!
Pri#e lenses %re used w'en 'e 'i,'es o"ic%l !u%li( is re!uiredJ ;P'oo coures( of @eiss:&%nd Pro<
F21?RE &@3&
A =A eAender dou*les 'e foc%l len,' of 'e -oo#J ;P'oo coures( of C%non<
F21?RE &@3'
0ocusin, wi' % s'%llow de"' of ?eld will %llow (ou o #%4e (our su*9ec s%nd ou %,%ins % defocused *%c4,roundJ
T'ere c%n *e % su*s%ni%l loss of li,' w'en uili-in, %n eAender. w'ic' c%uses c%#er%
o"er%ors o %d9us 'eir %"erureJ
T'e #ini#u# focusin, dis%nce on 'e -oo# lens c%n su*s%ni%ll( c'%n,e w'en swic'in,
in 'e eAenderJ A -oo# lens c%n usu%ll( focuses on closer su*9ecs w'en no usin, 'e
eAenderJ
F;C?S281
6h% Focus7
W'en (ou focus 'e c%#er%. (ou %re %d9usin, 'e lens o "roduce 'e s'%r"es "ossi*le
i#%,e of 'e su*9ecJ Si#"le "'oo,r%"'ic c%#er%s do no '%ve % focus conrol. (e
ever('in, in 'e s'o loo4s re%son%*l( s'%r"J W'( do elevision c%#er%s need o *e
coninu%ll( focused1 T'ere %re sever%l re%sons w'( ?Aed5focus s(se#s do no wor4 wi'
elevision c%#er%s3
T'e( do no "rovide #%Ai#u# s'%r"ness of 'e su*9ecJ
&ec%use 'e lens %"erure is reduced ;s#%ll so"< in order o "rovide % l%r,e de"' of ?eld.
'i,' li,' levels %re needed for ,ood video i#%,esJ
Ever('in, in 'e s'o is e!u%ll( s'%r"J T'% #e%ns 'ere is no di6ereni%l focusin, in
w'ic' su*9ecs c%n *e #%de o s%nd ou %,%ins % defocused *%c4,round ;0i,ure CJ>Q<J
T'e c%#er% c%nno focus on close su*9ecs ;%l'ou,' % su""le#en%r( lens #%( 'el"<J
If needed. % c%#er% c%n *e "u ino ?Aed focus *( usin, % lens wi' %s wide %n %n,le %s
"ossi*le %nd usin, 'e s#%lles "ossi*le %"erureJ T'is co#*in%ion will ,ive (ou 'e *es
i#%,es (our c%#er% c%n "rovide in '% siu%ionJ
Autofocus Pro0le9s
T'ere %re % nu#*er of in'eren "ro*le#s '% '%""en wi' %uofocusJ $ere %re so#e of 'e
#os co##on issues3
If 'e su*9ec is no cenr%l. %uofocus #%( %d9us on w'%ever '%""ens o *e 'ere.
le%vin, (our su*9ec defocusedJ
Al'ou,' (ou #%( w%n wo su*9ecs % di6eren dis%nces fro# 'e c%#er% o %""e%r
e!u%ll( s'%r". 'e %uofocus #%( indiscri#in%el( s'%r"en on one or nei'erJ
If (ou %re s'ooin, 'rou,' % fore,round fr%#ewor4 of. for eA%#"le. *r%nc'es. % ,rille.
nein,. or r%ilin,s. 'e s(se# will focus on 'is. r%'er '%n on (our su*9ec *e(ond ;0i,ure
CJ>L<J If 'e su*9ec is *e'ind ,l%ss or *ene%' 'e surf%ce of % "ool. 'e %uofocus s(se#
c%n %lso *e fooled *( 'isJ
If so#eone or so#e'in, #oves in fron of 'e c%#er%. 'e s(se# #%( %uo#%ic%ll(
refocus on i. defocusin, (our su*9ecJ If. for ins%nce. (ou "%n over % l%ndsc%"e. %nd %
fore,round *us' co#es ino 'e s'o. 'e lens #%( defocus 'e dis%n scene %nd s'ow %
well5focused *us'J
W'en s'ooin, in r%in. snow. #is. or fo,. %uofocusin, #%( no *e %ccur%eJ
Su*9ecs '% %re %n,led %w%( fro# 'e c%#er% #%( "roduce f%lse resulsJ
Al'ou,' 'ese "ro*le#s #%( no occur. i is ,ood o *e %w%re of 'eir "ossi*ili(J W'en in
dou*. swic' o #%nu%l focusin,J
F21?RE &@3(
Auofocus sru,,les o focus if s'ooin, 'rou,' o'er o*9ecs suc' %s 'is c%,e or *r%nc'es. r%ilin,s. %nd in si#il%r
siu%ionsJ
Focusin$ 4ethods
Two di6eren #e'ods %re ,ener%ll( used o focus 'e c%#er%)s lens s(se#3
Focus rin-( Lens s(se#s on '%nd'eld %nd li,'wei,' c%#er%s c%n *e focused *( urnin,
% rin, on 'e lens *%rrel. unil su*9ec de%ils %re %s s'%r" %s "ossi*le ;0i,ure CJ>D<J
Remote focus control( W'en % c%#er% is %%c'ed o % ri"od ;or o'er #oun<. "%n
'%ndles %re usu%ll( %%c'ed o %ssis 'e c%#er% o"er%or in "%nnin, %nd ilin, 'e
c%#er%J A v%rie( of di6eren focus conrols %re %v%il%*le o *e cl%#"ed ono one of 'e "%n
'%ndles o %d9us 'e lens focus *( re#oe conrolJ T'e re#oe focus conrol is lin4ed o 'e
lens focusin, #ec'%nis# 'rou,' % BeAi*le c%*le ;0i,ures CJIK<J
F21?RE &@3)
T'is c%#er%#%n is focusin, %n ENG:E0P c%#er% *( %d9usin, 'e lens) focus rin, wi' 'is lef '%ndJ
Dr%#%ic "ro9ecs ofen s'oo wi' % focus "uller ;0i,ure CJI8<J T'e focus "uller is in c'%r,e
of 'e s'%r"ness of 'e i#%,e. lein, 'e c%#er% o"er%or concenr%e on fr%#in, 'e
su*9ecJ
Consu#er %nd "rosu#er c%#er%s usu%ll( '%ve %uo#%ic focusin, fe%uresJ Ide%ll(. (ou 9us
"oin 'e c%#er%. %nd i focuses on 'e su*9ecJ Auofocus is "%ricul%rl( useful w'en
#ovin, %round wi' % '%nd'eld c%#er%. %s i #%in%ins focus w'erever (ou #ove. %llowin,
(ou o concenr%e on fr%#in, 'e s'o %nd c'ec4in, ou (our roueJ $owever. i is *es o
'in4 of 'e %uofocus fe%ure %s %n %id inse%d of 'in4in, '% i relieves (ou of %ll focusin,
worriesJ
Focusin$ the Loo9 +ens
If % s'o is correcl( focused. -oo#in, in or ou s'ould '%ve no e6ecJ 0ocusin, durin, %
wide5%n,le s'o is e%s(. %s 'ere is "len( of de"'J $owever. w'en (ou -oo# in. 'e
focused de"' *eco#es "ro,ressivel( s'%llower %s 'e lens %n,le n%rrowsN 'en. 'e focus
*eco#es #uc' #ore criic%lJ I is i#"or%n o -oo# in on 'e su*9ec %s close %s (ou c%n.
focus. %nd 'en -oo# *%c4 ouJ T'e i#%,e s'ould s%( in focus now w'en -oo#in, in %nd
ou on '% su*9ecJ
F21?RE &@*
T'ere %re % v%rie( of re#oe focus conrols '% %%c' o 'e "%n '%ndleJ T'e ("e in 'is "'oo. di6eren fro# 'e wis
'%ndle in 0i,ure CJ>>. re!uires '% 'e o"er%or urn 'e s"o4ed w'eel. ofen c%lled % c%"s%n conrol. in order o focus 'e
lensJ
F21?RE &@1
In siu%ions w'ere 'e c%#er% o"er%or needs o concenr%e on fr%#in,. % focus "uller ;in 'e (ellow s'ir< #%( *e usedJ
T'is "erson %%c'es % follow5focus #ec'%nis# o 'e lens in order o %d9us 'e focus fro# 'e side of 'e c%#er%J
AdHustin$ the Loo9As ,ac- Focus
If 'e i#%,e does no s%( focused durin, 'e -oo#. once 'e lens '%s *een focused durin,
'e close5u" %s #enioned e%rlier. i usu%ll( #e%ns '% 'e lens needs 'e *%c4 focus
%d9usedJ To ensure '% 'e -oo# lens #%in%ins focus %s i is -oo#ed ;referred o %s
Ecorrec focus r%c4in,F<. 'e lens s(se# '%s o *e c%refull( %d9used3
Wi' 'e lens se % 'e #%Ai#u# %"erure. -oo# in close %nd %d9us 'e lens for
#%Ai#u# s'%r"ness usin, 'e focus rin, on 'e lensJ
@oo# ou o 'e wides %n,le. %nd %d9us 'e inern%l *%c4 focus ;B%n,e< conrol for 'e
s'%r"es i#%,e ;0i,ure CJI=<J
Now 'e -oo# lens s'ould *e wor4in, e6ecivel(J If no. re"e% 'e %d9us#en for o"i#u#
resulsJ
F21?RE &@2
T'e *%c4 focus B%n,e needs o *e %d9used w'enever 'e -oo# does no s%( in focus w'en -oo#in, in or ou on 'e s%#e
su*9ecJ We %re %ssu#in, '% 'e lens w%s focused on 'e closeu" of 'e su*9ecJ ;P'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
+E8S APERT?RE =fIST;P>
If (ou loo4 direcl( ino % lens. (ou will see %n %d9us%*le circul%r di%"'r%,# or iris #%de u"
of % nu#*er of 'in overl%""in, #e%l *l%desJ T'e si-e of 'e 'ole for#ed *( 'ese "l%es is
c%refull( c%li*r%ed in ,r%du%ed so"s ;0i,ure CJI><J T'ese f5so"s %re usu%ll( #%r4ed
%round % rin, on 'e lens *%rrelJ Turnin, 'e rin, %lers 'e e6ecive di%#eer of 'e lens
o"enin, over % wide r%n,e ;0i,ure CJII<J
W'en 'e lens %"erure is %d9used. wo !uie se"%r%e 'in,s '%""en si#ul%neousl(3
I c'%n,es 'e *ri,'ness of 'e lens i#%,e f%llin, on 'e i#%,e sensor ;eA"osure of 'e
i#%,e<J
I %lers 'e de"' of ?eld in 'e s'oSw'ic' is %lso %6eced *( 'e lens foc%l len,'J
F21?RE &@3
T'e %"erure is 'e o"enin, in 'e lens '% %llows li,' o f%ll on 'e sensorsJ E%c' o"enin, is c%refull( c%li*r%ed ino %
series of f5so"sJ T'ese f5so"s si,ni?c%nl( %6ec 'e scene *ein, s'o *( v%r(in, 'e %#oun of li,' %nd 'e de"' of
?eldJ T'e l%r,er 'e nu#*er ;s#%ller 'e o"enin, in 'e lens<. 'e l%r,er 'e de"' of ?eldJ
fIST;PS =fI8?4,ERS>
T'e l%r,er 'e o"enin, in 'e lens. 'e #ore li,' 'e lens will le 'rou,' o 'e sensorJ As
'e lens %"erure is reduced ;referred o %s so""in, down< 'e corres"ondin, f5so" nu#*er
incre%sesJ T'e lens s#%lles %"erure #%( *e %round f:==. %nd 'e l%r,es %"erure o"enin,
#%( *e %round f:8JIJ 0or e%c' co#"lee so" '% (ou o"en 'e lens. is i#%,e *ri,'ness
li,' will dou*le ;'%lved w'en so""in, down<J T'e s%nd%rd series of lens #%r4in,s is3
f:8JI = =JL I PJC L 88 8C == >=
In re%li(. #%n( iner#edi%e "oins suc' %s f:>JP. f:IJP. %nd f:CJ> %re %lso usedJ
F21?RE &@
T'e %"erure rin, is used o %d9us 'e f5so"sJ ;P'oo coures( of @eiss:&%nd Pro<
EMP;S?RE
T'ere is % lo of #isunders%ndin, %*ou Ecorrec eA"osureJF A "icure is considered o *e
correcl( eA"osed w'en 'e su*9ec ones (ou %re ineresed in %re re"roduced 'e w%( (ou
w%n 'e#J O*viousl(. 'is #%( v%r( in di6eren siu%ions %nd is uli#%el( u" o 'e
direcorJ
&ec%use 'e c%#er%)s i#%,e sensor c%n res"ond %ccur%el( over onl( % rel%ivel( resriced
r%n,e of ones. *ri,'er %re%s will c)u'h out ;*eco#e w'ie< %*ove is u""er li#isN d%r4er
ones %re lo't ;urn *l%c4< *elow 'e sensor)s lower li#isJ T'e ,o%l is o %d9us 'e lens
%"erure o ? 'e direcor)s vision ;0i,ure CJIP<J
If #ore de%il is needed in 'e s'%dows. 'e lens %"erure will need o *e o"ened in order o
incre%se 'e eA"osureJ &u. of course. 'is will c%use %ll 'e o'er ones in 'e "icure o
%""e%r *ri,'er. %nd 'e li,'es #%( even crus' ou o % *l%n4 w'ieJ Occ%sion%ll(. 'e
direcor #%( c'oose o deli*er%el( over5eA"ose % s'o o cre%e % s"eci%l 'i,'54e( e6ec
wi' *le%c'ed5ou li,'er onesJ
Conversel(. if (ou w%n o see *eer on%l ,r%d%ion in 'e su*9ec)s w'ie dress. (ou #%(
need o reduce 'e eA"osure *( closin, down o % sli,'l( s#%ller f5so"J T'is will. 'owever.
c%use %ll 'e o'er ones in 'e i#%,e o %""e%r d%r4er. %nd 'e d%r4es #i,' now #er,e
or even *e los %s *l%c4J
As (ou c%n see. eA"osure is %n %risic co#"ro#iseJ &u i is %lso % w%( in w'ic' 'e i#%,e
c%n *e #%ni"ul%edJ T'e direcor #%( c'oose o deli*er%el( over5 or under5eA"ose 'e
i#%,e o %c'ieve % cer%in e6ec suc' %s sor#( s4ies. #(ser(. or ni,' e6ecsJ I is !uie
"ossi*le o se 'e eA"osure o sui 'e "rev%ilin, li,' levels. %nd s'oo ever('in, in 'e
scene wi' '% so"J &u for #ore sensiive %d9us#en of "icure ones. one re%ll( #us *e
%ler %nd coninu%ll( re%d9us 'e eA"osure for 'e *es resulsJ
F21?RE &@!
EA"osin, 'e i#%,e %""ro"ri%el( is incredi*l( i#"or%nJ
F21?RE &@&
T'e %uo5iris w%s used for *o' of 'ese i#%,esJ Left; T'e *ri,' w'ie s4( 'rew o6 'e iris. #%4in, 'e su*9ecs oo
d%r4JRight; $owever. *( %d9usin, 'e s'ooin, %n,le %nd ,ein, rid of 'e *ri,' s4(. 'e %uo5iris w%s %*le o c%"ure %
well5eA"osed i#%,eJ
Auto9atic 2ris
Consu#er %nd "rosu#er c%#er%s %re usu%ll( ?ed wi' %n %uo5irisJ W'en urned on. i
%uo#%ic%ll( %d9uss 'e lens %"erure o sui 'e f%cor(5se %ver%,e li,' levelsJ T'e %uo5
iris c%n %cu%ll( *e !uie 'el"ful % i#esJ T'e %uo5iris c%n *e used %s % Eli,' #eerF o ,e
'e #os %ccur%e re%din,. %s lon, %s (ou 4now %*ou so#e li,'in, siu%ions '% c%n fool
iJ Wi'ou i. (ou would '%ve o coninu%ll( c'ec4 on%l ,r%d%ion in 'e view?nder "icure
%nd o"en 'e iris unil 'e scene w%s correcl( eA"osedJ T'e %uo5iris c%n %lso *e es"eci%ll(
'el"ful if 'e c%#er% o"er%or is ver( #o*ile. #ovin, %round !uic4l( %nd concenr%in, on
fr%#in, 'e s'oJ
Unforun%el(. li4e %n( %uo#%ic funcion. 'e %uo5iris c%nno #%4e %risic 9ud,#ens. %nd
c%n *e e%sil( fooledJ Ide%ll(. (ou w%n 'e eA"osure of (our #%in su*9ec o re#%in
cons%nJ &u %n %uo5iris is %civ%ed *( %ll o'er ones in 'e "icureJ $ere %re so#e
eA%#"les of "ro*le# issues '% will re!uire 'e c%#er% o"er%or o #%nu%ll( %d9us 'e
%"erure3
Move in fron of % li,' *%c4,round. *rin, % news"%"er ino s'o. or %4e o6 % 9%c4e o
reve%l % w'ie s'ir. %nd 'e iris will close %nd reduce 'e eA"osure even 'ou,' i is no
i#"or%n '% 'ere is de%il in 'ose w'ie %re%sJ T'e "ro*le# is '% %ll of 'e o'er
"icure ones will now %""e%r d%r4er ;0i,ure CJIC<J
If % l%r,e d%r4 %re% co#es ino s'o. 'e iris #%( o"en u" Eo co#"ens%e.F %nd %ll "icure
ones %""e%r li,'erJ
W%l4 'rou,' rees. w'ere %re%s of s4( %nd foli%,e co#e %nd ,o. %nd eA"osure c%n o"en
%nd close. *eco#in, ver( disr%cin, o 'e %udienceJ
If s'ooin, % concer w'ere 'e le%d sin,er is in % ver( *ri,' s"oli,'. 'e %uo5iris will
usu%ll( %d9us 'e c%#er% so '% 'e s%,e is *l%c4 %nd 'e le%d sin,er is "ure w'ie. wi'
no de%ilJ
Auo5iris s(se#s wor4 *( #e%surin, 'e *ri,'ness of 'e lens i#%,e f%llin, on 'e i#%,e
sensorJ Mos %uo5iris s(se#s concenr%e on 'e cener %re% of 'e fr%#eJ So#e %re
desi,ned o %void *ein, over5inBuenced *( 'e o" of 'e fr%#e. w'ere *ri,' s4ies. for
eA%#"le. could f%lsel( reduce 'e eA"osureJ T'e *es s(se#s 9ud,e eA"osure *( s%#"lin,
%ll "%rs of 'e i#%,eJ
4anual 2ris AdHust9ent
Turnin, 'e iris:di%"'r%,#:%"er%ure rin, on 'e lens *%rrel ;0i,ure CJII< %llows 'e c%#er%
o"er%or o decide eA%cl( 'ow 'e i#%,e s'ould *e eA"osedJ T'e over%ll "icure *ri,'ness
c%n *e %d9used %nd co#"ens%ion c%n *e #%de for fe%ures in 'e scene '% would fool
'e %uo5iris s(se#J
Re9ote 2ris Control
W'en % c%#er% is conneced o % CCU ;0i,ure CJ=K<. usu%ll( in % #ulic%#er% siu%ion. is
lens %"erure is usu%ll( se o sui "rev%ilin, li,' condiions *( 'e video o"er%or. w'o is
%lso 4nown %s % s'%derJ Durin, % "roducion. 'e lens %"erure of e%c' c%#er% c%n *e
re#oel( conrolled o v%r( eA"osure su*l( for 'e *es i#%,e !u%li(J
F21?RE &@'
Ad9us%*le s'uer s"eeds c%n *e used for cre%ivi( in i#%,esJ In 'is siu%ion. % ver( slow s'uer s"eed w%s used o
c%use % sense of %cion %*ou 'e c'ildJ
SH?TTER SPEE/S
Selecin, 'e correc s'uer s"eed is ver( i#"or%n in c%"urin, 'e *es video i#%,eJ In
so#e ins%nces. % f%s s'uer s"eed s'ould *e used in order o ,e 'e cle%res i#%,es of %
s"eedin, c%rJ $owever. % slower s'uer s"eed #%( *e ver( %""ro"ri%e for 'e s%#e
siu%ionS%l'ou,' 'e ?n%l "ro9ec will '%ve so#e *lurriness o iJ In o'er siu%ions. %
s"eci?c s'uer s"eed is needed in order o incre%se or reduce 'e de"' of ?eld in %n
i#%,eJ Ad9us#en of s'uer s"eeds is one of 'e cre%ive ools %v%il%*le for 'e c%#er%
o"er%orJ ;0i,ure CJIQ<
"2/E; 1A28 A/:?ST4E8T
Video g*in is 'e %#"li?c%ion of 'e video si,n%l in order o s'oo in eAre#el( low li,'J
Al'ou,' 'ere %re i#es w'en 'is #%( *e necess%r( in order o c%"ure %n i#%,e. i c%n
su*s%ni%ll( deerior%e 'e i#%,eJ So#e c%#er%s %llow 'e c%#er% o"er%or o se
di6eren levels of ,%in. suc' %s 8>. 8D. %nd 88LJ $owever. i is i#"or%n o 4now '% 'e
'i,'er 'e ,%in level. 'e "oorer 'e !u%li( of 'e ?n%l video i#%,eJ In su##%r(. 'e ,%in
s'ould *e %d9used onl( in siu%ions w'ere (ou ,u't c%"ure %n i#%,eSeven if (ou '%ve o
co#"ro#ise so#e of 'e !u%li(J
F21?RE &@(
0ilers co#e in % v%rie( of s'%"es. si-es. colors. %nd e6ecsJ ;P'oo coures( of Ti6en<
CA4ERA +E8S F2+TERS
0ilers of v%rious 4inds c%n *e %%c'ed o 'e fron of 'e lens. loc%ed in 'e c%#er%)s
inern%l ?ler w'eel. or insered ino % #%e *oA on 'e fron of 'e c%#er% ;0i,ure CJIL<J
Ano'er o"ion for ?lers is %""l(in, 'e# o recorded video durin, 'e ediin, "rocessJ T'e
followin, su*secions descri*e so#e of 'e #os co##on lens ?lersJ
8eutralI/ensit% Filters
W'en 'e scene is oo *ri,' for 'e %"erure (ou w%n o wor4 %. % neur%l5densi( ;ND<
?ler is used o cu down 'e over%ll inensi(J T'ese r%ns"%ren ,r%(5ined ;neur%l< ?lers
do no %6ec 'e colorsS9us 'e over%ll *ri,'nessJ Mos c%#er%s co#e wi' one or #ore of
'ese ?lers *uil ino 'e c%#er%J If 'e c%#er% does no '%ve 'e#. 'e( #us *e %%c'ed
o 'e fron of 'e lensJ
ND ?lers #%( *e used w'en s'ooin, in ver( sron, sunli,' o "reven over5eA"osureJ
S'ould (ou w%n o o"en u" 'e %"erure of 'e lens o resric 'e focused de"' for %risic
re%sons. %n ND ?ler c%n *e used o *rin, down 'e li,' level. %llowin, (ou o o"en u" 'e
%"erure. w'ic' will ,ive % s#%ller de"' of ?eldJ
Corrective Filters
W'en 'ere %re c'%n,es in 'e color e#"er%ure of li,' sources. correcive ?lers c%n *e
used o co#"ens%eJ 0or eA%#"le. w'en #ovin, fro# % d%(li,' scene o % un,sen5li
%re%. % correcive ?ler s'ould *e used ;0i,ure CJID<J
Star Filters
S%r ?lers %re cle%r dis4s wi' closel( scri*ed ,rid "%ernsJ T'ese di6r%cion5e6ecs ?lers
c%n "roduce four5 o siA5"oin s%rs fro# *ri,' "oins of li,'. includin, B%#es. reBecions.
%nd l%#"sJ T'e s%r)s direcions c'%n,e %s 'e ?ler is urned ;0i,ure CJPK<J
/iKusion /is-s
Av%il%*le in v%rious densiies. 'ese ?lers "rovide ,ener%l i#%,e sofenin, 'rou,' ?ne
surf%ce scr%c'es or di#"lin, on % cle%r dis4J S'%r" de%il is reduced %nd 'i,'li,'s develo"
,lowin, '%los ;0i,ure CJP8<J
?" =Ha#e> Filters
One of 'e #os co##on ?lers on lenses. 'e U/ ?ler reduces '%-e *lur ;due o ulr%viole
li,'< w'en s'ooin, d%(li,' eAeriors. %nd "roecs 'e lens surf%ceJ
Polari#in$ Filters
Pol%ri-in, ?lers %re occ%sion%ll( used o reduce sron, reBecions or B%res fro# s#oo' or
s'in( surf%ces suc' %s ,l%ss or w%erJ ;T'e( '%ve ver( lile e6ec on rou,' #%eri%lsJ<
Pol%ri-in, ?lers c%n *e used o d%r4en %n overl( *ri,' s4( wi'ou %6ecin, over%ll color
!u%li(. %l'ou,' 'ere will *e so#e li,' lossJ &( ro%in, 'e ?ler. (ou c%n selecivel(
reduce or su""ress s"eci?c reBecions ;0i,ure CJP=<J
F21?RE &@)
T'e *lue color5correcion ?ler s'own c%n *e used o ,e rid of 'e w%r# un,sen li,' in 'e sceneJ ;P'oos coures( of
Ti6en<
F21?RE &@!*
T'e scri*ed ,rid "%ern on 'e ?ler cre%es % s%r "%ern % e%c' "oin of *ri,' li,'J ;P'oos coures( of Ti6en<
F21?RE &@!1
A di6usion ?ler sofens 'e i#%,eJ ;P'oos coures( of Ti6en<
F21?RE &@!2
Pol%ri-in, ?lers %re used o reduce or re#ove disr%cin, reBecions. suc' %s 'is windowJ ;P'oos coures( of Ti6en<
F21?RE &@!3
Left3 T'is is % ,r%du%ed ?lerJ Cente)3 T'is i#%,e is % scene wi'ou % ?lerJ Right3 In 'is s'o. 'e c%#er% o"er%or used %
,r%du%ed ?ler o en'%nce 'e s4( %nd #oun%insJ ;P'oos coures( of Ti6en<
1raduated Filters
W'en s'ooin, in 'e ?eld. 'ere %re i#es w'en 'e #%in su*9ec is "ro"erl( eA"osed. *u
dis%n s4ies %re f%r oo *ri,' %nd disr%cin,J T'is c%n *e % "%ricul%r "ro*le# w'en 'e
fore,round su*9ecs %re d%r45onedJ A ,r%du%ed ?ler c%n ofen overco#e 'is dile##%J Is
u""er secion '%s % neur%l ,r%( in '% reduces 'e *ri,'ness of 'e i#%,e in '% "%r of
'e "icureJ So i will E'old *%c4F 'e overl( *ri,' s4ies w'ile le%vin, %n('in, in 'e cle%r
lower secion un%6ecedJ
Gr%du%ed ?lers '%ve % ,r%du%l on%l r%nsiion. ,ivin, % sof *lend *eween 'e re%ed
%nd unre%ed %re%sJ T'ere %re %lso ,r%du%ed ?lers '%n c%n *e used o cre%e % deli*er%e
e6ecJ One '%lf of 'e ?ler #%( *e or%n,e %nd 'e o'er '%lf cle%r or *lue5inedJ So#e
color ?lers '%ve % cenr%l 'ori-on%l or%n,e or (ellow *%nd. w'ic'. wi' c%re. c%n si#ul%e
'e e6ec of % sunse ;0i,ure CJP><J
Ca9era Filter 6heel
Profession%l c%#er%s ,ener%ll( include %n inern%l ?ler w'eelJ T'e ?ler w'eel c%n *e
ro%ed. "l%cin, 'e desired ?ler in fron of 'e i#%,e sensorsJ T'e ?lers in 'e w'eel
usu%ll( include % PCKK5de,ree d%(li,' color5correcion ?ler ;used w'en s'ooin, oudoors<.
% >=KK5de,ree un,sen color5correcion ?ler ;for s'ooin, indoors under un,sen li,'<.
%nd % cou"le of di6eren ND ?lersJ T'ere %re %lso usu%ll( *l%n4s in 'e w'eel so '%
%ddiion%l ?lers c%n *e %ddedJ
S?PP;RT281 THE CA4ERA
W'en s'ooin, w'ile #ovin, over uneven ,round. cli#*in, s%irs. or in 'e #iddle of %
crowd. 'e %udience eA"ecs "icures o *ounce %round % *iJ A i#es 'is E"oin5of5viewF
s(le of s'ooin, c%n even %dd o 'e #ood of 'e "ro,r%#J $owever. i#%,es '% we%ve
%round. *ounce u" %nd down. or le%n o one side soon *eco#e irin, for 'e %udience o
w%c'J S#oo' su*le #ove#en %nd roc45se%d( s'os %re usu%ll( esseni%l for e6ecive
c%#er% wor4. %nd 'ere %re v%rious for#s of su""or o 'el" %c'ieve 'isJ
F21?RE &@!
T'e s'oulder5#ouned '%nd'eld c%#er% is se%died *( 'e ri,' '%nd. "osiioned 'rou,' 'e sr%" on 'e -oo# lensJ T'%
s%#e ri,' '%nd %lso o"er%es 'e record *uon %nd 'e -oo# roc4er ;servo -oo#< swic'J ;P'oos coures( of 7os' T%*er
%nd Son(<
6hat T%pe of Support7
&efore *e,innin, %n( "ro9ec. consider w'e'er (ou '%ve %n %""ro"ri%e c%#er% #oun ;or
% sui%*le su*siue<J O'erwise. (ou #%( no *e %*le o ,e 'e 4ind of s'o '% 'e
direcor would li4eJ T'e 4ind of c%#er% su""or (ou need will de"end on % nu#*er of ver(
"r%cic%l f%cors3
T'e si-e %nd wei,' of (our c%#er%J Do (ou inend o '%nd5'old or s'oulder5#oun 'e
c%#er%1 Will 'e s'os *e *rief. or %re (ou s'ooin, sus%ined %cion1
Are (ou s'ooin, fro# % ?Aed "osiion. #ovin, onl( w'ile Eo65s'o.F or #ovin, w'ile
s'ooin, ;on5s'o<1 Will 'ere *e %n( !uic4 #oves o o'er c%#er% "osiions1
Will (ou w%n 'i,':ver( 'i,' or low:ver( low s'os1 Will (ou *e r%isin,:lowerin, 'e c%#er%
o 'ese "osiions or even swoo"in, or ,lidin, wi'in 'e %cion1
+our surroundin,s c%n inBuence 'e ("e of #ounin, (ou useS'e Boor surf%ce.
o"er%ion%l s"%ce. 'ei,'J Does 'e #ounin, '%ve roo# o #ove %round wi'in 'e scene.
%round furniure. 'rou,' doorw%(s. %nd *eween rees1
Is 'e c%#er% li4el( o *e unse%d(1 Are (ou s'ooin, w'ile w%l4in,:runnin, or fro# %
#ovin, ve'icle1
In so#e siu%ions. 'e soluion is % re#oel( conrolled c%#er% #ouned on % r%il s(se#.
% ro*oic "edes%l. or even % self5"ro"elled c%#er% c%rJ
The Handheld Ca9era
If (ou %re '%nd5'oldin, %n ENG:E0P c%#er%. 'e ,o%l is o su""or i ?r#l(. *u no so i,'l(
'% (our sli,'es #ove#ens %re r%ns#ied o 'e s'oJ +our ri,' '%nd is usu%ll(
insered 'rou,' %n %d9us%*le su""or sr%" ne%r 'e -oo# conrolJ +our lef '%nd usu%ll(
'olds 'e lens *%rrelJ $oldin, 'e e(e"iece view?nder %,%ins %n e(e c%n even 'el" o
se%d( 'e c%#er% ;0i,ure CJPI<J W'e'er (ou #%4e '%nd %d9us#ens or rel( on %uo5
conrols ;%uofocus %nd %uo5iris< will l%r,el( de"end on 'e c%#er% desi,n %nd s'ooin,
condiionsJ
T'e li,'er 'e c%#er%. 'e #ore diOcul i is o 'old i se%d(J M%4e use of % ne%r*( s%*le
srucure suc' %s % w%ll. if (ou c%nJ ;/%rious w%(s of se%d(in, % '%nd'eld c%#er% %re
s'own in 0i,ure CJPPJ< So#e c%#er% lens s(se#s include %n i#%,e s%*ili-er '% is *uil in
or %%c'ed o 'e lens s(se# o se%d( sli,' "icure #ove#ensJ
F21?RE &@!!
Kee"in, 'e '%nd'eld c%#er% se%d( %4es "r%ciceJ $ere %re so#e ec'ni!ues o '%nd'old % c%#er%3
A@ Res (our *%c4 %,%ins % w%llJ
,@ &r%cin, 'e le,s %"%r "rovides % *eer found%ion for 'e c%#er%J
C@ Kneel. wi' %n el*ow resin, on one le,J
/@ Res (our *od( %,%ins % "osJ
E@ Le%n 'e c%#er% %,%ins so#e'in, solidJ
F@ Le%n (our side %,%ins % w%llJ
1@ Si down. wi' el*ows on 4neesJ
H@ Res (our el*ows on % low w%ll. fence. r%ilin,s. c%r. ecJ
2@ El*ows resin, on 'e ,roundJ ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er<
Ca9era Sta0ili#ers
T'e wides"re%d ec'ni!ue of su""orin, 'e c%#er% on one s'oulder '%s is li#i%ionsJ Is
success l%r,el( de"ends on 'e c%#er% o"er%or)s s%#in%Y So#e "eo"le c%n coninue
s'ooin, over lon, "eriods. wi'ou 'eir i#%,es ilin, or *eco#in, unse%d(J &u %r#s ire
%nd *%c4 #uscles %c'e %fer % w'ile. %nd i is no e%s( o sus%in 'i,' !u%li( c%#er% wor4.
"%ricul%rl( w'en s'ooin, wi' % ele"'oo lensJ
CAMERA TRIPODS
Tri"ods %re 'e #os co##on c%#er% su""orJ Al'ou,' 'e ri"od c%n) %lw%(s *e
re"osiioned !uic4l(. i does '%ve %dv%n%,esJ I is si#"le. "rovides solid c%#er% su""or. is
coll%"si*le. %nd is e%sil( r%ns"oredJ I c%n *e used in % wide v%rie( of siu%ions3 on rou,'.
uneven. or over,rown surf%cesN on s%irsN %nd so onJ
&%sic%ll(. % ri"od '%s 'ree le,s. e%c' wi' inde"endenl( %d9us%*le len,'J T'e le,s %re
s"re%d %"%r o for# % s%*le *%se for 'e c%#er%J W'en #ovin, o % new loc%ion. 'e
ri"od le,s c%n si#"l( fold o,e'erJ T'e c%#er% c%n *e screwed direcl( o 'e ri"od "%n
%nd il 'e%d or % !uic45rele%se #ounin, "l%e c%n *e used. w'ic' %llows 'e c%#er% o *e
de%c'ed in % #o#en ;0i,ure CJPC<J
F21?RE &@!&
T'e coll%"si*le ri"od. % 'ree5le,,ed s%nd wi' inde"endenl( eAend%*le le,sJ ;P'oo *( P%ul Du"ree<
Tri"ods %re % ,re% 'el" w'en used "ro"erl(. *u 'e( %re no fool"roofJ $ere %re so#e
useful w%rnin,s3
Don) *e e#"ed o use 'e ri"od le,s "%rl( o"en. %s i c%n e%sil( f%ll overJ Inse%d.
%lw%(s %d9us 'e c%#er% 'ei,' *( %lerin, 'e le, len,'. no *( c'%n,in, 'e s"re%dJ
0ull( eAended ri"ods c%n *e % *i uns%*le % i#es. es"eci%ll( in wind( condiionsJ I #%(
*e necess%r( o use % s%nd*%, o "rovide s%*ili( or f%sen 'e ri"od o 'e ,round or %
"l%for#J
Don) le%ve 'e c%#er% s%ndin, un%ended on % 'i,' ri"odJ Peo"le ;or %ni#%ls< #%(
4noc4 i over or % "ulled c%*le #%( over5*%l%nce iJ I is #uc' s%fer o dro" 'e ri"od o is
lowes level ;0i,ure CJPQ<J
Tri"ods usu%ll( '%ve wo ("es of fee3 rer%c%*le s"i4es for use on rou,' surf%ces %nd
ru**er "%ds for BoorsJ S"i4es c%n e%sil( d%#%,e c%r"es %nd wooden BoorsJ
T'e fee of % ri"od c%n *e ?ed ono % Es"re%derF or Es"iderF in order o "reven is fee
fro# sli""in,J ;See 'e s"re%der in0i,ure CJPLJ<
A ri"od doll(. w'ic' c%n *e folded for r%ns"or%ion. is %dded o 'e *oo# of % ri"od in
order o %llow i o roll %cross % Boor ;0i,ure CJPL<J
Al'ou,' 'e doll( #oves %round !uie e%sil( on % B%. level Boor. uneven surf%ces will
c%use % 9er4( i#%,e. es"eci%ll( w'en % ele"'oo lens is usedJ
CAMERA PEDESTALS
A "edes%l ;"ed< is 'e #os widel( used sudio c%#er% #ounJ 0und%#en%ll(. i consiss of
% cenr%l colu#n of %d9us%*le 'ei,'. ?Aed o % 'ree5w'eeled *%se '% is ,ener%ll( ,uided
*( % seerin, w'eelJ
T'e ru**er5ired w'eels c%n *e swic'ed ino ei'er3
A Ecr%*F #ode. in w'ic' %ll 'ree w'eels %re inerlin4ed o #ove o,e'er
A EseerF or Edoll(F #ode. in w'ic' % sin,le w'eel seers w'ile 'e o'er wo re#%in
"%ssive
F21?RE &@!'
W'en no in use. 'e c%#er% o"er%or dro""ed 'e ri"od o is lowes "osiion in order o "rovide #%Ai#u# s%*ili( for
'e c%#er%J
F21?RE &@!(
A ri"od doll( is %%c'ed o 'e le,s of 'e ri"od o en%*le i o roll over s#oo' surf%cesJ
F21?RE &@!)
A ,orill%"od)s le,s c%n *e wised %round o 'old % c%#er% securel( in "l%ceJ ;P'oo coures( of 7o*(<
F21?RE &@&*
&e%n*%,s c%n securel( 'old % c%#er% in "l%ce wi'ou 'e need for % ri"odJ ;P'oos coures( of T'e Pod %nd Cine4ineic<
Pedes%l desi,ns r%n,e fro# li,'wei,' '(dr%ulic colu#ns on c%sers o 'e%v(wei,'
desi,ns for l%r,e c%#er%sJ T'e ide%l "edes%l is s%*le. e%s( o #ove. %nd !uic4l( conrolled
*( one "erson ;0i,ure CJD<J
GORILLA POD
T'e Gorill%"od is %cu%ll( % ("e of ri"odJ $owever. 'e di6erence is '% is BeAi*le. 9oined
%r#s %llow (ou o wr%" i %round % r%ilin,. wis i %round % ree *r%nc'. or loo" i on 'e
'%ndle of % s'o""in, c%rJ T'is ("e of c%#er% su""or is eAre#el( li,' %nd e%s( o r%vel
wi'. %s well %s "rovides ,re% c%#er% su""or ;0i,ure CJPD<J
$EAN$AG
&e%n*%, c%#er% su""ors %llow 'e c%#er% o *e "osiioned in %ll ("es of %n,les. w'ile
'oldin, 'e c%#er% se%d(J T'is ("e of su""or is ver( li,' %nd BeAi*leJ T'ere %re #%n(
di6eren *r%nds %v%il%*leJ T'ese *%,s %re es"eci%ll( 'el"ful w'en (ou need o o"er%e (our
c%#er% on % rou,' or uneven surf%ceJ Mos *%,s %re ?lled wi' fo%# *%lls w'ile s#%ll *%,s
#%( con%in s%nd ;0i,ure CJCK<J
F21?RE &@&1
T'e #ono"od s'own '%s %ddiion%l su""or wi' 'e *%seJ ;P'oo coures( of M%nfroo<
F21?RE &@&2
A *od( *r%ce 'el"s o ?r#l( su""or 'e c%#er%J ;P'oo coures( of /ideos#i'<
F21?RE &@&3
S#%ll c%#er%s c%n *e su""ored *( % '%nd'eld se%d( device li4e 'is Se%dic%#J ;P'oo coures( of Se%dic%#:Ti6en<
F21?RE &@&
L%r,er c%#er%s need o *e %%c'ed o % *r%ce on 'e *od( in order o s"re%d 'e wei,' over 'e *od( %nd no 9us 'e
c%#er% o"er%or)s %r#sJ
MONOPOD
T'e #ono"od c%n *e e%sil( c%rried %nd is % ver( li,'wei,' #ounin,J I consiss of %
coll%"si*le #e%l u*e of %d9us%*le len,' '% screws o 'e c%#er% *%seJ T'is eAend%*le
u*e c%n *e se o %n( convenien len,'J &r%ced %,%ins % 4nee. foo. or le,. 'e #ono"od
c%n "rovide % ?r# su""or for 'e c%#er%. (e %llow i o *e #oved %round r%"idl( for % new
view"oinJ Is #%in dis%dv%n%,e is '% i is e%s( o %cciden%ll( le%n 'e c%#er% sidew%(s
%nd ,e slo"in, 'ori-onsJ And of course. 'e #ono"od is no self5su""orin, ;0i,ure CJC8<J
$OD. $RACE OR SHOLDER MONT
A *od( *r%ce or s'oulder #oun c%n *e %%c'ed under 'e c%#er% o #%4e i #ore
co#for%*le o su""or %nd 4ee" 'e c%#er% se%d( ;0i,ure CJC=<J
STEADICAM6GLIDECAM SPPORT
One of 'e #os %dv%nced for# of c%#er% s%*ili-er. 'e Se%dic%# or Glidec%# ("e
s(se# uses % *od( '%rness wi' in,enious couner*%l%nce s"rin,sJ S%*ili-ers of 'is 4ind
will no onl( %*sor* %n( c%#er% s'%4e *u %cu%ll( %llow (ou o run. cli#* s%irs. 9u#".
s'oo fro# #ovin, ve'iclesSw'ile sill "rovidin, s#oo'. conrolled s'osY T'e o"er%or
uses % s#%ll elecronic view?nder %%c'ed o 'e s%*ili-erJ Ne%r5#%,ic%l resuls %re
"ossi*le '% %re un%%in%*le wi' o'er c%#er% #ounin,sJ &u underne%' i %ll. 'ere is
sill % vulner%*le 'u#%n o"er%or. %nd eAended wor4 under 'ese condiions c%n *e ver(
irin, ;0i,ures CJC> %nd CJCI<J S#oo' c%#er% wor4 wi' % Se%dic%# ("e s(se# is onl(
%%in%*le wi' los of "r%ciceJ
<I$ ARMS
As ?l##%4ers '%ve de#onsr%ed so successfull( over 'e (e%rs. % l%r,e c%#er% cr%ne
o6ers 'e direcor %n i#"ressive r%n,e of s'o o""oruniiesJ I c%n 'over. 'en swoo" in o
9oin 'e %cionJ Or i c%n dr%w *%c4. risin, dr%#%ic%ll(. o reve%l 'e *ro%der sceneJ I %llows
'e c%#er% o r%vel r%"idl( %*ove 'e 'e%ds of % crowd. or o swee" %round ne%r Boor level
%s i follows d%ncers) #ove#ensJ &u suc' visu%l #%,ic is %c'ieved % % "riceY L%r,er
c%#er% cr%nes %re cu#*erso#e. need % lo of roo# o #%neuver. %nd re!uire s4illed %nd
closel( coordin%ed crewsJ Tod%(. rel%ivel( few T/ sudios #%4e use of suc' c%#er% cr%nesJ
Inse%d. 'e #odern 9i* %r# c%n s%isf( #os direcors) %i#s ;0i,ures CJCP. CJCC. %nd CJCQ<J
S#%ller li,'wei,' 9i*s %re e%sil( dis%sse#*led %nd r%ns"ored. %nd '%ve "roved o *e
eAre#el( %d%"%*le *o' in 'e sudio %nd in 'e ?eldJ All 'e c%#er% conrols. includin,
focus. iris. -oo#. il. %nd "%n. %re %d9used *( '%nd or *( % re#oe conrolJ
A 9i* is #ore co#"%c '%n 'e r%diion%l c%#er% cr%ne. #uc' #ore "or%*le. %nd % lo less
cosl( o *u( or renJ T'e c%#er% on % 9i* %r# #%( *e '%ndled *( % sin,le o"er%orJ I c%n
srec' ou over 'e %cion ;li4e % cr%ne<. re%c'in, over %n( fore,round o*9ecsJ I c%n
su""or 'e c%#er% % %n( 'ei,' wi'in is r%n,e. #ovin, s#oo'l( %nd r%"idl( fro# 9us
%*ove Boor level u" o is #%Ai#u#. %nd swin, %round over % >CK5de,ree %rcJ
CAMERA DOLLIES
C%#er% #ounin,s '% '%ve *een widel( used in ?l##%4in, '%ve *een e!u%ll( successful
in elevision "roducionJ C%#er% dollies wor4 incredi*l( well % c%"urin, Edoll( in.F Edoll(
ou.F %nd Er%c4in,F s'osJ Dollies c%n use w'eels '% wor4 on % s#oo' Boor or c%n *e
desi,ned o run on % r%c4J
F21?RE &@&!
C%#er% 9i*s "rovide direcors wi' %n i#"ressive r%n,e of s'o o""oruniiesJ T'is l%r,e 9i* re!uires % s"eci%ll( r%ined
o"er%orJ
F21?RE &@&&
T'e s#%ller 9i* s'own in 'e fore,round of 'is "'oo is #uc' e%sier o use '%n 'e l%r,e 9i* s'own in 0i,ure CJCPJ
T'ere %re % v%rie( of dollies %v%il%*le. fro# ver( s#%ll dollies o l%r,er s(se#s desi,ned o
*e ridden on ;0i,ures CJCLHCJQ8<J
CREATE A CAMERA MONT
Use (our i#%,in%ion. don) *e li#ied *( 'e #ouns %v%il%*le co##erci%ll(J Tod%()s
li,'wei,' c%#er%s c%n *e #ouned on %l#os %n('in,J Loo4 for cre%ive w%(s '% will
%llow (ou o #ove (our sor( forw%rd ;0i,ure CJQ=<J
The Pan and Tilt Head
As (ou #i,' eA"ec. 'ere %re sever%l ("es of c%#er% 'e%d desi,ned o sui di6eren ("es
%nd wei,'s of c%#er%J
If (ou si#"l( *oled 'e c%#er% ono % #ounin,. i could *e 'eld ?r#l(. *u would *e
un%*le o #ove %round o s#oo'l( follow 'e %cionJ Inse%d. % "%n %nd il 'e%d:c%#er%
'e%d is needed. w'ic' ,oes *eween 'e c%#er% %nd 'e o" of 'e c%#er% #ounJ I ?r#l(
%nc'ors 'e c%#er%. (e %llows i o *e urned ;"%nned< %nd iled. or ?Aed % %n( re!uired
%n,le ;0i,ure CJQ><J
P%nnin, '%ndles %re %%c'ed o ei'er side of 'e "%n %nd il 'e%d for 'e c%#er% o"er%or
o su""or %nd ,uide 'e c%#er%J @oo# %nd focus conrols %re cli""ed o 'e "%nnin,
'%ndles ;0i,ure CJPC<J
F21?RE &@&'
Cr%nes. di6eren fro# 'e 9i*. usu%ll( "rovide % se% for 'e c%#er% o"er%orJ
F21?RE &@&(
T'is Es4%erF doll( "rovides %n eAre#el( low5%n,le doll( s'oJ Left; T'e o" of 'e s4%er s'ows '% i uses 'ree
s4%e*o%rd5("e w'eels in order o ,lide silenl( %nd s#oo'l( over 'e BoorJ ;P'oos coures( of P8S Tec'ni4<
F21?RE &@&)
T'e c%#er% o"er%or is s%ndin, on 'is doll(. w'ic' is rollin, on % doll( r%c4J
F21?RE &@'*
T'is doll( uili-es % "ivoin, se% %nd c%#er% su""or ;or urre<. %llowin, 'e c%#er% o"er%or o conrol c%#er% "%ns *(
#ovin, 'is feeJ ;P'oo *( Will Ad%#s<
F21?RE &@'1
Dollies co#e in %ll s'%"es %nd si-es. *%sed on 'e c%#er% wei,' %nd #ove#en re!uire#ensJ ;P'oo coures( of Indie
Doll( S(se#s<
F21?RE &@'2
T'e direcor of "'oo,r%"'( for 'is #usic video %%c'ed % DSLR o %n o65'e5s'elf re#oe5conrolled ruc4J
If 'e c%#er% 'e%d #oves %round oo e%sil(. i c%n *e diOcul o #%4e s#oo' "%ns %nd
ilsJ So dr%, conrols %llow 'e c%#er% o"er%or o inroduce % conrolled %#oun of fricion
o se%d( #ove#ensJ T'e( s'ould never *e over5i,'ened o Eloc45o6F 'e c%#er%J T'e
se"%r%e 'e%d loc4s s'ould *e used o "reven "%nnin, or ilin, ;suc' %s w'en le%vin, 'e
c%#er%<J
&%l%nce %d9us#ens ensure '% 'e c%#er% re#%ins levelJ C%reful *%l%ncin, is %*soluel(
esseni%l w'en (ou '%ve l%r,e -oo# lenses. "ro#"in, devices. %nd c%#er% li,'s %%c'ed
o 'e c%#er%N o'erwise. 'e c%#er% will *e fron5'e%v( %nd ver( diOcul o o"er%eJ In
so#e siu%ions. i #i,' even over5*%l%nce 'e #oun. c%usin, 'e c%#er% o f%llJ
F21?RE &@'3
P%rs of % "%n %nd il 'e%dJ ;Illusr%ion coures( of /inen<
1@ Wed,e %d%"er o"er%in, lever
2@ Slidin, "l%e %d9us#en '%ndle
3@ C%rr(in, '%ndle
@ Cener loc4 "lun,er
!@ &%l%nce 4no*
&@ Til *r%4e lever
'@ P%n *r%4e lever
(@ Cener loc4 rele%se lever
)@ Illu#in%ed level *u**le
1*@ Ti#er *uon
11@ Di,i%l dis"l%(
12@ Illu#in%ion *uon
13@ Gr%du%ed slidin, "l%e
1@ Wed,e %d%"er
1!@ Wed,e %d%"er #ounin, screw
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% is 'e di6erence *eween %n E0P c%#er% %nd %n ENG c%#er%1
2@ W'( use % PO/ c%#er%1
3@ $ow does % wide5%n,le lens o"ic%ll( %d9us 'e scene1
@ W'% %re so#e of 'e c'%llen,es eA"erienced w'en usin, % ele"'oo lens1
!@ W'% %re so#e of 'e %dv%n%,es of usin, % -oo# lens1
&@ W'% %re 'e %dv%n%,es %nd dis%dv%n%,es of %uo#%ic focus1
'@ W'% %re so#e of 'e ("es of c%#er% su""ors. %nd w'% %re 'eir %dv%n%,es1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< 8ATHA8 6H2TE
6hat do %ou li-e a0out 0ein$ a video$rapher7 0ew "osiions wi'in elevision
"roducion c%n "u % "erson in 'e #iddle of 'e %cion !uie li4e *ein, % video,r%"'erJ
W'%ever is unfoldin, in 'e "roducion is lier%ll( %4in, "l%ce direcl( in fron of 'e
video,r%"'erJ An eA%#"le is '% of 'e f%ll of 'e &erlin W%llJ W'en loo4in, *%c4 in 'isor(.
'e i#%,e '% de#onsr%es w'% '%""ened is no %n %nc'or s"e%4in,N few re#e#*er w'%
'e( s%idJ I is 'e video of li*er%ed E%s Ger#%ns e%rin, down 'e w%ll %nd s%ndin,
%*ove 'e crowd wi' %r#s r%ised in riu#"'J A video,r%"'er)s wor4 lives forever in %rc'ives
%nd 'e #inds of viewersJ T'ere is no'in, li4e '%vin, "eo"le %ll over 'e world co#in, o %
so" o loo4 % #( video. i is %n eA"erience '% few o'ers will ever '%veJ
Ho5 do %ou decide 5hat shot to use7 S'o selecion for % video,r%"'er is %n %rJ If 'e
ri,' %n,les %re no s'o 'en 'e w'ole "iece #%( no edi o,e'er ver( well % %llJ W'en I
w%s ?rs s%rin, ou. ediors co#"l%ined '% #( video w%s % series of s'os '% were well
co#"osed. *u did no ? o,e'er in % se!uenceJ
Ever( s'o conve(s so#e'in, di6eren o 'e %udienceJ W'en % video,r%"'er unders%nds
w'% e%c' s'o c%n do. 'e( c%n *eer 4now w'% s'o o ,eJ Lon, s'os es%*lis' coneA.
close u"s conve( ini#%c( %nd e#oion. %nd #ediu# s'os "ro"el 'e "iece %lon,J
Lon, s'os s'ould onl( *e used lon, enou,' o le%d 'e viewer ino % scene or %w%( fro# iJ
If 'e( %re used oo ofen 'e %udience will *eco#e *oredJ Dr%#%ic vis%s loo4 *eer %s %
"%inin, '%n %s videoJ
Close5u"s *rin, viewers in ver( close o 'e %cionJ A CU of % "%ir of '%nds "uin,
so#e'in, o,e'er. or of ,e%rs in % #%c'ine c%n s'ow 'ow so#e'in, is done %nd 'e( %re
e%s( o use %s cu5%w%( s'osJ CUs of % "erson)s f%ce is %n eAcellen w%( o s'ow e#oionJ
T'ese #%4e eAcellen cu%w%(sJ S'oo %s #%n( close u"s %s "ossi*le. *ec%use 'e( %re
e%sil( edied %nd %nd %dd ini#%c(J
Mediu# s'os %re 'e #os used s'o in video,r%"'(J T'e( %re e%sil( edied. close enou,'
o s'ow %cion %nd ini#%c(. %nd wide enou,' for 'e viewer o sill see so#e coneAJ If
'ere is sin,le even '% c%n onl( *e c%"ured once. 'e MS is 'e *es s'o o useJ
/o %ou ever use auto settin$s on %our ca9era7 I is *es o le%rn 'ow o use % c%#er%
wi'ou usin, %n( of 'e %uo sein,sJ I is r%re '% %uo sein,s c%n co#"leel( ruin %
s'o. *u #%nu%l sein,s "u 'e conrol in 'e '%nds of 'e video,r%"'erJ Auo sein,s c%n
*e ver( useful in siu%ions w'ere 'ere is lile i#e o #%4e %d9us#ens ;on *re%4in, news
for eA%#"le<J Or. 'e( c%n *e used %s % reference "oin w'en sein, u" 'e s'oJ
F21?RE &@'
N%'%n W'ie. /ideo,r%"'er
N*th*n #hite i' * &ideog)*(he) fo) * loc*l tele&i'ion 't*tionJ
CHAPTER 8
)sin- the /amera
EIn 'e '%nds of even % #oder%el( s4illed "'oo,r%"'er w'o 4nows 'e c%"%*iliies of 'e
c%#er%. even % cell "'one c%n "roduce re%son%*le "icuresJ Unforun%el(. ownin, % c%#er%
%nd 4nowin, w'ic' *uon o "us' doesn) #%4e (ou % "'oo,r%"'er. %n( #ore '%n ownin,
%n %uo#o*ile #%4es (ou % 0or#ul% One r%cec%r driverJF
And% Ciddor, T" Technolo$%
Ter9s
C?< Close5u" s'o
EC?CMC?< EAre#e close5u" s'o
E+SCM+S< EAre#e lon, s'o
fIstop< Re,ul%es 'ow #uc' li,' is %llowed o "%ss 'rou,' 'e c%#er% lens *( v%r(in, 'e
si-e of 'e 'ole 'e li,' co#es 'rou,'J
2I9a$ =i9a$e 9a$niGcation>< I5#%, is % ec'ni!ue used w'en (ou %re s'ooin, for l%r,e
video screens "osiioned ne%r % s%,e o %llow 'e viewers o ,e % *eer view of 'e %cion
on 'e s%,eJ
+S< Lon, s'o
4S< Mediu# s'o
Tall% li$ht< C%#er%s. or 'eir view?nders. usu%ll( '%ve % %ll( li,' on 'e fronJ T'e fron
li,' is o le 'e %len 4now '% 'e c%#er% is recordin,J T'ere is %lso % %ll( on 'e *%c4
'% les 'e c%#er% o"er%or 4now w'en 'is or 'er c%#er% '%s *een c'osen o *e recorded
*( 'e direcorJ

Now '% we '%ve eA%#ined 'e c%#er%)s fe%ures. le)s %4e % loo4 % 'e ec'ni!ues '%
%re 'e found%ion of ,ood c%#er% wor4J
STA8/AR/ SH;TS
As ?l##%4in, develo"ed. % f%irl( univers%l s(se# for cl%ssif(in, s'os evolvedJ T'e s(se#
"rovides convenien !uic4 reference "oins for %ll #e#*ers of 'e "roducion crew.
es"eci%ll( 'e direcor %nd 'e c%#er% o"er%orJ
T'is series of s'o er#s %re de?ned rel%ive o 'e si-e of 'e su*9ecJ $owever. 'e over%ll
conce" wor4s for %n( su*9ecJ0i,ure QJ8 de#onsr%es 'e v%rious er#s wi' e%c' s'oJ
Ter#inolo,( does v%r( fro# "l%ce o "l%ce. *u 'e #os widel( reco,ni-ed ones %re
included 'ereJ W'en fr%#in,. i is i#"or%n o %void s'os '% cu 'rou,' 'e *od( %
n%ur%l 9oinsJ
F21?RE '@1
W'en s'ooin, %n( su*9ec. s'os %re cl%ssi?ed *( 'e %#oun of 'e su*9ec %4en inJ T'e followin, %re 'e s'os of %
"erson3
E9t)e,e clo'e2u( ;ECU or GCU< or 5ig clo'e2u( ;&CU< is % de%il s'oJ
Clo'e2u( ;CU< is ,ener%ll( fr%#ed 9us %*ove 'e 'e%d o 'e u""er c'esJ
Mediu, 'hot or ,id2'hot ;MS< cus 'e *od( 9us *elow or %*ove 'e w%isJ
Long 'hot ;LS< or 0ide 'hot ;WS< ,ener%ll( fe%ures 'e enire "erson in 'e fr%#e. 9us
%*ove %nd *elow 'e *od(J T'e Euro"e%n er# for % lon, s'o of % "erson is % full 'hot ;0S<J
E9t)e,e ;or eAr%< long 'hot ;ELS or GLS< or &e)y long 'hot ;/LS< s'ows si,ni?c%n s"%ce
%*ove %nd:or *elow 'e su*9ecJ
EA%cl( 'ow (ou ,e % s"eci?c s'o does no %6ec 'e er# usedJ 0or ins%nce. (ou c%n %4e
% close5u" s'o wi' % c%#er% '% is close o 'e su*9ec wi' % wide5%n,le lens or i c%n *e
s'o wi' % c%#er% '% is !uie % lon, dis%nce fro# 'e su*9ec usin, % ele"'oo lensJ Of
course. 'ere will *e di6erences in "ers"ecive disorion %nd c%#er% '%ndlin, de"endin, on
w'ic' #e'od (ou useJ
Selectin$ the Shot
P%r of 'e issue w'en selecin, % s'o is 4nowin, w'ere '% s'o is ,oin, o end u"J 0or
eA%#"le. if (our ?n%l "ro9ec will "ri#%ril( *e seen on % 'o#e elevision. % v%rie( of s'os
fro# eAre#e lon, s'os o eAre#e close5u"s %re %""ro"ri%eJ If (ou %re s'ooin, for l%r,e
video screens "osiioned ne%r % s%,e o %llow 'e viewers o ,e % *eer view of 'e s%,e
%cion ;%lso 4nown %s i#%,e #%,ni?c%ion or I5#%,N see 0i,ure QJ=<. #ediu# s'os %nd
close5u"s %re used. %s 'e viewer c%n %lre%d( loo4 % 'e s%,e %nd ,e 'eir lon, s'oJ If 'e
#%in use is for so#e'in, li4e % #o*ile "'one or % s#%ll video %re% on 'e Inerne. 'e
s#%ll viewin, screen re!uires #ore close5u"s. so 'e viewer c%n re%ll( unders%nd 'e
nu%nces of w'% is ,oin, onJ
F21?RE '@2
I#%,e #%,ni?c%ion ;I5#%,< re!uires % di6eren ("e of s'o se!uence '%n % s%nd%rd elevisionJ Noe 'e screen on 'e
ri,' side of 'e s%,e '% is used o 'el" 'e %udience ,e % *eer view of 'e s%,e %cionJ
Chec-in$ the Shot
Once % s'o '%s *een es%*lis'ed. % review of 'e over%ll scene c%n *e ver( 'el"fulJ
F21?RE '@3
Noe 'e ree ,rowin, ou of 'is "erson)s 'e%dJ &%c4,round o*9ecs li4e 'e ree c%n *e disr%cin,J
F21?RE '@
C%#er% o"er%ors need o *e c%reful no o include % *oo# #ic ino 'e fr%#eJ &oo# o"er%ors '%ve o *e c%reful no o
%llow 'e #ic o drif downw%rd ino 'e fr%#eJ
F21?RE '@!
W'en %ccur%el( focused ;A<. 'e #os i#"or%n "%r of 'e su*9ec s'ould *e 'e s'%r"esJ T'e s"eci?c focus "oin ;%s
re"resened *( 'e d%r4er *lue line in 'e illusr%ions<. s'ould '%ve % l%r,e enou,' de"' of ?eld ;re"resened *( 'e li,'
*lue ?eld< o 4ee" 'e su*9ec in focus %s s'e #oves % lile forw%rd or *%c4w%rdJ Noe '% 'e incorrec focus "oins. %s
de#onsr%ed in & %nd C. would #%4e i e%sier for 'e su*9ec o #ove ou of focusJ ;C%#er% "'oo coures( of 7/C<
C'ec4 for "oeni%l "ro*le#s suc' %s % *ri,' li,' '% will co#e ino 'e s'o if (ou "%n
ri,'J C'ec4in, 'e over%ll scene will le (ou 4now if so#eone or so#e'in, is ,oin, o #ove
ino 'e s'o %nd '% (ou #%( need o reco#"ose 'e "icure o include '% "ersonJ
C'ec4 'e co#"osiion of 'e s'o ;fr%#in,. 'e%droo#. ecJ<. su*l( correcin, for c'%n,es
'% develo" suc' %s "eo"le #ovin, o di6eren "osiions in 'e s'oJ Co#"osiion is
discussed in % C'%"er DJ
W%c' for 'e uneA"eced. suc' %s o*9ecs E,rowin, ouF of su*9ecs ;0i,ure QJ><J Are
#icro"'ones. c%#er%s. l%#"s. or 'eir s'%dows %""e%rin, in 'e s'o1 +ou c%n ofen
refr%#e 'e s'o sli,'l( o %void 'e# ;0i,ure QJI<J
CA4ERA ;PERAT2;8
Focusin$
0ocusin, is no %lw%(s %s sr%i,'forw%rd %s i loo4sJ W'en 'e su*9ec '%s well5de?ned
"%erns. i is f%irl( e%s( o deec #%Ai#u# s'%r"nessJ $owever. wi' less well5de?ned
su*9ecs. (ou c%n roc4 'e focus o ei'er side of o"i#u#. %nd so#e'ow. 'e( #%( sill loo4
sof5focusedJ
T'e eA%c "oin % w'ic' (ou focus c%n #%erJ T'ere is usu%ll( #ore focused de"' *e(ond
'e %cu%l focused "l%ne '%n 'ere is in fron of iJ So in closer s'os 'ere c%n *e
%dv%n%,es in focusin, % lile forw%rd of 'e rue focusin, "oin ;ne%rer 'e c%#er%<. o
%llow for su*9ec #ove#en ;0i,ure QJP<J If (ou %re focused oo f%r *%c4 ;%w%( fro# 'e
c%#er%<. 'e "ro*le# worsensJ W'en s'ooin, "eo"le. 'e e(es %re % f%vorie focusin,
"oinJ
/EA+281 62TH A +242TE/ /EPTH ;F F2E+/
F21?RE '@&
W'en % li#ied de"' of ?eld cre%es "ro*le#s ;A<. 'ere %re % few soluions3
If 'e %"erure is so""ed down ;% 'i,'er f5so" nu#*er<. 'e de"' of ?eld will incre%se
;&<J
If 'ere is no enou,' de"' o cover wo "eo"le ;C<. i is "ossi*le o s"li5focus ;D<J
$owever. *o' su*9ecs #%( *e sli,'l( sof5focusedJ
Wide5%n,le lenses '%ve % #uc' wider de"' of ?eld '%n % ele"'oo lens ;E<J
T'e closer 'e c%#er% is o 'e su*9ec. 'e s'%llower 'e de"' of ?eldJ &( #ovin, 'e
c%#er% f%r'er *%c4. % wider de"' of ?eld will *e cre%edJ $owever. 'e su*9ec will *e
s#%llerJ ;C%#er% "'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
De"' of ?eld coninu%ll( c'%n,es %s (ou focus % di6eren dis%nces. selec di6eren lenses.
or -oo# in or ouJ T'is is so#e'in, (ou !uic4l( *eco#e %ccuso#ed o. *u i c%n) *e
i,noredJ 0ocusin, is #uc' e%sier in lon,er s'os %nd #ore co#"lic%ed wi' close5u" s'osJ
+ou s'oo wo "eo"le s"e%4in,. (e c%n ,e % s'%r" i#%,e of onl( one of 'e# % % i#eJ In
ver( l%r,e close5u"s. focusin, c%n *e so criic%l '% onl( "%r of % su*9ec is s'%r". w'ile 'e
res is co#"leel( defocusedJ0i,ure QJC illusr%es so#e of 'e soluions o 'is dile##%J
Ca9era 4oves
T'ere %re % nu#*er of 'in,s '% (ou need o 'in4 %*ou %s % c%#er% o"er%or w'en
#ovin, 'e c%#er%3
Alw%(s c'ec4 %round (ou o #%4e sure '% (ou don) run over c%*les. *u#" ino 'e se or
"ro"s. #ove in fron of o'er c%#er%s. or run ino "eo"leJ
Alw%(s #%4e sure '% (ou '%ve enou,' c%*le *( ensurin, '% (ou '%ve suOcien sl%c4
*efore 'e #ove *e,insJ Never "ull % c%*le '% '%s % i,' loo" in iJ C%*les c%n *e e%sil(
d%#%,edJ
PR;/?CT2;8 F;R4AT STB+ES
C%#er% o"er%ors wor4in, on % sin,le5c%#er% "roducion usu%ll( '%ve di6eren
res"onsi*iliies '%n 'ose wor4in, on % #ulic%#er% s'ooJ Mulic%#er% c%#er% o"er%ors
usu%ll( '%ve so#eone in 'e conrol roo# %d9usin, 'eir c%#er%)s %"erure ;so '% 'e
i#%,e !u%li( is 'e s%#e %s 'e o'er c%#er%s involved in 'e "roducion< %nd % direcor
ellin, 'e# eA%cl( w'% 'e or s'e w%ns. in re%l i#eJ Sin,le5c%#er% "roducion c%#er%
o"er%ors '%ve o %d9us 'eir own c%#er%s. %s 'e( %re usu%ll( no *ein, #oniored fro# %
conrol roo# or "roducion ruc4J T'e sin,le5c%#er% o"er%or '%s #ore individu%l conrol
over 'e i#%,e. #%4in, s'o decisions on % coninu%l *%sisJ
The Sin$leICa9era Shoot
If (ou %re on % s'oo for % docu#en%r( or % news sor(. 'ere will %lw%(s *e !uie % *i of
i#"rovis%ion ;0i,ure QJQ<J +ou need o #%4e 'e #os of %n( o""oruni( '% "resens iselfJ
Cle%rl(. % lo de"ends on w'e'er (ou %re wor4in, indoors or in 'e o"en. %nd w'e'er (ou
%re on (our own. or *%c4ed *( % e%#J T'e we%'er. %udio. %nd li,' condiions will %6ec
'e s'ooJ I is ver( i#"or%n o ensure '% (our c%#er% is f%ul5free in %n( siu%ionJ
Sin,le5c%#er% "roducions usu%ll( use ENG or E0P e!ui"#enJ See T%*le QJ8 for su,,esions
of 'in,s o loo4 % w'en c'ec4in, ou ENG:E0P e!ui"#enJ
F21?RE '@'
ENG:E0P "roducions re!uire 'e c%#er% o"er%or o i#"rovise in #%n( siu%ionsJ ;P'oo coures( of Son(<
So#e "eo"le on % sin,le5c%#er% s'oo "refer o r%vel li,'. sein, o6 wi' 9us % c%#er%.
s"%re *%eries. %nd recordin, #edi%J $owever. for "e%ce of #ind. 'ere)s % lo o *e s%id for
usin, % s(se#%ic c'ec4lis rouineJ T'is lis c%n *e %s *rief or co#"re'ensive %s (ou li4e.
includin, w'%ever ,e%r (ou "erson%ll( ?nd inv%lu%*le on '% 4ind of "ro9ecJ ;T'e ie# '%
(ou)ll need in %n e#er,enc( is sure o *e 'e one (ou)ve lef *e'indY< Liss %lso 'el" o
%void losses w'en 'urriedl( re"%c4in, e!ui"#en %fer % s'oo ;T%*le QJ=<J
F21?RE '@(
T'e ENG view?nder is s"eci?c%ll( desi,ned for '%nd'eld c%#er%sJ ;Coures( of P%n%sonic<
The 4ultica9era Shoot
W'e'er (ou %re wor4in, ou on % re#oe loc%ion or in % elevision sudio. (ou will ?nd '%
%ll #ulic%#er% seu"s '%ve % co##on 'e#eJ Unli4e % sin,le5c%#er% uni. w'ic' ofen
relies on % s"on%neous %nd i#"rovised %""ro%c'. % #ulic%#er% e%# is esseni%ll( %
closel( coordin%ed ,rou". wor4in, o % "l%nned "%ernJ We will loo4 % 'e w%(s in w'ic'
'ese e%#s %re or,%ni-ed %nd #%n%,ed ;0i,ure QJD<J
F21?RE '@)
Mulic%#er% "roducions #%( uili-e % c%#er% o"er%or for e%c' c%#er% or. %s s'own in 'is i#%,e. 'e( #%( *e ro*oic%ll(
conrolled *( one re#oe o"er%orJ ;P'oo *( 7on Green'oe<
F21?RE '@1*
Re#oe #ulic%#er% "roducions include 'eir own se of "ro*le#s once 'e( #ove ou of 'e conrolled sudioJ
OPERATOR IN A MLTICAMERA PRODCTION
Producions v%r( consider%*l( in 'eir co#"leAi(J So#e follow % f%#ili%r rouine. wi'
c%#er%s %4in, s%nd%rd s'os fro# li#ied %n,lesJ In o'er s'ows. c%#er%s %re #o*ile %nd
follow ver( co#"lic%ed %cion. suc' %s s"ors "roducions ;0i,ure QJ8K<J T'ese %cion
"roducions c%n re!uire 'e s4illed. 'i,'l( conrolled c%#er% wor4 '% co#es onl( wi'
eA"erienceJ
E%c' c%#er% o"er%or is re!uired o ,e 'e *es s'os "ossi*le. des"ie '%vin, o "ossi*l(
wor4 %round o*s%cles suc' %s "l%(ers. 'e %udience. referees. %nd so onJ A 'e s%#e i#e.
'e o"er%or is "%r of % crew. wor4in, o,e'er o %c'ieve % coordin%ed. eAcellen "ro,r%#
for 'e viewin, %udienceJ In so#e "roducions. 'e c%#er% o"er%or c%n 'el" 'e direcor *(
o6erin, "oeni%l s'osN in o'ers. 'is would *e % disr%cion fro# % "l%nned re%#en. %s
(ou don) re%ll( 4now w'% s'os o'er c%#er%s '%veJ
If 'e "roducion '%s *een "l%nned in #eiculous de%il. 'e c%#er% o"er%or)s role #%( *e
o re"roduce eA%cl( w'% 'e direcor drew in sor(*o%rd s4ec'es wee4s *eforeJ On 'e
o'er '%nd. 'e enire s'ow #%( *e i#"rovised. wi' 'e direcor rel(in, on 'e c%#er%
crew o ?nd 'e *es s'os of 'e %cionJ
Usu%ll( direcors will '%ve % c%#er% #eein, *efore 'e "roducion o eA"l%in 'e ("es of
s'os '% %re needed fro# e%c' c%#er%J Durin, 'e *re%4s. 'e direcor #%( discuss
s"eci?c s'o "ro*le#s or new s'osJ M%n( i#es direcors will use % s'o s'ee '% liss 'e
s'os '% will *e needed 'rou,'ou 'e "roducion ;0i,ure QJ88<J 0ro# 'en on. 'e c%#er%
crew relies on inerco# insrucions o ,uide 'eir c%#er% wor4J
F21?RE '@11
S'o s'ees 'el" 'e c%#er% o"er%ors 4now 'ow 'e direcor needs 'e# o co#"ose s"eci?c s'osJ So#e s'ees. li4e 'e
"'oo s'ees s'own 'ere. 'el" 'e c%#er% o"er%or idenif( s"eci?c "eo"leJ
PREPARING FOR REHEARSALS
I is "ossi*le o si#"l( #ove (our c%#er% ino 'e o"enin, "osiion. focus. %nd w%i for 'e
direcor)s insrucionsJ $owever. if (ou did '%. (ou would "ro*%*l( ,e *urnedJ T'e c%#er%
#us *e c'ec4ed *efore 'e "roducion. or even 'e re'e%rs%l. *e,insJ T%*le QJ> liss 'e
#%9ori( of 'e issues '% need o *e considered in %dv%nce %nd esedJ Once 'is c'ec4ou
*eco#es rouine. i c%n *e !uic4l( %cco#"lis'ed ;0i,ure QJ8=<J
THE CAMERA OPERATOR DRING THE PRODCTION
T'ere %re so#e *%sic ,uidelines '% no onl( #%4e life % lo e%sier for % c%#er% o"er%or.
*u 'e( "roduce #ore consisen resulsJ
+ou c%n ell %n ineA"erienced c%#er% "erson % % ,l%nceSri,id. ense. e(es ,lued o 'e
view?nder. ,ri""in, conrols i,'l(J Rel%AY T'e *es "osure is %n %ler. w%c'ful re%dinessN
(ou s'ould *e ver( %w%re of w'% is ,oin, on %round (ouSno so rel%Aed '% (ou %re no
"%(in, %enion. *u coninu%ll( w%iin, o re%cJ
F21?RE '@12
I is i#"or%n '% c%#er% o"er%ors c'ec4 ou 'eir c%#er%s *efore 'e "roducion *e,insJ
F21?RE '@13
/iew?nders usu%ll( '%ve % %ll( li,' on 'e fron %nd 'e *%c4J T'e fron one is o le %len 4now '% 'e c%#er% is on5%irJ
T'e *%c4 %ll( les 'e c%#er% o"er%or w'en 'is or 'er c%#er% is on5%irJ
In % #ulic%#er% s'ow. (ou need o 4ee" % w%c'ful e(e on 'e %ll( li,' on 'e c%#er%J I
s'ows '% (our c%#er% '%s *een seleced on 'e "roducion swic'er. w'ic' #e%ns '%
(our c%#er% is on5%irJ W'en 'e li,' is ou. (ou c%n #ove o new "osiions. %d9us -oo#in,
or focus. c'ec4 co#"osiion. %nd so on ;0i,ure QJ8><J I is i#"or%n no o #ove 'e c%#er%
unil 'e %ll( li,' ,oes o6J I is %lso useful o c'ec4 o'er c%#er%s) li,'s w'en #ovin,
%round. o ensure '% (ou %re no ,oin, o ,e ino 'eir s'osJ
M%4e sure '% 'e view?nder is % % co#for%*le %n,le %nd e%s( o seeJ T'e view?nder
#us *e %d9used o ,ive o"i#u# de%il in *o' 'e s'%dows %nd 'e li,'es onesJ
Alw%(s "refocus 'e lens w'enever (ou #ove o % new "osiionJ @oo# in. focus s'%r"l(. %nd
'en -oo# ou o 'e s'o '% w%s re!uesed *( 'e direcorJ +ou will 'en *e re%d( o -oo#
in fro# % wide s'o o closer de%il if neededJ
0or #os s'os uili-in, %len. 'e lens s'ould *e %round 'e %len)s e(e levelSunless 'e
direcor w%ns 'i,'er or lower %n,les for so#e re%son ;0i,ure QJ8I<J If 'e c%#er% is sli,'l(
lower. % c'es 'ei,'. 'is ends o ,ive 'e %len % #ore %u'ori%ive loo4J A 'i,'er
c%#er% c%n #%4e 'e %len loo4 % *i inferiorJ
If (ou '%ve received % s'o s'ee. *e re%d( o #ove o 'e neA "osiion once e%c' s'o is
co#"leedJ
Lisen o %ll inerco# insrucions. includin, 'ose for o'er c%#er%sJ
Pro*le#s ,ener%ll( occur durin, re'e%rs%ls '% onl( 'e direcor c%n solve *( #%4in,
c'%n,es or reor,%ni-in, 'e c%#er% s'osJ T'ese "ro*le#s #%( include siu%ions in w'ic'
one c%#er% *loc4s %no'er)s s'o. 'ere is insuOcien i#e for c%#er% #oves.
co#"osiion%l "ro*le#s %rise. focusin, diOculies cro" u". %nd so onJ Le 'e direcor 4now
'e issuesSi #%( even #e%n so""in, 'e re'e%rs%l o wor4 'in,s ouJ Don) %ssu#e '%
i will *e %ll ri,' 'e neA i#eJ I #%( *e worseJ
Occ%sion%ll(. %n eA"erienced c%#er% o"er%or c%n 'el" 'e direcor *( su,,esin, sli,'
c'%n,es in 'e c%#er% %n,le '% would i#"rove % se!uence or si#"lif( % co#"lic%ed
siu%ionJ W'% is o*vious on 'e Boor #%( no *e eviden on #oniors in 'e conrol roo#J
$owever. (ou #us %void %""e%rin, o Esu*direcF 'e s'owJ
T'in,s ,o wron, durin, % *us( "roducionJ W'en '% '%""ens. (ou '%ve o !uic4l(
deer#ine w'e'er so#eone will '%ndle i !uic4l( or w'e'er (ou need o infor# o'ers
;suc' %s %*ou % l%#" 4noc4ed ou of "osiion *( #ovin, scener(<J In #os c%ses. 'e Boor
#%n%,er is (our on5'e5s"o con%cJ Te%#wor4 is 'e essence of ,ood "roducionJ
F21?RE '@1
T'e c%#er% o"er%or s'ooin, 'is N&C coo4in, se,#en '%s 'is c%#er% % 'e %len)s e(e levelJ
PRODCTION TECHNI-ES THAT AFFECT THE CAMERA OPERATOR
Direcors c%n %c4le "roducions in % v%rie( of w%(sJ T'e ec'ni!ues v%r( wi' 'e
"erson%li( %nd eA"erience of 'e direcor %nd wi' 'e conen %nd 'e inended %udienceJ
T'ese ec'ni!ues #%( include 'e followin,3
An i#"rovised s"on%neous %""ro%c'
An oulined s'ooin, "l%n '% c%nno *e re'e%rsed *efore %"in, or r%ns#ission. suc' %s
% d%nce ,rou" w'o %re %rrivin, durin, %ir5i#e
A re'e%rs%l wi' s%nd5ins in "l%ce of 'e %cu%l "erfor#ersN 'is %llows (ou o c'ec4 'e
s'os in %dv%nce
A closel( "l%nned s'ow in w'ic' 'e direcor eA"l%ins 'e %cion:s'os o c%#er% %nd
sound crew *efore *e,innin, re'e%rs%ls
A Eso" %nd s%rF %""ro%c' in w'ic' 'e %cion is re'e%rsed on c%#er% w'ile 'e direcor
,uides s'os. so""in, %nd correcin, errors:"ro*le#s %s 'e( %riseN %fer % co#"lee run5
'rou,' re'e%rs%l. 'e s'ow is usu%ll( recorded or r%ns#ied fro# *e,innin, o end
A Ere'e%rse %nd recordF %""ro%c'. in w'ic' e%c' s'o. se,#en. or scene is re'e%rsed %nd
recorded *efore ,oin, on o 'e neAN s'os will no necess%ril( *e in 'e ?n%l "ro,r%#
order. *ec%use 'e( will *e edied o,e'er l%er
As (ou will see. 'e "ro*le#s %nd o""oruniies for 'e "roducion crew c%n *e ver( di6eren
wi' e%c' #e'od. r%n,in, fro# % Eone5c'%nce5onl(F siu%ion o 'e Ere%4e5unil5we5,e5i5
ri,'F %""ro%c'J
AFTER THE SHO#
A 'e end of % "roducion. w'en %n( re%4es '%ve *een co#"leed %nd c'ec4s #%de. 'e
direcor %nd 'e ec'nic%l direcor will %nnounce on inerco# '% 'e crew is cle%red
;rele%sed o s'u down<J T'e Boor #%n%,er s'ould re"e% 'is for ever(one. includin,
"erfor#ersJ
Once 'e crew '%s *een cle%red. c%#er% o"er%ors s'ould loc4 o6 'e c%#er%)s "%n %nd il
'e%ds. %rr%n,e 'e c%*le in % ne% "%ern so '% i will no %n,le 'e neA i#e. %nd "l%ce
'e lens c%" on 'e c%#er%J Nonsudio c%#er% o"er%ors usu%ll( need o e%r down %nd "u
%w%( 'eir c%#er% e!ui"#enJ On re#oe "roducions. 'eir 9o* %lso #%( include rollin,
u" lon, c%*les %nd 'en lo%din, %ll of 'e ,e%r ino % ruc4J Once (ou '%ve *een rele%sed for
'e d%( *( (our su"ervisor. (ou %re doneJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ $ow do (ou selec 'e ri,' s'os1
2@ W'( does 'e #ediu# ;suc' %s %n iPod vsJ %n I5#%, screen< #%4e % di6erence in 'e
s'os '% %re used1
3@ W'% si,ni?c%nce does 'e %ll( li,' '%ve1
@ W'( is i i#"or%n o loo4 %round 'e scene ;%w%( fro# 'e view?nder< *efore recordin,1
!@ W'% %re so#e w%(s of de%lin, wi' % li#ied de"' of ?eld1
&@ $ow does % s'o s'ee 'el" 'e c%#er% o"er%or1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< TH;4AS CRESCE8L;
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I o"er%e % Se%dic%# %nd c%#er%s on % freel%nce *%sisJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 As % freel%ncer I '%ve 'e "rivile,e of wor4in, on
v%rie( of "ro9ecs wi' %ll di6eren ("es of ,e%rJ I wor4 in % lo of di6eren loc%ions so 'e
scener( is %lw%(s c'%n,in,J
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 &ein, % freel%ncer
in 'is econo#( is c'%llen,in,. wor4 c%n *e uncer%in %nd '%rd o ?ndJ Wi' li#ied "ro9ecs
%4in, "l%ce #%n( "ros %re cuin, 'eir r%esJ E#"lo(ers. 4nowin, '% wor4 is li#ied.
ofen "us' for lower r%es *ec%use so#eone will sill ?ll 'e "osiionsJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 I "re"%re for % "roducion *( c'ec4in, over %ll
'e e!ui"#en I will *e usin, o #%4e sure i is in o" o"er%in, condiion %nd c'%r,ed u"
*efore "%c4in, iJ &e(ond '% I 9us ,e % ,ood ni,')s res %nd se redund%n %l%r#s o
#%4e sure I)# on i#eJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 T'e *es %dvice I c%n ,ive o so#eone ineresed in % "osiion li4e #ine is o *uild %
solid reelJ If (ou w%n o wor4 on % c%#er% crew (our reel will de?ne (ou %s #uc' or #ore
'%n (our resu#eJ If (ou %re in sc'ool sud(in, #edi%. now is 'e *es i#e o %ilor (our
reel o 'e ("e of "ro9ecs (ou w%nJ
F21?RE '@1!
T'o#%s Crescen-o. Se%dic%# O"er%or
Tho,*' C)e'cenAo i' * f)eel*nce Ste*dic*, o0ne)6o(e)*to) *nd c*,e)* o(e)*to)J
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< :;8 +;R/
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< M( role is o deliver %ll %s"ecs of c%#er% wor4 for % "ro,r%#.
fro# sin,le o"er%or ENG o l%r,e #ulic%#er% "roducions. live or recordedJ T'e 9o*
descri"ion is "ro*%*l( *es su##ed u" %s "l%nnin,. su""or. %nd deliver( o %n( cuso#er
c%#er% needsJ Iner"erson%l s4ills. 'in4in, !uic4l(. %nd re%cin, o issues %re %
c%#er%#%n)s !u%liiesJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I love %c'ievin, % s'o w'ic' o'ers sru,,le wi'J I
en9o( *uildin, % e%# %nd '%vin, % crew w'o I 4now will deliver erri?c resuls %nd '%ve fun
doin, iJ Even w'en 'in,s ,o co#"leel( o6 scri". % ,re% e%# sill delivers. re#e#*erin,
'e viewer)s "%ssionJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 I need o 4now
enou,' %*ou 'e e!ui"#en [ ec'ni!ues so '% I c%n %nswer "roducion !uesions %nd
s%ve 'e co#"%n( i#e %nd #one(J S%fe( concerns %re %lw%(s ver( 'i,' on #( lisJ T'ere
is %lw%(s % s%fe w%( o %c'ieve %n( s'oJ A 'e end of 'e s'oo I %# uli#%el( res"onsi*le
for e!ui"#en *re%4%,es or lossesJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 Pre"%r%ion is 'e 4e( o % ,ood "roducionJ 0ind
ou %s #uc' %*ou 'e even. 'e "roducion. (our crew. %nd 'e *ud,e %s "ossi*leJ T'en
?nd ou %*ou w'% 'e %udience needs o see. w'% %re 'e "ro,r%#)s 4e( "oins. %nd w'%
is 'e E#us seeF %cionJ ;+ou #%( #iss s'ooin, 'e *%llerin%)s enr( if (ou don) 4now
w'ic' side of 'e s%,e s'e enersJ<
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 0or #e. is %*ou "%ssion %nd res"ecJ +ou #us w%n o "u in 'e e6or. 'e
?n%nci%l rew%rd isn) ,re% *u 'e life eA"eriences %reJ Unless (ou %re willin, enou,' o
lisen %nd res"ec 'e ,uid%nce of o'ers. (ou "ro*%*l( will no *e invied o 9oin % e%#J
F21?RE '@1&
7on Lord. Senior C%#er%#%n. SIS Live. London
<on Lo)d i' Senio) C*,e)*,*n *nd Lighting C*,e)* Su(e)&i'o) *t S*tellite Info),*tion
Se)&ice' in London8 He ()e&iou'ly 0o)/ed in the '*,e (o'ition 0ith the $$CJ
CHAPTER 9
The Persuasive /amera
EA ?l# is never re%ll( ,ood unless 'e c%#er% is %n e(e in 'e 'e%d of % "oeJF
;rson 6elles
Ter9s
/eep focus< A ver( wide de"' of ?eldJ
/epth of Geld< T'e dis%nce *eween 'e ne%res %nd f%r'es o*9ecs in focusJ
/utch< Tilin, 'e c%#er% is c%lled % Educ'F or % Ec%nedF s'oJ T'is #ove#en incre%ses
'e d(n%#ics of 'e s'oJ
E%eIlevel shot< Provide %n i#%,e '% is rou,'l( % 'e e(e level of 'e %len ;in % sudio
s'ow< or 'e %ver%,e viewin, %udienceJ
Hi$hIan$le shots< Provide % view fro# %*ove 'e su*9ecJ
+o5Ian$le shots< Provide % view fro# *elow 'e su*9ecJ
Pan shot< T'e "ivoin, of % c%#er% o 'e lef or ri,'J
Tilt< Movin, 'e c%#er% u" or downJ

Co##unic%in, (our ide%s visu%ll( c%n *e c'%llen,in,J T'is c'%"er covers so#e of 'e
#os co##on ec'ni!uesJ
SH;;T281 STB+E
T'e si#"les w%( o cover % su*9ec is o %i# 'e c%#er% % 'e su*9ec %nd 'en -oo#
*eween lon, s'os s'owin, 'e ,ener%l %cion %nd close5u" s'os s'owin, de%ilJ $owever.
'is #ec'%nic%l. less5'%n5si#ul%in, rouine soon *eco#es ver( *orin, o w%c'J Cre%ive
ec'ni!ues %dd o 'e su*9ec)s %""e%l %nd 'el"s 'old 'e viewer)s ineresJ
W'en "oinin, % c%#er% % % scene. (ou %re doin, #uc' #ore '%n si#"l( s'owin, (our
%udience w'% is ,oin, on 'ereJ +ou %re selecin, s"eci?c %re%s of 'e scene ;0i,ure LJ8<J
+ou %re dr%win, 'eir %enion o cer%in %s"ecs of 'e %cionJ T'e w%( (ou use (our
c%#er% will inBuence 'e i#"%c of 'e su*9ec on 'e %udienceJ
In %n inerview. for eA%#"le. 'e ,uess c%n *e s'o fro# % low %n,le. w'ic' will ,ive 'e# %
loo4 of i#"or%nce or self5con?denceJ 0ro# % 'i,' %n,le. 'e( #i,' loo4 di#inis'ed %nd
uni#"or%nJ Concenr%in, on de%iled s'os of 'eir nervous ?n,er #ove#ens 'el"s *uild
% sense of insecuri(J
F21?RE (@1
T'e c%#er% isol%esJ T'e c%#er% s'ows onl( w'% is ,oin, on in is fr%#e of 'e sceneJ T'e %udience does no re%ll( 4now
w'% is ouside 'e ?eld of viewJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
F21?RE (@2
EPullin, focusF c%n *e used o ,uide 'e viewer 'rou,' % sceneJ Noice 'e c'%n,e of focus in 'e wo "'oosJ T'e
%udience c%n %lso *e direced w'ere o loo4. *ec%use 'e e(e is dr%wn o w'% is in focusJ ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er<
T'e c%#er% iner"res 'e scene for 'e %udienceJ $ow 'e c%#er% is used %6ecs 'e
%udience)s res"onsesJ If 'e scene is 9us s'o wi' no unders%ndin, of 'e i#"%c of
ec'ni!ues. 'e resul will *e % '%"'%-%rd "roducionJ
W'enever % c%#er% is "oined % %cion. (ou '%ve o #%4e % series of fund%#en%l
decisions. suc' %s3
W'ic' is 'e *es %n,le1 C%n 'e %cion *e seen cle%rl( fro# 'ere1
W'ic' fe%ures of 'e scene need o *e e#"'%si-ed % 'is #o#en1 ;See 0i,ure LJ=J<
Do (ou w%n 'e %udience o concenr%e on % s"eci?c %s"ec of 'e %cion1
Do (ou w%n o conve( % cer%in i#"ression1
SCREE8 S2LE
As discussed in "revious c'%"ers. 'e si-e of 'e screen on w'ic' 'e %udience w%c'es 'e
"roducion c%n inBuence 'ow 'e( res"ond o w'% 'e( see 'ereJ I is #ore diOcul o
disin,uis' de%il on % s#%ll screen ;or % l%r,er screen % % dis%nce<J T'e "icure is con?ned
%nd resriced. %nd we end o feel de%c'ed %s we closel( ins"ec 'e over%ll e6ecJ On 'e
o'er '%nd. w'en w%c'in, on % l%r,e screen. we *eco#e #ore %w%re of de%ilJ Our e(es
'%ve ,re%er freedo# o ro%# %round 'e s'oJ We feel #ore closel( involved wi' 'e
%cionJ We %re onloo4ers % 'e sceneJ
A ("ic%l viewin, dis%nces. #os elevision receivers %llow us o e6ecivel( "resen % wide
r%n,e of s'o si-es. fro# vis%s o #icrosco"ic close5u"sJ Al'ou,' wide s'os of l%r,e5sc%le
evens. %nd "%nor%#ic views %re no "%ricul%rl( i#"ressive on elevision. 'is li#i%ion is
no oo resricive in "r%ciceJ
Shootin$ for the 2nternet
Co#"ressin, video o *e used on 'e Inerne deerior%es 'e over%ll !u%li( of 'e videoJ
An(i#e foo%,e is co#"ressed. % *i of 'e !u%li( '%s o *e s%cri?cedJ $ere %re % few
'in,s o 4ee" in #ind w'en s'ooin, so#e'in, '% will *e sre%#ed on 'e Inerne3
Do no use #ore c%#er% #oion '%n neededJ W'enever 'ere is c%#er% #oion. 'e
resul is #ore co#"ressionJ
Use % ri"od o ,ive 'e #os s%*le s'o "ossi*le ;'is usu%ll( s'ould *e done %n(w%(<J
C%#er% "%ns %nd ils s'ould *e li#ied %nd. w'en used. slow %nd s#oo'J
Li,' 'e su*9ec wellJ
Kee" 'e *%c4,round si#"leJ T'e #ore de%iled i is. 'e #ore co#"ression '% needs o
'%""enJ
SE+ECT281 THE SH;T
E%c' ("e of s'o '%s is s"eci?c %dv%n%,es %nd dis%dv%n%,esJ So#e %re *es for sein,
'e sceneN o'ers %llow 'e %udience o see inense de%ils %nd e#oionsJ 0or eA%#"le. lon,
s'os c%n *e used o3
S'ow w'ere %ll of 'e %cion is %4in, "l%ce. 'e( es%*lis' 'e scene
Allow 'e %udience o follow *ro%d #ove#ens
S'ow 'e rel%ive "osiions of su*9ecs
Es%*lis' #ood
$owever. lon, s'os do no %llow (our %udience o see de%ils. %nd 'e( #%( *e frusr%ed
% w'% 'e( %re #issin,J 0or eA%#"le. in % wide s'o of %n %r ,%ller(. %udience #e#*ers
#%( feel '% 'e( %re *ein, "revened fro# seein, individu%l "%inin,s cle%rl( ;0i,ure LJ><J
Closer s'os %re usu%ll( used o3
S'ow de%il
E#"'%si-e cer%in %re%s
Reve%l "eo"le)s re%cions:e#oions
Dr%#%i-e 'e even
If oo #%n( close s'os %re used. 'e e6ec c%n *e ver( resriciveJ T'e %udience c%n *e lef
feelin, '% 'e( were "revened fro# loo4in, %round 'e scene. fro# seein, 'e res"onses
of o'er "erfor#ers. fro# loo4in, % o'er %s"ecs of 'e su*9ec. %nd fro# followin, 'e
,ener%l %cionJ
I is usu%ll( i#"or%n o s'oo *o' % wide5%n,le s'o %s well %s close5u"sJ T'is ec'ni!ue
en%*les 'e direcor o s'ow *o' s'os %s neededJ T'e *ene? o 'e viewer is '% 'e(
c%n see 'e w'ole siu%ion. es%*lis' 'e scene. %s well %s 'e close5u" de%il. s'owin,
dr%#% %nd e#oionJ If s'own % 'e s%#e i#e. i is so#ei#es c%lled % co,5in*tion
'hot ;0i,ure LJI<J
F21?RE (@3
Al'ou,' lon, s'os %re *e%uiful. viewers w%n o see 'e close5u" de%ilsJ
F21?RE (@
Co#*ined s'os c%n s'ow de%il %nd 'e *i,,er "icure si#ul%neousl(J T'is c%n *e %c'ieved *( inserin, % de%il. or
cl%rif(in,. s'oJ ;P'oos coures( of P%n%sonic %nd C%non<
F21?RE (@!
Al'ou,' 'e eAre#e lon, s'o ;ELS< does no "rovide de%il. i de?niel( es%*lis'es 'e scene for 'e viewerJ Mos of 'e
i#e. 'e ELS s'ows 'e viewer 'e enire ?eld of "l%(. "lus 'e %udienceJ
If 'e %cion in 'e scene is inciden%l o 'e "ur"ose of % se!uence. suc' %s so#eone
s"e%4in, %*ou 'eir for'co#in, v%c%ion w'ile 'e( '%""en o *e #%4in, %n o#elee.
'en s'os s'ould concenr%e on 'e "eo"le involved. w%c'in, 'eir iner%cionsJ $owever.
if 'e "ur"ose of 'e se!uence is o s'ow us 'ow o coo4. 'en we need de%il s'os of 'e
%cion. wi' lile or no inerru"ion fro# re%cion s'osJ Al'ou,' 'is see#s o*vious.
direcors do #%4e 'e wron, c'oice % i#es %nd #%( confuse or %nno( 'e %udienceJ
A s'o '% is %""ro"ri%e % one #o#en could *e ver( unsui%*le 'e neAJ In f%c. 'ere
%re i#es w'en %n in%""ro"ri%e or % *%dl( i#ed s'o c%n o%ll( desro( %n enire
se!uenceJ
The E3tre9e +on$ Shot
T'e eAre#e lon, s'o ;ELS or GLS< en%*les (ou o es%*lis' 'e loc%ion %nd o cre%e %n
over%ll %#os"'eric i#"ressionJ I c%n *e used o cover ver( wides"re%d %cion. or o s'ow
v%rious %civiies ,oin, on % 'e s%#e i#eJ I could *e % 'i,' s'o fro# % 'illo" or %n
%eri%l view. suc' %s fro# % *li#" % % s"ors venue ;0i,ure LJP<J An eAre#e lon, s'o of %
"erson would s'ow % lo of 'e *%c4,round. w'ic' is ofen done o s'ow coneA or soliudeJ
Wi' eAre#e lon, s'os. 'e %udience %4es % r%'er de%c'ed. i#"erson%l %iude.
surve(in, 'e scene wi'ou %n( sense of involve#enJ T'e eAre#e lon, s'o is ,ener%ll(
wider '%n 'e lon, s'oJ I usu%ll( s'ows #uc' #ore '%n 9us 'e E?eld of "l%(JF
The +on$ Shot
Ofen used % 'e s%r of % "roducion. 'e lon, s'o ;LS< i##edi%el( s'ows w'ere 'e
%cion is '%""enin,J T'is es%*lis'in, s'o ses 'e loc%ion %nd %#os"'ereJ I %llows 'e
%udience o follow 'e "ur"ose or "%ern of %cion ;0i,ure LJC<J
As 'e s'o is i,'ened. %nd s'ows less of 'e scene. 'e %udience is inBuenced less *( 'e
sein, %nd 'e li,'in,J T'e "eo"le wi'in 'e scene '%ve % ,re%er %udience i#"%cN 'eir
,esures %nd f%ci%l eA"ressions *eco#e sron,er %nd #ore i#"or%nJ
The 4ediu9 Shot
T'e #ediu# s'o ;MS< is ,ener%ll( % #id5s'o. %l'ou,' i #%( *e fr%#ed % lile l%r,er or
s#%llerJ Is v%lue lies in 'e ide% '% (ou %re close enou,' o see eA"ressions %nd e#oions
*u f%r enou,' %w%( o unders%nd so#e of 'e coneAJ Gesures c%n usu%ll( *e c%"ured in
'is ("e of s'oJ T'e #ediu# s'o is 'ou,' o *e 'e one s'o '% Eells 'e sor(F ;0i,ure
LJQ<J
F21?RE (@&
&o' of 'ese s'os %re lon, s'osJ T'e( se 'e sceneJ Left; A lon, s'o of 'e venueJ Right; A lon, s'o of % "ersonJ In
conr%s. %n eAre#e lon, s'o of 'e ?rs "'oo would '%ve "ro*%*l( included 'e enire venueJ ;Der*( "'oo *( 7os'
T%*er<
F21?RE (@'
T'ese #ediu# s'os. one fro# % sico# %nd 'e o'er fro# % concer. de#onsr%e '% 'e s'o rou,'l( cus 'e su*9ec
in '%lfJ Gener%ll(. i is fr%#ed %*ove or *elow 'e w%isline of % "ersonJ ;Concer "'oo *( P%ul Du"ree<
The CloseI?p
An eAre#el( "owerful s'o. 'e close5u" ;CU< concenr%es ineresJ Wi' "eo"le. i dr%ws
%enion o 'eir re%cions. res"onses. %nd e#oionsJ Close5u"s c%n reve%l or "oin ou
infor#%ion '% #i,' o'erwise *e overloo4ed. or onl( discerned wi' diOcul(J T'e( focus
%enion or "rovide e#"'%sis ;0i,ures LJL %nd LJD<J
The E3tre9e CloseI?p
T'e eAre#e close5u" ;GCU or ECU< %dds dr%#% o 'e siu%ion or cl%ri?es % siu%ionJ &(
?llin, 'e screen wi' 'e f%ce. i e%sil( co##unic%es 'e e#oion of 'e siu%ionJ A
closeu" of %n o*9ec %llows 'e viewer o unders%nd 'e de%il % *i #ore ;0i,ure LJ8K<J
W'en usin, % close5u". (ou '%ve o ensure '% 'e %udience w%ns o loo4 '% close. %nd
'e( do no feel '%3
T'e( '%ve *een c'e%ed of 'e wider view. w'ere so#e'in, #ore ineresin, #%( *e
'%""enin,
F21?RE (@(
Close5u"s of "eo"le %re ,ener%ll( fr%#ed fro# #id5c'es u"J Noe '% (ou c%n see 'e fr%#in, of 'e inerview on 'e
s%,e)s I5#%, screen o 'e f%r ri,'J I is % close5u"J
F21?RE (@)
Close5u" s'os of % scene %llow 'e viewer o see #ore de%il %s co#"%red o 'e lon, s'o of 'is s%#e scene in 0i,ure LJCJ
;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
F21?RE (@1*
T'e eAre#e close5u" ,ener%ll( cus ino 'e f%ce %nd is % ,re% ool for %ddin, dr%#% *( co##unic%in, 'e e#oion of
'e #o#enJ ;P'oo *( P%ul Du"ree<
T'e( '%ve *een 'rus disconcerin,l( close o 'e su*9ecS'e %udience #%( *eco#e
overl( %w%re of f%ci%l *le#is'es in enl%r,ed f%ces
De%il '% is %lre%d( f%#ili%r is *ein, over5e#"'%si-ed
T'rou,' coninu%ll( w%c'in, close5u" fr%,#ens. 'e( '%ve for,oen 'ow 'ese rel%e o
'e #%in su*9ec. or '%ve *eco#e disorien%ed
/EPTH ;F F2E+/
T'e dis%nce *eween 'e ne%res %nd f%r'es %re%s of focus is c%lled 'e de(th of +eld or
'e focu'ed AoneJ In 'e ri,' siu%ion ;suc' %s los of *ri,' li,' or % wide5%n,le lens<. 'e
de"' c%n *e 'u,eJ In o'er siu%ions. 'e de"' c%n *e incredi*l( s'%llow ;low li,' or
s'ooin,. % close5u" s'o. or % ele"'oo lens<. re!uirin, 'e c%#er% o"er%or o re%d9us 'e
focus ever( i#e 'e su*9ec #oves forw%rd or *%c4w%rd ;0i,ure LJ88<J
T'e de"' of ?eld v%ries wi' 'e followin, f%cors3
T'e di't*nce % w'ic' 'e lens is focused
T'e si-e of 'e i,*ge 'en'o)'
T'e foc*l length of 'e lens
T'e lens f5so" ;*(e)tu)e< ;0i,ure LJ8=<
Aler %n( of 'ese ele#ens. %nd 'e de"' of ?eld c'%n,esJ
F21?RE (@11
&( %d9usin, 'e %"erure ;f5so"s<. 'e de"' of ?eld c%n *e incre%sed or decre%sedJ T'e l%r,er 'e f5so" nu#*er. 'e
l%r,er 'e de"' of ?eldJ
F21?RE (@12
T'e lens %"erure is %d9us%*le in 'is illusr%ion fro# % #%Ai#u# of f:= o % #ini#u# of f:8CJ T'e l%r,er 'e %"erure
;o"enin,<. 'e s#%ller 'e f5nu#*er ;suc' %s f:=<. 'e s'%llower 'e de"' of ?eldJ Less li,' is needed in 'is siu%ionJ T'e
s#%ller 'e lens %"erure. 'e l%r,er 'e f2nu#*er ;suc' %s f:8C<. 'e l%r,er 'e de"' of ?eldJ More li,' is needed o s'oo
% 'i,'er nu#*er f2so"sJ
+ar$e /epth of Field =/eepIFocus> Techni.ues
As (ou s%w e%rlier. 'e de"' of ?eld in % scene v%ries wi' 'e lens f5so". ("e of lens
;wide5%n,le:ele"'oo<. %nd focused dis%nceJ +ou c%n c'%n,e i *( %lerin, %n( of 'ese
"%r%#eersJ
So""in, down 'e lens ;suc' %s f:88 or f:8C<. ever('in, fro# fore,round o f%r dis%nce
%""e%rs s'%r"l( focusedJ T'e c%#er% '%s no "ro*le#s in followin, focus %nd 'ere is lile
d%n,er of su*9ecs *eco#in, sof5focusedJ T'ere is %n illusion of s"%ciousness %nd de"'.
en%*lin, s'os o *e co#"osed wi' su*9ecs % v%rious dis%nces fro# 'e c%#er%J
$owever. 'i,'er li,' levels %re necess%r( ;0i,ure LJ8><J
One we%4ness of 'is ec'ni!ue is '% w'en 'ere is lile c%#er% #ove#en or few
"ro,ressivel( dis%n "l%nes in 'e "icure. i c%n %""e%r un%r%civel( B%J Surf%ces or
su*9ecs % ver( di6eren dis%nces c%n #er,e or *eco#e confusin, o 'e %udienceJ
Shallo5 /epth of Field =Shallo5IFocus> Techni.ues
Usin, % wider lens %"erure ;eJ,J. f:=< resrics focused de"'J I en%*les (ou o isol%e %
su*9ec s"%i%ll(. 4ee"in, i s'%r" wi'in *lurred surroundin,s. %nd %voids 'e disr%cion of
irrelev%n su*9ecsJ +ou c%n dis"l%( % sin,le s'%r"l( focused Bower %,%ins % de%il5free
*%c4,round. concenr%in, %enion on 'e *loo# %nd su""ressin, 'e confusion of foli%,eJ
S'%r"l( de?ned de%il %r%cs 'e e(e #ore re%dil( '%n defocused %re%sJ
&( deli*er%el( resricin, de"' of ?eld. (ou c%n sofen o*rusive *%c4,rounds. even if
'ese %re sron,l( "%erned. so '% "eo"le or o'er su*9ecs s%nd ou fro# 'eir
surroundin,sJ On 'e o'er '%nd. resriced de"' c%n "rove e#*%rr%ssin, w'en esseni%l
de%ils of % close o*9ec %re ou of focusJ T'e c%#er% #us coninu%ll( refocus in order o
4ee" % close5u" of % #ovin, su*9ec s'%r"J 0or ins%nce. close5u" s'os %lon, % "i%no
4e(*o%rd c%n de#%nd consider%*le deAeri( w'en r(in, o follow %nd focus on !uic4l(
#ovin, ?n,ersJ
Occ%sion%ll(. *( c'%n,in, focus *eween su*9ecs % di6eren dis%nces ;"ullin, focus.
'rowin, focus< (ou c%n #ove 'e viewer)s %enion fro# one o %no'erN 'owever. 'is
ric4 e%sil( *eco#es disur*in, unless coordin%ed wi' %cionJ &lurred color "icures c%n *e
frusr%in, ;0i,ures LJ8I %nd LJ8P<J
F21?RE (@13
A l%r,e de"' of ?eld w%s %c'ieved *( usin, % wide5%n,le lens or % l%r,e5nu#*ered f5so". suc' %s f:==J T'e *ri,' sunli,'
in 'is "'oo %llowed 'e l%r,e5nu#*ered %"erureJ
SH;;T281 28 3/
EW'en s'ooin, in >D ever('in, is #ulidi#ension%lJ T'% #e%ns %ll 'e o*9ecs seen on
'e screen %re ("ic%ll( in cons%n focus %s 'e( %re wi' 'u#%n visionJ T'is is one of 'e
re%sons % r%c4 focus e6ec in >D loo4s unco#for%*le o 'e e(e %nd s'ould *e %voidedJF
/avid Eenneth, President, 2@E@ EKects
4;"281 THE CA4ERA HEA/
In ever(d%( life. we res"ond o siu%ions *( #%4in, s"eci?c ,esures or #ove#ensJ T'ese
re%cions %nd %cions ofen *eco#e ver( closel( %ssoci%edJ We loo4 %round wi' curiosi(N
#ove in o ins"ec %n o*9ecN wi'dr%w or %ver our e(es fro# % siu%ion '% we ?nd
e#*%rr%ssin,. dis%seful. or *orin,J
I is no sur"risin, o ?nd '% cer%in c%#er% #ove#ens c%n evo4e %ssoci%ed res"onses in
'e %udience. c%usin, 'e# o '%ve s"eci?c feelin,s ow%rd w'% 'e( see on 'e screenJ
T'ese e6ecs underlie 'e i#"%c of "ersu%sive c%#er% ec'ni!uesJ
Pannin$ the Ca9era
T'e "%n s'o is 'e s#oo' "ivoin, of 'e c%#er% fro# lef o ri,' on 'e c%#er% su""or.
w'ic' #i,' *e % ri"od or even % "erson ;0i,ures LJ8Q %nd LJ8L<J P%nnin, s'ows
'e %udience 'e s"%i%l rel%ions'i" *eween wo su*9ecs or %re%sJ Cuin, *eween wo
s'os does no "rovide 'e s%#e sense of coninui(J W'en "%nnin, over % wide %re%. 'e
iner#edi%e "%rs of 'e scene 'el" us o orien ourselvesJ We develo" %n i#"ression of
s"%ceJ $owever. i is i#"or%n o %void "%nnin, %cross irrelev%n %re%s. suc' %s 'e Ede%dF
s"%ce *eween wo widel( se"%r%ed "eo"leJ
F21?RE (@1
T'e s'%llow de"' of ?eld w%s %c'ieved *( usin, % ele"'oo ;n%rrow5%n,le< lens. %lon, wi' % f%irl( s#%ll5nu#*ered f5so"
suc' %s f:IJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
F21?RE (@1!
T'e s'%llow de"' of ?eld s'own 'ere w%s %c'ieved wi' 'e use of % ele"'oo ;n%rrow %n,le< lens %lon, wi' % f%irl( s#%ll
nu#*ered f2so" suc' %s f:IJ ;P'oo *( C'%d Crouc'<
F21?RE (@1&
T'e *%c4,round c'%n,es in si-e %re due o 'e lens usedJ Noe '% 'e ?rs "'oo w%s s'o wi' % ele"'oo lens %nd 'e
?n%l s'o w%s %4en wi' % wide5%n,le lensJ T'e c%#er% '%d o *e #oved closer o 'e su*9ec for e%c' s'o. %s % wider
lens w%s %%c'ed so '% 'e su*9ec would s%( 'e s%#e %""roAi#%e si-eJ ;P'oos *( KJ &rown<
F21?RE (@1'
T'e "%n s'o is 'e "ivoin, of % c%#er% o 'e lef or ri,'J ;P'oo coures( of /oreA<
F21?RE (@1(
T'e "%n s'o. %s s'own. s#oo'l( #oves fro# 'e red fr%#e o 'e *l%c4 fr%#e. "rovidin, one coninu%l s'o w'en 'e
%cion #oves *e(ond 'e ori,in%l red fr%#eJ ;P'oo coures( of D%r?s'<
Unless (ou %re cre%in, % s"eci%l e6ec. "%nnin, s'ould *e s#oo'Snei'er 9er4in, ino
%cion nor %*ru"l( '%lin,J Err%ic or 'esi%n "%nnin, irri%es 'e %udienceJ If 'e "%n %nd
il 'e%d is correcl( %d9used. "ro*le#%ic "%n s'os usu%ll( onl( occur w'en usin, lon,
ele"'oo lenses or w'en 'e su*9ec #%4es %n un"rediced #oveJ
FOLLO# PAN
T'e follo0 (*n is 'e #os co##on ("e of c%#er% #oveJ T'e c%#er% "%ns %s i follows %
#ovin, su*9ecJ In lon,er s'os. 'e viewer *eco#es %w%re of 'e inerrel%ions'i" *eween
'e su*9ec %nd is surroundin,sJ /isu%l iner%cion c%n develo" *eween 'e su*9ec %nd is
%""%renl( #ovin, *%c4,round "%ern. cre%in, % d(n%#ic co#"osiionJ In closer s'os. 'e
*%c4,round *eco#es inciden%l. or even ofen indeci"'er%*l( *lurred ;0i,ure LJ8D<J
SRVE. PAN
In 'e 'u)&ey (*n. 'e c%#er% slowl( se%rc'es 'e scene ;% crowd. % l%ndsc%"e<. %llowin,
'e %udience o loo4 %round % c'oiceJ I c%n *e % resful %nici"%or( %cionS"rovidin, '%
'ere is so#e'in, wor' seein,J I is no enou,' o "%n 'o"efull(J
T'e #ove c%n %lso *e dr%#%ic. *uildin, %nici"%ion3 T'e s'i"wrec4ed survivor sc%ns 'e
'ori-on. sees % s'i" W *u will i noice 'i#1 &u 'e surve(in, "%n c%n *uild o %n
%nicli#%A. ooN 'e fu,iive se%rc'es o see w'e'er s'e is *ein, followedJ
INTERRPTED PAN
T'e inte))u(ted (*n is % lon,. s#oo' #ove#en '% is suddenl( so""ed ;so#ei#es
reversed< o "rovide visu%l conr%sJ I is nor#%ll( used o lin4 % series of isol%ed su*9ecsJ
In % d%nce "erfor#%nce. 'e c%#er% #i,' follow % solo d%ncer fro# one ,rou" o 'e neA.
"%usin, for % s'or w'ile %s e%c' *eco#es 'e new cener of ineresJ
In % dr%#%ic %""lic%ion. (ou #i,' see esc%"in, "risoners slowl( re4 'rou,' re%c'erous
#%rs'l%ndJ One #%n f%lls eA'%used. *u 'e c%#er% s%(s wi' 'e resJ A #o#en l%er i
so"s %nd "%ns *%c4 o see w'% occurred o 'e "ersonJ
F21?RE (@1)
W'en followin, 'e su*9ec in % wide %rc wi' % '%nd'eld c%#er%. 'e fee s'ould f%ce 'e #id"oin of 'e %rcJ T'is will
%llow 'e c%#er% o"er%or o s#oo'l( "%n wi' 'e %cionJ
#HIP PAN
T'e 0hi( (*n ;%lso 4nown %s 'e '0i'h. Ai(. or 5lu) (*n< #oves so r%"idl( fro# one su*9ec
o 'e neA '% 'e iner#edi%e scene *eco#es % *rief. sre%4in, *lurJ W'e'er 'e e6ec
,ener%es eAcie#en or %nno(%nce is l%r,el( deer#ined *( 'ow 'e "recedin, %nd
followin, s'os %re develo"edJ As our %enion is dr%,,ed r%"idl( o 'e neA s'o. 'is "%n
,ives e%c' su*9ec r%nsior( i#"or%nceJ T'e w'i" "%n usu%ll( "roduces % d(n%#ic c'%n,e
'% coninues 'e "%ce *eween wo r%"idl( #ovin, scenesJ A w'i" "%n '%s o *e %ccur%e
%s well %s %""ro"ri%e o *e successful3 no fu#*lin,. refr%#in,. or refocusin, % 'e end of
'e "%nJ
Tiltin$ the Ca9era Head
Tilin, refers o #ovin, 'e c%#er% u" or down ;0i,ure LJ=K<J Tilin,. li4e "%nnin,. %llows (ou
o visu%ll( connec su*9ecs or %re%s '% %re s"%ced %"%rJ O'erwise. (ou would need o
inercu di6eren s'os. or use % lon,er s'o o include *o' su*9ecsJ
Tilin, c%n *e used3
To e#"'%si-e 'ei,' or de"'Silin, u" fro# % cli#*er o s'ow 'e see" cli6 f%ce o *e
cli#*ed
To s'ow rel%ions'i"sS%s 'e c%#er% ils fro# 'e roofo" s"( down o 'e "erson in 'e
sree *elowN or fro# 'e "erson in 'e sree u" o 'e roofo". reve%lin, '% 'e is no %lone
Ca9era Hei$ht
C%#er% 'ei,' c%n '%ve % si,ni?c%n inBuence on 'ow 'e %udience "erceives (our su*9ecJ
$ow (ou ,e 'e %n,le is i##%eri%lJ +ou c%n use % 9i*. sus"end % c%#er% on wires. or use
%n( o'er #ec'%nis#J T'e 4e( is w'e'er 'e i#%,e does w'% (ou w%n i o doJ T'ere %re
'ree ,ener%l c%e,ories '% de%l wi' c%#er% 'ei,'3
Eye2le&el s'os "rovide %n i#%,e '% is rou,'l( % 'e e(e level of 'e %len ;in % sudio
s'ow< or of 'e %ver%,e viewin, %udienceJ T'is is 'e #os co##on s'o used in elevision
%nd "rovides % sense of nor#%lc( ;0i,ure LJ=8<J
F21?RE (@2*
A c%#er% il is w'en 'e c%#er% is "oined u" or downJ
High2*ngle s'os "rovide % view fro# %*ove 'e su*9ecJ T'is 'i,' v%n%,e "oin c%n "rovide
'e viewer wi' %ddiion%l infor#%ion. suc' %s s'owin, 'e %cions %nd coneA of 'e
su*9ecJ $owever. 'ese s'os c%n %lso ,ive 'e viewer %n i#"ression '% 'e su*9ec is no
i#"or%n or even inferior ;0i,ures LJ==. LJ=>. %nd LJ=I<J
F21?RE (@21
T'e e(e5level %n,le is used #ore '%n %n( o'er %n,leJ T'e o'er %n,les %re used w'en %""ro"ri%eJ
F21?RE (@22
Al'ou,' 'i,'5%n,le s'os c%n 'el" 'e %udience see w'% is on 'e des4 in 'is s'o fro# N&C)s The OBce. 'e( c%n %lso
#%4e 'e su*9ec loo4 inferior or uni#"or%nJ ;P'oo coures( of Ko*%l<
Lo02*ngle s'os #%4e 'e su*9ec %""e%r #ore i#"or%n %nd ver( sron,J T'ese s'os
#%4e 'e viewer feel inferior ;0i,ures LJ=P %nd LJ=C<J
E3tre9e Ca9era An$les
EAre#e %n,les c%n *e cre%ive %nd %enion5,r%**in,J If %""ro"ri%e. 'e( c%n %dd % lo o
'e "roducionJ $owever. 'e( so#ei#es dr%w %enion o 'e %*nor#%li( or in,enui( of
'e c%#er%)s "osiionJ If 'e %udience is wonderin, 'ow we ,o '% s'o. ec'ni!ues '%ve
o*scured %risic "ur"ose ;0i,ure LJ=Q<J
W'ere eAre#e %n,les %""e%r n%ur%ll(. viewers %cce" 'e# re%dil(3 loo4in, down fro# %n
u""er5sor( windowN loo4in, u" fro# % se%ed "osiionN even %n e%vesdro""er "eerin,
'rou,' "l%n4 Boorin, o 'e roo# *elowJ &u %n uneA"l%ined eAre#e s'o usu%ll( *eco#es
% visu%l sunJ
4;"281 THE CA4ERA
$ow freel( 'e c%#er% c%n *e #oved %round is deer#ined *( 'e ("e of c%#er% #oun
usedJ Al'ou,' % 9i* o6ers incredi*le BeAi*ili(. i #%( no *e %*le o reloc%e %s r%"idl( %s
% '%nd'eld c%#er%J Well5c'osen c%#er% #oves %dd visu%l ineres. "lus inBuence cer%in
%udience re%cionsJ $owever. c%#er% #ove#en needs o *e #oiv%ed. %""ro"ri%e.
s#oo'l( conrolled. %nd done % % sui%*le s"eed. or i c%n *eco#e disr%cin, %nd:or
disur*in, ;0i,ures LJ=L %nd LJ=D<J
F21?RE (@23
All 'i,'5%n,le s'os do no #%4e 'e su*9ec loo4 inferiorJ T'is s'o %llows 'e %udience o see 'e dru##er)s #ove#ensJ
;P'oo coures( of Senn'eiser<
F21?RE (@2
$i,'5%n,le s'os c%n *e o*%ined in % nu#*er of w%(s. suc' %s 'oldin, 'e c%#er% 'i,'. usin, % 9i*. cli#*in, ono % 'i,'er
%re%. or s'ooin, fro# % 'elico"erJ ;P'oos coures( of Son( %nd 7e6 $uc'ens<
F21?RE (@2!
Low5%n,le s'os ,ener%ll( #%4e 'e su*9ec loo4 i#"or%n. sron,. or "owerfulJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
F21?RE (@2&
Low5%n,le s'os %re o*%ined *( "l%cin, 'e c%#er% lower '%n 'e su*9ecJ Even 9i*s. "ri#%ril( used for 'i,'5%n,le s'os.
c%n *e used o o*%in low5%n,le s'osJ ;P'oo *( P%ul Du"ree<
F21?RE (@2'
EAre#e %n,les. li4e 'is "'oo of % c%#er%#%n. so#ei#es dr%w %enion o 'e novel( of 'e s'o. disr%cin, 'e
%udience fro# 'e #%in su*9ecJ ;P'oo *( &ill Miller<
The 4ovin$ CloseI?p
Close5u"s of "eo"le %llow 'e su*9ec o do#in%e 'e i#%,eN is sren,' is deer#ined *(
'e "osiion of 'e c%#er%J Al'ou,' 'e inBuence of 'e environ#en c%n *e li#ied wi'
'e close5u". 'e "%ce v%ries wi' d(n%#ic co#"osiionJ W'en 'e su*9ec is sli,'l( o65
cener in 'e direcion of #ove#en. % sense of %nici"%ion %nd eA"ec%nc( is cre%edJ T'e
followin, %re so#e 'ou,'s %*ou close5u"s of "eo"le ;0i,ure LJ=L<3
A@ Pro?les of "eo"le %re we%4 %,%ins % "l%in *%c4,roundJ $owever. 'ere is %n i#"ression
of s"eed %nd ur,enc( if s'o %,%ins % de%iled *%c4,roundJ
,@ A 'ree5!u%rer fron%l s'o c%n *e dr%#%ic%ll( sron,J &( "revenin, 'e viewer fro#
seein, 'e su*9ec)s roue or desin%ion. % sense of %nici"%ion c%n *e *uilJ
C@ A 'i,'5%n,le elev%ed fron%l s'o we%4ens 'e su*9ec *u sill %llows 'i# or 'er o
do#in%e 'e environ#enJ
/@ A low5%n,le s'o #%4es 'e su*9ec loo4 "owerful %nd do#in%in,J
E@ A 'ree5!u%rer s'o fro# *e'ind 'e su*9ec c%n *e su*9ecive. *ec%use 'e viewer
#oves wi' 'e su*9ec. eA"ec%nc( develo"in, durin, 'e #ove#enJ
F@ A 'i,'5%n,le s'o fro# *e'ind is no onl( 'i,'l( su*9ecive *u %lso "roduces %n incre%sed
%nici"%ionS%l#os % se%rc'in, i#"ressionJ
1, H@ In level %nd low s'os. 'ere is % sri4in, sense of de"'J T'e su*9ec is sron,l( lin4ed
o 'e sein, %nd o'er "eo"le. (e re#%ins se"%r%e fro# 'e#J
F21?RE (@2(
T'e #ovin, close5u" s'oJ
Su0Hective Ca9era Treat9ent
W'en (ou use 'e c%#er% su*9ecivel(. (ou %re "orr%(in, %n individu%l)s "erce"ion of 'e
evenJ T'e su*9ecive c%#er% #%4es i loo4 %s if 'e viewer is %cu%ll( w%l4in, %round 'e
scene. followin, 'e %cionJ T'e c%#er% c%n w%l4 'rou,' % crowd. #ove u" o ins"ec
so#e'in,. %nd 'en ,l%nce u" % ne%r*( de%ilsJ We encouner 'is %""ro%c' re,ul%rl(
w'en s'oulder5#ouned or Se%dic%#5("e c%#er%s %re used inse%d of s'ooin, fro# %
s%ion%r( "osiion on % ri"odJ
Su*9ecive c%#er% #ove#en cre%es % "%rici"%or( e6ec for 'e %udienceJ &u if 'e
direcor #oves 'e c%#er% w'en 'e %udience is no re%d(. or f%ils o s'ow 'e# so#e'in,
'e( wis' o see. 'e %udience will "ro*%*l( feel resenfulJ T'e s4illed direcor "ersu%des 'e
%udience o w%n % c'%n,e of view or % #oveJ T'e uns4illed direcor 'russ i u"on 'e
%udienceJ
29itative Ca9era 4ove9ent
C%#er%s c%n *e #oved o su,,es 9o,,in, or 'e rollin, #ove#en of % s'i"J T'e c%#er%
c%n si,ni?c%nl( %6ec 'e d(n%#ics of 'e su*9ecJ If used e6ecivel(. c%#er% #ove#ens
c%n even "rovide su*9ecive inBuence on 'e %cion iself ;0i,ure LJ>K<J
?sin$ the Loo9 +ens
As discussed e%rlier. 'e -oo# lens *rin,s *o' %dv%n%,es %nd "if%lls for 'e unw%r(J I is
oo e%s( o c'%n,e 'e lens %n,le 9us o c'%n,e su*9ec i#%,e si-eJ T'ere is %lw%(s 'e
e#"%ion o s%nd %nd -oo#. r%'er '%n #ove %round wi' % nor#%l lensJ @oo#in,
de#%nds lile of 'e c%#er% o"er%or or direcorJ T'ere is 9us 'e need for % "re-oo# focus
c'ec4 *efore -oo#in, in for 'e s'oJ
@oo#in, is eAre#el( convenienJ $owever. 'e -oo# onl( si#ul%es c%#er% #ove#enJ
T'e -oo# o"ic%ll( isol%es % secion of 'e sceneJ T'ere %re no n%ur%l "%r%ll%cic c'%n,es
%s (ou -oo# inN sc%le. dis%nce. %nd s'%"e *eco#e disored 'rou,' -oo#in,J A slow -oo#
#%de durin, "%nnin,. ilin,. or su*9ec #ove#en #%( dis,uise 'ese discre"%nciesJ A
r%"id -oo# durin, %n eAciin, f%s5#ovin, *%ll ,%#e c%n #%4e 'e i#%,e #ore d(n%#icJ
Muc' de"ends on 'e occ%sionJ
F21?RE (@2)
Doll(in, in c%uses incre%sed ineres %nd % *uild u" of ensionJ $owever. 'e close5u" #%( resul in di#inis'ed ineresJ
Doll(in, *%c4 usu%ll( resuls in lowered ineres or rel%Aed ensionSunless unseen su*9ecs %re reve%led. or w'en curiosi(.
eA"ec%ion. or 'o"e '%ve *een %rousedJ Aenion ends o *e direced ow%rd 'e ed,es of 'e "icureJ Doll(in, %""e%rs
f%ser '%n i re%ll( is on % wide5%n,le lens. %nd slower on % n%rrower lens %n,leJ
F21?RE (@3*
In order o incre%se 'e d(n%#ics of 'is s'o. 'e c%#er% w%s iled. w'ic' is usu%ll( c%lled % Educ'F or Ec%nedF s'o. for
A&C)s *ro%dc%s of Ali*'J ;P'oo coures( of Touc'sone T/:T'e Ko*%l Collecion<
F21?RE (@31
@oo#in, c%n "rovide % *rid,e *eween close5u"s %nd lon, s'osJ In 'ese s'os. -oo#in, ou fro# 'e CU o %n LS "rovides
'e coneA for 'e su*9ecsJ
F21?RE (@32
A sn%" -oo# !uic4l( #oves 'e %udience fro# % CU o %n LS or vice vers%J ;P'oo *( Will Ad%#s<
@oo#in, c%n "rovide % visu%l *rid,e fro# 'e wide view o 'e close5u". wi'ou 'e i#e
%nd e6or involved in doll(in, or 'e inerru"ion ;%nd "ossi*le disorien%ion< of cuin,
;0i,ure LJ>8<J A r%"id -oo#5in "roduces % 'i,'l( dr%#%ic swoo" ono 'e su*9ecJ An ins%n
;sn%"< -oo#5in Bin,s su*9ec de%il % 'e %udience ;0i,ure LJ>=<J Suc' e6ecs c%n *e
incredi*l( d(n%#ic. or 9us "l%in %nno(in,Si '%s o *e done ri,'J
@oo# s'ould *e s#oo' %nd decisiveJ Use -oo# s'os o direc %enion. o incre%se
ension. o ,ive "owerful e#"'%sis. or o resric 'e cover%,eJ &u 'e -oo#in, %cion iself
s'ould *e used discri#in%el( for s"eci?c occ%sionsJ
Direcors use di6eren er#s w'en c%llin, for % -oo# in or ouJ So#e of 'e #os co##ons
er#s for -oo#in, ou %re E-oo#5ou.F E"ull5ou.F or EwidenJF W'en needin, % -oo#5in. 'e
direcor #%( %s4 for % E-oo#5in.F E"us'5in.F or Ei,'enJF
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ E%c' ("e of s'o ;CU. MS. %nd LS< conve(s di6eren infor#%ionJ EA"l%in 'ose
di6erencesJ
2@ $ow does 'e c%#er% iner"re 'e scene for 'e %udience1
3@ W'% %re so#e of 'e c'%llen,es of s'ooin, for 'e Inerne1
@ $ow is dee" focus o*%ined in %n i#%,e1
!@ $ow do (ou c'%n,e 'e "ers"ecive of %n i#%,e wi'ou #ovin, 'e c%#er%1
&@ W'% %re wo of 'e ("es of "%n s'os %nd 'ow c%n 'e( *e used1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< 4ATT 1R244
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0<. I wor4 closel( wi' 'e eAecuive "roducer %nd:or series "roducer
o deliver % ?nis'ed "ro,r%# '% will #ee ,o%ls %nd eA"ec%ionsJ I coordin%e "roducion
s%6 ;c%#er%. %udio. ,r%"'ics. ediors< o develo" %nd uli#%el( deliver ?nis'ed "ro,r%#sJ
In recen (e%rs. I '%ve wor4ed #osl( on lon,5for# docu#en%ries
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I en9o( 'e v%rie( in #( 9o*J A c%reer in elevision '%s
o"ened doors of o""oruni( %nd %ccess '% I #%( no '%ve *een ,iven o'erwiseJ Pro9ecs
'%ve %llowed #e o r%vel overse%s. '%ve %ccess o resriced %re%s. %nd inerview #%n(
ineresin, "eo"leJ I %lso en9o( 'e sense of %cco#"lis'#en '% co#es %fer s"endin, %
(e%r or wo on % "roducion. 'en *ein, %*le o see % "ro9ec co#"leeJ +ou le%rn %ll (ou c%n
%*ou % su*9ec. "our (our i#e %nd ener,( ino eA%#inin, i. %nd 'en s'%re i wi' (our
%udienceJ I is wonderful o see i %ll co#e o fruiionJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es %ou face in %our position7 Ever( "ro9ec *rin,s is
own uni!ue c'%llen,es o overco#eJ &ud,e consr%ins. "roducion sc'edulin,. %nd
s'ooin, lo,isics c%n %ll co#"lic%e % "roducionJ Univers%ll(. (ou %re c'%llen,ed o connec
wi' (our %udienceJ If (our %udience isn) enli,'ened. #oved e#oion%ll(. or ener%ined
'en (ou '%ve li4el( #issed 'e #%r4J As % "roducer. I %# c'%r,ed wi' re%c'in, our
%udienceJ $owever. I)d li4e o no 9us s'%re % sor( wi' 'e#. *u s'%re i in %n i#"%cful
w%(J
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 Pre"roducion is 'u,eJ W'en "l%nnin, % "ro,r%#.
I ?rs consider 'e ,o%ls %nd eA"ec%ions for iJ $ow i is ,oin, o *e di6eren '%n o'ers
%lre%d( cre%ed1 W'o is 'e %udience o *e re%c'ed1 &efore ever "ic4in, u" % c%#er%. I li4e
o #ee wi' "oeni%l inerview su*9ecsJ Ge o 4now 'e# % *iJ T'is %llows 'e# o
*eco#e co#for%*le wi' #e %nd ,ives #e % *eer feel for w'% 'e( 4nowJ T'e s'%"e of %
"roducion will "resen iself durin, 'is "l%nnin, s%,eJ Pre5"roducion #eein,s wi' 'e
c%#er% o"er%or %nd %udio ec' ensure '% ever(one is on*o%rd wi' 'e loo4 %nd feel of
'e "roducionJ Cre%ive decisions %nd "oeni%l c'%llen,es %re discussed %nd %,reed u"on
*efore ever 'e%din, ino 'e ?eld for s'ooin,J
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 I #%( sound clic'_. *u wor4 (our w%( u"J Le%rn %ll (ou c%n durin, sc'ool %nd in
(our enr(5level "osiionsJ $%nds5on eA"erience is so v%lu%*le %nd c%nno *e re"lic%edJ 0or
so#eone o *eco#e % ,re% "roducer or direcor. I 'in4 'e( need o *e % ,re%
video,r%"'er or edior ?rsJ Television "roducion is % coll%*or%ion. *rin,in, o,e'er so
#%n( di6eren s"eci%liesJ $%vin, %n unders%ndin, of e%c' of 'e# will 'el" (ou evenu%ll(
#%ser oneJ
F21?RE (@33
M% Gri##. Producer
M*tt G)i,, i' * P)oduce) fo) !entuc/y3' P$S 't*tion !ET8 So,e of hi' ()oduction' h*&e *l'o
*i)ed n*tion*lly on P$SJ
CHAPTER :
/reatin- an 3;ective ma-e
ET'ere %re 'ree #%in res"onsi*iliies for 'e c%#er% o"er%or3 0irs is 'e %*ili( o wor4
well wi' o'ersJ Secondl(. (ou #us 4now (our e!ui"#en wellJ T'irdl(. 'e %""lic%ion of
'e o"er%or)s own %lens. "'(sic%l %*ili(. inuiion. %nd "%ienceJF
4artin 1oldstein, Ca9era ;perator
Ter9s
Ani9ation =i9a$e co9position>< T'e video i#%,es s'ould ,ive 'e %udience 'e s%#e
e#oion%l res"onse '% (ou '%d w'ile s'ooin,J
A3is of action line< Also 4nown %s %n Ee(e line.F 'e E8LK line.F or 'e E"rosceniu# line.F
T'is is 'e line %lon, 'e direcion of 'e %cion in % sceneJ I is 'e line '% se"%r%es 'e
Es%,eF fro# 'e %udienceJ C%#er%s s'ould onl( s'oo fro# one side of 'is lineJ
Co9position< Cre%in, %n i#%,e '% is %r%cive or '% c%"ures %nd 4ee"s 'e
%udience)s %enion %nd e6ecivel( co##unic%es 'e "roducion)s #ess%,eJ
Conte3t< M%4in, sure '% 'e conen of 'e i#%,e %llows 'e viewer o unders%nd 'e
su*9ec *eerN co#"osin, 'e s'o in suc' % w%( '% i includes % *%c4,round or
fore,round '% %dds %ddiion%l infor#%ion or coneA o 'e i#%,eJ
Continuit%< M%4in, sure '% 'e s'os will edi o,e'er in 'e ?n%l "roducion o %void
endin, u" wi' % series of s'os '% do no ? o,e'er s#oo'l(J T'is '%""ens es"eci%ll(
ofen w'en re"osiionin, 'e c%#er% o s'oo % re"e%ed scene fro# % di6eren loc%ionJ
Cuta5a% shot< Used o cover edis w'en %n( video se!uence is s'orened or len,'enedJ
Gener%ll( i is % s'o of so#e'in, ouside of 'e curren fr%#eJ
Headroo9< T'e %#oun of s"%ce %*ove 'e 'e%dJ T'is c'%n,es "ro"orion%ll( wi' 'e
len,' of 'e s'o. lessenin, %s 'e s'o i,'ensJ
S%90olis9 =i9a$e>< Cre%in, %n i#%,e '% is #e%nin,ful o 'e viewerJ

A 'e end of 'e d%(. i)s 'ow (ou see 'e worldS'e c%#er%. no #%er 'ow si#"le or
co#"leA. is 9us 'e #e%ns o record (our vision. no 'e "roducer of iJ
W'( do so#e "icures loo4 ver( %r%cive. w'ile 'e e(e "%sses over o'ers disineresedl(1
W'( do so#e dr%w 'e e(e o % s"eci?c su*9ec. w'ile in o'ers we loo4 %round1 E6ecive
i#%,es %re #uc' #ore '%n 9us "re( "icures3 T'e( %re i#%,es '% e6ecivel(
co##unic%e 'e #ood. e#oion. #e%nin,. s(#*olis#. %nd:or coneA needed o
co##unic%e 'e inended #ess%,eJ T'is c'%"er will eA"lore w'% #%4es %n e6ecive
i#%,eJ
,EH28/ THE P2CT?RE
Mos "eo"le 'in4 '% 'e "rocess of cre%in, %n i#%,e is 'e res"onsi*ili( of 'e c%#er%
o"er%orJ 0or 'e sin,le c%#er% o"er%or. '% is l%r,el( rueJ &u in 'e sudio. w'ere 'e
enire environ#en is conrived. 'e ?n%l i#%,e is usu%ll( 'e ouco#e of % co#*in%ion of
di6eren "eo"le)s %lensJ T'e desi,n of 'e sein,. 'e w%( i '%s *een li. %nd 'e %n,le
seleced *( 'e direcor c%n %ll *e conrolled o "rovide 'e %""ro"ri%e condiions for
#%Ai#u# i#"%c on 'e %udienceJ
T'e c%#er% o"er%or)s o""oruniies o cre%e % #e%nin,ful co#"osiion de"ends direcl( on
'e w%( 'e scene '%s *een develo"ed %nd 'ow %cion '%s *een %rr%n,edJ S%nd so#eone
in fron of % B%l( li "l%in *%c4,round. %nd 'e "ros"ecs for ineresin, s'os %re ver(
li#iedJ $owever. si 'e s%#e "erson in % well5desi,ned. %r%civel( li sein,. %nd 'e
c%#er% c%n eA"lore 'e siu%ion. "roducin, e6ecive s'osJ
Persu%sive i#%,es %re 'e resul of successful "l%nnin,J If 'e li,'in, is in%""ro"ri%e. or
'e direcor selecs %n ine6ecive c%#er% "osiion. 'e resul will *e inferior i#%,esS%nd
los o""oruniiesJ
C;4P;S281 THE P2CT?RE
T'e ,o%l of co#"osiion is o cre%e %n i#%,e '% is %r%cive or '% c%"ures %nd 4ee"s
'e %udience)s %enion %nd e6ecivel( co##unic%es 'e "roducion)s #ess%,eJ I is % w%(
of %rr%n,in, "icures so '% 'e viewer is direcl( %r%ced o cer%in fe%ures ;0i,ure DJ8<J
+ou c%n inBuence 'ow viewers res"ond o w'% 'e( %re seein,J T'e i#%,e c%n *e
co#"osed o cre%e %nici"%ion. une%se. %""re'ension. eAcie#en. resful c%l#J T'e #ood
c%n *e %n(w'ere fro# de"ressin, o eAciin,S%nd %n(w'ere in5*eweenJ
F21?RE )@1
W'( *e concerned wi' co#"osin, 'e i#%,e1 T'e un,uided e(e will w%nder %round 'e scene. ?ndin, is own %re%s of
ineresJ
I is %lw%(s e#"in, o devise s'os '% %re diCe)entSs'os '% #%4e 'e e(e so" %nd
wonderJ Wildl( disored "ers"ecives fro# % close wide5%n,le lens. ver(5low5%n,le s'os. or
"icures usin, weird reBecions %re ?ne w'en (ou need 'e# for % dr%#%ic or co#ic e6ecJ
&u eAre#el( unusu%l view"oins don) 9us #%4e % "icure loo4 di6erenN 'e( %lso dr%w
%enion o 'e#selvesJ T'e( #%( disr%c 'e %udience fro# 'e re%l su*9ecJ
Co#"osiion "rinci"les or ErulesF %re re%ll( ,uidesJ Co#"osiion is u" o 'e "erson cre%in,
'e i#%,eJ I is 'is or 'er res"onsi*ili( o cre%e %n i#%,e '% #ees 'e needs of 'e
inended %udienceJ T'% #e%ns '% e6ecive co#"osiion c%n *e r%nsl%ed di6eren w%(s
*%sed on 'e ineress. s(les. %nd %,e of 'e viewersJ
Practical Co9position
C%#er% o"er%ors or direcors c%n %d9us %n i#%,e)s co#"osiion in % nu#*er of w%(s3
Ad4ust framin-( Posiionin, 'e s'o o deli*er%el( include:eAclude "%rs of 'e scene. or
o %ler 'e su*9ecs) "osiion in 'e fr%#eJ
ncrease or decrease the lens an-le of view( T'e lens %n,le of view ;wide %n,le or
ele"'oo< will deer#ine 'ow #uc' of 'e scene %""e%rs in 'e "icure fro# '% view"oinJ
Ad4ust the camera position( As 'e c%#er% #oves u":down or sidew%(s. fore,round
o*9ecs c'%n,e "osiion in 'e fr%#e #ore noice%*l( '%n dis%n onesJ So even sli,'
re%d9us#ens c%n consider%*l( %ler 'e co#"osiion%l rel%ions'i"sJ
/han-e the shot proportions( &( %lerin, 'e lens %n,le. %nd c'%n,in, 'e c%#er%
dis%nce o co#"ens%e. (ou c%n 4ee" 'e s%#e si-e s'o *u %d9us "ro"orions wi'in i
;0i,ure LJ8C<J
The /irector and Co9position
Direcors v%r( on 'ow 'e( de%l wi' co#"osiionJ 0or #%n( "roducions. 'e direcor is so
"reoccu"ied wi' w'% is *ein, s%id %nd wi' "erfor#%nce. coninui(. %nd ec'ni!ues.
'% 'e or s'e does no %rr%n,e 'e s"eci?c co#"osiion of s'osJ Inse%d. 'e direcor
indic%es 'e s'o si-e re!uired ;CU. wo5s'o. ,rou" s'o< %nd le%ves 'e de%ils of lens.
eA%c fr%#in,. %nd so on o 'e c%#er% o"er%orJ
Co9posin$ the Shot
Good co#"osiion does no '%ve o *e diOculJ $owever. i does %4e c%reful "l%nnin, o ,e
'e *es i#%,eJ $ere %re so#e 4e( f%cors used o s'oo i#%,es '% e6ecivel(
co##unic%e 'e #ess%,e of 'e "roducion3
%#m'olism( Does 'e i#%,e '%ve #e%nin, o 'e viewer1 W'en 'e viewer sees 'e
i#%,e. w'% does 'e or s'e i##edi%el( 'in4 of1 Is '% w'% (ou %re r(in, o
co##unic%e1
/onte7t( T'e conen of 'e i#%,e s'ould %llow 'e viewer o unders%nd 'e su*9ec
*eerJ Co#"ose 'e s'o in suc' % w%( '% i includes % *%c4,round or fore,round '%
%dds %ddiion%l infor#%ion or coneA o 'e i#%,e ;0i,ure DJ=<J
Animation( T'e video i#%,es s'ould ,ive 'e %udience 'e s%#e e#oion%l res"onse '%
(ou '%d w'ile s'ooin,J Does 'e i#%,e "orr%( e#oion or #oion in so#e w%(1
F21?RE )@2
Since 'is i#%,e w%s s'o wi'in % #e%nin,ful coneA. 'e viewer 4nows '% i w%s s'o in I%l(J ;P'oo *( S%r%' Owens<
In o'er ("es of "roducion. 'e direcor deli*er%el( ,rou"s %cors o "rovide s"eci?c
co#"osiion%l %rr%n,e#ens for 'e c%#er%Sfor dr%#%ic e6ec. or o direc 'e %udience)s
%enionJ In so#e c%ses. 'e direcor #%( '%ve "re"%red % sor(*o%rd s4ec' ;see C'%"er
P< s'owin, 'e de%iled co#"osiion of cer%in 4e( s'osJ
Co9position Principles
Co#"osiion "rinci"les %re no l%wsJ T'e( %re indic%ions of 'ow "eo"le res"ond o % s"eci?c
desi,n of 'e i#%,eJ T'ese %re i#"or%n. in '% if (ou do no or,%ni-e i#%,es
%""ro"ri%el(. (our %udience #%( re%c *( loo4in, % 'e wron, 'in,s. iner"rein, 'e
"icure in%""ro"ri%el(. or *eco#in, *ored *( un%r%cive s'osJ Co#"osin, s'os is no
9us % #%er of sunnin, i#%,es *u % #e'od of conrollin, 'e coninui( of 'ou,'J
THE EFFECT ;F THE P2CT?RE FRA4E
T'e c%#er% does #uc' #ore '%n 9us E"u % fr%#eF %round % se,#en of 'e sceneJ I
in'erenl( #odi?es w'%ever i s'owsJ &ec%use 'e screen o%ll( isol%es is su*9ecs so
'% 'e viewer c%nno see w'%ever else is '%""enin, ;0i,ure DJ><. %nd *ec%use 'e
resulin, i#%,e is B%. uni!ue rel%ions'i"s develo" wi'in i '% %re no "resen in 'e
%cu%l sceneJ
0ew s'os direcl( "orr%( re%li(J 0or#er UJSJ Presiden Ric'%rd NiAon once s%id '% Ew'ile
% "icure does no lie. i does no necess%ril( ell 'e ru'JF In #%n( c%ses. our own
eA"erience en%*les us o r%ion%li-e %nd iner"re. so '% we #%4e % "re( %ccur%e
%ssess#en of w'% we %re seein,J
Unforun%el(. 'ere is no for#ul% for 'e "erfec i#%,eJ $owever. 'ere %re so#e *%sic
co#"osiion ,uidelines. descri*ed in 'e followin, secionsJ
F21?RE )@3
&ec%use (ou c%n isol%e 'e viewer fro# 'e res of 'e scene. 'e ?rs "'oo loo4s li4e % nor#%l 'ouseJ $owever. 'e
%udience '%s no ide% '% 'e scene is %cu%ll( "%r of % *%c4 lo of % ?l# sudio %nd is "%r of % sounds%,e. %s s'own in
'e second "'ooJ
Fra9in$
+ou c'oose eA%cl( w'% 'e viewer is ,oin, o see3 w'% is o *e included wi'in 'e "icure.
%nd w'% is o *e eAcluded fro# iJ +ou #%( *e selecin, o concenr%e %enion. o %void
disr%cions. or o s'ow #ore su*9ec de%ilJ +ou #i,' even o#i infor#%ion deli*er%el(S
%nd 'en reve%l i in % l%er s'oJ
As %ll "%rs of 'e fr%#e do no '%ve e!u%l "icori%l v%lue. 'e e6ec of 'e i#%,e c'%n,es
de"endin, on w'ere (ou "l%ce 'e #%in su*9ecJ $ow 'e s'o is fr%#ed will no onl( %ler
co#"osiion%l *%l%nce *u c%n %lso inBuence 'e %udience)s iner"re%ion of evensJ
0r%#ed in % cer%in w%(. % wo5s'o #i,' le%d 'e viewer o eA"ec '% so#eone is %*ou
o ener 'e roo#. or '% %n e%vesdro""er is ri,' ouside 'e doorJ
F21?RE )@
T'e ?rs i#%,e '%s oo lile 'e%droo#. 'e second i#%,e '%s oo #uc' 'e%droo#. %nd 'e 'ird one is correcJ ;P'oo *(
7os' T%*er<
$e%droo# ;'e %#oun of s"%ce %*ove 'e 'e%d< c'%n,es "ro"orion%ll( wi' 'e len,' of
'e s'o. lessenin, %s 'e s'o i,'ensJ In % #ulic%#er% "roducion. 'e 'e%droo# c%n
v%r( consider%*l( *eween di6eren c%#er%sJ So i is i#"or%n for 'e direcor o c'ec4 '%
co#"%r%*le s'os #%c' ;0i,ure DJI<J
One of 'e "ro*le#s wi' #oniors %cross 'e world is '% 'e( %re no %ll 'e s%#e si-eJ
Di6eren #%nuf%curer)s ec'nolo,ies di6er %nd 'e i#%,es on 'e #oniors so#ei#es drif
wi' %,eJ Wi' '% in #ind. i is i#"or%n '% 'e %udience does no #iss %n( i#"or%n
de%ils. suc' %s ilesJ Alw%(s co#"ose 'e s'o so '% ever('in, esseni%l ?s ino 'e
Es%fe %re%F s'own in 0i,ure DJPJ T'e s%fe %re% s'ould include %ll ,r%"'ics %nd video i#%,es
'% %re esseni%l for 'e viewersJ
F)*,ing the i,*ge wi'in 'e video screen is % fr%#in, ,uidelineJ 0r%#in, occurs w'en 'e
c%#er% o"er%or selecs so#e'in, '% will %""e%r in 'e fore,round. cre%in, % fr%#e
#%de of % fence. % *uildin,. % window or doorw%(. % ree. %nd so onJ T'e fr%#e o*9ec #us
no disr%c 'e viewin, %udience fro# 'e "ri#%r( su*9ec on 'e screen ;0i,ure DJC<J
Pictorial ,alance
Good c%#er% o"er%ors %nd direcors srive for *%l%nced co#"osiion3 no 'e e!u%l *%l%nce
of for#%l s(##er(. %s '% c%n *e *orin,. *u %n i#%,e wi' e!uili*riu#J
F21?RE )@!
T'e "icure ed,es %re so#ei#es los on 'e screen due o di6eren si-es of #oniors %nd 'e %,in, of #oniorsJ To ensure
'% no i#"or%n %cion. or ilin, is los. 4ee" i wi'in 'e *orders s'ownJ
F21?RE )@&
0r%#in, 'e i#%,e c%n %4e "l%ce #%n( di6eren w%(s3 windows. rees. fore,round o*9ecs. %nd so onJ ;L%#* "'oo *(
S%r%' Owens<
Fra9in$ People
Don) le 'e fr%#e cu "eo"le % n%ur%l 9oinsN iner#edi%e "oins %re #uc' #ore
%r%cive ;0i,ure DJQ<J
Avoid '%vin, "eo"le see# o le%n or si on 'e ed,e of 'e "icureJ
If 'e s'o is fr%#ed oo close o con%in 'e su*9ec)s #oion. 'e su*9ec will 4ee" #ovin,
in %nd ou of 'e "icureJ T'e resul is ver( disconcerin, %nd disr%cin, ;0i,ure DJL<J
F21?RE )@'
Avoid fr%#in, "eo"le % n%ur%l 9oinsJ I loo4s #ore n%ur%l o ,o %*ove or *elow *ends of 'e *od(J
F21?RE )@(
If s'ooin, oo close. 'e c%#er% o"er%or #%( no *e %*le o 4ee" u" wi' 'e #ove#en of 'e su*9ecJ ;P'oo *( 7os'
T%*er<
&%l%nce in %n i#%,e is %6eced *(3
T'e si-e of % su*9ec wi'in 'e fr%#e
Is one
Is "osiion wi'in 'e fr%#e
T'e rel%ions'i"s of 'e su*9ecs in 'e s'o
A *%l%nced "icure uni?es 'e su*9ecs wi'in % s'oJ Al'ou,' i#%,es c%n *e deli*er%el(
%rr%n,ed so '% 'e( %re un*%l%nced o cre%e % d(n%#ic ension. #%4e sure 'is is done
s"%rin,l(J &%l%nced %rr%n,e#ens do no '%ve o *e s%icJ S'os c%n *e coninu%ll(
re%d9used o *%l%nce 'e i#%,e *( #ovin, % "erson. %lerin, 'e fr%#in,. %nd so onJ T'is
re%d9us#en %llows (ou o redirec %enion o % di6eren su*9ec. or o %ler 'e "icure)s
i#"%cJ &%l%nce is % ver( su*9ecive e6ecJ +ou c%nno #e%sure iJ &u 'ere %re % nu#*er of
useful ,uidin, "rinci"les3
W'ile "osiionin, 'e o*9ec in 'e cener of 'e fr%#e is o4%( %nd s%fe. i c%n *e ver( dull
o w%c' ;0i,ure DJD<J
A su*9ec or o*9ec on one side of 'e fr%#e usu%ll( re!uires so#e ("e of couner5
*%l%ncin, in 'e re#%inder of 'e s'oJ T'is c%n *e %n e!u%l o""osie #%ss. ,ivin,
s(##eric%l *%l%nce. or % series of s#%ller %re%s '% o,e'er couner*%l%nce 'e %re%
;0i,ure DJ8K<J
Tone si,ni?c%nl( inBuences visu%l wei,'J
D%r4er5oned su*9ecs loo4 'e%vier %nd s#%ller '%n li,'5oned su*9ecsJ
A s#%ll d%r4er %re%. sli,'l( o6se. c%n *%l%nce % l%r,er li,'5oned one fur'er fro# 'e
"icure)s cenerJ
D%r4er ones ow%rd 'e o" of 'e fr%#e "roduce % sron, downw%rd 'rusSo"5
'e%viness. or % de"ressed closed5in e6ecJ A 'e *oo# of 'e fr%#e. 'e( inroduce
s%*ili( %nd solidi( ;0i,ure DJ88<J
F21?RE )@)
Left; T'e su*9ec is cenered. c%usin, 'e su*9ec o *e un*%l%nced %nd 'us % *i *orin, for 'e viewerJ Right; &( #ovin,
'e su*9ec sli,'l( o 'e lef. or "%nnin, 'e c%#er% o 'e ri,'. 'e su*9ec '%s #ore roo# o %l4 %nd 'e i#%,e '%s
#ore scene de"' %nd i#%,e *%l%nceJ
F21?RE )@1*
A ,rou" '% would loo4 lo"5sided %nd un*%l%nce 'e "icure ;A< c%n *e couner*%l%nced *( %no'er #%ss in %no'er "%r of
'e screen ;&<J If cenered ;C<. 'e "icure is *%l%nced. even wi'ou o'er su*9ecs. *u coninu%l cenerin, ,es
#onoonousJ Di6eren5si-ed #%sses c%n *%l%nce e%c' o'er. *u %4e c%re no o s"li 'e %udience)s %enion ;D<J
Peo"le)s e(es %re %lw%(s dr%wn o 'e *ri,'es %re% of 'e i#%,eJ T'% #e%ns '% 'e
%udience c%n *e old w'ere o loo4 *( #%4in, '% %re% % lile *ri,'er ;0i,ure DJ8=<J
Re,ul%rl( s'%"ed su*9ecs '%ve ,re%er visu%l wei,' '%n irre,ul%r onesJ
W%r#er colors ;red. or%n,e< %""e%r 'e%vier '%n cooler ones ;*lue. ,reen<N *ri,'
;s%ur%ed< 'ues loo4 'e%vier '%n des%ur%ed or d%r4er onesJ
T'ere %re #%n( w%(s o c'%n,e 'e *%l%nce %nd e#"'%sis in %n i#%,e3
C'%n,e 'e lens ;-oo# in or ou<
Ad9us 'e %"erure o %d9us 'e focus ;de"' of ?eld<
Aler 'e c%#er% "osiion. w'ic' %lso #%( re!uire c'%n,in, 'e lens ;-oo#<
Move or %d9us 'e su*9ecs
C'%n,e 'e c%#er% 'ei,'
Ad9us 'e li,'in,
?nit% =;rder>
W'en 'e co#"osiion of % s'o is uni?ed. %ll is co#"onens %""e%r o ? o,e'er %nd for#
"%r of % co#"lee "%ern ;0i,ure DJ8><J Wi'ou uni(. one '%s 'e i#"ression of
r%ndo#ness. of ie#s *ein, sc%ered %round 'e fr%#eJ
"isual Patterns
T'e e(e is %r%ced o % v%rie( of "%ernsJ A sole#n. !uie #ood is suied *( slow.
s#oo'5Bowin, linesN % r%"id. s"i4( s%cc%o would #%c' %n eAciin,. dr%#%ic siu%ion
;0i,ures DJ8I. DJ8P. %nd DJ8C<J
F21?RE )@11
D%r4er %re%s % 'e *oo# of % "icure "ro9ec s%*ili( %nd solidi(J
F21?RE )@12
Noe '% (our e(e is %lw%(s dr%wn o 'e *ri,'es s"o in 'e "'ooJ
F21?RE )@13
&( sli,'l( #ovin, 'e %len %nd:or c'%n,in, 'e c%#er%)s "osiion. 'e se"%r%ed "eo"le in 'e i#%,e on 'e lef *ec%#e
#ore of % uni?ed su*9ec. %s s'own on 'e ri,'J
F21?RE )@1
$ori-on%l %nd curved lines "rovide % feelin, of res. leisure. *e%u(. %nd:or !uieJ
F21?RE )@1!
/eric%l lines ,ive % feelin, of sren,' %nd di,ni(J
F21?RE )@1&
D(n%#ic ;di%,on%l< lines "rovide % feelin, of s"eed. vi%li(. eAcie#en. or dr%#%J
Lines c%n cre%e s"eci?c feelin,s3
$ori-on%l lines c%n "orr%( c%l# %nd r%n!uili(J
/eric%l lines s'ow sren,' %nd di,ni(J
Di%,on%l lines c%n s'ow #ove#en %nd s"eedJ
Curved lines c%n "orr%( sereni(J
Conver,in, lines s'ow de"'J
+eadin$ +ines
Le%din, lines occur w'en 'e lines wi'in 'e i#%,e le%d 'e viewer)s e(es o w'%ever 'e
direcor w%ns 'e# o loo4 %J T'e e(es n%ur%ll( follow 'e lines o 'e su*9ec % 'e
conver,ence "oin ;0i,ure DJ8Q<J
Rule of Thirds
If 'e screen is divided ino even "ro"orions ;'%lves. !u%rers<. ei'er veric%ll( or
'ori-on%ll(. 'e resul is ,ener%ll( "re( *orin,J 0or eA%#"le. % 'ori-on loc%ed eA%cl(
'%lfw%( u" 'e fr%#e s'ould *e %voidedJ
T'e )ule of thi)d' is % useful %id o co#"osin, 'e "icureJ Divide 'e screen ino 'irds *o'
'ori-on%ll( %nd veric%ll( ;0i,ure DJ8L<J T'e #%in su*9ec s'ould *e on one of 'ose lines. or
ide%ll(. on 'e inersecion of wo of 'e linesJ T'e rule of 'irds su,,ess '% 'e #%in
su*9ec s'ould no *e in 'e #iddle of 'e i#%,e ;0i,ures DJ8D. DJ=K. %nd DJ=8<J Inse%d. i
s'ould *e "l%ced *efore or %fer 'e cener of 'e i#%,e. de"endin, on 'e e6ec 'e
direcor would li4eJ Kee" in #ind '% 'e rule is #erel( % ,uidelineSso#ei#es i #%( *e
closer o % ?f' or so#ew'ere in5*eweenJ Good c%#er% o"er%ors insincivel( co#"ose
s'os wi' 'ese fe%ures % 'e *%c4 of 'eir #indJ
F21?RE )@1'
Conver,in, le%din, lines "orr%( de"' in 'is i#%,eJ
Conte3t
&( "rovidin, coneAu%l infor#%ion wi'in 'e i#%,e. 'e %udience will *eer unders%nd
'e su*9ec *eerJ 0or eA%#"le. coneA c%n include % *%c4,round '% s'ows w'ere 'e
even is %4in, "l%ce or so#e ools '% 'el" 'e %udience re%li-e w'% 'e "erson)s 9o* is or
w'% 'e( %re doin,J ConeA "rovides visu%l cues o 'e %udience '% do no need o *e
scri"edJ ;0i,ure DJ==<
F21?RE )@1(
T'e rule of 'irds su,,ess '% 'e #%in su*9ec s'ould no *e in 'e eA%c cener of 'e i#%,eJ ;P'oo *( S%r%' Owens<
F21?RE )@1)
W'ile "l%cin, 'e #%in su*9ec in 'e eA%c cener of 'e i#%,e %llows for#%l *%l%nce. i c%n *e *orin,J &( "l%cin, 'e
su*9ec sli,'l( o 'e lef or ri,' of 'e fr%#e)s cenerline. 'e i#%,e *eco#es #ore d(n%#icJ ;P'oo *( C'%d Crouc'<
F21?RE )@2*
W'en s'ooin, % #ovin, su*9ec. i is i#"or%n o "u s"%ce *efore or %fer i. "rovidin, su*le #e%nin, %nd *%l%nceJ
I#%,e ;A< s'ows 'e su*9ec in 'e cener. w'ic' l%c4s #e%nin,J &( #ovin,. "uin, s"%ce in fron of 'e su*9ec ;&<. i
loo4s %s 'ou,' 'e su*9ec is ,oin, so#ew'ereJ Pl%cin, s"%ce *e'ind 'e su*9ec ;C< #%4es 'e %udience *elieve 'e or
s'e is co#in, fro# so#ew'ere. or *ein, followedJ
F21?RE )@21
W'en % su*9ec #oves. i s'ould *e 4e" sli,'l( *e'ind 'e cener of 'e fr%#e ;'e red line<J T'e %#oun of o6se s'ould
incre%se %s 'e s"eed incre%sesJ
F21?RE )@22
T'e *uildin,s in 'e *%c4,round ,ive coneA o 'e i#%,eJ T'e( "rovide %ddiion%l infor#%ion o 'el" 'e %udience
unders%nd #ore %*ou 'e individu%lJ ;P'oo *( L(nn Owens<
Scale
We 9ud,e 'ow l%r,e or s#%ll % 'in, is *( co#"%rin, is si-e %nd "ro"orions wi' f%#ili%r
ie#s '% we reco,ni-e in 'e "icureJ Wi'ou % co#"%r%ive sc%le. we c%n onl( ,uessJ A
?n,er #oves ino s'o. %nd we re%li-e '% % c'%ir we %re loo4in, % is % s4illfull( #%de
#ini%ureJ T'e e(e is e%sil( fooled. %s (ou c%n see in 0i,ure DJ=>J
Pers"ecive lines c%n inBuence our i#"ression of sc%le %nd rel%ive si-eJ A,%in. %l'ou,'
'ere is no rel%ions'i" *eween s'o si-e %nd 'e si-e of 'e su*9ec. we ofen %ssu#e w'en
%n unf%#ili%r su*9ec ?lls #os of 'e fr%#e '% i is l%r,er '%n i re%ll( isJ
Su0Hect Pro9inence
A su*9ec)s surroundin,s '%ve % consider%*le inBuence on our %iude ow%rd iJ Consider
'e di6erence *eween % coin i#"osin,l( dis"l%(ed on % velve cus'ion %nd one 'e%"ed wi'
o'ers in % rus( 9un4 *oAJ De"endin, on 'ow (ou "resen % su*9ec. i c%n %""e%r i#"or%n
or rivi%lJ I c%n loo4 "owerful or we%4N ineresin, or inciden%lJ I c%n even *e overloo4ed
%lo,e'erY ;See 0i,ure DJ=IJ<
Isol%ion ,ives % su*9ec e#"'%sisJ +ou c%n cre%e 'is e#"'%sis in #%n( w%(s3
&( conr%sin, ones
&( 'e c%#er% 'ei,'
F21?RE )@23
If s'ooin, so#e'in, unusu%ll( s#%ll or l%r,e. s'ow i neA o so#e'in, '% 'e %udience is f%#ili%r wi' so '% 'e
%udience c%n unders%nd '% si-eJ
F21?RE )@2
Si#"lif( 'e *%c4,roundJ T'e ?rs "'oo s'ows %n %ir"l%ne in fron of % s'i"S'e %ir"l%ne is diOcul o seeJ &( s'ooin, 'e
"l%ne wi' % si#"le *%c4,round. 'e %udience is dr%wn o 'e %ir"l%neJ ;P'oos *( S%r%' Owens<
&( 'e co#"osiion of 'e "icure ;0i,ure DJ=P<
&( 'e su*9ec)s "osiion %nd si-e rel%ive o is surroundin,s
&( usin, *%c4,round "%ern or for# o #%4e 'e su*9ec loo4 #ore "ro#inen ;0i,ure
DJ=C<
29pressions of the Su0Hect
$ow %len is s'own *( 'e c%#er% c%n #odif( 'is or 'er onscreen sren,' %s undersood
*( 'e viewerSw'e'er 'e "erson loo4s forceful. sc%red. or su*#issiveJ T'e su*9ec)s
,ener%l "osure is si,ni?c%n. ooJ We%4 %iudes include side or re%r views. l(in, down.
loo4in, down. *owed. soo"in,. cl%s"ed '%nds. %nd slow #ove#ensJ Sron, %iudes
include fron%l view. u"iled 'e%d. '%nds clenc'ed. s%#"in, fee. %nd f%s #ove#enJ
C%#er% re%#en c%n '%ve % consider%*le inBuence on our re%cions o % su*9ecJ S'ooin,
% r%nin, dic%or in % 'i,'5%n,le lon, s'o would #%4e 'is or 'er ,esures %""e%r fuile.
we%4. %nd ine6eciveJ $owever. % low5%n,le #id5s'o would ,ive 'i# or 'er % "owerfull(
dr%#%ic force ;0i,ure DJ=Q<J
W'en (ou use % sron, c%#er% re%#en on % we%4 c'%r%cer. (ou %cu%ll( sren,'en 'i#
or 'erJ 0or eA%#"le. %n elderl( wo#%n #%4in, we%4 su*#issive ,esures could see# o
'%ve % di,ni( %nd %n inner sren,' %,%ins %dversi( w'en s'o fro# % low view"oinJ
Co9position and Color
T'e s'%des of color in %n i#%,e c%n si,ni?c%nl( i#"%c 'e viewer3 color %nd e#oion %re
ineAric%*l( inerlin4edJ I is i#"or%n o 'in4 %*ou color %s i#%,es %re co#"osed.
,r%"'ics cre%ed. %nd ses desi,nedJ $ere %re % few eA%#"les ;0i,ure DJ=L<3
RedSw%r#'. %n,er. eAcie#en. "ower. sren,'
GreenSs"rin,. #%c%*re. fres'ness
+ellowSsunli,'. re%c'er(. *rilli%nce
W'ieSsnow. delic%c(. "uri(. cold
F21?RE )@2!
W'ile 'e ree is *e%uiful. 'e "or%*le resroo#s in 'e *%c4,round disr%c 'e %udienceJ &( si#"l( #ovin, 'e c%#er%
o %no'er %n,le. 'e %enion is dr%wn *%c4 o 'e reeJ
F21?RE )@2&
Left; &( isol%in, 'e "in. %ll %enion is dr%wn o iJ Right; Even 'ou,' 'e "in is sill "ro#inen. 'e coins %re disr%cin,
o 'e %udienceJ
F21?RE )@2'
T'e low5%n,le s'o of 'is 'orse #%4es i loo4 incredi*l( sron, %nd "owerfulJ ;P'oo *( S%r%' Owens<
F21?RE )@2(
W'ie %nd *lue %re ,ener%ll( %ssoci%ed wi' coldnessJ /iewers %4e '% sereo("e wi' 'e# w'en viewin, o'er i#%,es
'% %re w'ie %nd *lue. %llowin, 'e direcor o #%ni"ul%e % s'o so '% 'e %udience re%cs 'e w%( 'e or s'e w%ns
'e# o re%cJ
Co9position and 4otion
Co#"osiion '% %""e%rs so forceful in % Efro-en #o#enF sill "'oo,r%"' ofen ,oes
unnoiced durin, #oionJ 0or eA%#"le. % "'oo,r%"' of % 'orse le%"in, % fence c%n loo4
d(n%#ic. sron,. %nd ,r%cefulJ $owever. % #ovin, i#%,e of 'e s%#e %cion #%( see#
!uie co##on"l%ce %nd uneAciin,J
A sill "'oo,r%"' seldo# 'olds 'e %enion for lon,N 'e #ovin, "icure o6ers coninued
ineresJ Move#en %r%csJ T'rou,' c'%n,e. 'e direcor c%n inroduce v%rie( ino 'e
i#%,e. 'oldin, 'e %udience)s %enion on 'e c'osen su*9ecJ C'%n,es en%*le % direcor
o3
Aler % su*9ec)s "ro#inence
Redirec 'e viewer)s %enion
Add or re#ove infor#%ion %s 'e %udience w%c'es
Tr%nsfor# 'e #ood of 'e scene
S'ow #ove#en. ,row'. %nd develo"#en
T'is *rief lis re#inds us of 'e "oeni%l "ersu%sive "ower of 'e #ovin, i#%,eJ
T'e sill "'oo,r%"' %llows viewers freedo# o scruini-e %nd %ssessN 'e #ovin, i#%,e
ofen ,ives 'e# i#e o ,r%s" onl( 'e esseni%ls. *efore i is re"l%ced *( 'e neAS
"%ricul%rl( if %cion is f%s or *riefJ
If 'e infor#%ion in % succession of i#%,es is o*vious. si#"le. or f%#ili%r o 'e %udience.
c'%n,es c%n *e r%"idJ ;An infor#ed %udience #%( %cu%ll( ?nd 'e f%s "%ce eAciin, %s
'e( r%"idl( %ssess e%c' new s'oJ< $owever. if 'e "%ce is oo f%s for 'e %udience. 'e(
%re li4el( o ,e frusr%ed %s e%c' s'o dis%""e%rs *efore 'e( '%ve ?nis'ed loo4in, % iJ In
'e lon, run. 'eir %enion %nd ineres will deerior%eJ
Move#en c%n *e d(n%#ic %nd si#ul%in,Sor confusin, %nd irin,J I de"ends on 'e
su*9ec. %nd on (our %udienceJ
A Theor% of /%na9ic Co9position
In d%il( life. we coninu%ll( #%4e ver( su*9ecive 9ud,#ens %s we %ssess 'e #ove#ens
%nd s"eed of 'in,s %round usJ As we drive 'rou,' B%. fe%ureless counr(. we feel '% 'e
c%r is r%velin, % % #uc' slower s"eed '%n 'e s"eedo#eer s'owsJ Drivin, %lon, % ree5
lined ro%d. 'e reverse '%""ens. %nd we end o overesi#%e s"eed ;0i,ure DJ=D<J
W%c'in, #ovin, "icures. we c%rr( over 'ese %r*ir%r( iner"re%ionsJ We c%nno see
s"eed %nd #ove#en in 'e "icureN we c%n onl( #%4e iner"re%ions fro# 'e clues '%
%re "resen in 'e sceneJ A,%ins % "l%in w'ie s4(. % f%s5#ovin, %ircr%f %""e%rs s%ion%r(J
W'en we see 'e l%ndsc%"e *ene%' sre%4in, "%s. we '%ve %n i#"ression of s"eed ;0i,ure
DJ>K<J
/irection and Speed
F21?RE )@2)
Direcion %nd e6ecive s"eed3
=A> T%len #ovin, %cross 'e screen !uic4l( "%sses ou of 'e s'oJ
=,> Di%,on%l #oves %re #ore ineresin, ;%nd %4e lon,er<J
=C> Moves ow%rd ;or %w%( fro#< 'e c%#er% %re sus%ined 'e lon,esJ $owever. 'e( #%(
%4e oo lon,J
$ere %re % few ("ic%l w%(s in w'ic' we re%c o #ove#en in %n i#%,e3
3;ort( Slower s"eeds c%n su,,es e6or. or '% #oion is diOcul. es"eci%ll( if i is
%cco#"%nied *( sounds '% %re si#il%rl( %ssoci%ed ;low5"ic'ed. forceful. "ercussive<J &(
re"l%(in, % nor#%l %cion in slow #oion. 'e i#"ression of e6or involved c%n *e incre%sedJ
We %lso iner"re 'e %#oun of e6or. fro# si,ns of sr%in. ension. sli""in,. %nd so on.
even w'en 'ese '%ve *een f%4edJ
Relative speeds( We %ssess 'e s"eed % w'ic' so#eone is runnin, ow%rd us *( 'e r%e
% w'ic' 'is or 'er i#%,e si-e ,rowsJ ;S'o wi' % lon, ele"'oo lens. 'is incre%se is slow.
so we lose our sense of s"eedJ<
1ravit#( Al'ou,' ,r%vi( is irrelev%n. we su*consciousl( %ssoci%e #ove#en %nd "osiion
wi'in 'e fr%#e wi' ,r%vi%ion%l forcesJ So#e'in, #ovin, fro# o" o *oo# %""e%rs o
*e #ovin, downw%rds. sin4in,. f%llin,. or coll%"sin,J Movin, fro# *oo# o o" of 'e s'o.
i is risin, %,%ins ,r%vi(. Bo%in,. or cli#*in,J
Fi7ation point( T'e visu%l i#"%c of #ove#en c%n de"end on w'ere we '%""en o ?A our
%enionJ Loo4in, s4(w%rd. we see #ovin, clouds %nd s%ic *uildin,sSor s%ic clouds %nd
o""lin, *uildin,sJ
%tren-th( So#e'in, '% is l%r,e in 'e fr%#e %nd is #ovin, ow%rd 'e c%#er% %""e%rs o
,row sron,er %nd #ore 're%enin,J Seen fro# % side view"oin. 'e s%#e %cion ;eJ,J. %
ruc4 *%c4in, u"< c%n see# !uie inciden%lJ
F21?RE )@3*
Seein, '% 'e *%c4,round is *lurrin, *(. 'e viewer unders%nds '% 'e c%rniv%l rider is ,oin, f%sJ
F21?RE )@31
T'e direcion of 'e slo"e c%n %ler %n i#%,e)s %r%civeness o 'e viewerJ T'e lef5o5ri,' version '%s % endenc( o *e
#ore ineresin, '%n % ri,'5o5lef versionJ
?sin$ /%na9ic Co9position
D(n%#ic co#"osiion is used *( 'e #edi% d%il(J So#e widel( %cce"ed wor4in, "rinci"les
'%ve e#er,ed3
0irection of movement( Li4e veric%l lines. veric%l #ove#en is sron,er '%n 'ori-on%lJ
A lef5o5ri,' #ove is sron,er '%n % ri,'5o5lef %cion ;0i,ure DJ>8<J
A risin, %cion is sron,er '%n % downw%rd oneJ 0or eA%#"le. % rise fro# % se%ed "osiion
'%s ,re%er %r%cion '%n % downw%rd siin, #ove#enJ
An u"w%rd #ove ,ener%ll( loo4s f%ser '%n % 'ori-on%l oneJ
F21?RE )@32
Di%,on%l #ove#en is 'e #os d(n%#ic #ove#en direcionJ
0ia-onal movement( Li4e di%,on%l lines. 'is is 'e #os d(n%#ic #ove#en direcion
;0i,ure DJ>=<J
Movement toward the camera( All forw%rd ,esures or #ove#ens %re #ore "owerful
'%n recessive %cion %w%( fro# 'e c%#er%3 % ,l%nce. % urned 'e%d. % "oinin, '%ndJ
Si#il%rl(. % s'o #ovin, ow%rd % su*9ec ;doll(:-oo#5in< %rouses ,re%er ineres '%n one
wi'dr%win, fro# i ;doll( *%c4:-oo#5ouN 0i,ure DJ>><J
F21?RE )@33
Move#ens ow%rd 'e c%#er% %re usu%ll( #ore "owerful '%n #ove#ens %w%( fro# 'e c%#er%J
F21?RE )@3
Crossin, 'e line3 &( #ovin, 'e c%#er% %cross 'e line of %cion 'e direcion of 'e w%l4 %""e%rs o c'%n,e. confusin, 'e
%udienceJ ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er<
/ontinuit# of movement( A #ovin, su*9ec %r%cs %enion #ore re%dil( '%n % s%ic
one. *u coninuous #ove#en % cons%n s"eed does no #%in%in #%Ai#u# ineresJ
W'en %cion is #o#en%ril( inerru"ed or c'%n,es direcion. 'e i#"%c is ,re%er '%n one
c%rried sr%i,' 'rou,'J Conver,in, #ove#ens %re usu%ll( #ore forceful '%n eA"%ndin,
onesJ
Crossin$ the +ine
C%#er% %n,les c%n e%sil( confuse 'e %udience)s sense of direcion %nd 'eir i#"ression of
s"%i%l rel%ions'i"s if c%re is no %4en w'en selecin, c%#er% "osiionsJ 0or eA%#"le.
durin, % *%s4e*%ll ,%#e. if c%#er%s %re "l%ced on *o' sides of 'e cour. i is confusin, o
see % "l%(er runnin, ow%rd 'e lef side of 'e screen %nd 'en. w'en 'e direcor cus o
'e c%#er% on 'e o'er side of 'e cour. o see 'e "l%(er runnin, ow%rd 'e ri,' side of
'e screenJ
To %void 'is '%""enin,. dr%w %n i#%,in%r( line %lon, 'e direcion of 'e %cion ;c%lled
'e *ction line. *9i' of *ction. oreye line<. %s s'own in 0i,ure DJ>IJ T'en *e c%reful '% 'e
c%#er%s s'oo fro# onl( one side of 'is lineS5,ener%ll( i is no crossedJ I is "ossi*le o
doll( %cross 'e line. s'oo %lon, i. or c'%n,e is direcion *( re,rou"in, "eo"le. *u cuin,
*eween c%#er%s on *o' sides of 'is i#%,in%r( line "roduces % )e&e)'e cut or 7u,(
cut ;0i,ure DJ>P<J
A8T2C2PAT281 E/2T281
I is ver( i#"or%n o 'in4 %*ou 'e ediin, "rocess w'en s'ooin,J If "ro"er "re"roducion
"l%nnin, '%s %4en "l%ce. 'e direcor %nd c%#er% o"er%or s'ould '%ve % ,ood ide% of 'ow
'e s'os s'ould *e cre%edJ
F21?RE )@3!
T'e line of %cion3 S'os c%n *e cu *eween c%#er%s loc%ed on 'e s%#e side of 'e i#%,in%r( line of %cionS*eween 8
%nd =. or > %nd IJ Cuin, *eween c%#er%s on o""osie sides of 'is line could c%use % 9u#" cu ;8 %nd >. 8 %nd I. = %nd
>. = %nd I<J ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er<
Continuit%
Ever( i#e 'e c%#er% is se u" o %4e 'e neA %cion s'o. 'in4 %*ou fuure ediin,J
O'erwise. i is "ossi*le o end u" wi' % series of s'os '% do no ? o,e'er s#oo'l(J
T'is '%""ens ofen w'en re"osiionin, 'e c%#er% o s'oo % re"e%ed scene fro# %
di6eren loc%ionJ
T'e #os fre!uen "ro*le#s %re3
P%r of 'e %cion is #issin,J
T'e %cion s'o fro# %no'er %n,le does no #%c' '% fro# % "revious s'o of 'e
su*9ecJ
T'e direcion of 'e %cion '%s c'%n,ed *eween successive s'osJ
T'e s'o si-es %re oo si#il%r or oo eAre#eJ
Acion le%ves 'e fr%#e. %nd re5eners i on 'e s%#e sideJ
Successive s'os s'ow coninui( di6erences. suc' %s wi' %nd wi'ou e(e,l%sses.
di6eren %iudes:eA"ressions. or di6eren clo'in,J
29provin$ Editin$ Fle3i0ilit%
W'en s'ooin,. ediin, BeAi*ili( c%n 'el" in v%rious w%(sJ
A/OID &RIE0 S$OTS
Alw%(s record 'e *e,innin, %nd end of 'e %cion. o %llow ediin, BeAi*ili(J Do no w%i
o record unil 'e ins%n 'e %cion s%rsJ EAr% foo%,e on e%c' side of 'e %cion. %lso
4nown %s he*d' or t*il'. will ,ive 'e edior 'e o""oruni( o uili-e dissolves. f%des. %nd
%llow 'i# or 'er o ri# 'e foo%,e in %n o"i#%l w%(J
W'ere "ossi*le. s%r %nd ?nis' % lon, "%nnin, s'o wi' % sill s'oJ
E4TRA EDITING MATERIAL "SALL. CALLED D$E ROLL%
Alw%(s s'oo so#e cut*0*y' s'owin, 'e surroundin,s. ,ener%l scene. *(s%nders)
re%cions. %nd so onJ
Deer#ine w'e'er s"eci?c re%cion s'os would *e %""ro"ri%eJ
I is so#ei#es 'el"ful o s'oo 'e s%#e scene % % leisurel( "%ce %nd % % f%ser "%ce
;slow "%n %nd f%ser "%n< o %llow ediin, BeAi*ili(J
FALT. TA!ES
Do no record over %n unsuccessful s'oJ P%rs of i #%( *e us%*le durin, 'e ediin,
"rocessJ
If %n %cion se!uence ,oes wron,. i is so#ei#es *eer o re%4e i enirel(J A o'er
i#es. 9us c'%n,e 'e c%#er% %n,le ;or s'o si-e<. %nd re%4e 'e %cion fro# 9us *efore
'e error w%s #%de ;c%lled % (ic/u( 'hot<J
ESTA$LISHING SHOTS
Alw%(s *e,in s'ooin, wi' % wide s'o or lon, s'o of 'e scene ;c%lled %n e't*5li'hing
'hot<. even if i is no used evenu%ll(J T'is s'o %llows 'e edior o unders%nd 'e
"l%ce#en of 'e o'er s'osJ
Consider %4in, % lon, s'o ;co&e) 'hot or ,*'te) 'hot< of %ll of 'e %cion in % scene. 'en
re"e% 'e %cion w'ile %4in, closer s'osJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'en de%lin, wi' co#"osiion. w'% %re 'e 'ree 4e( f%cors. %nd 'ow do 'e( i#"%c
'e ?n%l i#%,e1
2@ W'( is co#"osiion i#"or%n1
3@ W'% %re wo co##on f%uls w'ile s'ooin,1
@ $ow c%n s'ooin, i#"rove 'e ediin, "rocess1
!@ W'% %re so#e of 'e "r%cic%l w%(s o %d9us co#"osiion1
&@ $ow is *%l%nce in %n i#%,e %6eced *( 'e su*9ec1
'@ /isu%l "%erns c%n si,ni?c%nl( %6ec 'e i#%,eJ Give 'ree eA%#"les %nd eA"l%in 'eir
i#"%cJ
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< EE2TH ,R;68
6hat do %ou li-e a0out shootin$7 T'e c%#er% is % ool '% %llows #e o *e % sor(ellerJ
W'e'er % conce" '%s % sor(*o%rd or si#"le noes on % n%"4in. i)s 'e %r of urnin, '%
conce" ino so#e'in, '% conve(s % visu%l #ess%,eJ I co#es 'rou,' "revisu%li-%ion.
coll%*or%ion wi' o'er crew #e#*ers. %nd decidin, 'ow o #%ni"ul%e 'e c%#er% o ell
'% sor(J W'% foc%l len,' will *es illusr%e 'is "oin. 'ow does de"' of ?eld conri*ue
or disr%c. w'% do I include or eAclude fro# 'e fr%#e1
I)s 'e %r of %llowin, viewers o eA"erience 'e feelin,s I '%d % '% "%ricul%r #o#en.
s'owin, 'e# #ore '%n 9us w'% 'e eA"erience w%s f%cu%ll(J
I)s 'e c'%llen,e of eliciin, 'e s%#e e#oion%l res"onse o %n even or sor( '% I '%d %s
'e c%#er% o"er%orJ
T'ere)s %lso 'e 9o( of 'e uneA"eced #o#en w'en li,'. su*9ec. %nd #ove#en
co#*ined wi' fr%#in,. lens selecion. cre%ive use of w'ie *%l%nce. %nd *ein, in 'e ri,'
"l%ce % 'e ri,' i#e %ll co#e o,e'er o cre%e so#e'in, #%,ic%lJ
Ho5 do %ou decide 5hat ca9era to purchase7 I)s no 'e c%#er% '% cre%es %
!u%li( i#%,e i)s 'e "erson *e'ind 'e c%#er%. w'e'er i)s % video or DSLR ri,J Wi' '%
s%id 'ere %re cer%in 'in,s I loo4 for in % c%#er%J
I do % lo of overse%s r%vel wi' li#ied crew so % s#%ll c%#er% "%c4%,e is esseni%lJ I use %
s#%ll c%#er% wi' #%e *oA %nd % *%sic ?ler "%c4%,e of U/. "ol%ri-er. ,r%du%ed NDs. %nd
% few ,r%du%ed colorsJ
6hat are the features that %ou 0elieve are essential for professional production7
2u%li(3 2u%li( c%#er% wor4. li,'in,. %udio. scri"in, w'en %""lic%*leJ
A co#"lee unders%ndin, of 'e "roducionJ
W'%)s 'e %,e ,rou"1 T'is 'el"s deer#ine 'e s(le %nd %""ro%c' of (our "resen%ionJ
$ow f%#ili%r %re 'e( wi' 'e o"ic1 T'is #i,' deer#ine 'ow #uc' *%c4,round
infor#%ion (ou '%ve o ,iveJ
Do 'e( %ll s"e%4 'e s%#e l%n,u%,e1 T'is c%n *e iner"reed *o' lier%ll( %nd
?,ur%ivel(1
$ow lon, c%n (ou 'old 'eir %enionJ
W'%)s 'e w%l4 %w%(1 W'%)s 'e #%in 'in, (ou w%n 'e %udience o re#e#*er1
W'%)s 'e *es w%( o deliver 'e #ess%,e3 live. on % D/D. over 'e we*. or so#e o'er
#e'od1
6hat -ind of support do %ou use for %our ca9era or do %ou pri9aril% handhold it7
6h%7 Due o our s(le of "roducion %nd s#%ll crew we don) '%ve 'e luAur( of usin, our
doll( or 9i* ver( ofenJ T'erefore #os of our wor4 is on % ri"od or '%nd'eldJ T'e s(le of 'e
s'ow o*viousl( dic%es w'e'er i)s s'o '%nd'eld or on % ri"odJ S'ooin, "%ce. sein, ;is
'ere even roo# for % ri"od or is one %llowed<. %nd 'e feelin, one)s r(in, o conve( %ll
co#e ino "l%(J T'ere %re do-ens of re%sons or siu%ions '% 'el" deer#ine 'e c'oice.
'ese %re % few3
Tripod( A ri"od is e#"lo(ed if i)s % slower5"%ced s'owN s'os %re 'eld lon,erN scenics or
lon, foc%l len,' lenses %re usedN or i is 'e r%diion%l inerview siu%ionJ
!andheld( $%nd'eld is e#"lo(ed for % f%ser "%ce. #o*ili(. freneic. w%l4in, %nd %l4in,
;wi'ou % se%dic%# unforun%el(<. inensi(. %nd run5%nd5,un ?l#in,J
F21?RE )@3&
Kei' &rown. Direcor of P'oo,r%"'(
!eith $)o0n i' Di)ecto) of Photog)*(hy fo) *n inte)n*tion*l non()o+t o)g*niA*tion8 He t)*&el'
the 0o)ld 'hooting docu,ent*)ie' th*t highlight 0o)ld i''ue'J
CHAPTER 1<
Television 1raphics
ETrend( ile s(les %re ofen 'o od%( *u sone cold o#orrowJF
4or$an Paar, Producer
Ter9s
C1 =character $enerator>< A ,eneric n%#e for %n( ("e of elevision ,r%"'ic cre%ion
e!ui"#enJ CGs c%n c'%n,e fons. s'%"e. si-e. color. %nd desi,n of 'e leerin,J
Credits< Reco,ni-e 'ose %""e%rin, in %nd conri*uin, o 'e "ro,r%#J
End titles< Dr%w 'e "ro,r%# o is conclusionJ
;penin$ titles< Inroduce 'e s'ow o 'e %udienceJ
Su0titles< Idenif( "eo"le %nd "l%cesJ

0irs i#"ressions %re i#"or%nJ And 'e ?rs i#"ressions 'e %udience ,es fro# (our
"roducion #%( co#e fro# 'e o"enin, ,r%"'icsJ T'e( 'el" se 'e s(le %nd %#*i%nce of
'e "ro,r%#N 'e( infor#N 'e( ,uideJ Well5desi,ned ,r%"'ics #%4e % direc conri*uion o
'e success of %n( "roducionJ Poorl( desi,ned ,r%"'ics i##edi%el( discredi 'e enire
"roducionJ Gr%"'ics don) '%ve o *e el%*or%eS'e( 9us need o cle%rl( co##unic%e.
%nd 'el" ,r%* 'e %udience)s %enionJ $owever. 'e( do need o *e *rief. cle%r. %nd
%""ro"ri%e in s(leJ
E6ecive elevision ,r%"'ics re!uire 'e ,r%"'ics o"er%or or desi,ner o 'in4 'rou,' %
nu#*er of s%,es in 'e "roducion "rocess3
$ow does 'is ,r%"'ic 'el" 'e %udience unders%nd 'e su*9ec or sor( *eer1
W'% is 'e "ur"ose or ,o%l of 'e ,r%"'ic1
Would words. illusr%ions. "'oo,r%"'s. or video i#%,er( wor4 *es o co##unic%e o
'is %udience1
TE+E"2S2;8 1RAPH2CS 1;A+S
Television ,r%"'ics s'ould3
/onve# information clearl# and directl#= T'e( s'ould *e "re"%red for #%Ai#u#
co##unic%ion i#"%cJ T'is #e%ns '% elevision ,r%"'ics s'ould *e si#"l( cre%ed. no
el%*or%eJ &ec%use elevision ,r%"'ics #ove !uic4l( %nd c%nno *e sudied for % lon, "eriod
of i#e. 'e fon s'ould *e *old %nd sr%i,'forw%rdJ
3sta'lish the show5s overall mood and tone throu-h the -raphics st#le= T'e fon
%nd "resen%ion s(le c%n do #uc' o %dv%nce 'e Esor(F *ein, oldJ T'ese c%n se 'e
scene for 'e res of 'e "ro,r%# ;0i,ures 8KJ8 %nd 8KJ=<J
F21?RE 1*@1
Television ,r%"'ics c%n 'el" es%*lis' 'e #ood %nd one for 'e w'ole "ro,r%#J ;P'oo coures( of Co#"iA<
F21?RE 1*@2
Gr%"'ics for elevision ofen cre%e 'e loo4 %nd s(le of 'e "ro,r%#J Noe '% 'e lo,o in 'is "'oo w%s used %s % se
,r%"'icN i is s'owin, u" ;"ro*%*l( %ni#%ed< on 'e se)s video screen in 'e *%c4 %nd % ,r%"'ics ,ener%or is *ein, used
so '% i %""e%rs %s "%r of 'e credi desi,nJ ;P'oo coures( of KOMU5T/<
Present fact$ concepts$ or processes visuall# so that the viewer will understand
the pro-ram content= Kee" 'e ,r%"'ics or,%ni-ed %nd "resened in % w%( '% 'olds 'e
%udience)s %enion %nd #%4es i si#"le for 'e# o follow 'e "rocess or unders%nd 'e
conce" *ein, "resened ;0i,ure 8KJ><J
Ai# o 4ee" ,r%"'ics infor#%ion o % #ini#u#. "%ricul%rl( if i is co#*ined wi' % de%iled
*%c4,roundJ A screen full of wrien infor#%ion c%n *e d%unin, o #os viewers %nd irin,
o re%dJ Peo"le %re e%sil( discour%,ed fro# re%din, r%"id ,r%"'icsJ Le%ve infor#%ion on 'e
screen lon, enou,' o %llow i o *e re%d %loud wice. so '% even 'e slowes re%der c%n
%ssi#il%e iJ
F21?RE 1*@3
Gr%"'ics need o *e or,%ni-ed in % w%( '% c%n *e e%sil( undersood *( 'e viewerJ ;P'oo coures( of KOMU5T/<
Tips on 4a-in$ 1reat T" 1raphics
Adapted fro9 Al To9p-ins, Senior Facult% for ,roadcast and ;nline, Po%nter
2nstitute
1@ W'% is 'e coneA of 'is ,r%"'ic1 $ow does 'e infor#%ion co#"%re wi' "revious
sudies or surroundin, %re%s1 Is 'e infor#%ion re%ll( i#"or%n for 'e viewer o 4now1
2@ T'in4 s'%"es. no 9us nu#*ersJ Nu#*ers %re so#ei#es diOcul o re%d w'en 'e( %re
"resened !uic4l( on 'e T/ screenJ &u i is e%s( o unders%nd 'e ,row' of % *ud,e
w'en % *%, of #one( is s'own ,rowin, on 'e screenJ I#%,ine '% (ou '%ve no wordsS
'% 'e ,r%"'ic is %ll 'e viewer c%n seeJ $ow cle%rl( would 'e( unders%nd w'% (ou %re
r(in, o s'ow1
3@ T'in4 cle%rl( %*ou 'e "ur"ose of 'e ,r%"'icJ As4 (ourself3 W'% eA%cl( do I w%n 'e
viewer o le%rn fro# 'is ,r%"'ic1
@ Wrie %fer (ou #%4e 'e ,r%"'ic. no 'e o'er w%( %roundJ T'is will ensure '% 'e co"(
%nd ,r%"'ic #%c' eA%cl(J
!@ Ge o'er "eo"le o loo4 % iJ Le 'e# ell (ou w'% 'e ,r%"'ic conve(s o 'e#J I is no
di6eren '%n co"(ediin,J
T%pes of 1raphics
Gr%"'ics %dd cl%ri( o % s'ow)s "resen%ionJ T'e( %re used o %nnounce 'e "l%ce or i#e.
o idenif( % "l%n. o dis"l%( d%%. o cl%rif( 'ow food s'ould *e coo4ed. %nd so onJ T'ere
%re % nu#*er of di6eren ("es of ,r%"'ics3
O(ening title' %nnounce 'e s'owJ
Su5title' idenif( "eo"le %nd "l%cesJ
C)edit' reco,ni-e 'ose %""e%rin, in %nd conri*uin, o 'e "ro,r%#J
End title' dr%w 'e "ro,r%# o is conclusionJ
F21?RE 1*@
C'%rs c%n si#"lif( co#"leA s%isic%l infor#%ion o co#"%re or de#onsr%e rel%ions'i"sJ ;P'oo coures( of N&C News<
F;R4S ;F 1RAPH2CS
Gr%"'ics c%n #%4e % v%lu%*le conri*uion o %ll ("es of elevision "ro,r%#s3
S%isic%l ,r%"'ics in 'e for# of *%r ,r%"'s %nd c'%rs c%n s'ow. in % #o#en.
infor#%ion '% would *e 'idden in colu#ns of ?,uresJ T'e( en%*le (ou o si#"lif( co#"leA
d%%. o co#"%re. o s'ow develo"#ens. o de#onsr%e rel%ions'i"s. %nd so on ;0i,ure
8KJI<J
Picori%l ,r%"'ics c%n *e used o illusr%e % c'ildren)s sor(. o se 'e scene in % dr%#%.
o eA"l%in scieni?c "rinci"les. o "rovide %n %#os"'eric *%c4,round o ilin,. %nd so on
;0i,ure 8KJP<J
F21?RE 1*@!
&%c4,rounds c%n "rovide % coneA for 'e ilesJ ;P'oo *( Tris%n &resnen<
Ani9ated 1raphics
Ani#%ion c%n *rin, % ,r%"'ic o lifeJ Even 'e si#"les #ove#en. suc' %s "%nnin, over i
fro# one de%il o %no'er. -oo#in, in:ou on de%ils. or cuin, *eween secions of i. c%n
sus%in ineres in w'% would o'erwise *e % s%ic dis"l%( ;0i,ure 8KJC<J Suc' ec'ni!ues
%re %n e6ecive w%( of illusr%in, % docu#en%r(. or %n( "ro,r%# '% relies 'e%vil( on
,r%"'ics or "'oo,r%"'s ;or #%"s or "%inin,s in 'isoric%l se!uences<J
Ani#%ion c%n %4e "l%ce in % nu#*er of di6eren w%(sJ 0or ins%nce. (ou c%n *uild %
,r%"'ic on 'e %ir *( "ro,ressivel( %ddin, de%ils or secionsJ C'%r%cer ,ener%ors c%n
usu%ll( s%ve 'e %ni#%ion. w'ic' c%n *e re"l%(ed % % l%er i#eJ
F21?RE 1*@&
Ani#%ed ,r%"'ics 'old 'e viewer)s %enion *eer '%n s%ic ,r%"'icsJ ;P'oo coures( of WLEG5T/<
2nteractive 3/ 1raphics
T'ere %re % nu#*er of iner%cive 'ree5di#ension%l ;>D< ,r%"'ics '% %re used o 'el" 'e
%udience unders%nd siu%ions %nd %lso 'old 'eir %enionJ One eA%#"le is s"ors
"roducionJ So#e of 'e newor4s '%ve cre%ed >D c'%r%cers. w'ic' re"resen %cu%l
"l%(ers. o illusr%e 'e v%rious "l%(s in s"orsJ T'e ,o%l of 'ese ,r%"'ics is o illusr%e 'e
nu%nces %nd v%ri%ions in % "l%( '% could '%ve occurred or '%s occurred ;0i,ure 8KJQ<J
/ES218281 1RAPH2CS
/ideo %nd elevision "roducions od%( #%( use ei'er of wo screen for#%sJ S%nd%rd5
de?niion elevision ;SDT/< '%s %n %s"ec r%io of I3> ;I unis %cross %nd > unis 'i,'<J $i,'5
de?niion elevision ;$DT/< '%s %n %s"ec r%io of 8C3D ;8C unis %cross %nd D unis 'i,'<J If
viewers '%ve *o' ("es of for#%s. %ll ,r%"'ics need o *e desi,ned so '% 'e( f%ll ino
'e I3> %re%J O'erwise. 8C3D viewers #%( no *e %*le o see i#"or%n ,r%"'ics ;0i,ures
8KJL %nd 8KJD<J
So#e 'in,s o consider w'en desi,nin, ,r%"'ics %re %s follows3
Kee" ilin, well %w%( fro# 'e ed,e of 'e fr%#e o %void ed,e cuo6J Gr%"'ics s'ould *e
desi,ned so '% 'e( f%ll wi'in 'e #iddle LK "ercen of 'e elevision)s sc%nnin, %re%J
T'is cener %re% of 'e screen is referred o %s 'e '*fe title *)e* ;0i,ure 8KJD<J
F21?RE 1*@'
ESPN %n%l(s Merril $o,e *re%4s down re%l5life N0L #%c'u"s %nd "l%(s usin, viru%l iner%cive ec'nolo,(J T'e #onior on
'e ri,' s'ows w'% viewers will see % 'o#e3 $o,e in 'e #iddle of co#"uer5,ener%ed foo*%ll "l%(ersJ ;P'oo coures(
of Geor,e Ru'e:T'e New +or4 Ti#es:ReduA<
F21?RE 1*@(
Tod%( 'e viewin, %udience #%( *e viewin, on I3> ;SDT/< or 8C3D ;$DT/< elevisionsJ Gr%"'ics need o *e cre%ed so '%
'e( wor4 on *o' for#%sJ
F21?RE 1*@)
Esseni%l ,r%"'ics s'ould s%( wi'in 'e #iddle of 'e elevision)s sc%nnin, %re%J Noe '% 'is ,r%"'ic c%n *e used on I3>
or 8CJD elevisionsJ ;P'oo coures( of KOMU5T/<
Si#"le. *old ("ef%ces %re *esJ Avoid 'in5lined. el%*or%e leerin,J Al'ou,' $DT/)s
resoluion c%n '%ndle 'e 'in lines. #uc' of 'e world is sill in SDT/. w'ic' sru,,les wi'
'in linesJ
Li#i 'e nu#*er of di6eren fons wi'in % "ro,r%#J
Leerin, s#%ller '%n %*ou 8:8K screen 'ei,' is diOcul o re%dJ I is i#"or%n for
direcors o deer#ine w'% #edi% 'e %udience will use o see 'e ?n%l "roducion. or %
le%s w'% 'e do#in%n #edi% will *eJ
Oulinin, %nd dro" s'%dows ofen #%4es leerin, e%sier o re%d *( "revenin, *leedin,
%nd "rovidin, conr%s ;0i,ure 8KJ8K<J
$owever. %void "l%cin, % *l%c45ed,ed ouline %round s#%ller leers. *ec%use i *eco#es
'%rd o re%dJ T'e 'oles in 'e leers &. O. A. %nd R end o ?ll inJ
Puncu%ion is no nor#%ll( used. eAce" in 'e followin, ins%nces3 !uo%ions. '("'ens.
%"osro"'es. "ossessives. %nd n%#esJ
A**revi%ions %re never "uncu%ed on elevision ,r%"'icsJ $owever. if %**revi%ions #%4e
'e ile %#*i,uous. use 'ree lines if necess%r( %nd s"ell ou 'e wordsJ
Le%ve % s"%ce *eween ile lines of %round 8:= o =:> 'e 'ei,' of c%"i%l leersJ
Leerin, s'ould ,ener%ll( conr%s sron,l( wi' is *%c4,roundJ T'e leerin, is usu%ll(
#uc' li,'er '%n 'e *%c4,round ;0i,ure 8KJ88<J
Don) ?ll 'e screen wi' oo #uc' infor#%ion % % i#eJ I is ofen *eer o use % series of
*rief fr%#es. or o use % c)*0l;coninuous infor#%ion #ovin, veric%ll( ino 'e fr%#e %nd
"%ssin, ou % 'e o"<J
W%r# *ri,' colors will %r%c 'e #os %enionJ
F21?RE 1*@1*
Oulinin, 'e leers ofen #%4es 'e# e%sier o re%dJ ;P'oo coures( of Co#"iA<
F21?RE 1*@11
Leerin, is #ore re%d%*le if i conr%ss wi' 'e *%c4,roundJ ;P'oo coures( of Co#"iA<
,ac-$rounds for 1raphics
C'oosin, % sui%*le *%c4,round for % ,r%"'ic c%n *e %s i#"or%n %s 'e fore,round
,r%"'icJ W'en cre%in, full5screen ,r%"'ics. ,r%"'ics o"er%ors need o *e c%reful w'en
c'oosin, ,r%"'ic *%c4,roundsJ If 'e wron, *%c4,round is used. i #%( co#"ee for
%enion wi' 'e ,r%"'icJ 0or eA%#"le. don) use % s'%r"l( focused s'o of % ,rou" of
"eo"le in 'e *%c4,roundJ /iewers will loo4 'rou,' 'e words %nd loo4 % 'e "eo"le ;0i,ure
8KJ8=<J T'ere %re % nu#*er of di6eren sr%e,ies '% c%n *e successfull( used for
*%c4,rounds3
Cre%e % si#"le color *%c4,roundJ
0ree-e 'e video *%c4,round in order o no '%ve % #ovin, *%c4,roundJ
Unfocus 'e video i#%,e so '% i is *lurr(J
Selec % sin,le5color *%c4,round ;,r%ss. w%er. s4(. ecJ<J
W'en usin, % scenic *%c4,round. suc' %s 'e closin, s'os of % dr%#%. 'e *%c4,round
conen or #e%nin, #%( %cu%ll( 'el" deer#ine 'e s(le %nd wei,' of 'e leerin, '%
c%n *e usedJ
Pl%in *%c4,rounds c%n "rove ver( e6ecive. %s 'e( %re uno*rusive %nd e#"'%si-e 'e
leerin,J $owever 'e( c%n %lso *e dull %nd unineresin,J Orn%#en%l *%c4,rounds. w'ic'
include "%ernin,. eAure. %nd %*sr%c desi,ns. #%( incre%se 'e ,r%"'ic)s visu%l %""e%lJ
$owever. 'e( c%n loo4 confusin,J Cle%rl(. *%c4,round selecion re!uires c%reful c'oiceJ
F21?RE 1*@12
T'e *%c4,rounds *e'ind 'e ,r%"'ics s'ould no co#"ee wi' 'e ,r%"'icsJ Noe 'ow 'e ,r%"'ics o"er%or 'ere *lurred
%nd d%r4ened 'e %re% *e'ind 'e eA in order o 4ee" 'e %enion on 'e ,r%"'icsJ ;P'oo coures( of Co#"iA<
Leerin, %,%ins % #uli'ued or #ulioned *%c4,round is inv%ri%*l( '%rder o re%dJ If
,r%"'ics %re insered over loc%ion s'os. suc' % sree scene. 'e e(e #%( '%ve so#e
diOcul( in discernin, infor#%ion. %nd #%( %lso *e e#"ed o w%nder %round 'e
*%c4,round inse%dJ
In #os c%ses. *( usin, l%r,er ("e in li,' ones ;w'ie or (ellow< wi' sron, *orders or
s'%dows. le,i*ili( is consider%*l( i#"rovedJ As % ,ener%l rule. %void inroducin, leerin,
over *%c4,rounds of si#il%r ones or 'ues. or over "rined #%er ;eJ,J. iles over %
news"%"er "%,e<J Li,' leerin, is usu%ll( #ore e%sil( re%d '%n d%r4. %nd "%sel or neur%l
*%c4,rounds %re "refer%*le o s%ur%ed 'uesJ
1RAPH2CS ED?2P4E8T
Ch*)*cte) gene)*to) "CG% is % ,eneric n%#e for %n( ("e of elevision ,r%"'ics cre%ion
e!ui"#enJ CGs c%n c'%n,e 'e fons. s'%"e. si-e. color. %nd desi,n of leerin,J T'e( c%n
#%4e i B%s'. Bi". cr%wl ;#ove sidew%(s %cross 'e screen<. roll ;#ove veric%ll( %cross 'e
screen<. %nd %ni#%eJ Leerin, c%n *e "resened %s oulines or %s solid c'%r%cers. ,iven %
*l%c4 *order ;*l%c4 ed,e<. or % surroundin, dro" s'%dowJ Once 'e ,r%"'ic is cre%ed. i c%n
*e re%rr%n,ed. sored. %nd 4e" re%d( o %""e%r on 'e screen % 'e "ress of % *uon
;0i,ure 8KJ8><J
S%nd%lone ,r%"'ics ,ener%or s(se#s used o 'old DD "ercen of 'e #%r4e in
"rofession%l elevisionJ T'e( %re sill widel( "o"ul%r in l%r,er #%r4es %nd s"ors "roducionJ
$owever. co#"uers wi' ,r%"'ics ,ener%ion sofw%re '%ve cornered % si,ni?c%n "orion
of 'e #%r4eJ Tod%(. co#"uers %re used in %ll #%r4es %nd "rovide so"'isic%ed onscreen
,r%"'icsJ So#e #o*ile "roducion crews '%ve #oved o l%"o" s(se#s ;0i,ures
8KJ8I %nd 8KJ8P<J
F21?RE 1*@13
T'is is 'e co#"osiion screen of % 'i,'5end ,r%"'ics s(se#J T'e s(se# %llows %l#os unli#ied #%ni"ul%ion of 'e
,r%"'icsJ ;P'oo coures( of C'(ron<
F21?RE 1*@1
A s%nd%lone c'%r%cer ,ener%orJ
F21?RE 1*@1!
L%"o" CGs '%ve *eco#e "o"ul%r for ,r%"'ics o"er%ors w'o %re on 'e ro%d % loJ ;P'oo coures( of Co#"iA<
The 1raphics ;perator
T'e ,r%"'ics o"er%or is ofen loc%ed *e'ind 'e direcorJ T'is "rovides ,r%"'ics wi' 'e
o""oruni( o see w'% is currenl( on screen %nd w'% is co#in, neAJ In #%n( w%(s. 'e(
need o %nici"%e w'ere 'e "roducion is ,oin, so '% 'e( c%n %lre%d( *e *uildin,
;cre%in,< % ,r%"'ic *efore 'e direcor c%lls for iJ ;0i,ure 8KJ8C<
F21?RE 1*@1&
Gr%"'ics o"er%ors ofen si direcl( *e'ind 'e direcor %nd ec'nic%l direcor in 'e conrol roo# w'en wor4in, on %
#ulic%#er% "roducionJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% do ,r%"'ics do for % "roducion ;in er#s of is ,o%ls<1
2@ W'% %re wo of 'e issues '% need o *e considered w'en desi,nin, % ,r%"'ic for
elevision1
3@ $ow do screen r%ios %6ec elevision ,r%"'ics1
@ W'% c%n *e done o leers o #%4e 'e# E"o"F on 'e screen1
!@ W'% c%n *e done o *%c4,rounds o #%4e 'e leers #ore visi*le1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< SC;TT R;1ERS
6hat do %ou li-e a0out 0ein$ a $raphics operator7 I li4e *ein, "%r of % e%# '% is
"rovidin, su""orin, infor#%ion o % sor(J I %lso en9o( 'e c'%llen,e of r(in, o do %
#is%4e5free s'owJ W'en (ou ,o ino % *re%4. 'e "roducer will ofen s%( Ew'% s'ould we
do co#in, ou of 'e *re%41F A ,r%"'ics e%# '%s %*ou 8K seconds o ?ll or #%4e 'e
,r%"'ic conen decision for '% voidS'% is #( s"eci%l(J
6hat challen$es do %ou have to deal 5ith as a $raphics operator7 W'en wor4in,
wi' ,r%"'ics i)s e%s( o #%4e #is%4esJ +ou '%ve o *e ver( de%il oriened in order o
eli#in%e #is%4es w'en de%lin, wi' ver( li#ied i#eJ A lo of "eo"le w%c' s"ors evens
wi'ou *ein, %*le o 'e%r 'e %nnouncers. so ,r%"'ics ?ll in 'e cruci%l ,%"sJ +ou '%ve o
4now (our ,r%"'ics e!ui"#enJ +ou %lso '%ve o de%l wi' % lo of Eloo4sF '% (ou didn)
*uild %nd 'erefore '%ve o reverse5en,ineer so#ei#esJ
6hat is %our philosoph% a0out $raphicsW5hen do %ou thin- the% should 0e used,
or not7 I 'in4 ,r%"'ics s'ould *e used o 'i,'li,' sor(linesJ I don) li4e ,r%"'ics over
re"l%(sJ If (ou %re ,oin, o "u in % ,r%"'ic #%4e sure (ou le%ve i in lon, enou,' o re%d iY
Less is #ore wi' ,r%"'icsJ +ou don) wrie fro# T/ ,r%"'ics li4e (ou would wrie for % *oo4
or news"%"er sor(J Mos of 'e i#e con9uncions %re no neededJ
6hat su$$estions do %ou have for desi$nin$ $raphics7 0ocus #uc' #ore on
re%d%*ili( %nd #uc' less on %ni#%ionJ WA+ TOO MUC$ e#"'%sis is "u on %ni#%in,
,r%"'icsJ S"eci%l ,r%"'ics s'ould %ni#%e ;o"en. s"onsors. %nd so on< *u %ni#%in, 'e
*%sic su6 9us %4es u" i#e (ou need o re%d 'e ,r%"'ics ;w'ic' is usu%ll( in oo s'or of %
i#e %n(w%(<J
F21?RE 1*@1'
Sco Ro,ers. S"ors Gr%"'ics O"er%or
Scott Roge)' h*' 5een in&ol&ed in ()oduction' fo) the N$A *nd ,ulti(le Oly,(ic'1 *' 0ell *'
loc*l tele&i'ion8 He cu))ently 0o)/' *' *n inde(endent ()oduce) *nd *' * g)*(hic' o(e)*to)J
PART &
2i-htin-$ >ack-rounds$ and %ets
CHAPTER 11
2i-htin- for Television
EPore over %rwor4 %nd o'er ?l#sJ Sud( 'e li,'in, %nd consider 'ow i serves 'e sor(
*ein, "resenedJF
Tho9as 4cEenne%, /irector of Photo$raph%
EW'en i co#es o i#%,e %c!uisiion. li,'in, is sill 'e %r '% se"%r%es 'e %#%eurs
fro# 'e "rosJF
:a% Hol0en, Producer
Ter9s
,arn doors< Me%l B%"s %%c'ed o 'e fron of % li,'in, insru#enN used o conrol w'ere
'e li,' f%lls on % sceneJ
,ase li$ht< T'e #ini#%l %#oun of li,' '% %llows 'e c%#er% o see 'e su*9ecJ
/iKuser< So#e ("e of % r%nslucen #%eri%l ;wire #es'. frosed "l%sic. or s"un5,l%ss
s'ee< '% di6uses %nd reduces 'e li,')s inensi(J
Flood li$ht< Also 4nown %s 'oft lightN 'e sc%ered. di6used. s'%dowless illu#in%ion '%
in n%ure co#es fro# % cloud( overc%s s4(. %nd is reBeced fro# rou,' surf%ces of %ll 4indsJ
1aKer< T'e 'e%d of 'e elecric%l de"%r#en. #%n( i#es in c'%r,e of li,'in, on %
elevision seJ
1els< Color ,els ;?lers< c%n *e "l%ced over li,'s o en'%nce 'e color of 'e li,'J
2ncident li$ht< Also 4nown %s di)ect lightingN w'%)s #e%sured wi' % '%nd'eld li,' #eer
S'% is. 'e %#oun of li,' f%llin, on % su*9ecJ W'en #e%surin, inciden li,'in,. 'e li,'
#eer #us *e "osiioned neA o 'e su*9ec. "oined % 'e li,' sourcesJ
Ee% li$ht< T'e #%in li,'. usu%ll( % s"oli,'. '% reve%ls 'e s'%"e %nd surf%ce fe%ures of
'e su*9ecJ
+i$htin$ plot< A "l%n '% s'ows w'ere e%c' li,' will *e "l%ced on 'e seJ
ReFected li$ht< Me%sured wi' % '%nd'eld li,' #eer or % c%#er%)s *uil5in #eerN 'e
li,' *ouncin, o6 of % su*9ecJ In 'is siu%ion. 'e #eer is %i#ed direcl( % % su*9ecJ
Spotli$hts< S"oli,'s %re % direcion%l or '%rd illu#in%ion '% "roduces s'%r" s'%dowsJ
ThreeIpoint li$htin$< Also 4nown %s (hotog)*(hic lighting %nd t)i*ngle lightingN use of wo
s"oli,'s ;4e( li,' %nd *%c4 li,'< %nd % Bood li,' ;?ll< o illu#in%e 'e su*9ecJ
6hite 0alance< T'e "rocess of c%li*r%in, % c%#er% so '% 'e li,' source will *e
re"roduced %ccur%el( %s w'ieN 'e #os co##on ec'ni!ue of color5*%l%ncin, % c%#er%J
Le0ra< So#e video c%#er%s include % -e*r% indic%or in 'e view?nderJ T'e -e*r% %llows
c%#er% o"er%ors o ev%lu%e 'e eA"osure of 'e i#%,e in 'e view?nder *( s'owin, %ll
over5eA"osed se,#ens of % scene wi' sri"esJ

E6ecive li,'in, #%4es % vi%l conri*uion o % elevision "roducionJ We !uic4l( reco,ni-e
*%d li,'in, w'en we see i. *u ,ood li,'in, is so uno*rusive %nd En%ur%lF '% we
usu%ll( %4e i for ,r%nedJ In 'is c'%"er. (ou will le%rn so#e successful li,'in,
ec'ni!uesJ
F21?RE 11@1
Li,'in, 'el"s cre%e 'e #ood of evenJ
F21?RE 11@2
+our e(es %re dr%wn o 'e *ri,'es %re% of 'e screenJ T'e direcor c%n ,uide 'e %udience)s %enion *( li,'in, s"eci?c
%re%s *ri,'er '%n o'ersJ
THE 1;A+S ;F +21HT281
Li,'in, in elevision %nd ?l# is %*ou #uc' #ore '%n 9us #%4in, 'in,s visi*leJ I '%s o
%lso s%isf( % nu#*er of ofen5conBicin, o*9ecives3
T'e li,'in, #us *e *ri,' enou,' o en%*le %ll 'e elevision c%#er%s o "roduce "icures
of 'e 'i,'es !u%li(J T'is is usu%ll( referred o %s 5*'e lightingJ
Li,'in, s'ould conve( o 'e viewer 'e i#e. #ood. %nd %#os"'ere of 'e sor( ;0i,ure
88J8<J
T'e li,'in, #us "rovide % consisen loo4. %s c'osen *( 'e direcorJ T'% #e%ns i #us
loo4 consisen fro# e%c' c%#er% %n,leJ
T'e li,'in, #us ? in wi' 'e o'er co#"onens of 'e sudio or loc%ion3 scener(.
c%#er% "l%ce#en. #ic "l%ce#en. %nd so onJ &%dl( "osiioned li,'s c%n "reven 'e %len
fro# re%din, 'e ele"ro#"er. c%use B%res in % c%#er% lens. resul in s'%dows. s"oil %
s4illfull( desi,ned sein,. %nd de,r%de #%4eu"J
Good li,'in, cre%es % 'ree5di#ension%l illusion in % B% i#%,eJ I "rovides %n i#"ression
of solidi( %nd de"' in su*9ecs %nd surroundin,sJ
Li,'in, s'ould lower 'e conr%s r%io *eween 'e li,' %nd d%r4 %re%sJ &( %ddin, #ore
li,' o 'e d%r4 %re%s or di##in, 'e eAre#el( li,' %re%s. i is "ossi*le o ,e #ore de%il
in *o' %re%sJ
Successful li,'in, ,uides 'e %udience)s ineresJ I direcs 'eir %enion ow%rd
i#"or%n fe%ures. *ec%use 'e viewer)s e(es %re ,ener%ll( %r%ced o 'e *ri,'es %re%
of 'e screenJ Li,'in, c%n cre%e co#"osiion%l o""oruniies for 'e c%#er% ;0i,ure 88J=<J
Li,'in, is used o incre%se or reduce 'e "icure)s de"' of ?eldJ
6HB 2S +21HT281 8ECESSARB7
Technical Reasons
As (ou 4now. 'e c%#er% needs % cer%in %#oun of li,' reBeced fro# 'e scene o *e %*le
o "roduce % ,ood on%l r%n,e in 'e i#%,eJ If 'ere is oo lile li,'. 'e lens %"erure '%s
o *e o"ened u" o co#"ens%e. %nd 'e %v%il%*le de"' of ?eld is consider%*l( reducedJ
W'en 'ere is oo #uc' li,'. 'e i#%,es *eco#e over5eA"osed. unless 'e lens is so""ed
down ;'e de"' #%( now *e oo ,re%< or % neur%l5densi( ?ler is used o reduce 'e li,'J
In 'e sudio. eAcess li,' w%ses "ower. c%uses venil%ion "ro*le#s. %nd is un"le%s%n o
wor4 inJ Li,' levels need o *e rel%ed. w'erever "ossi*le. o 'e "referred wor4in, f5so"J
Unli4e ?l#. 'e elevision c%#er% c%n '%ndle %nd re"roduce onl( rel%ivel( li#ied on%l
conr%ssJ If 'e li,'in, is conr%s(. de%ils in 'e li,'es %nd d%r4es ones will *e losJ
On loc%ion. 'e eAisin, li,'in, #%( no *e sui%*leJ 0ro# 'e c%#er% "osiion. i #%(
"rove o *e3
Too *ri,'3 sron, sunli,' c%usin, "erfor#ers o s!uin 'eir e(es
Too di#3 insuOcien for well5eA"osed s'os
Too B%3 di6used li,' in w'ic' su*9ecs l%c4 for# or de?niion
Too conr%s(3 li,'er ones *urned ou ;"ure w'ie< %nd s'%dows oo *l%c4
Under 'ese condiions. we need o %u,#en or re"l%ce 'e n%ur%l li,'in,Sor oler%e 'e
resulsJ So#ei#es 'e onl( soluion is o %ler 'e c%#er% "osiion ;0i,ures 88J> %nd 88JI<J
F21?RE 11@3
Li,' w%s %dded o 'is d%(li,' scene so '% 'e %len '%d even li,'in, w'ile s'ooin, % se,#en for Acce'' Holly0oodJ
F21?RE 11@
Two LED li,'s were used o *%l%nce li,'in, in 'e roo# wi' 'e %ren% li,'in, in 'e *%c4,round for 'is inerview wi'
Willi%# S'%nerJ
Artistic Reasons
Li,'in, "l%(s % #%9or "%r in 'ow we iner"re w'% we seeJ Even w'en srucure %nd
ouline ,ive us le%din, clues. 'e "l%( of li,' %nd s'%de sron,l( inBuences our 9ud,#ens
of si-e. s'%"e. dis%nce. surf%ce eAure. %nd conoursJ
Li,'in, is sron,l( %ssoci%ed wi' #oodJ T'rou,' c%refull( c'osen li,' direcion %nd
conr%s. (ou c%n c'%n,e % scene)s enire %#os"'ereJ I c%n "orr%( fun. f%n%s(. #(ser(.
or dr%#%ic ensionJ Li,'in, c%n en'%nce % sein, %nd cre%e "icori%l *e%u(. or i c%n
deli*er%el( cre%e % '%rs'. un%r%cive sein,J
+ou c%n use li,' selecivel( o e#"'%si-e cer%in %s"ecs of 'e scene w'ile su*duin,
o'ers. or %voidin, or reducin, disr%cin, fe%uresJ +ou c%n eA%,,er%e for#. %nd dr%w
%enion o eAure or su""ress iJ T'rou,' s'%dow for#%ions. li,'in, c%n su,,es
srucures '% do no eAis. or 'ide w'% is 'ereJ
THE 8AT?RE ;F +21HT
Li,' c%n *e %""lied wi' l%r,e E*rus' sro4es.F or wi' ?ne delic%e %enion o de%ilJ I
c%n *e w%s'ed %cross 'e scene. or used o "ic4 ou %nd e#"'%si-e cer%in fe%uresJ &u
o eAercise 'is conrol. (ou #us *e %*le o %""reci%e 'e su*leies of li,' iselfJ Le)s
%4e % loo4 % 'e "r%cic%l *%sics of illu#in%ion3
2i-ht intensit#3 T'e sren,' of li,' '% we re!uire on 'e su*9ec %nd 'e surroundin,s
will deer#ine 'ow "owerful 'e l%#"s need o *e. rel%ive o 'e %re% 'e( '%ve o coverJ
/olor temperature3 T'e color !u%li( of 'e li,'J Li,' %nd c%#er% "erfor#%nce s'ould *e
#%c'ed o %void "oor color !u%li(J
2i-ht dispersion3 So#e li,' sources "roduce '%rd li,'. w'ic' c%ss sron, s'%dowsN
o'ers cre%e sof li,'. w'ic' is di6used %nd '%s few s'%dowsJ T'is r%n,e of ools o6ers us
'e c'oice of *old *rus' sro4es or su*l( ,r%ded '%lfonesJ
2i-ht direction3 T'e direcion of 'e li,' %6ecs 'e w%( li,' %nd s'%de f%ll on % su*9ecJ
I deer#ines w'ic' fe%ures %re 'i,'li,'ed. %nd w'ic' f%ll ino s'%dowJ
+i$ht 2ntensit%
T'e %#oun of li,' needed o illu#in%e % se or loc%ion %nd 'e %cion wi'in i is "%rl( %
ec'nic%l decision %nd "%rl( %n %risic oneJ +ou #i,'. for eA%#"le. use one sron, 4e(
li,' o cover *o' 'e %cion %nd 'e *%c4,round. or % series of resriced l%#"s. e%c'
li,'in, % c%refull( c'osen %re%J
C%#er% s(se#s %re usu%ll( !uoed %s '%vin, % s"eci?c sensiivi(. re!uirin, % cer%in li,'
level ;inensi(< for % ,iven f5so"J &u 'is is onl( % ,ener%l ,uideJ A lo de"ends on 'e
n%ure of 'e surroundin,s %nd 'e #ood 'e direcor w%ns o cre%eJ To reve%l de%il in 'e
w%lls of % d%r45"%neled roo# will re!uire #uc' #ore li,' '%n would *e needed wi' li,'5
oned w%llsJ
Li,'in, inensiies c%n *e inBuenced *( 'e surf%ce ?nis'3 w'e'er w%lls %re s#oo' or
rou,' eAured. %nd w'e'er 'e( %re "l%in or sron,l( conouredJ T'e conr%s r%n,e of 'e
se dressin,s used c%n %lso %6ec 'e %#oun of li,' needed o illu#in%e % siu%ion
e6ecivel(J
Ineresin,l(. % s"%cious li,'5oned sein, #%( re!uire less5inense li,'in, '%n #uc'
s#%ller d%r45oned surroundin,sJ Li,'in, !u%li( c%nno *e 9ud,ed *( 'e w%s of 'e
li,'sJ T'e #os 'el"ful w%( o review 'e li,'in, is on %n %cu%l #onior. on w'ic' we c%n
%ssess is %risic e6ec %nd 9ud,e is ec'nic%l !u%liiesJ
T'ere %re wo "ri#%r( w%(s of #e%surin, 'e li,'in, in % scene ;0i,ure 88JP<3
F21?RE 11@!
S%nd%lone li,' #eers %re used o #e%sure inciden or direc li,'in,J C%#er%s '%ve *uil5in reBeced li,' #eersJ
;P'oos coures( of Son( %nd Mole5Ric'%rdson<
Incident li,' #e%sure#en 'el"s o %ssess 'e rel%ive inensiies of li,'in, fro# v%rious
direcionsJ W'en #e%surin, inciden li,'in,. 'e li,' #eer #us *e "osiioned neA o 'e
su*9ec. "oined % 'e li,' sourcesJ I is #e%surin, 'e %#oun of li,' '% is f%llin, on 'e
su*9ec. fro# 'e su*9ec)s "ers"eciveJ
Re:ected li,' #e%sure#en "rovides % ,ener%l indic%ion of 'e %#oun of reBeced li,'
re%c'in, 'e c%#er%J ReBeced li,' #e%sure#ens %ver%,e 'e %#oun of li,' reBeced
fro# 'e scene. %rrivin, % 'e c%#er%)s lensJ In 'is siu%ion. 'e #eer is %i#ed direcl( %
'e su*9ecJ Television c%#er%s use reBeced li,' #eerin,J Tod%()s #ore %dv%nced
c%#er%s c%n %d9us 'e #eers o %ver%,e 'e li,'. %nd cener5wei,' 'e sensor ;use 'e
cener of 'e i#%,e o #eer 'e li,'in,<. in %ddiion o o'er o"ionsJ
Le0ra E3posure 2ndicator
$i,'er5level video c%#er%s ,ener%ll( include % -e*r% indic%or in 'e view5?nder ;0i,ure
88JC<J T'e -e*r% %llows c%#er% o"er%ors o ev%lu%e 'e eA"osure of 'e c%#er% in 'e
view5?nder *( s'owin, %ll over5eA"osed se,#ens of 'e sceneJ I o6ers % ver( si#"le w%(
o ensure '% 'e lens) iris is se correcl(J Mos -e*r%s %re se % *eween 8K= %nd 8KP IRE
;% uni used in 'e #e%sure#en of video si,n%ls< in order o s'ow w'ic' %re%s %re over5
eA"osedJ
F21?RE 11@&
W'en loo4in, 'rou,' 'e c%#er% view?nder. so#e c%#er%s '%ve -e*r% sri"es '% s'ow 'e over5eA"osed %re%s of 'e
i#%,eJ ;P'oo *( Ausin &roo4s<
The Color Dualit% of +i$ht
T'e e(e %nd *r%in %re %sonis'in,l( %d%"%*leJ We %""e%r o see e6ecs '% %re no re%ll(
'ere ;%s in o"ic%l illusions<. %nd we overloo4 e6ecs '% c%n *e cle%rl( #e%sured *( %n
insru#enJ An ever(d%( eA%#"le of 'e l%er is 'e w%( we %cce" % ver( wide r%n,e of
!uie di6eren li,' !u%liies %s re"resenin, Ew'ieF li,'J If we %n%l(-e Ew'ieF li,'. we
?nd '% i is re%ll( % #iAure of % r%n,e of colorsJ T'e s"ecru# is red. or%n,e. (ellow.
,reen. *lue. indi,o. %nd viole li,' in si#il%r "ro"orionsJ In #%n( for#s of illu#in%ion.
so#e "%rs of 'e s"ecru# %re #uc' #ore "ro#inen '%n o'ers. %nd 'e resul is f%r fro#
rue w'ieJ 0or eA%#"le. li,' fro# c%ndles or di##ed un,sen l%#"s %cu%ll( '%s % w%r#
(ellowis'5red color !u%li(N or. %s we s%(. % low color e#"er%ureJ D%(li,' c%n v%r(
consider%*l(. fro# cold. *luis' nor'5s4( li,' o 'e w%r# !u%li( of li,' %round sunseJ +e
our *r%ins co#"ens%e. %nd %cce" %ll 'ese sources of illu#in%ion %s w'ie li,'J Television
c%#er%s %re no fooled in 'is w%(J T'e( do no self5co#"ens%eJ If 'e li,'in, '%s *luis' or
(ellowis' c'%r%cerisics. 'e i#%,es will s'ow 'is %s % "ronounced color c%sJ T'ere %re
*%sic%ll( wo w%(s o correc 'e color w'en s'ooin,3
Ad9us 'e c%#er% o co#"ens%e for 'e color v%ri%ions of 'e "rev%ilin, li,'. *( usin, %
sui%*le color5correcion ?ler ;in 'e ?ler w'eel< %nd:or *( %d9usin, 'e w'ie *%l%nceJ T'e
w'ie *%l%nce is usu%ll( %d9used *( %i#in, 'e c%#er% % % w'ie surf%ce w'ile "ressin, 'e
w'ie *%l%nce *uonJ
Ad9us 'e color e#"er%ure of 'e li,' o sui 'e c%#er%)s color *%l%nceJ If (ou %re
usin, un,sen li,'s w'en s'ooin, in d%(li,' o illu#in%e s'%dows. *lue ?ler #%eri%l
c%n *e used o r%ise 'eir color e#"er%ure fro# >=KK de,rees K ;un,sen< o %round PCKK
de,rees K ;d%(li,'<J Conversel(. if d%(li,' is illu#in%in, % roo# in w'ic' (ou %re usin,
!u%r- or un,sen l%#"s. % l%r,e s'ee of %#*er5or%n,e ?ler c%n *e srec'ed over 'e
window o reduce 'e e6ecive color e#"er%ure of 'e d%(li,' o #%c' 'e inerior
li,'in, ;0i,ure 88JQ<J
F21?RE 11@'
Gels ;?lers< c%n *e "l%ced over li,'s in order o color5correc % sceneJ ;P'oo coures( of Lie"%nels<
C%#er%s %re usu%ll( *%l%nced for 'e do#in%n li,' source in 'e sceneJ $owever. di6eren
li,' sources '%ve di6eren !u%liiesJ Tun,sen5'%lo,en l%#"s ;!u%r- li,'s< usu%ll( %re %
>=KK de,rees K. %nd un,sen l%#"s c%n '%ve % noice%*l( lower color e#"er%ure of
%round >KKK de,rees KJ $i,'5"owered $MI ;'(dr%r,(ru# #ediu#5%rc iodide< l%#"s "roduce
li,' of PCKK de,rees K. w'ic' *lends well wi' d%(li,' *u does no #iA wi' '% of
un,sen sourcesJ
Ano'er issue is '% %s un,sen %nd !u%r- l%#"s %re di##ed. 'eir color e#"er%ure c%n
c'%n,e 'e li,' l%c4s *lue. %nd develo"s % Ew%r#erF (ellowis'5red !u%li(J
+i$ht /ispersion
FLOOD LIGHT
Flood light. %lso 4nown %s 'oft light. is 'e sc%ered. di6used. s'%dowless illu#in%ion '%
in n%ure co#es fro# % cloud( overc%s s4(. %nd is reBeced fro# rou,' surf%ces of %ll 4inds
;w%lls. s%nd. snow<J +ou c%n cre%e sof li,' %ri?ci%ll( *( usin, 'e followin,3
L%r,e5%re% li,' ?in,s ;eJ,J. #ulil%#" *%n4sN 0i,ure 88JL<
Di6usion #%eri%l in fron of li,' sources ;0i,ure 88JD<
Inern%l reBecion li,' ;0i,ures 88J8K %nd 88J88<
Li,' *ounced fro# l%r,e w'ie surf%ces ;eJ,J. #%e reBecor *o%rds. w'ie ceilin,<
F21?RE 11@(
Mulil%#" *%n4J ;P'oo coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
F21?RE 11@)
Di6usion #%eri%l c%n *e "l%ced in fron of % li,' in order o cre%e % sofer li,'J Li,'s c%n %lso *e %i#ed % % w'ie
ceilin, in order o *ounce li,' ono % sceneJ
F21?RE 11@1*
Wei,'in, 'ree "ounds. 'e LED ;li,'5e#iin, diode< li,' "%nel "ro9ecs % *ri,' sof li,'J I is eAre#el( li,'wei,'.
o6ers low "ower consu#"ion. "rovides %ccur%e color re"roducion. is 'e%5free. %nd c%n *e di##edJ ;P'oo coures( of
Lie"%nels<
F21?RE 11@11
T'e LieP%d is nic4n%#ed 'e EEver(w'ere Li,'JF A 8:>5inc' ;=JP5c#< 'ic4. i c%n *e "l%ced %n(w'ere o %dd % lile sof
li,'J ;P'oos coures( of Rosco<
0lood li,'s include scoo"s. *ro%ds. Bood li,'. *%n4s. inern%ll( reBeced unis. sri" li,'s.
%nd c(clor%#% li,'sJ T'e( %re used #%inl( for ?ll li,' %nd for *ro%d li,'in, of
*%c4,roundsJ T'e( c%n *e 'un,. su""ored on li,' s%nds. or resed on 'e ,roundJ
Ad9us#en of sof li,' sources is li#iedJ E,,5cr%e s'ields %nd *%rn doors %re usu%ll( used
o resric 'e cover%,e o so#e eAenJ O'erwise. di6users or di##ers %re used o conrol
'eir li,' inensi( ;0i,ure 88J8=<J
F21?RE 11@12
E,,5cr%e s'ields c%n *e used o resric 'e li,' cover%,eSo % cer%in eAenJ ;P'oo coures( of Wesco<
Sof li,'s %re usu%ll( used o3
Illu#in%e s'%dows wi'ou cre%in, %ddiion%l s'%dows
Avoid e#"'%si-in, #odelin, %nd eAure
$owever. sof li,' does '%ve "r%cic%l dis%dv%n%,es3
Re%ll( di6used li,' c%n *e diOcul o conrol. *ec%use i s"re%ds %round %nd is no e%s( o
resricJ
&%dl( used sof li,' c%n "roduce B% un#odeled illu#in%ionJ TeAure %nd for# c%n *e
diOcul o see in 'e "icureJ If used %s %n over%ll *%seli,'. i c%n reduce 'e i#"ression of
de"'. over5li,' 'e w%lls of sein,s. desro( %#os"'ere. %nd "roduce B%. unineresin,
"icuresJ
SPOTLIGHTS
A '(otlight is % direcion%l or '%rd illu#in%ion '% "roduces s'%r" s'%dowsJ T'is ("e of
li,' co#es fro# %n( concenr%ed li,' source. suc' %s 'e sun or % s"oli,' ;0i,ure
88J8><J S"oli,'s "roduce well5de?ned s'%dows %nd %re used o3
Cre%e well5de?ned #odelin,
C%s "ronounced s'%dows ;eJ,J. ree5*r%nc' s'%dows<
Loc%li-e li,' o s"eci?c %re%s
Produce co%rse s'%din, or %n %*ru" *ri,'ness f%ll5o6
Pro9ec li,' over so#e dis%nce % % re%son%*l( cons%n inensi(N 'e li,' fro# focused
s"oli,'s does no Ef%ll o6F !uic4l( wi' dis%nce
F21?RE 11@13
S"oli,'s "rovide disinc s'%dowsJ T'is fresnel is % nonde?ned s"oli,'J I is li,'wei,'. less eA"ensive '%n %n
elli"soid%l. %nd '%s %n %d9us%*le *e%#J ;P'oo coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
S"oli,'s %re ,ener%ll( used %s 4e( li,'s. %s *%c4 li,'s. %s *%c4,round:se li,'in,. %nd
for e6ecs ;sunli,'. *ro%d decor%ive "%erns. d%""les<J T'e li,' s"re%d of 'e s"oli,')s
*e%# is %d9us%*le %nd c%n *e focusedJ Ide%ll(. 'e *e%# inensi( s'ould re#%in even
over%ll %s 'e *e%# wid' is %lered $owever. #%n( desi,ns do develo" 'o s"os or Ed%r4
cenersJF A cou"le of s"eci%l( ("es of s"oli,'s include3
3;ects?pattern pro4ectors< T'ese s"oli,'s. w'ic' include 'e elli"soid%l s"oli,'. c%n
"ro9ec "%erns on 'e se or scene o si#ul%e windows. *r%nc'es. %nd so onJ
Follow spots< Used for isol%in, s%ic su*9ecs or followin, #ovin, "erfor#ers ;sin,ers.
s4%ers. d%ncers< in % con?ned "ool of li,'J T'ese l%r,e s"oli,'s %re c%refull( *%l%nced for
coninuous %ccur%e '%ndlin, %nd %re usu%ll( #ouned on % s%ndJ
$owever. s"oli,'s do '%ve so#e "r%cic%l dis%dv%n%,es3
T'e s'%dows fro# % s"oli,' #%( "rove o *e un%r%cive. in%""ro"ri%e. or even
disr%cin,J
S"oli,'s c%n over5e#"'%si-e eAure %nd surf%ce #odelin,J
$i,' conr%s li,'in, c%n "roduce '%rs'. unsu*le onesJ
Muli"le s'%dows %rise w'en 'e su*9ec is li *( #ore '%n one '%rd li,' sourceJ
Cle%rl(. for e6ecive li,'in, re%#en. (ou need % sui%*le *lend of s"oli,'s %nd sof
di6used li,'J Usu%ll( 'e s"oli,' reve%ls 'e su*9ec)s conours %nd eAures. %nd 'e sof
li,' reduces undue conr%s or '%rs'ness %nd #%4es s'%dow de%il visi*leJ +ou #%(
deli*er%el( e#"'%si-e conour %nd eAure. or #ini#i-e 'e#. de"endin, on 'e *lend %nd
direcion of 'e illu#in%ionJ
F21?RE 11@1
T'ree5"oin li,'in, is %lso 4nown %s ri%n,le li,'in, or "'oo,r%"'ic li,'in,J T'ree li,'s %re used o cre%e 'e li,'in,
re%#en3 'e 4e(. ?ll. %nd *%c4 li,'sJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
The /irection of the +i$ht
T'e e6ecs of li,'in, will v%r( %s (ou %ler 'e %n,le % w'ic' i sri4es 'e su*9ecJ R%isin,
or lowerin, % l%#". or #ovin, i round 'e su*9ec. will c'%n,e w'ic' "%rs %re li %nd w'ic'
%re 'rown ino s'%dowJ I will %6ec 'ow conours %nd eAure %re re"roducedJ Surf%ce
#%r4in,s %nd decor%ion *eco#e #ore or less o*viousJ If (ou re"osiion 'e li,'. or %ler
'e c%#er%)s view"oin. 'e %""e%r%nce of v%rious fe%ures of 'e su*9ec c%n c'%n,eJ
ThreeIPoint +i$htin$
Th)ee2(oint lighting. %lso 4nown %s t)i*ngle or (hotog)*(hic lighting. uili-es *o' direcion%l
%nd di6used li,'in, o o*%in 'e *es resuls ;0i,ure 88J8I<J
T'e #%in li,'. or /ey light. is "osiioned sli,'l( %*ove %nd o one side of 'e c%#er%J T'is
is nor#%ll( % s"oli,' %nd i reve%ls 'e s'%"e %nd surf%ce fe%ures of 'e su*9ecJ T'e 4e(
li,' "roduces disinc. '%rs' s'%dowsJ
T'e +ll light is % Bood li,' '% is "l%ced on 'e o""osie side of 'e c%#er% fro# 'e 4e(
li,'J I reduces 'e s'%dows ;#%de *( 'e 4e( li,'< *u s'ould no eli#in%e 'e#J T'e ?ll
li,' %lso reduces 'e li,'in, conr%sJ T'e #ore 'e 4e( li,' is o6se. 'e #ore i#"or%n
'is sof +ll light ;%lso 4nown %s +lle) or +ll2in< *eco#esJ If 'e 4e( is ne%rl( fron%l. (ou #%(
no need ?ll li,' % %llJ Noe '% in 'e su*9ec)s i#%,e in 0i,ure 88J8I. 'e s'%dows on 'er
f%ce '%ve no *een eli#in%edJ T'is 'el"s ,ive 'e f%ce eAure %nd s'%"eJ
0in%ll(. % 5*c/ light is %n,led down ono 'e su*9ec fro# *e'ind o ,ive so#e se"%r%ion
*eween 'e su*9ec %nd 'e *%c4,roundJ T'e *%c4 li,' e#"'%ses 'e s'%"e of 'e su*9ecJ
T'e 4e( li,' %nd *%c4 li,' %re ,ener%ll( 'e s%#e inensi(J $owever. 'e *%c4 li,' #%(
need o *e reduced due o li,' '%ir colorJ T'e ?ll li,' is usu%ll( one5'%lf or 'ree5!u%rers
'e inensi( of 'e 4e( li,' %nd *%c4 li,'J
W'erever "ossi*le. %ddiion%l li,'s c%n *e used o illu#in%e 'e *%c4,round *e'ind 'e
su*9ecJ &u w'ere s"%ce or f%ciliies %re li#ied. s"ill illu#in%ion fro# 'e 4e( li,'s %nd ?ll
li,'s #%( *e used o cover 'e *%c4,round %re%sJ
+i$htin$ Ter9s
>ase li-ht or foundation li-ht3 Di6used li,' unifor#l( Boodin, 'e enire sein,J Used o
5"reven under5eA"osure of s'%dows or eAcessive conr%sJ
Rim li-ht3 Illu#in%ion of 'e su*9ec)s ed,es *( *%c4 li,'J
Modelin- li-ht or accent li-ht3 A loose er# for %n( '%rd li,' reve%lin, eAure %nd for#J
@icker. crossA'ack. or "?& 'ack li-ht3 A *%c4 li,' '% is rou,'l( >K de,rees o6 'e lens
%AisJ
>ounce li-ht3 Di6used illu#in%ion o*%ined *( reBecion fro# % sron,l( li surf%ce suc' %s
% ceilin, or % reBecorJ
>ack-round li-ht or set li-ht3 Li,' illu#in%in, 'e *%c4,round %loneJ
3#e li-ht or catch li-ht3 E(e reBecion ;"refer%*l( one onl(< of % li,' source. ,ivin, livel(
eA"ressionSso#ei#es fro# % c%#er% li,'J
/amera li-ht3 S#%ll li,' source #ouned on % c%#er% o reduce conr%s for close5u"
s'osJ
!air li-ht3 L%#" loc%li-ed o reve%l '%ir de%ilJ
Top li-ht3 /eric%l over'e%d li,'in, ;ed,e li,'in, fro# %*ove<J Undesir%*le for "orr%iureJ
%ide li-ht3 Li,' loc%ed % ri,' %n,les o 'e lens %AisN reve%ls su*9ec)s conoursJ
/ontrast control li-ht3 Sof ?ll li,' fro# c%#er% "osiion illu#in%in, s'%dows %nd
reducin, li,'in, conr%sJ
3d-e li-ht3 Li,' s4i##in, %lon, % surf%ce. reve%lin, is eAure %nd conoursJ
,asic 1uidelines for +i$htin$ People
T'ere %re % nu#*er of ,ener%ll( %cce"ed ,uidelines w'en li,'in, "eo"le3
Pl%ce 'e 4e( li,' wi'in %*ou 8K o >K de,rees of % "erson)s nose direcionJ
Avoid see" li,'in, ;%*ove IKHIP de,rees<J
Avoid % ver( wide 'ori-on%l or veric%l %n,le *eween 'e ?ll li,' %nd 'e 4e( li,'J
Do no '%ve #ore '%n one 4e( li,' for e%c' view"oinJ
Use "ro"erl( "l%ced sof li,' o ?ll s'%dowsJ
F21?RE 11@1!
Li,'s c%n *e s'%red w'en "r%cic%lJ In 'is illusr%ion. one s"oli,' is used %s % 4e( li,' for su*9ec 8 %nd % *%c4 li,' for
su*9ec =J T'e second s"oli,' is used %s 'e 4e( li,' for su*9ec = %nd 'e *%c4 li,' for su*9ec 8J
+i$htin$ 1roups of People
C'ec4 'e direcion in w'ic' e%c' "erson is loo4in,. %nd %rr%n,e 'eir 4e(:*%c4:?ll li,'s o
?J One %""ro"ri%e l%#" #%( sui % w'ole ,rou". *u "ro*le#s c%n %rise if 'ere %re *i,
di6erences in 'e rel%ive ones of 'eir clo'in,. s4in. %nd '%irJ Li,' inensi( #%( *e oo
sron, for one. (e oo we%4 for %no'erJ In suc' siu%ions. loc%li-e 'e li,' reducions wi'
di6users or s'%din, li,' o6 wi' % *%rn door or B%,J
W'ere su*9ecs %re close. or (ou '%ve few l%#"s. one li,' #%( '%ve o serve wo di6eren
"ur"oses. suc' %s % 4e( li,' for one %nd % *%c4 li,' for so#eone else ;0i,ure 88J8P<J
W'ere 'ere %re ,rou"s of "eo"le ;%udience. orc'esr%<. (ou c%n ei'er li,' 'e# %s %
w'ole or in su*divided secions. sill usin, 'ree5"oin li,'in, "rinci"les %nd 4ee"in,
overl%"s o % #ini#u#J
F21?RE 11@1&
Ses c%n *e li wi' % series of 'ree5"oin li,'in, seu"sJ
+i$htin$ Areas of the Scene
I is *es o %void Boodin, %re%s wi' li,'J T'e #os %r%cive "icure !u%li( usu%ll( co#es
fro# %n%l(-in, 'e "erfor#%nce %re% ino % series of loc%in, "oins ;*( 'e %*le. % 'e
door. loo4in, ou 'e window< %nd %ilorin, 'e 'ree5"oin li,'in, % e%c' o sui 'e %cionJ
One li,'in, %rr%n,e#en will ofen sui o'er s'os or %cion in '% %re% ;"er'%"s wi'
sli,' li,' %d9us#ens<J Given suOcien li,'in, f%ciliies ;enou,' li,'s. di##ers. ecJ<
%nd %de!u%e i#e o re%d9us li,'s. (ou could li,' o sui e%c' individu%l s'oJ &u suc'
el%*or%ion is no nor#%ll( fe%si*leJ W'ere %cion is #ore ,ener%l or wides"re%d. (ou #us
cover 'e %re% in % s(se#%ic "%ern of l%#"s ;0i,ure 88J8C<J
+21HT S;?RCES
T'ere %re #%n( di6eren ("es of li,' sourcesJ E%c' one c%n *e used in di6eren siu%ionsJ
$ere %re so#e of 'e #os co##on3
Tun-sten Bor incandescentC< T'e re,ul%r un,sen ?l%#en l%#" is rel%ivel( c'e%". '%s %
re%son%*l( lon, life. eAiss in % wide r%n,e of inensiies ;"ower r%in,s<. is ,ener%ll(
reli%*le. %nd c%n *e #ouned in #%n( ("es of ?in,sJ $owever. un,sen l%#"s w%se
#uc' elecric%l ener,( %s 'e%J T'eir ("ic%l color e#"er%ure is %round >KKK o >=KK
de,rees KJ
Duart, Btun-stenEhalo-enC< In 'ese l%#"s. 'e un,sen ?l%#en is enclosed wi'in %
!u%r- or silic% envelo"e ?lled wi' % '%lo,en ,%sJ T'is resrics 'e nor#%l ?l%#en
ev%"or%ion. "rovidin, % lon,er l%#" life %nd:or % 'i,'er. #ore cons%n li,' ou"u. of
incre%sed color e#"er%ureS%round >=KK de,rees KJ T'e *ul* #us no *e '%ndled. %s
*od( %cid %%c4s 'e surf%ce. %nd 'e l%#" *eco#es *rile %nd eAre#el( 'o in use
;0i,ure 88J8Q<J
!M< T'e $MI is %lso 4nown %s % ("e of ,%s disc'%r,e l%#"J T'ese l%#"s %re eAre#el(
eOcien li,' sources. usin, % #ercur( %rc i,nied wi'in %r,on ,%sJ T'e $MI li,'s) %*iliies
resul in ne%r5d%(li,' illu#in%ion ;PCKKHCKKK de,rees K<J T'e 'i,'l( eOcien $MI l%#" is
"%ricul%rl( convenien for use on loc%ion o ?ll s'%dows in eAeriors %nd o li,' wi'in
l%r,e d%(li ineriors. *ec%use is color e#"er%ure *lends well wi' d%(li,'J I "rovides
%*ou 'ree o ?ve i#es %s #uc' li,' %s % !u%r- li,' of e!uiv%len "ower. w'ile
"roducin, less 'e%J A sin,le =JP54ilow% ;4W< $MI l%#" c%n ,ive %s #uc' li,' %s wo color5
correced 8K54W un,sen l%#"sJ T'e li,'s re!uire %uAili%r( circuir( ;i,niors %nd *%ll%s
unis<. %nd 'ere is usu%ll( % 8JP5 o >5#inue *uildu" i#e fro# swic'5on ;sri4in,< o full
li,'J Di##in, #e'ods %re resriced %nd % l%#" c%nno usu%ll( *e sruc4 %,%in !uic4l(
%fer swic'5o6. w'ic' is % dis%dv%n%,e for Es'oo5%nd5runF "roducions ;docu#en%ries.
ENGN See 0i,ure 88J8L<J
Fluorescent tu'es< T'e r%diion%l u*ul%r Buorescen l%#" consiss of % se%led ,%s5?lled
,l%ss u*e wi' % "'os"'or5co%ed inner surf%ceJ W'en swic'ed on. 'e #ercur( v%"or
wi'in 'e u*e ioni-es. c%usin, 'e "'os"'or co%in, o ,low *ri,'l( ;Buoresce<N 'e color
de"ends on 'e s"eci?c #%eri%ls usedJ T'e Buorescen l%#" is 'ree o four i#es #ore
eOcien '%n % un,sen source ;#ore li,' "er w%<. so "ower consu#"ion is
corres"ondin,l( lower for 'e s%#e li,' inensi(J T'ere is lile r%di%n 'e% in 'e li,'
*e%#J ;$%lf of 'e "ower used *( un,sen li,' sources #%( *e w%sed %s 'e%Y< &ec%use
Buorescen li,'s "rovide % *ro%d li,' source. 'e illu#in%ion is rel%ivel( sof %nd e%sier
on 'e e(es '%n inense s"oli,'sJ 0luorescen u*es '%ve % rel%ivel( lon, lifeJ
F21?RE 11@1'
2u%r- li,'J
F21?RE 11@1(
$MI li,'s '%ve %n eAre#el( 'i,' li,' ou"uJ T'is $MI is *ein, used o si#ul%e d%(li,' co#in, 'rou,' % windowJ Noe
'% i #us *e %%c'ed o % *%ll%s uni ;on ri,'<. w'ic' #%4es i !uie *ul4(J
$owever. 'e li,'s c%n *e so#ew'% *ul4( %nd r%'er fr%,ileJ T'e #%in s'orco#in, of 'is
("e of source lies in 'e li,' s"re%d. for even wi' s'uers %nd ,rilles ;e,,5cr%es.
louvers<. i is no e%s( o direc or con?ne li,' %nd %void s"ill or over5li *%c4,rounds ;0i,ure
88J8D<J
230< LED li,'in, insru#ens %re 'e newes %ddiion o elevision li,'in,J T'e( %re #%de
u" of % series of LED li,'s. %v%il%*le %s % Bood li,' or s"oli,'J Al'ou,' 'e( %re no 'e
*ri,'es li,'s. 'e( %re eAre#el( ener,( eOcien ;cool o 'e ouc'<. li,'wei,'. %nd
dur%*leJ So#e LED li,'s c%n *e "owered *( % c%#er% *%er( w'en neededJ T'ese li,'s
,ener%ll( '%ve % 4no* '% %llows 'e li,' inensi( o *e e%sil( %d9used ;0i,ure 88J8K<J
+21HT281 28STR?4E8TS
E+ou li,' wi' 'e li,'s (ou '%ve. no 'e li,'s (ou wis' (ou '%dJ T'e di6erence *eween
% ,ood ,%6er %nd % ,re% ,%6er is 4nowin, 'ow o *es use 'e li,'s (ou '%veJF
:eKre% 4@ Ha9el, +i$htin$ /irector
Ca9era +i$ht
A s#%ll "or%*le li,' c%n *e %%c'ed o 'e o" of % video c%#er%J T'ese c%#er% li,'s %re
,ener%ll( "owered *( %n AC %d%"er. %n eAerior *%er( "%c4. or 'e c%#er%)s *%er(J
Is #%in %dv%n%,e is '% i %lw%(s illu#in%es w'%ever 'e c%#er% is s'ooin,. %nd does
no re!uire %no'er "%ir of '%ndsJ Por%*le li,'in, of 'is sor c%n "rovide % ver( convenien
4e( li,' w'en s'ooin, under diOcul condiions. es"eci%ll( w'en followin, so#eone
%roundJ T'e li,' c%n %lso "rovide #odelin, li,' for close eAerior s'os on % dull d%(. or ?ll
li,' for '%rd s'%dows w'en s'ooin, so#eone in sunli,'J
T'e dis%dv%n%,es of 'ese li,'s is '% 'e( %dd o 'e c%#er%)s over%ll wei,'. %nd 'eir
li,' is eAre#el( fron%l %nd 'us ends o B%en ou 'e su*9ecJ T'is li,' will reBec in
,l%sses %nd s'in( surf%ces ne%r 'e su*9ec %s %n inense w'ie *lo*J Peo"le f%cin, 'e
c%#er% #%( %lso ?nd 'e li,' d%--lin,J
So#e c%#er% li,'s '%ve ?Aed cover%,eN o'ers %re %d9us%*leJ T'e illu#in%ion is
inv%ri%*l( loc%li-ed. %nd w'en usin, % wide5%n,le c%#er% lens. su*9ecs #%( #ove ou of is
li,' *e%#J Ano'er "ro*le# is '% 'e illu#in%ion #%( no re%ll( *e %""ro"ri%e for 'e
sceneJ T'ou,' %n('in, ne%r 'e c%#er% is e%sil( over5li. %n('in, f%r'er %w%( re#%ins
viru%ll( unli. w'ic' c%n *e ver( o*vious in lon, s'osJ So#e c%#er% li,' s(se#s even
'%ve %n %uosensor inensi( conrol. w'ic' no#in%ll( %d9uss 'eir inensi( o #%c'
eA"osure o 'e "rev%ilin, li,'in, condiionsJ Li4e %ll %uo#%ic s(se#s. is "erfor#%nce is
v%ri%*le ;0i,ures 88J=K %nd 88J=8<J
F21?RE 11@1)
0luorescen li,'s "rovide % *ro%d li,' sourceJ ;P'oo coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
F21?RE 11@2*
On5c%#er% li,'s c%n dr%w 'eir "ower fro# %n eAern%l *%er( "%c4. 'e c%#er%)s *%er(. or %n AC "ower su""l(J ;P'oo
coures( of Gr%ss /%lle(:T'o#son<
F21?RE 11@21
T'is LED CKKK K ener,(5eOcien on5c%#er% rin, li,' is desi,ned o "rovide %n over%ll s'%dowless s'o or c%n uili-e
individu%l secions of 'e rin,J ;P'oo coures( of /0 G%d,es<
Fresnel Spotli$hts
In elevision sudios. w'ere 'e li,'s '%ve o *e "osiioned % f%ir dis%nce fro# 'e su*9ecs.
'e l%r,e 'e%v(5du( f)e'nels"oli,' is univers%l. sus"ended fro# ceilin, *%rs or *%ensJ I
is li,'er '%n 'e o'er sudio s"oli,' ;'e elli('oid*l<. so#ei#es '%s %n %d9us%*le
*e%#. %nd "rovides %n unfocused s"oli,' *e%#J T'e fresnel is "ro*%*l( used #ore in
sudios '%n %n( o'er li,' ;0i,ure 88J8><J
Ellipsoidal Spotli$hts
T'e elli('oid*l li,' is % s'%r"l( focused s"oli,'J T'e focusin, %*ili( %llows i o "ro9ec
"%erns on 'e seJ I is 'e%vier. includes inern%l s'uers ;li4e *%rn doors<. is #ore
eA"ensive '%n o'er s"oli,'s. %nd '%s %n %d9us%*le *e%# ;0i,ure 88J==<J
Scoop
T'e 'coo( is %n ineA"ensive %nd si#"le li,' insru#en. re!uirin, lile #%inen%nce %nd
wor4in, well w'en % Bood li,' ;?ll< is re!uiredJ $owever. i c%n *e ineOcien %nd *ul4(J
Unforun%el(. 'e li,' fro# 'e scoo" s"re%ds unconroll%*l(. s"illin, %round over ne%r*(
scener( ;0i,ure 88J=><J
,road +i$ht
T'e li,'wei,' 5)o*d light ;%lso 4nown %s % V2light or 5)o*d'ide< '%s % s'or rou,'
con%inin, % reBecor %nd % u*ul%r !u%r- li,' of usu%ll( PKK o 8KKK WJ T'e *ul* #%(
'%ve % fron%l s'ield o inern%ll( reBec 'e li,'J Al'ou,' 'e *ro%d is widel( referred o %s
% sof li,' source. due o is s#%ll %re%. i "roduces !uie discerni*le s'%dowsJ
Never'eless. i is %n eAre#el( useful wide5%n,le *ro%d li,' source '% c%n *e 'un,
convenienl( in v%rious w%(s. su""ored on s%nds. or l%id on 'e BoorJ
Two5le%f or four5le%f *%rn door s'uers '% c%n *e closed o reduce 'e s"re%d of 'e li,'
%re ofen ?ed o *ro%ds ;0i,ure 88J=I<J
F21?RE 11@22
T'e elli"soid%l li,' is % s'%r"l( focused s"oli,'J Is focusin, %*ili( %llows i o "ro9ec "%erns on 'e seJ ;P'oo
coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
F21?RE 11@23
T'e scoo" is % si#"le Bood li,'J I is ineA"ensive. usu%ll( no %d9us%*le. li,'wei,'. %nd does no '%ve % s'%r" oulineJ
T'e scoo" wor4s well %s % ?ll li,' %nd is ,re% for li,'in, l%r,e %re%s on % seJ ;P'oo coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
F21?RE 11@2
T'e /5li,'. or *ro%d li,'. is % ver( co#"%c li,' sourceJ T'is "owerful li,' source c%n *e used %s % 4e( or ?ll %nd folds
s#%ll enou,' o ? ino % c%#er% c%seJ ;P'oo coures( of Lowell<
Soft +i$ht
Sof li,'s %re %v%il%*le in wo "ri#%r( ("es3 'e 'tudio 'oft light %nd 'e (o)t*5le 'oft lightJ
Sof li,'s ,ener%ll( uili-e % cenr%l l%#" '% is reBeced o6 of 'e *%c4 of 'e li,'in,
insru#enJ Al'ou,' 'is device s"re%ds is illu#in%ion unconroll%*l(. i is % ver( '%nd(
li,'in, ool ;0i,ure 88J=P<J
T'e (o)t*5le 'oft light is desi,ned o *e c%rried e%sil( ino 'e ?eld. *u is sill ofen used in
'e sudioJ I "rovides % l%r,e %#oun of sof li,'J T'e "or%*le sof li,' is %v%il%*le in
di6eren #odelsJ So#e of 'ese di6usion %%c'#ens ? on s%nd%rd li,'sN o'ers c%n *e
"urc'%sed wi' s"eci%l li,'in, insru#ens ;0i,ure 88J=C<J
C%clora9a +i$ht
Cyclo)*,* li,'s. or Ec(cF li,'s. %re used o illu#in%e *%c4,rounds wi' *ro%d li,'in,J
T'ere %re *%sic%ll( wo ("es of c(c li,'s3
T'e :oo) light. %lso 4nown %s % cyclo)*,* light or 't)i( light. '% %re used o li,'
*%c4,rounds fro# 'e Boor u" ;0i,ure 88J=Q<
A '%n,in, c(c li,' '% "ro9ecs % consisen *ro%d li,' down on 'e *%c4,round ;0i,ure
88J=L<
F21?RE 11@2!
Sudio sof li,'J ;P'oo coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
F21?RE 11@2&
T'e "or%*le sof li,' is li,'wei,'. #%( wor4 wi' eAisin, li,'in, insru#ens. %nd "rovides % l%r,e level of sof li,'J
;P'oos *( Mole5Ric'%rdson %nd T%(lor /incen<
F21?RE 11@2'
Sri" li,'s or c(c li,'s %re used "ri#%ril( o li,' ses fro# 'e Boor u"J ;P'oo coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
F21?RE 11@2(
T'e '%n,in, c(clor%#% li,' illu#in%es 'e *%c4,round fro# 'e li,' ,ridJ
4ultila9p Sources
Sever%l sof li,' sources use ,rou"s of l%#"s. w'ic' co#*ine so '% 'e s'%dows c%s *(
e%c' %re Eli ouF *( is nei,'*orin, li,'sJ
A 't)i( light or cyc light consiss of % row of li,' unis 9oined in % lon, rou,'J E%c' uni '%s
% *ul* wi' % curved #e%l reBecorJ T'e sri" li,' c%n *e used o illu#in%e *%c4,rounds or
r%nslucen screens fro# 'e BoorJ In % sudio. sri" or e(e li,'s %re ofen sus"ended o li,'
*%c4,rounds fro# %*ove ;0i,ure 88J=Q<J
Multil*,( 5*n/' %re eAcellen sof li,' sourcesJ A ("ic%l desi,n '%s #uli"le "%nels of
,rou"ed inern%l reBecor l%#"sJ E%c' "%nel c%n usu%ll( *e inde"endenl( swic'ed %nd
urned o %d9us 'e *ri,'ness %nd s"re%d of 'e uniJ T'e :ood light 5*n/ is #%inl( used %s
% *ooser li,' for eAeriors %nd for l%r,e5%re% illu#in%ionJ L%r,e side5B%"s #%( *e ?ed o
resric 'e li,' s"re%d ;0i,ure 88JL<J
Sof li,' sources '% rel( on inern%l reBecion o "roduce li,' sc%er "roduce !uie
di6used li,'. *u %re rel%ivel( ineOcienJ
L%r,e unis ?ed wi' % *%n4 of Buorescen u*es %re f%vored *( so#e "eo"le %s %n
ineA"ensive sof li,' sourceJ Al'ou,' 'ese li,'s c%n *e % *i fr%,ile in use. one of 'eir
#%in %dv%n%,es is '% 'e( "roduce lile o no 'e%. use #uc' less ener,( '%n % nor#%l
elevision li,'. %nd "u ou % l%r,e %#oun of li,' ;0i,ure 88J8D<J
F21?RE 11@2)
T'is o"en5f%ce %d9us%*le li,' uni c%n *e used %s % s"o or Bood li,'J ;P'oo coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
;penIFace AdHusta0le +i$ht
T'e o(en2f*ce *d7u't*5le light is widel( used in 'e ?eldJ I '%s % v%rie( of n%#es.
includin, len'le'' '(otlight. o(en25ul5 '(ot. e9te)n*l )e:ecto) '(ot. %nd )e:ecto) '(otlightJ
T'is li,' '%s #%n( %dv%n%,esJ I is eAre#el( "or%*le. co#"%c. %nd eOcienJ Di6user
%nd:or correcive color ,els %re e%sil( cli""ed o is *%rn doors ;0i,ure 88J=D<J
ReFectors
T'e e%sies %nd le%s5eA"ensive w%( o i#"rove % su*9ec)s li,'in, w'en s'ooin, in
sunli,' is o use % )e:ecto)J T'is is si#"l( % surf%ce suc' %s % *o%rd. screen. clo'. or even
% w%ll '% reBecs eAisin, li,' ono 'e su*9ec fro# %no'er %n,leJ T'e !u%li( of 'e
reBeced li,' de"ends on 'e surf%ce (ou useJ
T'ere %re #%n( co##erci%l reBecors %v%il%*le. suc' %s 'e ones s'own in 0i,ures
88J>K %nd 88J>8J T'ese li,'wei,' clo' reBecors. sewn ono % s"rin,5#e%l fr%#e. c%n *e
e%sil( folded %nd r%ns"oredJ Av%il%*le surf%ces include silver. ,old. w'ie. %nd co#*in%ion
reBecorsJ A #irrored surf%ce. suc' %s #e%l foil. will reBec % disinc *e%# of li,' fro# %
'%rd li,' source. cre%in, s'%r". well5de?ned s'%dowsJ T'is li,' r%vels well. even w'en
'e su*9ec is so#e dis%nce %w%(J ;A #irrored surf%ce will even reBec sof li,' o so#e
eAen. if "l%ced f%irl( ne%r 'e su*9ecJ< T'e %n,le of % #irror5?nis' reBecor c%n *e criic%lJ
W'en 'e li,' s'ines direcl( % is surf%ce. 'e #%Ai#u# e6ec is o*%inedJ $owever. %s
'e surf%ce is %n,led ow%rd 'e li,'. 'e reBeced *e%#. w'ic' covers onl( % resriced
%n,le %n(w%(. n%rrows %nd *eco#es less e6eciveJ In % lon, s'o. is li#ied cover%,e is
seen %s % loc%li-ed "%c' of li,'J
F21?RE 11@3*
Co##erci%ll( "roduced clo' reBecors c%n *e "urc'%sed '% '%ve % v%rie( of colorsJ T'is s"eci?c reBecor is desi,ned
wi' siA di6eren colors. for siA di6eren li,'in, e6ecsJ ;P'oo coures( of Wesco<
F21?RE 11@31
An u#*rell% reBecor c%n *e %%c'ed o % li,' source in order o cre%e % sof li,'in, insru#enJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
If 'e reBecor '%s % #%e5w'ie surf%ce. i will "roduce % sof di6used li,'. w'ic' s"re%ds
over % wide %n,leJ &u 'is sof reBeced li,' is #uc' we%4er. %nd will r%vel onl( %
rel%ivel( s'or dis%nce. w'ic' de"ends on 'e inensi( %nd dis%nce of 'e ori,in%l li,'
sourceJ
ReBecors c%n *e e%sil( #%de fro# % *o%rd covered wi' %lu#inu# foil ;s#oo' or cru#"led
%nd B%ened< or #%e5w'ie "%ined. %ccordin, o 'e ("e of li,' reBecion re!uiredJ ;A
*o%rd wi' % di6eren surf%ce on e%c' side c%n *e ver( usefulJ< T'ese E*o%rdsF c%n *e #%de
of wood. fo%# core ;w'ic' is eAre#el( li,'wei,'<. or c%rd*o%rdJ T'e *i,,er 'e reBecor.
'e #ore li,' '% will *e reBeced over % *ro%d %re%J Even % l%r,e clo' c%n *e usedJ
$owever. clo' reBecors of 'is si-e c%n *e cu#*erso#e o '%n, %nd %re li4el( o *low in
'e wind if oudoorsJ Since 'e onl( %lern%ive is o use "owerful l%#"s. or li,'s close in o
'e su*9ec. i is cer%inl( wor' r(in, reBecors. w'en 'e sun)s direcion is %""ro"ri%eJ
Indoors. reBecors c%n *e used o redirec li,' fro# windows or s"oli,'s ino s'%dow(
cornersJ W'en usin, *%c4 li,'. % low reBecor c%n *e used ne%r 'e c%#er% o reduce 'e
s'%dows under "eo"le)s c'ins %nd e(e*rows ;0i,ure 88J>=<J
REF+ECT;RS 28 ?SE
F21?RE 11@32
ReBecors c%n *e used in #%n( siu%ions. usin, di6eren ec'ni!ues3
;A< T'e sun "rovides 'e 4e( li,' %nd 'e reBecor is 'e ?ll li,'J
;&< A reBecor is *ein, used o reBec %ddiion%l li,' ino % *uildin, 'rou,' is windowJ
;C< Two reBecors %re *ein, used o incre%se 'e illu#in%ionJ One of 'e reBecors is silver
;'e 4e( li,'< %nd 'e o'er is w'ie ;'e ?ll li,'<J
$ow e6ecive % reBecor is de"ends on is surf%ce %nd on is %n,le o 'e sun or o'er li,'
sourcesJ If % reBecor is used *eside 'e c%#er%. %nd reBecs % source direcl( %'e%d of 'e
c%#er%. 'e inensi( %nd cover%,e of 'e reBeced li,' is % % #%Ai#u#J As 'e reBecor is
%n,led o 'e source. is ou"u %nd is cover%,e f%llJ ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er ;A< %nd N%'%n
W%,,oner ;&<<
+21HT S?PP;RTS
1rip Cla9ps
T'ere %re % nu#*er of di6eren cl%#"s or ,ri"s %v%il%*le on 'e #%r4e o 'old li,'s on
loc%ion or in 'e sudioJ All of 'e# include ,ounting '(ud' w'ere li,'s c%n *e %%c'edJ
T'ese cl%#"s cli" % li,' o %n( ?r#l( *%sed o*9ec. suc' %s % door. %*le. c'%ir. r%il. "os.
window. or l%dderJ In 'e sudio. 'e( c%n %lso *e cl%#"ed o % li,' s%nd %nd se B%J
T'ese cl%#"s c%n *e ver( useful co#"%c devices o secure l%#"s in ou5of5'e5w%( "l%ces.
es"eci%ll( w'en s"%ce is resriced ;0i,ure 88J>><J
F21?RE 11@33
Fu)nitu)e cl*,(' %nd g*to) cl*,(' %re used o %%c' % li,' o %n('in, %round 'e s'ooin, loc%ionJ ;P'oos coures( of
Mole5Ric'%rdson<
+i$ht Stands
Li,' s%nds co#e in %ll di6eren si-es %nd s'%"es %nd %re ,ener%ll( elesco"ic 'ree5le,,ed
s%ndsJ T'e( c%n *e coll%"sed. folded. %nd:or dis#%nled ino secions for r%ns"orJ T'e si-e
of 'e li,' will deer#ine 'ow surd( 'e li,' s%nd needs o *eJ If 'e s%nd is oo Bi#s(. i
will *e o"5'e%v( %nd e%sil( u"se. even *( 'e wei,' of 'e li,')s c%*leJ Wi' #ore ro*us
("es of s%nds. wo or #ore li,'s c%n *e %%c'ed o % s%nd w'en necess%r(J
Li,' s%nds '%ve 'e dis%dv%n%,es of occu"(in, v%lu%*le Boor s"%ce ;"er'%"s i#"edin,
c%#er% or sound5*oo# #ove#en<. c%sin, s'%dows ono *%c4,rounds. '%vin, r%ilin,
c%*les. %nd *ein, vulner%*leJ &u 'e( do "er#i e%sil( %d9used "recision li,'in, ;0i,ure
88J>I<J
In f%c. #os elevision li,'in, is sus"ended. o le%ve Boor s"%ce uncluered *( l%#"s or
c%*lesJ
Studio Ceilin$ Supports
S#%ller sudios %nd e#"or%r( ses in l%r,er sudios fre!uenl( use "i"es o '%n, 'e li,'s
on in 'e sudioJ T'ese "i"es en%*le l%#"s o *e cl%#"ed or sus"ended %s re!uired ;0i,ure
88J>P<J
L%r,e sudios fre!uenl( use E*%ens.F E*%rs.F or E*%rrelsF %rr%n,ed in % "%r%llel "%ern
over 'e sudio %re%. %nd individu%l *%ens #%( *e couner*%l%nced *( w%ll wei,'s or
#oor winc'es o %llow l%#"s o *e ri,,edJ &%ens %re usu%ll( % ("e of '%n,in, *%r '%
%llows 'e li,'s o *e 'un, %nd 'en "lu,,ed direcl( ino 'e *%enJ
F21?RE 11@3
Li,' s%nds c%n *e coll%"sed %nd folded ino % co#"%c si-e for sor%,e %nd r%ns"orJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
F21?RE 11@3!
Pi"es %re ofen used on ses o '%n, li,'s fro#J
Li,'in, ,rids or c%w%l4s %llow 'e li,'in, crew o w%l4 %round 'e li,'in, loc%ed % 'e
ceilin, ;0i,ure 88J>C<J
Porta0le +i$ht Eits
Por%*le li,' 4is %re %v%il%*le for 'e re#oe "roducion crewJ T'ese 4is usu%ll( co#e in
wo o four li,' "%c4%,es. w'ic' include li,'in, insru#ens. li,' s%nds. "ower c%*les.
*%rn doors. %nd so onJ T'ere %re % wide v%rie( of 4is %v%il%*le fro# di6eren vendors
;0i,ure 88J>Q<J
C;8TR;++281 THE +21HTS
Li,'s c%n *e conrolled in % nu#*er of w%(s. includin, di##er *o%rds. coo4ies. ?lers.
di6users. *%rn doors. %nd B%,sJ E%c' of 'ese ("es of conrollers c%n *e used for di6eren
"ur"oses. *%sed on w'ere 'e s'oo is %4in, "l%ce. 'e e!ui"#en %v%il%*le. %nd 'e s4ills
of 'e "erson doin, 'e li,'in,J
0immer 'oard< T'ere %re #%n( di6eren s(les of di##er *o%rds. fro# f%irl( ineA"ensive
si#"le #%nu%l f%der *o%rds o 'i,'l( ec'nic%l co#"uer5driven *o%rds ;0i,ure 88J>L<J
T'ese s(se#s %re eAre#el( %d%"%*le %nd c%n *e sui%*le for "or%*ili(J 0%ders ;conrol
levers< %nd c'%nnel swic'ers %re ,rou"ed on % li,'in, *o%rd ;console<. re#oel( conrollin,
'e li,'sJ Inensi( %d9us#ens %re s#oo' %nd "ro"orion%l over 'eir r%n,e. even for
v%r(in, elecric%l lo%dsJ Gener%ll(. 'e li,'s %re %%c'ed o di##er unis. w'ic' %re
conrolled *( 'e di##er *o%rdJ
>arn doors< &%rn doors '%ve inde"endenl( %d9us%*le B%"s ;wo or four< on % ro%%*le
fr%#eN 'ese selecivel( cu o6 li,' *e%#sJ T'e( %re used o resric li,'. s'%de w%lls. %nd
"reven *%c4 li,' fro# s'inin, ino 'e c%#er% lens ;c%usin, lens B%res<J &%rn doors %re
%%c'ed o 'e fron of 'e li,'in, insru#en %nd %re #os co##onl( used o conrol
w'ere 'e li,' f%lls on 'e scene ;0i,ures 88J>D %nd 88J>P<J
Fla-s< 0l%,s %re ofen used o conrol s"ill li,' fro# li,' sourcesJ 0l%,s %re ,ener%ll( #%de
of clo' '% is srec'ed over % #e%l fr%#eJ T'e B%,s %re usu%ll( #ouned on % li,' s%nd
"l%ced in fron of 'e li,' source ;0i,ure 88JIK<J 0l%,s c%n %lso *e consruced *( usin, %n(
#%eri%l '% c%n *loc4 'e li,'J
F21?RE 11@3&
Li,'in, ,rids %llow li,'in, "ersonnel o w%l4 on 'e s%#e level %s 'e li,'in, insru#ensJ Li,'s c%n %lso *e 'un, *elow
'e ,ridJ
F21?RE 11@3'
M%n( di6eren ("es of "or%*le li,' 4is %re %v%il%*leJ ;P'oo coures( of Mole5Ric'%rdson<
F21?RE 11@3(
Di##er *o%rds %re %v%il%*le in % v%rie( of s(les. fro# si#"le #%nu%l f%der *o%rds o 'i,'l( so"'isic%ed co#"uer5
driven unisJ ;P'oos coures( of Sr%nd<
F21?RE 11@3)
&%rn doorsJ
F21?RE 11@*
0l%,s %re %v%il%*le individu%ll( or in 4is suc' %s 'e one s'own 'ereJ Gener%ll(. B%,s %re #ouned on li,' s%ndsJ ;P'oos
coures( of Wesco<
F21?RE 11@1
Color ?lers. %lso c%lled gel'. %re used o cre%e e6ecs or *%l%nce 'e color of 'e li,' f%llin, on 'e sceneJ T'e ,el is
"l%ced in 'e #e%l fr%#e %nd slid ino % 'older in 'e li,'J
F21?RE 11@2
A s'ee fro# % c%%lo, of coo4iesJ
2i-ht 6lters?-els< Color ,els ;?lers< c%n *e "l%ced over li,'s o en'%nce 'e color of 'e
li,'J T'e( %re %dded o cre%e s"eci%l e6ecs or conrol 'e ("e of li,' f%llin, on 'e
su*9ecJ Noe 'e ?ler *ein, used in 0i,ure 88JQJ Gels %re usu%ll( "l%ced ino ,el 'olders %nd
'en "l%ced ono 'e li,' ;0i,ure 88JI8<J
0i;user< Di6users consis of so#e ("e of % r%nslucen #%eri%l ;wire #es'. frosed
"l%sic. or s"un5,l%ss s'ee<J T'e( di6use li,' ;over%ll or loc%ll(< %nd reduce 'e inensi(
;0i,ure 88JD<J
/ookies?-o'os< Coo4ies ;or ,o*os< %re "erfor%ed o"%!ue or r%nslucen s'ees '% cre%e
d%""lin,. s'%dows. li,' *re%45u". or "%erns '% c%n *e "ro9eced ono % se *( %
s"oli,'J Coo4ies c%n *e insered ono 'e fron of so#e s"oli,'s ;0i,ure 88JI=<J
,AS2C +21HT281 P+A8
&efore li,'in, %n( "roducion. % nu#*er of "reli#in%r( !uesions s'ould *e %nsweredJ
W'e'er (ou ,e 'ese %nswers % % "re"roducion #eein, wi' 'e direcor. se desi,ner.
or %udio en,ineer. or fro# % c'% in 'e sudio w'ile loo4in, %round 'e se will de"end on
'e si-e %nd ("e of 'e "roducionJ
6hat 2s 1oin$ to Happen7
The su0Hect< T'e #%in su*9ecs in #os "ro,r%#s %re "eo"leJ Even for % sin,le "erson
s"e%4in, o 'e c%#er%. or % se%ed inerview. (ou #us 4now w'ere "eo"le %re ,oin, o *e
"osiioned %nd 'e direcions 'e( will *e f%cin,J +ou will need de%ils of 'e %cionJ T'e
%nswers will decide w'ere (ou "l%ce 4e( li,'sJ If 4e(s %re *%dl( %n,led. i c%n consider%*l(
%6ec "orr%iureJ All su*9ecs end o '%ve o"i#u# direcions for 'e #%in li,' direcionJ
The ca9eras< W'ere %re 'e c%#er%s ,oin, o *e loc%ed1 Li,'in, #us sui 'e c%#er%)s
"osiionJ If 'e su*9ec is o *e s'o fro# sever%l "osiions. 'e li,'in, '%s o %4e 'is ino
%ccounJ $owever. '% does no #e%n Boodin, li,' ono 'e se fro# %ll direcionsJ
The surroundin$s< +ou will need o 4now %*ou 'e ,ener%l ones of 'e surroundin,sJ Are
'e( li,'5oned ;'en 'e( could e%sil( *eco#e overl( *ri,'< or d%r45oned ;in w'ic' c%se
#ore li,' #%( *e needed o "reven lower ones fro# *eco#in, de%il5free s'%dows<1 Will
'e su*9ecs s%nd ou fro# 'eir *%c4,round or end o #er,e wi' i1
At9osphere< Are (ou %i#in, % % s"eci?c %#os"'eric e6ec ;u"*e%. co-( evenin,
inerior. inri,uin, #(ser(. ecJ<1 T'e %nswer o 'is !uesion will inBuence 'ow 'e li,'
%nd s'%de %re disri*ued in 'e sceneJ
Production 9echanics< T'ese include suc' 'in,s %s3
Sound25oo, (o'ition' o %void c%sin, s'%dows '% will *e seen in 'e s'o
Lighting cue' suc' %s so#eone %""%renl( swic'in, roo# li,'s on
Lighting eCect'. w'ic' include e6ecs suc' %s % ?re Bic4er. li,'nin,. #oonli,'. %nd so on
T'ere will *e i#es w'en (ou '%ve o li,' % sein, wi'ou 4nowin, %n( of 'ese de%ilsJ In
'ose circu#s%nces. (ou c%n "rovide onl( % ,ener%l "%ern of li,'in, %nd c'ec4 'e
i#%,es durin, 'e re'e%rs%l o see w'ere c'%n,es will *e needed o i#"rove 'e siu%ionJ
Resuls under 'ese condiions c%n *e un"redic%*leJ
The +i$htin$ Plot
Mos "eo"le ?nd 'e *%sics of li,'in, e%s( enou,' o unders%nd. *u %re ver(
%""re'ensive w'en i co#es o 'e %cu%l li,'in, "rocessJ $ow do (ou *e,in1 Cre%in,
% lighting (lot will 'el" (ou 'in4 'rou,' (our li,'in, "l%nJ An %ccur%e li,'in, "lo will
en%*le (ou o i##edi%el( idenif( ever( l%#" durin, re'e%rs%lJ Wi'ou % "lo. (ou will *e
lef wonderin, w'ic' l%#" is c%usin, 'e *oo# s'%dow. or w'( 'ere is % 'o s"o on 'e
seJ Wor4 s(se#%ic%ll( 'rou,' 'e "ro9ec se" *( se"J &re%4 'e se ino di6eren %re%s.
%n%l(-in, w'ere 'e %cion is ,oin, o %4e "l%ce. %nd "l%ce 'e li,'s %s needed ;usu%ll( %
("e of ri%n,le li,'in,N 0i,ure 88JI><J T%*le 88J8 liss 'e ("es of !uesions '% need o *e
considered w'en "l%cin, li,'s on 'e li,' "loJ
+a9p Care and Safet%
Avoid #ovin, 'o li,'s w'en 'e( %re liJ 0il%#ens %re ver( fr%,ile w'en 'oJ
Use ,loves w'en '%ndlin, 'o l%#"sJ Never ouc' !u%r- l%#"s or $MI *ul*s wi' % *%re
'%nd ;*od( %cids desro( 'e envelo"e<J
Allow "len( of venil%ion %round l%#"s o %void over5'e%in,J ;Dr%"es. clo's. %nd o'er
scener( c%n *urn if 'e( %re oo close o l%#"sJ< If (ou "l%ce di6user #%eri%l or color
#ediu# oo close o % fresnel lens (ou #%( cr%c4 'e lens. so %lw%(s use "ro"er 'oldersJ
&ew%re of over5*%l%ncin, Boor s%ndsY Wei,' 'e *oo#s ;wei,'s. s%nd*%,s<J Secure
c%*les o "reven %ccidensJ
Alw%(s uili-e s%fe( c'%ins or wires o secure %ll '%n,in, l%#"s %nd %ccessories in c%se
'e( f%llJ
Swic' o6 l%#"s w'enever "ossi*le o reduce 'e%. len,'en l%#" life. %nd #ini#i-e
"ower cossJ
F21?RE 11@3
T'is li,'in, "lo w%s cre%ed for N&C)s sudio % 'e Ol(#"icsJ ;Coures( of Li,'in, Desi,n Grou"<
+i$htin$ and Ca9era Rehearsal
T'e c%#er% re'e%rs%l is 'e #o#en of ru'J Now (ou c%n see 'e resuls of (our l%*orsJ
Kee" %n e(e on %ll "review #oniors %nd loo4 ou for li,'in, defecs. suc' %s disr%cin,
s'%dows. 'o s"os. uns%isf%cor( conr%s. wron, li,' direcion. un%r%cive "orr%iure.
*oo# s'%dows. %nd 'e li4eJ If "ossi*le. re%d9us di##ers o i#"rove 'e li,'in, *%l%nce
direcl( %s (ou see in%ccur%ciesN re*%l%ncin, could %6ec %ll su*se!uen s'osJ
T'e direcor will %lso *e %rr%n,in, %nd re%d9usin, s'osJ M%n( s'os will *e %s eA"ecedN
so#e #%( *e !uie di6eren %nd could re!uire o%l reli,'in,J W'e'er (ou correc li,'in,
"ro*le#s %s 'e( %rise ;%nd #iss coninuin, re'e%rs%l "icures w'ile doin, so< or lis 'e#
o *e correced durin, % *re%4 de"ends on 'e circu#s%ncesJ I is re%son%*le o !uiel(
%d9us % *%rn door wi' % li,'in, "ole durin, re'e%rs%l. *u di6users %nd ,els or '%n,in,
l%#"s c%nno *e c'%n,ed uno*rusivel(J
Sound ,oo9 Shado5s
S'o %nici"%ion %nd coordin%ion %re necess%r( o "reven *oo# s'%dows fro# f%llin,
%cross "eo"le %nd *%c4,roundsJ T'e nor#%l ric4 is o 'row 'e inevi%*le s'%dow ou of
'e s'o *( c%reful 4e( li,' "osiionin,J O*viousl(. diOculies %rise w'en 'is l%#" "osiion
is %risic%ll( inco#"%i*le ;0i,ure 88JII<J
F21?RE 11@
Sound *oo# s'%dows c%n *e % c'%llen,e on % seJ
+i$htin$ on +ocation
W'en (ou %re s'ooin, %w%( fro# 'e sudio. (ou will encouner % wide r%n,e of li,'in,
condiions3
/a% e3teriors< T'ese v%r( fro# overc%s s4ies o sron, *lindin, sunli,' wi' dee"
s'%dowsJ
8i$ht e3teriors< An('in, fro# "ic'5*l%c4 ni,' o sron, #oonli,'N fro# 'e odd sree
l%#" o E*ri,'5%s5d%(F surroundin,sJ
/a% interiors< T'ese c%n r%n,e fro# loc%ions w'ere sunli,' 'rou,' windows
e#*%rr%ssin,l( overw'el#s %n( inerior li,'in, o 'ose w'ere (ou need o "rovide % 'i,'5
"ower l%#" o si#ul%e sunli,' on % dull d%(Y
8i$ht interiors< Condiions 'ere c%n v%r( consider%*l(. fro# o%l d%r4ness o %n
eAensivel( li environ#enJ So#ei#es 'e inerior li,'in, is !uie unsui%*le for 'e
c%#er% %nd #us *e swic'ed o6J
In T%*le 88J=. (ou will ?nd % useful su##%r( of ("ic%l e!ui"#en %nd ec'ni!ues '% (ou
c%n use w'en li,'in, on loc%ionJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% %re 'ree of 'e ,o%ls of li,'in,1
2@ W'% is 'e %dv%n%,e of % -e*r% s(se#1
3@ $ow %re s"oli,'s used in "roducions1
@ Descri*e 'ow o se u" 'ree5"oin li,'in,J
!@ $ow c%n % "or%*le reBecor *e used in li,'in, % "erson1
&@ W'% %re wo of 'e issues '% need o *e considered w'en doin, % *%sic li,'in, "l%n1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< T;44B ,R;68
6h% do %ou li-e 5or-in$ 5ith li$htin$7 I %# "%ssion%e %*ou li,'in, *ec%use i is fun
for #e %nd I en9o( 'e c'%llen,es of iJ W'en (ou see w'% is *ein, %cco#"lis'ed wi' (our
li,'. (ou feel (ou %re re%ll( conri*uin, o 'e "ro9ecJ I #us confess '% so#ei#es i)s %
lile li4e C'ris#%s #ornin, ,ein, o "lu, 'in,s in %nd '%ve 'e# wor4Y I)s no '% I)#
sur"rised w'en % li,' co#es on. i)s '% I %4e ,re% "ride in doin, 'e 9o* ri,'J
6hat 9a-es $ood li$htin$7 EA"erienceY EA"erienceY EA"erienceY Knowin, w'% wor4s
%nd w'% doesn) will s%ve (ou w'en 'ere)s li#ied i#e for li,'in,J Es"eci%ll( w'en
so#eone needs '% li,' (eserd%(Y Pre"roducion is esseni%lJ Siin, down wi' 'e DP in
%dv%nce o ,e 'is or 'er vision #%4es %ll 'e di6erence in 'e worldJ Li4e %cin,. li,'in,
c%n #%4e or *re%4 (our "roducionJ +ou c%n '%ve 'e *es scri" in 'e world. *u if (our
%cors %ren) doin, 'eir 9o*. ,ood luc4 ,ein, 'e "ro9ec o see 'e li,' of d%(J T'e s%#e
,oes for li,'in,J +ou c%n '%ve % v%s %rr%( of li,'s % (our ?n,eri"s. *u if (ou don) 4now
'ow o use 'e# (ou %re never ,oin, o #ove *e(ond 'e suden ?l# levelJ
6hat are so9e of the challen$es of li$htin$7 M%n( i#es 'e *i,,es c'%llen,e is
,ein, "ower fro# one loc%ion o %no'erJ I c%n *e ver( diOcul o s%( %enive. %nd no
,e disr%ced. so '% (ou 4now w'% is neededJ Li,'in, insru#ens c'%n,eJ I is ou,' o
!uic4l( le%rn new li,'sJ
F21?RE 11@!
To##( &rown. Li,'in, En,ineerJ
To,,y $)o0n h*' 0o)/ed on the lighting of co)(o)*te &ideo'1 net0o)/ tele&i'ion1 *nd
fe*tu)e +l,'J
CHAPTER 12
>ack-rounds and %ets
EW'% we %re loo4in, for in % dr%#%ic se is %n i#%,in%ive su*siueJ Kee" in #ind.
direcors "roduce illusionsJ $owever *%sic 'e se #%eri%ls re%ll( %re. 'e end resul c%n
%""e%r o 'e %udience %s 'e re%l 'in,JF
1erald 4illerson, Author
Ter9s
Chro9aI-e%< Uili-in, % "roducion swic'er. wi' 'is ec'ni!ue. 'e direcor c%n re"l%ce %
s"eci?c color ;usu%ll( ,reen or *lue< wi' %no'er i#%,e source ;sill i#%,e. live video.
,r%"'ics. "rerecorded #%eri%l. ecJ<J
C%clora9a =c%c>< Serves %s % ,ener%l5"ur"ose de%il5less *%c4,roundJ C(clor%#%s
,ener%ll( '%ve % coninuous. se%#less *%c4,round '% c%n *e "ro9eced on or 4e(ed ou o
cre%e uni!ue *%c4,roundsJ
Flat< A "%nel usu%ll( cre%ed *( *uildin, % fr%#e %nd 'en ei'er %%c'in, % "iece of wood
or srec'in, clo' over i o cre%e % w%ll for % se in 'e elevision sudioJ
Floor plan =sta$in$ plan, set plan>< A rou,' "l%n of 'e s%,in, l%(ou usu%ll( *e,ins
wi' dr%win, "oeni%l sc%le oulines of sein,s. includin, 'eir #%in fe%ures3 windows.
doors. s%irw%(sJ Ensure '% 'ere is enou,' roo# for c%#er%s. sound *oo#s. %nd li,'in,J
Hand properties =props>< An( ie#s '% %re ouc'ed %nd '%ndled *( 'e %len durin,
'e "roducionJ T'ese could include % "en. dis'es. % cell "'one. silverw%re. %nd so onJ
4odular set units< Pre*uil se co#"onens '% c%n *e co#"%cl( sored %nd 'en !uic4l(
%sse#*led %nd dis%sse#*ledJ
Sta$e props< T'e furniure on 'e seJ T'ese would include news des4s. c'%irs. couc'es.
%*les. %nd 'e li4eJ
Studio plan< T'e *%sis for #uc' of 'e or,%ni-%ion. s'owin, 'e sudio)s "er#%nen
s%,in, %re% wi' suc' fe%ures %nd f%ciliies %s eAis. ec'nic%l su""lies. c(clor%#%s. %nd
service %nd sor%,e %re%sJ
"irtual set< Uses % *lue or ,reen se%#less *%c4,round. for c'ro#%54e(in, 'e co#"uer5
,ener%ed se ino 'e sceneJ Mos viru%l ses e#"lo( so"'isic%ed co#"uer sofw%re '%
#oniors 'e c%#er%)s #ove#ens so '% %s 'e c%#er% -oo#s. ils. "%ns. or #oves in %n(
o'er w%(. 'e *%c4,round #oves in % corres"ondin, w%(J

T'e *%c4,round is #uc' #ore '%n Ew'%ever '%""ens o %""e%r *e'ind 'e su*9ecJF I
direcl( %6ecs 'e success of 'e "ro,r%#. %nd 'us i needs o *e c%refull( desi,ned %nd
conrolledJ Scener( c%n r%n,e in "r%cice fro# % si#"le *%c4dro" o eAensive consrucion.
*u e6ecive desi,n is i#"or%n o 'e success of %n( s'ow ;0i,ure 8=J8<J
F21?RE 12@1
T'is elevision se w%s desi,ned *( 'e C%n%di%n &ro%dc%sin, Cor"or%ion ;C&C< o s'ow o6 'e coneA of 'e &ei9in,
Ol(#"ics. wi' wo reco,ni-%*le *uildin,s in 'e *%c4,round ;'e Ol(#"ic s%diu# %nd 'e %!u%ics cener<J T'is
*%c4,round %dds credi*ili( o 'e *ro%dc%s. %llowin, viewers o see w'ere 'e %nc'ors %re loc%edJ ;P'oo *( Mi4e Gil,er<
THE 28F+?E8CE ;F THE TE+E"2S2;8 ,ACE1R;?8/
Television s'ows %re s'o in % wide r%n,e of loc%ions3 "eo"le)s 'o#es. oOces. f%cories.
roo#s. "u*lic *uildin,s. sudios. srees. %nd wide5o"en s"%cesJ W'ere we s'oo 'e
"ro,r%# #%( *e vi%l ;coneAu%ll( relev%n< o w'% we w%n o ell our %udience. or i c%n
*e #erel( inciden%lJ To so#e eAen. 'e i#"or%nce of 'e se de"ends on 'e direcor. 'e
w%( 'e su*9ec is %""ro%c'ed. %nd 'e c'osen s(le %nd for#J E6ecive *%c4,rounds or ses
%re #ore % #%er of #%4in, wise c'oices '%n '%vin, % *i, *ud,eJ
Surroundin,s '%ve % consider%*le inBuence on 'ow we feel %*ou w'% we %re seein, %nd
'e%rin,J I is no 9us % #%er of c'oosin, % *%c4,round '% loo4s %""ro"ri%e or %r%cive.
*u deer#inin, w'e'er is i#"%c on 'e %udience is ri,' for 'e s"eci?c "oins *ein,
#%de in 'e "ro,r%# ;0i,ure 8=J=<J
T'e *%c4,round we c'oose for our %cion. %nd 'e w%( we s'oo i. c%n %6ec 'ow
"ersu%sivel( "oins %re co##unic%ed o our %udienceJ I is one 'in, o see % "erson
s%ndin, on % sree corner. reco##endin, % ("e of #edicine. %nd %no'er w'en we see
'% s%#e "erson we%rin, % w'ie l%* co% in % l%*or%or(J T'e surroundin,s '%ve sw%(ed
our re%cions. (e 'e( '%ve no'in, o do wi' 'e rue !u%li( of 'e "roducJ
T'e c%#er% c%nno %void *ein, seleciveJ 0or eA%#"le. if % video c%#er% is %4en o %n
o6s'ore oil ri,. de"endin, on w'ic' "%rs of 'e srucure %re s'o. % ver( di6eren view of
life on 'e ri, c%n *e eA"ressedJ T'e ?n%l e#"'%sis could *e on is 'u,e ,eo#eric srucure
or 'e isol%ion of 'is ,rou" of wor4ers in re%c'erous se%s. or i #i,' %""e%r %s % scene of
endless noise %nd ense %civi(J In 'e end. i is 'e s'o selecion %nd ediin, '% will
"orr%( 'e conce" of life on % ri, o 'e %udienceJ T'e resul #%( *e % f%ir cross5secion of
life 'ere or i could *e overl( seleciveJ Muc' de"ends on 'e "oin of view 'e direcor
%do"sJ
,AS2C ;R1A82LAT2;8
S%,in, *e,ins wi' 'e de#%nds of 'e scri" %nd 'e %s"ir%ions of 'e direcorJ Muc'
de"ends on 'ow e6ecivel( 'ese c%n *e rel%ed o 'e f%ciliies. i#e. %nd *ud,e %v%il%*leJ
As wi' %ll cr%fs#%ns'i" in elevision. o"i#u# resuls co#e fro# % *lend of i#%,in%ive
"erce"ion %nd "r%cic%l "l%nnin,J Television se desi,ners %c'ieve #inor #ir%cles in #%4in,
in,enious use %nd reuse of #%eri%lsJ
F21?RE 12@2
T'e se "ieces. 'e dressin,s. %nd 'e "ro"s ,ive %n %u'enici( o 'e i#e "eriod 'is sor( %4es "l%ce inJ ;P'oo *(
Dou, S#%r<
Pl%nnin, *e,ins wi' discussions *eween 'e direcor %nd 'e se desi,nerJ Usin, s4ec'es.
sc%le "l%ns. %nd elev%ions. "roducion conce"s %re r%nsfor#ed ino 'e "r%cic%liies of
#%n5'ours. cos. %nd #%eri%lsJ 0or l%r,er "roducions. 'ere is close coll%*or%ion
wi' v%rious s"eci%liss. w'o consider s'o o""oruniies for c%#er%s. %len %cion. %nd
#oves. %nd 'e v%rious li,'in,. %udio. c%#er% re%#en. cosu#es. #%4eu". %nd ec'nic%l
re!uire#ensJ T'is ("e of "ro9ec re!uires e%#wor4J
The Studio Plan
T'e *%sis for #uc' of 'e or,%ni-%ion is 'e s%nd%rd "rined 'tudio (l*n. w'ic' s'ows 'e
sudio)s "er#%nen s%,in, %re% wi' suc' fe%ures %nd f%ciliies %s eAis. ec'nic%l su""lies.
c(clor%#%s. service %nd sor%,e %re%s. %nd 'e li4e ;0i,ure 8=J><J
The Floor Plan
Also 4nown %s 'e 't*ging (l*n. g)ound (l*n. or 'et (l*n. 'e :oo) (l*n is % rou,' "l%n of 'e
s%,in, l%(ou '% usu%ll( *e,ins wi' dr%win, "oeni%l sc%le oulines of sein,s. includin,
'eir #%in fe%uresSwindows. doors. s%irw%(sJ Ensure '% 'ere is enou,' roo# for
c%#er%s. sound *oo#s. %nd li,'in, ;0i,ure 8=JI<J
+i$htin$ Plot
T'e li,'in, direcor desi,ns 'e li,'in, desi,n. s'owin, 'e *%ens. or li,'in, ,rid. %nd
e%c' of 'e li,'in, insru#ens on 'e s%,in, "l%nJ
/esi$n Considerations
Television sein,s #us s%isf( sever%l re!uire#ens ;0i,ure 8=JP<3
Arisic%ll(. sein,s #us *e %""ro"ri%e o 'e occ%sion. 'e su*9ec. %nd 'e "roducion)s
"ur"oseJ
T'e s%,in, #us ? 'e "roducion needs3 is di#ensions. f%ciliies. %nd 'e "roducion
*ud,eJ
T'e desi,n s'ould "rovide roo# for c%#er% #ove#en %nd s'os. sound. %nd li,'in,J
F21?RE 12@3
S%#"le sudio "l%nJ
F21?RE 12@
S%#"le Boor "l%nJ
F21?RE 12@!
T'e se desi,n #us "rovide %#"le s'o o""oruniiesJ ;Illusr%ion coures( of 0ifeen'undred:wwwJ?feen'undredJv<
,ac-$rounds =Sets> Are a 4atter of Taste
Television s'ow se desi,ns di6er ,re%l( fro# counr( o counr( %nd even newor4 o
newor4J T'e followin, "'oo,r%"'s %re % sud( of so#e of 'e desi,n c'oices '% were
#%de *( wo di6eren counries) newor4s w'o covered 'e Ol(#"ics in /%ncouverJ T'ese
ses were "'oo,r%"'ed in 'e #%in *ro%dc%s cener durin, 'e G%#esJ
F21?RE 12@&
Se desi,ns c%n *e incredi*l( v%riedJ
Set /esi$n for 1&<)
$DT/ %nd is 8C3D for#% '%ve cre%ed so#e c'%llen,esJ Ses '% were %cce"%*le on SDT/
%re no lon,er %cce"%*le due o 'e 'i,' resoluion of $DT/J Scr%c'es %nd dens %re #uc'
#ore %""%renJ
T'e 8C3D for#% '%s %lso c'%n,ed 'e desi,n of ses. %nd #%de i #ore co#"leA. %6ecin,
%lso 'e loc%ions of 'e %lenJ Unil 'e 8C3D for#% *eco#es s%nd%rd. viewers will see
#ore 'e%der ele#ens ;'i,' secions of 'e se<. *ec%use c%#er% o"er%ors need o fr%#e
for I3> %s well %s 8C3DJ T'is is es"eci%ll( rue in wide s'osJ $owever. once 8C3D fr%#in, c%n
*e done eAclusivel(. 'e 'e%der ele#ens will *e seen #uc' lessJ I)s i#"or%n o cre%e
cle%n. visu%ll( ineresin, 'e%der ele#ens. w'ile no dedic%in, oo #uc' of 'e *ud,e o
ele#ens '% #%( onl( *e seen for % s'or "eriod ;0i,ures 8=JQ. 8=JL. %nd8=JD<J
Real and ?nreal ,ac-$rounds
Mos %udiences %re no concerned %*ou w'e'er 'e *%c4,round is re%l or %n illusionJ T'e(
usu%ll( don) c%re if i is % re%l loc%ion or if i is co#"uer5,ener%edJ I is 'e e6ec '%
counsJ $owever. i is wor' re#e#*erin, '% *%c4,rounds c%n *e derived in % nu#*er of
w%(s3
?se of actual place< T'e %cion is re%ll( s'o in 'e S%'%r% DeserJ
?se of su0stitute3 S'oo 'e %cion in % convenien loc%ion '% loo4s suOcienl( li4e "%r
of 'e S%'%r% DeserJ
?se of a set< &uild % se '% rese#*les 'e re%l 'in, in % sudioJ
Su$$ested location< T'e c%#er% s'ows loc%ion s'os of 'e Ei6el Tower ;"%r of % sill
"'oo< inercu wi' s'os of so#eone s%ndin, %,%ins % *ric4 w%llJ T'%n4s o sound e6ecs
of r%Oc %nd so on. 'e viewer %ssu#es '% 'is is s'o in P%risJ
"irtual set< I is "ossi*le wi' v%rious elecronic e!ui"#en o inser 'e "erson s%ndin, in
fron of 'e c%#er% ino % se"%r%e *%c4,round "icureJ Wi' c%re. i c%n *e done %*soluel(
convincin,l(J
F21?RE 12@'
Tod%()s ses need o *e cre%ed wi' *o' 'e 8C3D %nd 'e I3> for#%s in #indJ ;P'oo coures( of 0G
Grou":wwwJfA,rou"Jv<
The 8eutral ,ac-$round
T'ere %re i#es w'en we w%n 'e *%c4,round o "rovide o%ll( neur%l surroundin,s for
'e %cionJ In 'e eAre#e. 'is *%c4,round could *e 9us % *l%n4 w'ie ;li,5o< or *l%c4
;c*,eo< %re%. *ec%use we %re concenr%in, on 'e "erfor#ersJ $owever. we usu%ll( w%n
so#e'in, r%'er #ore ineresin, o loo4 % '%n % "l%in %re% of one. %nd T/ solved 'is
"ro*le# *( cre%in, 'e neut)*l 'etting3 % *%c4,round '% is visu%ll( %r%cive. wi'ou
%cu%ll( re#indin, us of %n( s"eci?c s(le. "eriod. or "l%ceJ +ou will see 'is sor of sein, in
*ro%dc%s %l4 "ro,r%#s. sudio inerviews. %nd discussions. or. in #ore el%*or%e versions.
for ,%#e s'owsJ
F21?RE 12@(
On %ll s'os. includin, ones li4e 'is. i is i#"or%n o re#e#*er '% I3> viewers won) see 'e %re%s o 'e f%r ri,' %nd
lef %re%s of 'e screen. so i)s i#"or%n no o "u vi%l scenic ele#ens or ,r%"'ics in 'is s"%ceJ $owever. 8C3D viewers
do eA"ec 'is %re% o *e ?lled wi' visu%l ele#ensJ In 'is i#%,e. 'e ,r%(ed5ou %re%s o 'e lef %nd ri,' won) *e seen
*( I3> viewers. w'ile 8C3D viewers see 'e enire wid'. includin, 'e ,r%( %re%sJ ;P'oo coures( of 0G
Grou":wwwJfA,rou"Jv<
F21?RE 12@)
W'enever wo or #ore %len #e#*ers %""e%r in one s'o. c%re needs o *e %4en o #%4e sure '% %nc'ors don) %""e%r
in e%c' o'er)s s'osJ In 'is eA%#"le of % one5s'o. I3> viewers. w'o see onl( 'e %re% *eween 'e w'ie lines. will see
onl( 'e one %nc'orJ $owever. 8C3D viewers. w'o see 'e enire i#%,e. see 'e co5%nc'or)s s'oulder o 'e ri,'J T'is issue
is "%ricul%rl( i#"or%n wi' %nc'or des4sS% se needs % des4 '% se%s %nc'ors f%r enou,' %"%r o no encro%c' on
e%c' o'er)s s'os. wi'ou #%4in, %nc'ors see# oo f%r %"%rJ ;P'oo coures( of 0G Grou":wwwJfA,rou"Jv<
&%sic%ll(. neur%l *%c4,rounds %re usu%ll( #%de wi' scenic unis. "osiioned in fron of
% cyclo)*,* or cycJ A c(clor%#% is % curved w%ll '% is used %s % *%c4,round for %
elevision "roducionJ T'is curved w%ll su,,ess unli#ied s"%ce w'en seen 'rou,' 'e
c%#er%J
F21?RE 12@1*
Econo#ic%l ses c%n *e cre%ed *( usin, 9us % few ele#ensJ
EC;8;42CA+ SETS
Peo"le wor4in, on % i,' *ud,e %nd wi' li#ied sor%,e f%ciliies will '%ve lile
o""oruni( o *uild #uc' scener(J &u '% does no need o *e % #%9or li#i%ion. %s i is
"ossi*le o develo" ver( %r%cive ses. si#"l( %nd econo#ic%ll(. *( usin, 9us % few
#uli"ur"ose se unis in fron of % c(clor%#% or % *%c4,round w%ll ;0i,ure 8=J8K<J
Li,'in, %lone c%n si,ni?c%nl( c'%n,e 'e %""e%r%nce of % *%c4,round. w'e'er i is %
"l%in w%ll or % c(cJ T'e se c%n *e li evenl(. s'%ded ;*oo#5li fro# % c(c li,'<. '%ve
s'%dows or "%erns "ro9eced on i. or *e used wi' "l%in or *lended color %re%sJ
An o(en 'et c%n *e cre%ed *( c%refull( ,rou"in, % few "ieces of furniure in fron of 'e
w%llJ Even %s lile %s % couc'. low %*le. %*le l%#". "oed "l%ns. screen. c'%ir. %nd s%nd
l%#" c%n su,,es % co#"lee roo#J
Su""or fr%#es c%n *e consruced fro# len,'s of %lu#inu# or woodJ T'e( c%n *e
dis#%nled or folded. %re e%sil( r%ns"ored. %nd re!uire lile sor%,e s"%ceJ /%rious
#%eri%ls c%n *e srec'ed %cross 'ese su""or fr%#es o #%4e :*t'N 'ese %re %"ed.
n%iled. or s%"led onJ M%n( #%eri%ls c%n *e used. includin, #es'. relliswor4. scri#.
nein,. c%rd*o%rd. w%ll coverin,s. r%nslucen "l%sic s'eein,. %nd so on ;0i,ure 8=J88<J
Modul*) unit' c%n *e consruced ou of #%n( di6eren #%eri%ls. fro# wood "roducs o
"l%sic s'eein, %nd %lu#inu#J T'e #odules c%n %lso *e "urc'%sed co##erci%ll( in %
v%rie( of con?,ur%ionsJ T'e %dv%n%,e o #odul%r s(se#s is '% 'e( c%n *e %sse#*led
%nd dis%sse#*led !uic4l(. %re ,ener%ll( desi,ned for #ini#%l sor%,e si-e. %nd c%n loo4
!uie "rofession%l ;0i,ure 8=J8=<J
Se9iper9anent Sets
Se desi,n '%s *eco#e #ore %nd #ore co#"leA over 'e (e%rsJ Ses incor"or%e
ec'nolo,(. s"eci%l li,'in,. #oniors. %nd %re%s for 4e(in, ,r%"'ics ;0i,ure 8=J8><J
Dr%#%ic ses %re *ein, *uil wi' suc' de%il '% 'e( '%ve *eco#e incredi*l( co#"leAJ
Mos co#"leA ses %re ins%lled se#i"er#%nenl(J T'e( %re co#"lic%ed enou,' '% 'e(
%re no wor' ins%llin, %nd unins%llin, on % re,ul%r *%sis. % le%s unil 'e( need o *e
u"d%ed or 'e s'ow is c%ncelledJ T'is #e%ns '% 'e( %re *uil ino 'e sudio. *oled o
'e Boor. %nd "ro*%*l( conneced o 'e ceilin, ;0i,ure 8=J8I<J W'en sudio s"%ce is
%v%il%*le. i s%ves % lo of i#e o '%ve % se siin, w%iin, o *e usedJ A re,ul%r s'ow c%n
*e s'o !uic4l(. wi'ou %ll of 'e seu" i#eJ
A "er#%nen or se#i"er#%nen se '%s 'e %dv%n%,e '% 'e #%9ori( of 'e se is
%sse#*led %nd re%d( o *e used w'enever needed. 'e se c%n *e dressed %nd lef in "l%ce
;v%rious "ro"s %nd furnis'in,s<. %nd 'e li,'s usu%ll( '%ve %lre%d( *een 'un, %nd %d9used
%nd 'en lef in "osiionJ
F21?RE 12@11
A si#"le B% consruced wi' 8 ` I5inc' wood %nd % s'ee of a5inc' "l(woodJ T'is B% is % ("e of su""or fr%#e '%
would re!uire % le%s one s%,e wei,' o 4ee" i fro# f%llin, downJ
W'en % sudio re,ul%rl( "roduces % s"eci?c "ro,r%#. i #%( '%ve % "er#%nen se ins%lled.
suc' %s % 4ic'en. % l%*or%or(. %n oOce. % loun,e. or % news5des4 l%(ou. %ll desi,ned o ?
'e "roducionJ
F21?RE 12@12
Modul%r unis "rovide % !uic4 %nd e%s( w%( o *uild % seJ T'e( c%n *e consruced or "urc'%sed co##erci%ll(J ;P'oos
coures( of Uni5Se<
F21?RE 12@13
Ses '%ve *eco#e #ore %nd #ore co#"leA over 'e (e%rs. lo%ded wi' ec'nolo,( %nd #uli"le surf%cesJ ;P'oos *( 7on
Green'oe %nd 7os' T%*er<
Pictorial ,ac-$rounds
&ec%use in % =D elevision "icure i is diOcul o disin,uis' *eween dis%n o*9ecs '%
%re B% %nd '% %re solid. (ou c%n si#ul%e >D e6ecs convincin,l( usin, % B% "icori%l
*%c4,roundJ Ide%ll(. i would need o *e free fro# *le#is'es. evenl( li. %nd s'ow no
s'%dowsN is "ers"ecive. "ro"orions. %nd ones would #%c' 'e fore,round sceneN %nd i
would *e s'o sr%i,'5onJ In "r%cice. (ou will ?nd '% even !uie *l%%n discre"%ncies c%n
sill *e ver( convincin, on c%#er%J
PAINTED CLOTHS "$AC!DROPS1 $AC!CLOTHS1 SCENIC CLOTHS1 CANVAS DROPS%
R%n,in, fro# "ure v%udeville o ne%r5"'oo,r%"'ic #%ser"ieces of scenic %r. 'ese l%r,e
"%ined s'ees %re used "ri#%ril( %s window *%c4in,sJ P%ined clo's %re nor#%ll( 'un, on
*%ens. "i"es. or wooden fr%#es ;0i,ure 8=J8P<J
PHOTOGRAPHIC ENLARGEMENTS "PHOTOMRALS1 PHOTO $LO#2PS%
Al'ou,' eA"ensive. enl%r,ed "'oo,r%"'s re"resen 'e uli#%e re%lis# o*%in%*le fro#
sudio "icori%l *%c4,roundsJ Enl%r,e#ens %re #%de on secions of "'oosensii-ed
#%eri%l '% c%n *e fronli or *%c4li on 'e se ;0i,ures 8=J8> %nd8=J8C<J
TELEVISION MONITORS
Television #oniors %re incre%sin,l( *ein, used %s "icori%l *%c4,rounds. fro# % sin,le
#onior. %s s'own in 0i,ure 8=J8>. o % #onior w%ll '% %4es u" % l%r,e "%r of 'e se)s
w%llJ
F21?RE 12@1
A se#i"er#%nen dr%#%ic se *ein, *uil ino 'e sudioJ T'e *%c4 of 'e E"l%serF w%lls %re wooden B%s. s'own in0i,ure
8=J=>J
C%clora9a
Even 'e s#%lles sudio c%n #%4e full use of % cyclo)*,* %s % ,ener%l5"ur"ose *%c4,roundJ
T'e c(c ;"ronounced Esi4eF< serves %s % ,ener%l5"ur"ose de%il5free *%c4,roundJ
C(clor%#%s ,ener%ll( '%ve % coninuous. se%#less *%c4,round '% c%n *e used for
c'ro#%54e( ;see neA secion< or "ro9eced on o cre%e uni!ue *%c4,roundsJ T'e c(c
"rovides %n eAre#el( useful ,ener%l5"ur"ose *%c4,round surf%ce for sudios of %ll si-esJ
T'e c(clor%#% c%n *e 'e *%sis of % wide r%n,e of "ro,r%# *%c4,rounds fro# 'e #und%ne
o 'e s"ec%cul%rJ I c%n *e *uil o ? 'e "ro9ec %nd c%n r%n,e fro# % few fee lon, o %
co#"lee w%ll %round 'e sudio ;0i,ure 8=J8Q<J
F21?RE 12@1!
P%ined *%c4dro"s. or c%nv%s dro"s. c%n r%n,e fro# desi,ns o ne%r5"'oo,r%"'ic #%ser"ieces of scenic %rJ ;&%c4,round
"%ined *( 7o'n Co%4le(:Coures( of 7C &%c4in,s<
F21?RE 12@1&
P'oo,r%"'ic enl%r,e#ens "rined on vin(l c%n *e cre%ed so '% 'e( %re ni,' %nd d%( *%c4,roundsJ W'en li fro# 'e
fron 'e( loo4 li4e % d%(li,' *%c4in,. w'en li fro# 'e fron %nd *%c4 i c%n loo4 li4e 'e ,olden 'our. %nd w'en 9us li
fro# *e'ind. 'e s%#e *%c4in, c%n loo4 li4e ni,' i#eJ ;P'oo coures( of 7JCJ &%c4in,s<
C(clor%#%s %re usu%ll( illu#in%ed *( % row of c(c li,'s ;see 0i,ures 88J=Q %nd 88J=L for
eA%#"les of % c(c li,'s<J I c%n *e neur%l. colored wi' li,'s. or include no li,' ;*l%c4<N
%lso. video c%n *e insered ino % *lue c(clor%#%. "rovidin, % viru%l seJ Noe '% i curves
*eween 'e w%ll %nd 'e BoorJ As corners %re diOcul o li,' %nd sill loo4 li4e corners. is
corners %re usu%ll( rounded so '% 'e c(c c%n *e e6ecivel( used %s % viru%l seJ
T'e c(c is %v%il%*le in wo "ri#%r( for#s3 'oft cyc %nd h*)d cycJ A 'oft cyc c%n *e #%de of
clo'. "%"er. or c%nv%sJ A clo' c(c is usu%ll( srec'ed %u *( u*ul%r "i"in, %lon, is
*oo# ed,e. w'ere % o%ll( wrin4le5free surf%ce is re!uired ;0i,ure 8=J8Q<J Sof c(cs %re
so#ei#es 'un, on % sr%i,' or curved r%c4 ;c(c r%il<. %llowin, 'e# o *e re"osiioned.
c'%n,ed. %nd #oved ou of 'e w%( w'en no re!uiredJ A h*)d cyc is cre%ed ou of dr(w%ll.
#e%l. or wood o "rovide % '%rd. coninuous surf%ce ;0i,ure 8=J8L<J
Chro9aIEe%C4attin$
T'e e%sies w%( o unders%nd 'e #%in, "rocesses is o i#%,ine cuin, % 'ole in one
video i#%,e %nd inserin, %n %re% fro# %no'er "icure '% corres"onds eA%cl(J Wi'in 'e
%re% covered *( 'e #%e. 'e sudio swic'er or "os"roducion sofw%re swic'es fro# 'e
#%in "icure c'%nnel o % second "icure sourceJ T'e ed,es of 'is inser #%( *e s'%r"l(
de?ned ;'%rd5ed,ed< or di6used ;sof5ed,ed< so '% 'e( *lend uno*rusivel( ino 'e
co#"osieJ
M%in,:4e(in, ec'ni!ues '%ve endless "oeni%l %s *%c4,round %nd %s s"eci%l e6ecsJ In
elevision. c'ro#%54e(in, is used eAensivel( o cre%e *%c4,rounds %nd is *%sed on % ver(
si#"le "rinci"leJ W'erever % c'osen /eying colo) ;usu%ll( *lue or ,reen< %""e%rs in 'e on5
%ir s'o. i is "ossi*le o inser % second source ;'e 5*c/g)ound<J C'ro#%54e( re"l%ces 'e
*lue or ,reen %re% ;deer#ined *( 'e user< wi' 'e corres"ondin, secion of 'e second
source ;0i,ure 8=J8L<J T'is 4e(in, ec'ni!ue c%n *e cre%ed *( usin, % "roducion swic'er
in % #ulic%#er% "roducion or wi' % nonline%r ediin, s(se# e!ui""ed wi' 'e
%""ro"ri%e sofw%reJ
&%sic one5c%#er% c'ro#%54e( ec'ni!ues '%ve 'e #%9or dis%dv%n%,e '% unless %%c'ed
o % co#"uer r%c4in, "ro,r%#. 'e c%#er% needs o 'old % se%d( s'oSi)s un%*le o "%n.
il. -oo#. or #ove. *ec%use 'is would i##edi%el( desro( 'e re%lis# of 'e sceneJ
$owever. even si#"le c'ro#%54e( s(se#s c%n *e eAre#el( e6eciveJ
C'ro#%54e( is "ro*%*l( #os ofen used o ,ive 'e illusion '% % "erson is s%ndin, in fron
of % re%l loc%ion suc' %s % c%sle. s%ndin, in % ?eld. s%ndin, ou on 'e se%s'ore. or
s%ndin, in % own s!u%reS#erel( % 'e "ress of % *uonJ If done well. 'is ec'ni!ue c%n
*e ver( convincin, %nd e6ecive wi' %n %udienceJ
W'en uili-in, 'e c'ro#%54e( ec'ni!ue. 'e enire *%c4,round does no need o *e 4e(ed
ouJ Inse%d. %n( "%r of 'e *%c4,round or fore,round #%( *e c'ro#%54e(ed. %s lon, %s 'e
%""ro"ri%e 4e(in, color is usedJ &ec%use 'e i#%,e c%n *e %s l%r,e %s 'e 4e( color. i
o6ers % ver( econo#ic%l #e'od of "rovidin, %n i#"ressive ,i%n dis"l%( screen in % s'o
;0i,ure 8=J8D<J
F21?RE 12@1'
T'is elevision news s%ion uses % ,reen c'ro#%54e( *%c4,round for is we%'er re"orsJ Noe 'e ?n%l co#*ined i#%,e on
'e #onior *e'ind 'e %lenJ T'e foo "ed%l in fron of 'e %len is for c'%n,in, *%c4,round i#%,esJ T'e %len is loo4in,
% %no'er #onior ;no s'own in 'e "'oo< o 4now w'ere o "oinJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
"irtual Sets
T'e use of viru%l ses coninues o ,rowJ T'is so"'isic%ed ("e of c'ro#%54e( is c'%n,in,
'e w%( ses %re desi,ned in #%n( sudiosJ Al'ou,' in 'e *e,innin, 'e cos of sein, u"
% viru%l se s(se# ine,r%ed wi' c%#er%s c%n *e !uie si,ni?c%n. 'e s%vin,s of no
'%vin, o !uic4l( c'%n,e #%n( di6eren 4inds of ses c%n "%( for iself in 'e lon, runJ
Sudio s"%ce re!uire#ens %nd consrucion i#es %re reduced wi' 'e use of 'ese sesJ
/iru%l ses use % *lue or ,reen se%#less *%c4,round. c'ro#%54e(in, 'e co#"uer5
,ener%ed se ino 'e sceneJ Mos viru%l ses e#"lo( so"'isic%ed r%c4in, co#"uer
sofw%re '% #oniors 'e c%#er%)s #ove#ens so '% %s 'e c%#er%s -oo#. il. "%n. or
#ove in %n( o'er w%(. 'e *%c4,round #oves in % corres"ondin, w%(J T'is s(se#
%uo#%ic%ll( %d9uss 'e *%c4,round wi' e%c' s'o c'%n,e. c'%n,in, 'e *%c4,round si-e
%nd %n,le o si#ul%e % re%l se ;0i,ure 8=J=K<J
F21?RE 12@1(
A '%rd c(clor%#% w%s used o %llow C'in% Cenr%l Television ;CCT/< 'e BeAi*ili( of !uic4l( c'%n,in, sesJ ;P'oo *( Cl%ro
Cores I/:Reuers:L%ndov<
F21?RE 12@1)
T'e ?rs i#%,e s'ows 'e se wi' % secion '% c%n *e 4e(ed ou in *lueJ T'e second i#%,e is 'e eAern%l video s'o %nd
'e 'ird i#%,e s'ows w'% 'e viewers would seeJ An( %""ro"ri%el( colored "orion of 'e se c%n *e c'ro#%54e(edJ
;P'oos *( T(ler +oun,<
;utsideC,ac-lot Sets
&uildin, %n oudoor *%c4lo se re!uires !uie % *i of ?n%nci%l co##i#en in er#s of *o'
*uildin, 'e se %nd #%in%inin, iJ I is f%r *e(ond 'e #e%ns of % s#%ll5*ud,e "ro9ecJ
$owever. 'ese ses c%n *e rened %nd do o6er % lo of BeAi*ili(J T'e nice 'in, %*ou 'e#
is '%. if desi,ned e6ecivel(. 'e( c%n *e reused #uli"le i#esJ T'e oudoor se s'own
in0i,ure 8=J=8 w%s *uil dec%des %,o %nd '%s *een used in #%n( di6eren ?l#s %nd
elevision "roducionsJ T'ese c%n *e decor%ed o #%c' 'e i#e er%N #os viewers do no
re%li-e '% i is 'e s%#e loc%ion '% w%s used for e%rlier s'owsJ
F21?RE 12@2*
T'e wo#en siin, on 'e *lue c(c %re *ein, s'o *( % c%#er% '% is conneced o 'e viru%l se co#"uer loc%ed in 'e
fore,round of 'is "'ooJ Noice on 'e #iddle #onior '% 'e co#"uer5,ener%ed se c%n *e seenJ In 'e #onior on 'e
ri,'. (ou c%n see 'e co#*ined viru%l se %nd 4e(ed %lenJ
The +ocation As a ,ac-$round
Loc%ion *%c4,rounds *rin, coneA o 'e "roducionJ T'e( #%4e 'e "roducion loo4 re%l
%nd ,enuine in % w%( '% is '%rd o i#i%e in %n( sudioJ I usu%ll( *rin,s % credi*ili( %nd
ur,enc( o 'e "roducionJ $owever. %n( i#e 'e "roducion is #oved ou of 'e sudio. %
lile conrol is los in %udio. li,'in,. c%#er% "l%ce#en. %nd so onJ
$owever. unless i is % ver( f%#ous "l%ce. %ll 'e %udience 4nows %*ou 'e loc%ion
*%c4,round is w'% is s'own o 'e#J I is "ossi*le o ,o o %n eAoic "l%ce. %nd s'oo
so#eone le%nin, %,%ins % ree '% loo4s 9us li4e one *%c4 'o#eJ If (ou)re s'ooin, on
loc%ion. #%4e ,ood use of iJ Ensure '% 'ere %re suOcien visu%l clues for "eo"le o
*ene? fro# 'e s"eci?c %#os"'ere of 'e "l%ce ;0i,ure 8=J==<J
In 'e E*us(nessF of s'ooin, % "roducion. i is so e%s( o overloo4 'in,s in 'e *%c4,round
'% c%n *eco#e % disr%cion in 'e ?n%l i#%,eJ On 'e s"o. 'e( %re 9us %cce"ed %s "%r
of 'e sceneJ In 'e ?n%l "roducion. 'e( disr%c 'e %udience)s %enionJ Even #%9or ?l#s
ofen '%ve % #icro"'one sne%4in, ino 'e s'o % 'e o" of 'e "icure. or % s'%dow of 'e
c%#er% crew. or "ro#inen li,'in, c%*les. in s"ie of %ll 'eir vi,il%nceJ
So#ei#es 'ese odd 'in,s %re "u--lin, or disur*in, o 'e %udienceN % o'er i#es. 'e(
loo4 funn(. suc' %s so#eone s%ndin, wi' % B%,"ole E,rowin, ou of 'eir 'e%d.F or %
circul%r ceilin, li,' 'overin, li4e % '%loJ So#e of 'ese disr%cions %re i#"ossi*le o %void.
*u 'e( %re wor' loo4in, ou forJ T'e re#%inder of 'is secion de%ils so#e of 'e ("ic%l
'in,s '% c%n s"oil 'e i#%,eJ
F21?RE 12@21
Left; T'e *uildin,s %nd sree %re "%r of % se used in % newor4 elevision "roducionJ Right; T'e *%c4 of 'e s%#e seJ
Noice '% 'e *%c4 '%s *een desi,ned so '% %cors c%n %""e%r in windows or #ove in %nd ou of doorsJ
F21?RE 12@22
T'is ESPN "roducion w%ned o s'ow w'ere i w%s *ein, s'o. so 'e ci()s s4(line w%s included in 'e *%c4,roundJ ;P'oo
*( Dennis &%Aer<
Windows c%n *e %n e#*%rr%ss#en w'en s'ooin, ineriorsJ A l%r,e "%c' of s4( in 'e s'o
c%n cre%e "ro*le#sJ Even if 'e inerior is eA"osed "ro"erl(. 'is *ri,' *l%n4 %re% sill
,r%*s 'e %udience)s %enionJ Al'ou,' correcive ?lers c%n *e used o co#"ens%e for
'e 'i,' color e#"er%ure of 'e d%(li,'. is inensi( c%n e%sil( overw'el# 'e inerior
illu#in%ion %nd "reven 'e c%#er% fro# ,ein, % ,ood on%l *%l%nceJ
In %ddiion o %ll '%. if 'e %udience '%s % ,ood view of w'% is ,oin, on ouside 'e
window. 'ere is %lw%(s 'e c'%nce '% 'e( will ?nd 'is #ore inri,uin, '%n 'e re%l
su*9ecJ T'e si#"le re#ed( is o 4ee" 'e window ou of 'e s'o. or close 'e s'%desJ
ReBecive surf%ces in 'e *%c4,round %re diOcul o %voidJ &u ,l%ss. "l%sic. %nd even
'i,'l( "olis'ed furniure c%n *e ver( rou*leso#eJ T'ese surf%ces c%n even reBec 'e
c%#er% %nd is crewJ So inse%d of %d#irin, 'e ,le%#in, new %uo#o*ile. 'e %udience
w%c'es 'e ineresin, reBecions in is door "%nelJ
Worse sill is '% s'in( surf%ces reBec l%#"sJ If % c%#er% li,' is *ein, used. is *e%# will
*ounce sr%i,' *%c4 ino 'e lensJ W'en 'e c%#er% is #oved. 'e *lo* of li,' will #ove
%lon, wi' 'e c%#er%J
Low5inensi( reBecions ,ive s"%r4le %nd life o % surf%ceJ Sron, li,' reBecions %re % "%in.
*o' ec'nic%ll( %nd %risic%ll(J A"%r fro# %voidin, s'ooin, sr%i,'5on % 'ese surf%ces.
or 4ee"in, 'e# ou of 'e s'o. 'e !uic4 soluions %re o c'%n,e 'e c%#er%)s loc%ion.
cover 'e# u" ;"osiion so#e'in, or so#eone so '% 'e 'i,'li,' is no reBeced<. or
%n,le 'e surf%ceJ
An( sron, li,'s direcl( visi*le in 'e *%c4,round of 'e s'o c%n *e si#il%rl( rou*leso#eJ
&u unless 'eir inensiies c%n *e conrolled. or 4e" ou of 'e s'o. 'e direcor will
"ro*%*l( '%ve o %cce" 'e resulsJ
0l%s'in, si,ns. "ro#inen "osers. direcion si,ns. %nd *ill*o%rds %re %#on, 'e visu%l
diversions '% c%n e%sil( ruin % s'oJ T'e( %re %ll "%r of 'e scene. *u if % dr%#%ic
siu%ion is %4in, "l%ce %n(w'ere ne%r %n %ni#%ed %dverisin, si,n. do no *e sur"rised if
"%r of 'e %udience)s %enion is elsew'ereJ
Even if s'ooin, in % *us( s"o. i is ofen "ossi*le o ?nd % !uie corner in w'ic' 'ere %re
no oo #%n( inerru"ionsJ Tr( o %void includin, % door or *us( corridor in 'e *%c4,round.
or si#il%r %re%s wi' % coninu%ll( c'%n,in, sre%# of "eo"leJ Peo"le s%rin, % 'e c%#er%
%nd *(s%nders w%c'in, ;"%ricul%rl( 'e '%nd5w%vin, ("es< %re % re,ul%r "ro*le#. %nd
'ere is lile one c%n do. eAce" r( %s #uc' %s "ossi*le o 4ee" 'e# ou of 'e s'oJ
SET C;4P;8E8TS
T'ere %re #%n( di6eren ("es of se co#"onens used for "roducionJ $ere %re so#e of 'e
#os co##onJ
Standard set unit< Used inse%d of inerior or eAerior w%llsJ A B% is % ,ood eA%#"le of %
s%nd%rd se uni ;0i,ure 8=J=><J
Han$in$ units< &%sic%ll(. %n( *%c4,round '% is su""ored *( '%n,in, on % w%ll. % li,'in,
,rid. or %no'er over'e%d su""orJ T'ese include cur%ins. rolls of *%c4,round "%"er. %nd
c%nv%s ;0i,ures 8=J8P. 8=J8C. 8=J8Q. %nd 8=J=I<J
Platfor9s< Used o elev%e 'e %len or se ;0i,ure 8=J=P<J
Set pieces< Usu%ll( 'ree5di#ension%l o*9ecs used on % seJ T'ese would include #odul%r
se s(se#s. se"s. "ill%rs. %nd so on ;0i,ure 8=J8=<J
Floor treat9ent< Includes ru,s. wood. ru**er iles. "%in. %nd so onJ
Sta$e props< T'e furniure on 'e seJ T'ese would include news des4s ;0i,ure 8=J=P<.
c'%irs. couc'es. %nd %*lesJ
F21?RE 12@23
T'ese B%s. or s%nd%rd se unis. %re 'e *%c4 of 'e w%lls seen in 0i,ure 8=J8IJ T'is "'oo reve%ls 'ow 'e w%lls were
consrucedJ
F21?RE 12@2
Left; T'is "'oo s'ows % ci(sc%"e '%n,in, uni ;f%r ri,' of "'oo< '%n,in, *e'ind 'e %cu%l seJ Right; T'is "'oo w%s
s'o fro# inside 'e se. s'owin, 'e ci(sc%"eJ
F21?RE 12@2!
In 'is siu%ion. % "l%for# is used o *rin, 'e %len u" o e(e level wi' 'e c%#er%J
Set dressin$s< Se decor%ions %re used o cre%e 'e c'%r%cer of 'e seJ T'e( c%n
es%*lis' 'e #ood %nd s(le of 'e "roducionJ T'e dressin,s c%n include ?re"l%ces. l%#"s.
"l%ns. "icures. or dr%"eries ;0i,ures 8=J=C %nd 8=J>><J
Hand properties =props>< An( ie#s '% %re ouc'ed %nd '%ndled *( 'e %len durin,
'e "roducionJ T'ese could include % "en. dis'es. % cell "'one. or silverw%re ;0i,ures
8=J=Q %nd 8=J=L<J
SET C;8S2/ERAT2;8S
Ca9era Hei$ht
T'e c%#er%)s 'ei,' '%s % si,ni?c%n e6ec on 'ow #uc' of 'e scene is visi*le in 'e s'oJ
0ro# % lower view"oin. less of 'e #iddle ,round is seen. w'ic' reduces 'e feelin, of
s"%ce %nd dis%nce in 'e "icureJ T'in,s ne%rer 'e c%#er% *eco#e #ore "ro#inenS
"er'%"s overl( soJ Even ver( s#%ll fore,round o*9ecs ne%r*( c%n o*scure 'e s'oJ &u
r%ise 'e c%#er% 9us % lile. %nd no onl( will i s'oo over 'e#. *u 'e %udience will no
even re%li-e '% 'e( %re 'ere ;0i,ure 8=J=D<J
As 'e c%#er%)s 'ei,' is incre%sed. #ore of 'e #iddle ,round co#es ino view. %nd 'e
%udience ,es % ,re%er i#"ression of s"%ce %nd dis%nceJ $owever. if 'e scene is s'o
fro# % ver( 'i,' %n,le. or over'e%d s'os %re used. 'e %udience will no lon,er feel '%
'e( %re wi'in % loc%ion. *u will ?nd 'e#selves loo4in, down. ins"ecin, i inse%dJ Of
course. 'e %udience is %lso %6eced *( 'e s"eed of 'e c%#er% #ove %nd 'e conen of
'e s'oJ
F21?RE 12@2&
T'ese se dressin,s will *e used o es%*lis' 'e c'%r%cer of 'e seJ
F21?RE 12@2'
Pro" roo# s'owin, 'e v%rious "ro"s %v%il%*le for use in % "roducionJ
Fore$round Pieces
O*9ecs c%n %lso *e deli*er%el( "osiioned in 'e fore,round of %n i#%,e o i#"rove is
co#"osiion. o incre%se 'e i#"ression of dis%nce. or si#"l( o 'ide so#e'in, in 'e
sceneJ M%n( eAerior s'os '%ve foli%,e '%n,in, ino 'e o" of 'e fr%#eJ I is %l#os %
visu%l clic'_J &u 'e c%#er% o"er%or '%s done 'is *ec%use 'e "icure loo4s #ore
co#"lee. %nd i ,ives % *eer sense of sc%le. '%n if 'ere were 9us % *l%n4 o"en s4(J Wi'
'is Efr%#e.F 'e "icure ends o loo4 #ore *%l%nced %nd no lon,er *oo#5'e%v(J W'en
'ere does no '%""en o *e %n over'%n,in, ree o s'oo "%s. % "iece of % ree *r%nc' c%n
%lw%(s *e 'eld %*ove 'e lensJ If 'is "osiivel( %6ecs 'e loo4 of 'e "icure. do iS%nd
(our %udience need never 4nowJ
Al'ou,' 'e elevision)s "icure iself usu%ll( '%s % ?Aed 'ori-on%l %s"ec r%io ;I3> or
8C3D<. % fore,round window. %n %rc'. or % si#il%r o"enin, c%n *e used o "rovide % *order
'% %lers 'e %""%ren s'%"e of 'e "icureJ
&( c%refull( fr%#in, fore,round o*9ecs. i is "ossi*le o 'ide 'in,s in 'e *%c4,round '%
would *e disr%cin, o 'e %udienceJ T'e( #i,' ruin 'e s'o in so#e o'er w%(J 0or
eA%#"le. if %n 'isoric%l dr%#% is *ein, re5en%ced. i is ver( convenien ;o s%( 'e le%s< if
% c%refull( "osiioned ,%e"os. *us'. or even % "erson in 'e fore,round 'ides 'e #odern
si,ns. "ower lines. %nd o'er ele#ens ;0i,ure DJC<J
Creatin$ /epth
0ore,round "ieces c%n %dd de"' o % li#ied *%c4,roundJ De"' is cre%ed *( s'ooin,
'rou,' 'in,s. li4e % *oo4s'elf. % fence. or BowersJ Usu%ll( 'e fore,round is 4e" sli,'l(
ou of focus. so '% 'e %enion is dr%wn o 'e "ri#%r( su*9ecJ $owever. 'e fore,round
c%n %lso 'el" *rin, coneA o 'e i#%,e. *( usin, so#e'in, in 'e fore,round '% %dds
infor#%ion o 'e scene ;0i,ure 8=J>K<J
"ersions of NRealit%O
O*viousl(. 'e c%#er% does no Eell 'e ru'JF I inte)()et'J E%c' %s"ec of 'e "icure %nd
'e sound inBuences 'ow 'e %udience res"onds o w'% 'e( see %nd 'e%rJ A sli,' c'%n,e
in 'e c%#er% "osiion c%n enirel( %ler 'e "icure)s i#"%cJ If 'e sun co#es ou. w'% w%s
% dr%* 're%enin, *loc4 of *uildin, c%n *eco#e r%nsfor#ed ino %n %r%cive. ineresin,
"iece of %rc'iecureJ In 'e winer. we see % dull5loo4in, sree "l%ned wi' s%r4. le%Bess
reesJ In s"rin,. i *eco#es % c'%r#in, %venue. w'ere sidew%l4s %re d%""led wi' s'%deJ
A loc%ion c%n *e s'o so '% 'e %udience envies is in'%*i%ns. or "iies 'e# for '%vin,
o live 'ereJ I c%n %""e%r li4e % ?ne "l%ce. or %n e(esoreJ I)s %ll % #%er of w'% 'e
direcor c'ooses o include. %nd o#iN w'% is e#"'%si-ed. %nd w'% is su""ressedJ
As 'e c%#er% #oves %round 'e scene. i c%n dwell on *us( "ur"oseful *usle. %s "eo"le ,o
o wor4. or i c%n lin,er on 'ose w'o %""e%r o *e loun,in, %round wi' no'in, o doJ ;In
re%li(. 'e( #i,' *e w%iin, for % *us. *u % 'e #o#en 'e c%#er% c%"ures 'e#. 'e(
%re E%i#lessl( in%civeJF< T'e direcor c%n su,,es s"%ciousness *( s'ooin, wi' % wide5
%n,le lensJ Use % ele"'oo ;n%rrow5%n,le< lens inse%d. %nd 'e s%#e srees c%n loo4
con,esedJ
F21?RE 12@2(
T'is "ro" w%s used durin, % "roducion of The 42File'J T'e %cor *en 'e E"i"esF %nd cli#*ed 'rou,' 'e EconcreeJF In
re%li(. 'e "i"es were *end%*le ru**er %nd 'e concree w%s fo%#J T'e E#e%lF ed,es %nd *ols were %cu%ll( "l%sicJ
F21?RE 12@2)
&( #ovin, 'e c%#er% o % 'i,' %n,le on % 9i*. 'e %udience *eco#es curious. ins"ecin, 'e sceneJ ;P'oo coures( of
Son(<
In #os ciies. one c%n ?nd lier. dec%(. %nd ,r%OiN conversel(. 'ere will *e si,ns of
"ros"eri(S%r%cive *uildin,s. ,reen s"%ces. foun%ins. wildlife. "lus 'in,s '% %re
%#usin, %nd o'ers '% %re ouc'in,J $ow 'e i#%,es %re seleced %nd rel%ed will
si,ni?c%nl( inBuence 'ow 'e viewin, %udience will iner"re 'e sceneJ
6hat Can 6e /o a0out the ,ac-$round7
If 'e direcor is s'ooin, in % sudio %nd 'e *%c4,round is uns%isf%cor( for %n( re%son. 'e
or s'e c%n usu%ll( i#"rove i in so#e w%( or o'erJ &u w'% c%n *e done w'en on loc%ion if
'e *%c4,round "roves o *e unwor4%*le1
W'en % ,ues in so#eone)s 'o#e. 'e %nswer #%( *e dis%""oinin,l( lileJ So #uc'
de"ends on 'e "eo"le involved. %nd 'e direcor)s di"lo#%c(J If 'e 'oss %re no
%ccuso#ed o %""e%rin, on c%#er%. 'e( will "ro*%*l( *e disur*ed w'en i is su,,esed
'% 'in,s need o *e #oved %round o %n( eAenJ
T'e( #%( even feel unco#for%*le if 'e( %re no siin, in 'eir cuso#%r( c'%irJ T'ere is
lile "oin in doin, 'in,s '% will 9eo"%rdi-e 'e inerviewJ $owever. 'ere %re v%rious lile
'in,s '% c%n *e done uno*rusivel( o i#"rove #%ers3
N%ur%l li,'in, c%n *e used. r%'er '%n inroducin, li,'sJ T'e "erson *ein, inerviewed
will "ro*%*l( feel #ore % e%seJ T'e "ro*le# is '% %ddiion%l li,'in, c%nno *e %voided in
#os ineriors in order o ,e ,ood i#%,esJ
Al'ou,' % roo#)s ones c%nno necess%ril( *e c'%n,ed. i #%( *e "ossi*le o s'%de (our
l%#"s o6 % li,'5oned surf%ce o "reven 'e# fro# %""e%rin, oo *ri,' ;usin, % *%rn
door. B%,. or "%ri%l di6user<J A lile illu#in%ion #%( *e %*le o *e %dded o d%r4 cornersJ
If 'ere %re reBecions in ,l%ss5froned "icures or c%*ines. %nd 'e li,'s %nd c%#er%
c%nno *e #oved in order o %void 'e#. sli,'l( %n,lin, 'e fr%#e or furniure #%( resolve
'e dile##%J A w%ll "icure or #irror c%n ofen *e iled u" or down % *i *( wed,in,
so#e'in, *e'ind iJ To %void seein, 'e c%#er% in % ,l%ss *oo4c%se *e'ind 'e %len. i
#%( *e "ossi*le o sli,'l( o"en is doorsJ
Closin, or "%rl( closin, 'e roo#)s cur%ins #%( 'el" o %d9us 'e li,'in, *%l%nce in %
roo#J
If s'ooin, in % corridor or '%llw%(. i c%n 'el" if doors in % side w%ll %re o"ened enou,' o
le eAr% li,' inJ
Even if s'ooin, in d%(li,'. i #%( "rovide #ore ineresin, i#%,es if 'e %*le l%#"s or
o'er li,'s in 'e roo# %re urned onJ
I #%( even *e "ossi*le o conce%l low5"owered l%#"s *e'ind furniure or w%ll %n,les in
order o illu#in%e dis%n "%rs of 'e roo#N *u *e c%reful '% 'e( do no over5li,' or
even *urn ne%r*( surf%cesJ
Rearran$in$ the ,ac-$round
Mos of 'e i#e. 'e direcor will *e %*le o %ler 'e *%c4,round o %c'ieve 'e *es
"ossi*le sceneJ A,%in. 'is '%s o *e done di"lo#%ic%ll(. *u if 'e 'os)s con?dence is
,%ined. %nd 'e direcor see#s o 4now w'% 'e or s'e is doin,. 'ere s'ould *e no
diOculiesJ T'e si#"les c'%n,es usu%ll( involve #ovin, %round w'% is %lre%d( 'ere o
%void %n( unnecess%r( disr%cions or unw%ned e6ecs ;,l%res< in 'e "icureJ
F21?RE 12@3*
0ore,round su*9ecs %dd de"' o 'e i#%,esJ
I is i#"or%n o loo4 % 'e *%c4,round of %n( loc%ion o #%4e sure '% no'in, is
%""%renl( ,rowin, fro# 'e %len)s 'e%d. or *%l%ncin, on i. %nd '% no veric%l or
'ori-on%l lines cu 'rou,' 'e cener of 'e 'e%d or %cross 'e s'ouldersJ T'ese visu%l
E%ccidensF c%n #%4e 'e "icure loo4 conrived or co#ic ;0i,ure 8=J>8<J
Alterin$ the ,ac-$round
As #enioned e%rlier. 'ere %re i#es w'en 'e *%c4,round #us *e %lered o i#"rove 'e
%""e%r%nce of 'e roo# for elevisionJ T'ere %re % nu#*er of !uic4. ineA"ensive. %nd si#"le
'in,s '% c%n *e done o %d9us 'in,s for 'e c%#er%3
Re%rr%n,e 'e furniureJ
Re"l%ce furniure wi' o'er "ieces fro# ne%r*( roo#sJ
Add or re#ove ru,sJ
$ide % doorw%( wi' % foldin, screenJ
A%c' dis"l%( "osers o 'e w%llsJ
Posiion indoor "l%ns ;suc' %s ferns< o *re%4 u" 'e *%c4,roundJ
Inroduce noices %nd si,ns on w%lls. doors. or elsew'ereJ
W'en s'ooin, ouside. 'ere %re rel%ivel( few 'in,s '% c%n *e done c'e%"l( %nd e%sil(
o c'%n,e 'e *%c4,roundJ
F21?RE 12@31
Peo"le)s 'o#es %re desi,ned o *e co#for%*le %nd o *e lived inS'e( %re no desi,ned for elevisionJ W'en ,oin, ino %
'o#e wi' % c%#er%. i is co##on o '%ve o #ove so#e furniure. 'in,s '%n,in, on 'e w%ll. ru,s. %nd 4nic454n%c4s in
order o cre%e %n e6ec '% wor4s on elevisionJ
Partial Settin$s
T'is is % sr%e,( for convincin, (our %udience '% % ver( #odes sein, is no onl( 'e re%l
'in,. *u even '% i is #uc' #ore eAensive '%n i %cu%ll( isJ +e 'e cos %nd e6or
involved %re #ini#%l ;0i,ure 8=J>=<J
If 'e c%#er% does no #ove. i c%n onl( s'ow % li#ied %#oun of 'e scene in % #ediu# or
close5u" s'oJ Wi' "%ri%l sein,s. i is i#"or%n o concenr%e on *uildin, u" % secion of
'e scene. 9us l%r,e enou,' o ? 'e c%#er%)s s'o. %nd no #oreJ Wi'in 'e scene. enou,'
fe%ures %re included o %llow 'e %udience o iner"re w'ere 'e %cion is su""osed o *e
%4in, "l%ceJ
Do no underr%e 'is ide%J I '%s *een used successfull( in ?l# %nd elevision for #%n(
(e%rsJ T'e resul does no need o loo4 %#%euris'J Add 'e %ssoci%ed sound e6ecs %nd
'e co#*ined i#%,e c%n *e indisin,uis'%*le fro# 'e re%l 'in,J
T%pical E3a9ples of Partial Settin$s
Cre%in, ses '% i#"%c 'e %udience c%n ofen *e si#"l( desi,ned wi'ou *uildin, 'u,e
co#"leA *%c4,roundsJ
An Eins%n soreF c%n *e cre%ed *( "uin, 'e %""ro"ri%e ("e of #erc'%ndise on %
fore,round %*le ;'e EcounerF<. %n %dverise#en or wo on 'e *%c4 w%ll. %nd % s'elf
*e'ind 'e s%les"erson. 'oldin, so#e #ore "roducsJ
So#ei#es even % sin,le fe%ure in 'e "icure c%n su,,es %n environ#enJ A s%ined5
,l%ss window %nd or,%n #usic *eco#e % c'urc' ineriorJ ;T'e window could even *e
"ro9ecedJ<
F21?RE 12@32
&( "uin, 'e crowd in 9us 'e ri,' "l%ce. re"osiionin, 'e c%#er% so '% 'e crowd is direcl( *e'ind 'e *%er %nd
c%c'er. %nd -oo#in, in 'e lens o % closeu" or #ediu# s'o. 'e viewin, %udience will %ssu#e '% 'e *%se*%ll s%diu#
w%s ?lled wi' % c'eerin, %udienceJ
A convincin, Eroo#F c%n *e cre%ed in % sudio wi' 9us % cou"le of B%s or screens %nd %
c'%irJ Add %n eAr% ie# or wo. suc' %s % side %*le wi' % "oed "l%n %nd % "icure. %nd i
*e,ins o %4e on is own c'%r%cerJ If % cur%in is 'un, on one of 'e w%lls. % window is
%ssu#ed o *e 'ereJ W'e'er i is iner"reed %s *ein, so#eone)s 'o#e. or % w%iin, roo#.
for ins%nce. l%r,el( de"ends on 'e w%( "eo"le in 'e scene *e'%veJ If 'e()re l(in, *%c4
c%su%ll( dressed. re%din, % "%"er. i is o*viousl( 'eir 'o#eJ In oudoor %ire. siin, u"ri,'
%nd %nAious. 'e( %re w%iin,J
Re"l%ce 'e "l%n wi' % co#"uer. %nd 'e "icure wi' % fr%#ed ceri?c%eS#%,ic%ll(.
'e sein, *eco#es %n oOceJ
On loc%ion. 'e s%#e conce" is sill useful3 resric 'e s'o %nd EdocorF 'e *%c4,roundJ
Su""ose '% % nineeen'5cenur( dr%#% is *ein, s'o. in w'ic' so#e*od( visis 'eir
l%w(erJ A 'ouse eAerior of %*ou 'e ri,' "eriod is found. *u 'e res of 'e sree is
o*viousl( *us( %nd #odernJ 0orun%el(. %ll '% is needed is % s'o of 'e 'ouse doorw%(
wi' 'e %""ro"ri%e *usiness si,n %%c'ed o i. %nd 'e "icure eA"l%ins iself o 'e
viewin, %udienceJ $%ve 'e %cor ,o u" o 'e door. or "reend o le%ve 'e 'ouse. %nd 'e
%udience will i##edi%el( %cce" 'e loc%ion %s 'e l%w(er)s oOceJ I needs onl( 'e
sounds of 'orse5dr%wn ve'icles o re"l%ce #odern r%Oc noise. %nd 'e "eriod illusion is
co#"leeJ Wi' % lile c%re %nd i#%,in%ion. loc%ions c%n *e cre%ed fro# % #ini#u# of
scener( %nd wor4J
I is incredi*le 'ow see#in,l( rivi%l ec'ni!ues c%n ,ive % o%ll( convincin, e6ec on
c%#er%3
T'e c%#er% r'('#ic%ll( ilin, u" %nd down sells 'e illusion of % s'i" % se%J
T'e w%fin, *ree-e #%( re%ll( *e 'e resul of %n %ssis%n w%vin, % "iece of *o%rdJ
T'e s'udderin, c%#er% %cco#"%nied *( 'in,s f%llin, o 'e ,round ;"ulled *( unseen
?s'in, line< i#"lies %n eA"losion or %n e%r'!u%4eJ A '%n,in, l%#" swin,s %l%r#in,l(S
u,,ed *( %n ou5of5s'o lineJ
T'e Bic4erin, B%#es of % ne%r*( ?re co#e fro# % sic4 of clo' sri"s w%ved in fron of %
,round l%#"J
T'ese %re 9us % few eA%#"les of 'ow lile in,enui( c%n %""%renl( %c'ieve 'e i#"ossi*le.
%nd cre%e % sron, i#"ression in (our %udience)s #indsJ
Facin$ Realit%
I is one 'in, o '%ve dre%#s %*ou cre%in, % "ro,r%#. *u i is !uie di6eren o urn 'e#
ino re%li(J A#on, 'e "ro*le#s f%cin, %ll direcors %re 'e inevi%*le li#i%ions of *ud,e
%nd f%ciliiesJ So#e of 'e 'in,s '% %re needed #%( no even *e %v%il%*leJ
W'en f%ced wi' suc' "ro*le#s. i is e#"in, o 'in4 s#%ll3 o cu *%c4 on 'e %#*iious
,o%ls. %nd o do % si#"ler versionJ Do no i##edi%el( %*%ndon (our ide%sY Inse%d. %s4
(ourself w'e'er 'ere is %no'er w%( of %c4lin, 'e siu%ion o ,e viru%ll( 'e s%#e
e6ecJ $ow c%n (ou ,e %round 'e diOcul(1
W'% we %re loo4in, for %re i,*gin*ti&e 'u5'titute'J Kee" in #ind '% direcors
"roduce illu'ion'J $owever *%sic 'e #%eri%ls re%ll( %re. 'e end resul c%n %""e%r o *e
'e re%l 'in, ;0i,ure 8=J>><J
As %n eA%#"le. le)s loo4 % %n %cu%l scene '% w%s used on 'e %irJ T'e scene w%s 'e
*%n!ue '%ll of %n %ncien c%sleJ T'e 4in, s% on % 'rone % one end of % lon, %*le. e%in,
fro# ,olden dis'esJ T'% w%s 'e illusionJ
F21?RE 12@33
So#ei#es in,enui( needs o *e used inse%d of re%li(J A ?re"l%ce w%s desired for 'is N&C se. *u i w%s i#"ossi*le o
'%ve % wor4in, ?re"l%ce in 'e *uildin, in 'is s"eci?c siu%ion. %nd 'e 'e% would '%ve *een % "ro*le#J So %n $D
#onior ;wi' % video of ?re< w%s used inside 'e ?re"l%ce %s % su*siueJ ;P'oo coures( of LPG:N&C<
W'% w%s re%li(1 Two s#%ll fore,round B%,s on wooden Boor s%nds #%s4ed 'e ed,es of
'e s'o. so '% no one could see 'e res of 'e s#%ll sudioJ T'e Ewooden %*leF w%s
cre%ed fro# "%ined *o%rds "l%ced on s%w'orsesJ T'e f%r Esone w%llF w%s "'oo,r%"'ic
w%ll5"%"er %%c'ed o % B% ;%nd w%s sli,'l( s"r%(ed *l%c4 in order o E%,eF i<J T'e
E'roneF w%s %n old wooden %r#c'%ir wi' % red dr%"e 'rown over iJ T'e E,old dis'esF
were s"r%(ed "l%sic "l%esJ A EwindowF w%s "%ined. *l%c4 on w'ie. %nd suc4 o 'e
Esone w%llJF &u no one in 'e %udience could reco,ni-e %ll of 'is in 'e lon, s'oJ Of
course 'e scene would no '%ve wor4ed for close5u" s'os. *u under "%c'( li,'in,. i w%s
seen %s i w%s inended o *eS'e *%n!ue '%ll of %n %ncien c%sleJ
Set Pro0le9s
$ere %re so#e of 'e #ore co##on "ro*le#s '% (ou #i,' '%ve o %ddress w'en wor4in,
wi' ses3
C'ec4 'e se for disr%cin, fe%uresJ T'is could include 'in,s suc' %s *ri,' surf%ces or
reBecionsJ C'ec4 o see w'e'er 'e li,'in, c%n *e %d9used o correc 'e "ro*le#J O'er
o"ions #%( *e usin, dullin, s"r%(. re"%inin, 'e %re% wi' % di6eren color. coverin, i. or
re#ovin, '% ie# fro# 'e seJ
Colors or ones #%( *e unsui%*le ;su*9ec #er,es wi' *%c4,round<J Modif( 'e
*%c4,round. li,'in,. or su*9ec ;for eA%#"le. c'%n,e 'e clo'in,<J
&%c4,round *le#is'es ;dir( #%r4s. e%rs. scr%"es. wrin4les. ecJ< #%( *e visi*leJ $D is
ver( unfor,ivin, %nd see#s o s'ow ever( #%r4J Correcin, 'e "ro*le# #%( re!uire
refur*is'in, 'e %re%. coverin, i. or "ossi*l( c'%n,in, 'e li,'in,J
Disr%cin, s'%dows #%( %""e%r on 'e *%c4,roundJ T'is usu%ll( #e%ns '% 'e %len or
scener( is oo close o 'e *%c4,roundJ T'is ofen re!uires #ovin, 'e scener(:"eo"le or
reli,'in, 'e s'oJ
6hat Can Bou Shoot7
Inellecu%l "ro"er( ;IP< is ever(w'ereJ Unless (ou '%ve "er#ission fro# 'e res"ecive
co"(ri,' %nd r%de#%r4 owners. (ou c%n) include lo,os on (our ses or in (our "roducionJ
IP5"roeced #%eri%l is ever(w'ere. includin, "osers. "roduc l%*els. "%inin,s. *ill*o%rds.
*oo4s. o(s. sorefron si,ns. clo'in, insi,ni%s. %nd scul"uresJ If (ou "l%n o disri*ue (our
"roducion. %ll IP #%eri%l needs o *e cle%redJ If (ou c%n) ,e "er#ission o use 'e lo,os. i
would *e *es no o use 'e#J O'erwise (ou 9eo"%rdi-e 'e #%r4e%*ili( of (our "ro9ecJ
7us *ec%use (ou '%ve % v%lid rele%se fro# % loc%ion owner does no #e%n '% (ou '%ve
'e ri,' o s'oo %n( IP5"roeced #%eri%l % 'e loc%ionJ Loc%ion rele%ses do no cover IP
ri,'sJ
T'ere %re eAce"ions o 'e rules. includin, so#e educ%ion%l uses. news re"orin,.
rese%rc'. e%c'in,. criicis#. %nd "%rod(J
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ $ow do 'e v%rious for#% r%ios ;I3> %nd 8CJD< %6ec 'e se desi,n1
2@ W'% %re so#e of 'e %dv%n%,es of % #odul%r se1
3@ W'( would so#eone w%n o use % c(clor%#%1
@ EA"l%in 'e rel%ions'i" *eween % viru%l se %nd c'ro#%54e(J
!@ W'% is % coneAu%l se1
&@ N%#e 'ree ("es of "ro"s %nd eA"l%in 'ow %re 'e( %re used1
'@ $ow is de"' cre%ed on % se1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< :;H8 /EC?2R
6h% is desi$n i9portant7 I would li4e o 'in4 '% w'% se"%r%es 'e desi,n
"rofession%l fro# o'er w%(s of life is '% we %re cons%nl( on 'e loo45ou for 'e new
ide%N % *eer w%( o s%(. "%c4%,e. or consruc our wor4J 0or *eer or worse we see# o *e
dedic%ed o % life of rollin, over 'ose Eide% roc4sF never oo sure w'% 9us #i,' cr%wl
ouJ
6hat advice do %ou have for the 0e$innin$ desi$ner7 Develo" % wor4in, se of
"rofession%l ools '% '%ve "roven v%lueJ $ere %re % few of 'e ools (ou #i,' wis' o
consider invesin, (our i#e in develo"in,J
M*'te) the technology of you) c)*ftJ I is s%fe o %ssu#e '% 'e ec'nic%l 4nowled,e we
e#"lo( c%n #%4e or *re%4 % "ro9ecJ In 9ud,in, 'e v%lue of % new ide%. %lw%(s consider 'e
s4ill level of 'e "erson w'o '%s cre%ed iJ
A((ly 'to)ytelling techniFue' to you) ()o7ectJ Unders%ndin, 'e n%rr%ive of (our "ro9ec
will insure (ou %re %*le o co##unic%e is v%lue *o' o 'e clien. 'e world. %nd #os
i#"or%nl( o (ourselfJ T'e "rofession%l si#"l( c%n) desi,n e6ecivel( unless 'e or s'e c%n
co##unic%e % "ro9ec)s n%rr%ive. ell is *%c45sor(. %nd de?ne 'e 'e#eJ
nde)'t*nd *nd )e'(ect the ()o7ect en&i)on,entJ +ou c%n) desi,n well unless (ou ?rs
unders%nd. 'en res"ec. 'en inBuence. 'en res'%"e 'e environ#en%l issues
surroundin, % "ro9ecJ As %n eA%#"le3 in % "ro,r%# scene. ever('in, fro# 'e reli,ious
*eliefs of 'e neA5door nei,'*or. o 'e o*9ecs on 'e dresser. o 'e snow f%llin, ouside
cre%e % coni,uous Edesi,n *ios"'ereJF T'is *ios"'ere or Esor( ecos(se#F #us *e
%llowed o i#"%c e%c' %nd ever( c'oice 'e desi,ner #%4esJ Esseni%l in 'is "rocess is
'ow 'e iner%cion of wo ele#ens cre%e % 'ird. new ide%. %nd 'ow 'e new ide% %nd is
co#"onen "%rs %ll need o eAis in % '%r#onious fr%#ewor4J
6hat are the challen$es that %ou have to deal 5ith as a desi$ner7 T'e #os
i#"or%n c'%llen,e (ou will f%ce is o,*int*in * high 't*te of ene)gy *nd enthu'i*', for
(our wor4J Then the)e i' the ch*llenge of ,*int*ining * 5*l*nced *tt*c/J To cre%e % !u%li(
soluion 'e desi,ner ,u't *%l%nce issues of 5udget1 ti,e. %nd Fu*lityJ As #one( *eco#es
less %v%il%*le. i#e #%( '%ve o eA"%ndJ If % su"er e#"'%sis is "l%ced on !u%li( 'en
"er'%"s *o' i#e %nd *ud,e will need o eA"%ndJ W'en de%dlines %re s'orened. *ud,es
#%( '%ve o *e incre%sed %nd "er'%"s !u%li( ;% so#e %cce"%*le level< will need *e
s%cri?cedJ &%l%ncin, 'ese 'ree f%cors % ever( se" in 'e develo"#en "rocess is one of
'e (oun, "rofession%l)s ,re% c'%llen,esJ M*n*ging the clientGde'igne) )el*tion'hi( T'e
desi,ner #us e%rn 'e clien)s res"ec so '% 'e or s'e c%n o"er%e in % "rofession%l
%#os"'ereJ
F21?RE 12@3
7o'n DeCuir. Se Desi,ner
<ohn DeCui) de'ign' 'et' fo) net0o)/ tele&i'ion 'e)ie' *' 0ell *' ,*7o) ,otion (ictu)e'J
CHAPTER 1"
Makeup and /ostumes
E0or 'e #%4eu" %ris 'e sof veil of ?l# '%s ,iven w%( o 'e unco#"ro#isin, cl%ri( of
'i,' de?niionJ I#%,es so s'%r" '% even 'e #os *e%uiful or '%ndso#e %len c%n '%ve
su*le i#"erfecions visi*le for %ll o seeJF
,radle% 4@ +oo-, E99%I6innin$ 4a-eup Artist
Ter9s
Character 9a-eup< T'e e#"'%sis is on 'e s"eci?c c'%r%cer or ("e '% 'e %cor is
"l%(in,J &( f%ci%l res'%"in,. re#odelin,. c'%n,es in '%ir. %nd si#il%r e6ecs. 'e su*9ec c%n
even *e o%ll( r%nsfor#edJ
Corrective 9a-eup< Reduces less5"le%sin, f%ci%l c'%r%cerisics w'ile en'%ncin, #ore
%r%cive "oinsJ
Strai$ht 9a-eup< A *%sic co#"ens%or( re%#en %6ecin, 'e %len)s %""e%r%nce o %
#ini#u# eAenJ

T'e elevision c%#er% is % criic%l ool %nd f%ci%l c'%r%cerisics '% "%ss unnoiced in d%il(
life c%n %""e%r sur"risin,l( eA%,,er%ed or disr%cin, on 'e elevision screenJ Mos of us
c%n *ene? fro# 'e en'%nce#en '% % s4illed #%4eu" %ris "rovidesJ W'e'er 'is needs
o *e sli,' or el%*or%e de"ends on 'e ("e of "roducion %nd 'e role of 'e %len ;0i,ure
8>J8<J
F;R4S ;F 4AEE?P
Television #%4eu" re%#en follows 'ree ,ener%l for#s3 sr%i,'. correcive. %nd c'%r%cer
#%4eu"J
Strai$ht 4a-eup
Sr%i,' #%4eu" is % *%sic co#"ens%or( re%#en. %6ecin, 'e %len)s %""e%r%nce o %
#ini#u# eAen3
S-inItone adHust9ent3 T'is "rovides % ,ood on%l *%l%nce in 'e "icureN i involves
d%r4enin, "%le f%ces %nd li,'enin, d%r4 co#"leAionsJ
Routine i9prove9ents3 T'ese su*due *loc'( s4in ones. s'in( fore'e%ds. sren,'en li"s
%nd e(e*rows. re#ove *e%rd lines. li,'en dee"5se e(es. %nd li,'en *%,s under 'e e(esJ
0or #%n( elevision "roducions. "erfor#ers re!uire lile or no #%4eu". wi' #ini#u#
correcion %nd *rief l%s5#inue i#"rove#ens ofen *ein, suOcien ;0i,ure 8>J=<J Re,ul%r
%len #%( do 'eir own #%4eu"J
Corrective 4a-eup
Correcive #%4eu" see4s o reduce less5"le%sin, f%ci%l c'%r%cerisics w'ile en'%ncin, #ore
%r%cive "oinsJ Acu%l re%#en c%n r%n,e fro# sli,' #odi?c%ions of li"s. e(es. %nd
nose o conce%lin, *%ldnessJ
T'e ,ener%l %i# is o re% 'e "erson wi'ou 'e# %""e%rin, E#%de u"JF S4in *le#is'es
%nd un%r%cive n%ur%l color #us nor#%ll( *e covered. "refer%*l( *( usin, sever%l 'in
%""lic%ions of incre%sed "i,#en%ion. r%'er '%n r(in, o o*scure 'ese wi' 'e%v(
#%s45li4e co%in,sJ Ar#s. '%nds. nec4s. %nd e%rs #%( need *lendin, o %n even one ;wi'
*od( #%4eu"<J
A "erson)s s4in !u%li( will #odif( 'e #%4eu" #%eri%ls usedJ Co%rser s4in eAures "rovide
#ore de?nie #odelin,N ?ner co#"leAions end o reve%l veinin, or *loc'es '% 'e
c%#er% #%( %ccenu%e ;0i,ure 8>J><J
F21?RE 13@1
One of 'e 'oss on N&C)s Tod*y s'ow receives % '%ir %nd #%4eu" c'ec4 *efore ,oin, on 'e %irJ
F21?RE 13@2
Sr%i,' #%4eu" is 'e *%sic ("e of #%4eu" re%#enJ ;P'oo coures( of Senn'eiser<
F21?RE 13@3
&efore ;lef< %nd %fer ;ri,'< "'oos of correcive #%4eu"J ;P'oos coures( of 7essic% Good%ll:wwwJ9essic%,Jv<
F21?RE 13@
C'%r%cer #%4eu" c%n dr%#%ic%ll( %,e % "ersonJ ;P'oos coures( of 7essic% Good%ll:wwwJ9essic%,Jv<
F21?RE 13@!
A s"eci%l e6ecs %ris %""lies c'%r%cer #%4eu" %nd "ros'eics o %n %cor on 'e se of 'e C&S elevis%ion series NCISJ
;P'oo coures( of C&S:L%ndov<
Character 4a-eup
Wi' c'%r%cer #%4eu". 'e e#"'%sis is on 'e s"eci?c c'%r%cer or ("e '% 'e %cor is
"l%(in,J &( f%ci%l res'%"in,. re#odelin,. c'%n,es in '%ir. %nd #%4in, o'er suc' c'%n,es.
'e su*9ec c%n even *e o%ll( r%nsfor#edN for eA%#"le. 'e %cor c%n *e %,ed
dr%#%ic%ll(J &u #os c'%r%cer #%4eu" involves less s"ec%cul%r %nd #ore su*le c'%n,es
;0i,ures 8>JI%nd 8>JP<J
C;8/2T2;8S ;F TE+E"2S2;8 4AEE?P
T'e "rinci"les %nd "r%cices of elevision #%4eu" %re %l#os idenic%l wi' 'ose of #oion
"icures. eAce" '% in elevision. 'e coninuous "erfor#%nce ofen "revens 'e s'o5*(5
s'o c'%n,es '% %re "ossi*le in ?l#J
A lon, s'o ide%ll( re!uires #ore de?ned. "ro#inen re%#en '%n % close5u"J $owever.
suc' re?ne#ens #%( no *e "ossi*le under ("ic%l elevision "roducion condiionsJ +ou
#%( no even *e %*le o do %n('in, %*ou suc' disr%cions %s "ers"ir%ion or dis'eveled
'%ir w'en 'e %cor is on5c%#er% for lon, "eriods. eAce" o correc 'e# for %n( re%4es.
w'en i#e "er#isJ
0or 'e ver( de#%nds of elevision dr%#%. c%reful "l%nnin, %nd "resen%ion %re esseni%lJ
A % "reli#in%r( #eein, wi' 'e "ro,r%#)s direcor. 'e #%4eu" %ris will discuss suc'
de%ils %s c'%r%cer iner"re%ion. '%ir s(lin,. s"eci%l re%#ens. %nd %n( r%nsfor#%ions
durin, 'e "ro,r%# ;suc' %s %,in,<J Acors w'o need ?ed wi,s or ri%l #%4eu" %re 'en
con%cedJ
Ca9era Rehearsal
0or 'e c%#er% re'e%rs%l. 'e #os co##on "r%cice is o %""l( 'e #%4eu" o 'e %len
*efore 'e re'e%rs%lJ T'en. w'ile w%c'in, 'e c%#er% re'e%rs%ls on % "icure #onior. 'e
#%4eu" %ris c%n noe 'e c'%n,es '% will *e re!uiredJ T'is "rocess %lso %llows 'e
li,'in, direcor o %ssess on%l *%l%nce. conr%s. %nd eA"osure of 'e %len w'ile in
#%4eu"J
4AEE?P TREAT4E8T
Gener%ll( s"e%4in,. % sr%i,' #%4eu" for #en #%( %4e %round > o 8K #inuesN wo#en
re!uire C o =K #inues. on %ver%,eJ El%*or%e needs c%n dou*le or even ri"le 'ese i#esJ
Afer % few 'ours. cos#eics end o *eco#e "%rl( %*sor*ed or dis"ersed 'rou,' *od(
'e% %nd "ers"ir%ionJ Surf%ce ?nis'. eAure. %nd ones will '%ve los 'eir ori,in%l
de?niion. %nd fres' #%4eu" or refur*is'in, *eco#es necess%r(J
T'ere will %lw%(s *e "ro*le#%ic occ%sionsJ So#e "erfor#ers c%nno '%ve #%4eu". due o
%ller,ies or o'er siu%ionsJ T'ere %re %lso i#es w'en 'e #%4eu" '%s o *e done
i##edi%el( *efore %iri#e. wi'ou %n( o""oruni( o see 'e "erfor#er on c%#er%
*efore'%ndS% siu%ion '% 'e wise direcor %voidsJ
PR28C2P+ES ;F 4AEE?P
T'e *ro%d %i#s of f%ci%l #%4eu" %nd li,'in, %re %cu%ll( co#"le#en%r(J M%4eu" c%n
so#ei#es co#"ens%e for li,'in, "ro*le#s. suc' %s li,'enin, e(e soc4es o %nici"%e
s'%dowin, c%s *( ver( 'i,'5%n,led li,'sJ $owever. w'ere%s 'e e6ec of li,'in, c'%n,es
%s 'e su*9ec #oves. '% of #%4eu" re#%ins cons%nJ
Loc%li-ed 'i,'li,'in, *( sli,' color %ccens will incre%se 'e %""%ren si-e %nd "ro#inence
of %n %re%N d%r4enin, reduces is e6ecive si-e %nd c%uses i o recedeJ &( selecive
'i,'li,'in, %nd s'%din,. (ou c%n v%r( 'e i#"ression of "ro"orions consider%*l(J $owever.
(ou #us %4e c%re o "reven s'%din, fro# loo4in, li4e ,ri#eY
+ou c%n reduce or e#"'%si-e eAisin, #odelin, or su,,es #odelin, w'ere none eAissN
re#e#*er. 'ou,'. '% 'e decei #%( no wi's%nd close scruin(J
A *%se or found%ion one covers %n( *loc'iness in n%ur%l s4in colorin,. *le#is'es. *e%rd
s'%dows. %nd 'e li4eJ T'is c%n *e eAended. w'ere necess%r(. o *loc4 ou 'e nor#%l li"s.
e(e*rows. or '%irline *efore dr%win, in %no'er di6eren for#%ionJ
Seleced re,ions c%n *e re%ed wi' #edi% % few ones li,'er or d%r4er '%n 'e #%in
found%ion %nd wor4ed ino %d9%cen %re%s wi' ?n,eri"s. % *rus'. or % s"on,eJ Afer 'is
'i,'li,'in, %nd s'%din,. %n( de%iled dr%win, is done usin, s"eci%l linin, "encils %nd
*rus'esJ
H/ 4a-eup
M%4eu" %riss need o *e c%uious '% 'e( use onl( enou,' #%4eu" o conce%l % defec.
so %s o re#%in undeec%*le on $DT/J
&rus'es %nd s"on,es c%n e%sil( le%ve E*rus' sro4esF '% %re deec%*le *( $DJ
Air*rus'ed #%4eu" '%s *eco#e ver( co##on w'en s'ooin, on $DJ
0%ci%l '%ir c%n *e eAre#el( %""%ren on close5u"s wi' $DJ
M%n( #%4eu" %riss '%ve re"l%ced 'e r%diion%l o"%!ue crb#e found%ion ;w'ic'
*eco#es o*vious on $D< wi' % s'eer li!uid found%ion '% is %v%il%*le in de"%r#en
soresJ
HA2R
$%ir #%( *e re%ed %nd %rr%n,ed *( 'e #%4eu" %ris or *( % se"%r%e s"eci%lisJ $%ir
wor4 #%( include c'%n,es o 'e %len)s own '%ir. 'e %ddiion of su""le#en%r( '%ir
"ieces. %nd co#"lee wi,s coverin, eAisin, '%irJ
Hair Alteration
In elevision. % cer%in %#oun of res(lin,. resein,. or w%vin, #%( *e c%rried ou on 'e
%len)s own '%ir. *u w'en eAensive %ler%ions suc' %s cuin, or s'%vin, %re needed.
co#"lee wi,s %re #ore "o"ul%rJ $%ir color is re%dil( c'%n,ed *( s"r%(s. rinses. or *le%c'esJ
$%ir w'iener suOces for *o' loc%li-ed %nd over%ll ,r%(in,J Overl( li,' '%ir c%n *e
d%r4ened o "rovide *eer #odelin, on5c%#er%N d%r4 '%ir #%( need ,old or silver dus. or
*rilli%nine. o ,ive i lifeJ
F21?RE 13@&
A co#*in%ion of #%4eu". '%ir. %nd cosu#e c%n r%dic%ll( c'%n,e 'e i#"ression '% 'e %cor #%4es on 'e viewin,
%udienceJ ;P'oos coures( of 7essic% Good%ll:wwwJ9essic%,Jv<
F21?RE 13@'
T'e cosu#e s'o" % % "roducion f%cili(J
F21?RE 13@(
A cosu#e de"%r#en cre%es 'e cosu#es needed in "roducionsJ
C;ST?4ES =6AR/R;,E>
In l%r,er elevision or,%ni-%ions. 'e %len)s clo'in, ;cosu#e. or w%rdro*e< is 'e
res"onsi*ili( of % s"eci%lis ;0i,ures 8>JC. 8>JQ. %nd 8>JL<J &u for #%n( "roducions. "eo"le
we%r 'eir own clo'in,J Di"lo#%ic ,uid%nce #%( *e re!uired o ensure '% unsui%*le
%ire is %voidedJ
&e sensiive o 'e %len)s feelin,s %nd %se w'en su,,esin, c'%n,es. "%ricul%rl( w'en
(ou w%n 'e# o we%r %n ie# fro# soc4 ;suc' %s %n o65w'ie s'ir. or % di6eren nec4ie<
o re"l%ce 'eir ownJ EA"erienced %len #%( *rin, %lon, %lern%ive ,%r#ens for selecion
on5c%#er%J
A cosu#e '% loo4s %r%cive in % lon, s'o ;full5len,'< #%( *e less successful w'en seen
%s % #ediu# s'o ;'e%d %nd s'oulders< *e'ind %n %nc'or)s des4J Color #%c'in, '% loo4s
,ood o 'e e(e c%n re"roduce !uie di6erenl( under v%rious li,'sJ So#e s'%des of color
#%( loo4 ,re% in 'e lon, s'o %nd erri*le in 'e close5u" ;T%*le 8>J8<J
Cosu#es %re no %lw%(s %v%il%*le '% ? w'% 'e direcor w%nsJ T'e *%se*%ll cosu#es
s'own in 0i,ure 8=J>= '%d o *e cre%ed in order o ? 'e i#e "eriodJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% is 'e di6erence *eween sr%i,' #%4eu" %nd correcive #%4eu"1
2@ $ow is c'%r%cer #%4eu" used in elevision "roducion1
3@ $ow is #%4eu" for $DT/ di6eren fro# SDT/1
@ $ow c%n cosu#es *e o*%ined for % c'%r%cer in % elevision "roducion1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< R?TH HA8EB
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< M( 9o* is o %""l( #%4eu" o %ll %cors in % ?l#. elevision. video.
or co##erci%lJ T'ere %re #%n( v%ri%*les in 'e %""lic%ion. w'ic' de"ends on 'e "erson)s
s4in. %nd 'e vision of 'e direcor. "roducers. %nd wriersJ T'ere %re %lso v%ri%*les wi' 'e
needs of 'e %cor %nd 'e c'%r%cerJ Knowled,e of li,'in, %nd w'% c%#er%s we %re usin,
for 'e "roducion %re criic%l o 'e #%4eu" %""lic%ionJ Afer 'e %""lic%ion 'ere is
#%inen%nce durin, 'e ?l#in, %nd re#ov%l % 'e end of 'e d%(J
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 M( 9o* ?s #e "erfecl(J Ever( d%( is di6erenN ever(
9o* is eAciin, %nd fres'J
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 T'ere %re
c'%llen,es wi' wor4in, wi' new "eo"le %nd %lenJ &ein, % "eo"le "le%ser is ver(
i#"or%nJ Knowled,e of "s(c'olo,( '%s *een % 'u,e %sse. w'en one #i,' '%ve %n %cor
or %ris wi' %n e,o '% #us *e de%l wi' durin, % "roducionJ S%(in, c%l# %nd 'in4in,
on (our fee is %n i#"or%n %ri*ueJ I consider #(self % c'%#eleon w'en i co#es o wor4J
I '%ve so#e %*iliies in #%4eu" '% o'ers do no '%ve. 'is ofen *rin,s #e #ore wor4
*ec%use I %# %*le o 'el" wi' #%n( f%ces of #%4eu" durin, % "roducionJ One of #(
friends refers o #e %s 'e "ro*le# solverJ
Are there speciGc thin$s %ou do to speciGcall% prepare for a pro$ra97 Pre"%r%ion
for % "roducion is ver( i#"or%nY I re%d 'e scri" usu%ll( wice %nd on 'e second re%d I
#%4e noesN e%rs. *lood. in9uries. ecJ T'en I do % c'%r%cer *re%4down #%4in, % lis of
!uesions for 'e "roducion #eein,J Durin, 'e "roducion #eein, 'e scri" is re%d ou
loudJ We c%n %s4 !uesion %nd receive ide%sJ T'e visions %re se in "l%ce *( 'e direcor %nd
'e wriersJ M%n( i#es 'ere is rese%rc' for cer%in loo4s or if 'ere is % cre%ure. ecJ M%n(
i#es I will do dr%win,s or P'oos'o" "icures o ,%in % *eer ide% fro# 'e direcor %nd
wrierJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 I le "eo"le 4now '% 'is is no %n e%s( 9o*J I is so i#"or%n o wor4 well wi'
o'ersJ One #us *e %*le o ,e u" ver( e%rl( in 'e #ornin,. drive %ll over 'e ci( or even
o B( o o'er "%rs of 'e worldJ +ou '%ve o *e %*le o wor4 no less 'en 8= 'ours % d%(
%nd 4ee" %n u"*e% "erson%li( % %ll i#esJ If (ou sill w%n o wor4 in 'is indusr( %s %n
%ris. I reco##end '% (ou '%ve % *%c4,round in %r %nd "s(c'olo,(J Aend % *e%u(
sc'ool %nd ,e % license in #%4eu" %nd 'en "r%cice on ever(one (ou c%n ?nd w'o will le
(ou %""l( #%4eu" o 'eir f%ceJ Ge %s #uc' eA"erience for % "orfolio %s (ou c%nJ Don) le
%n(one discour%,e (our dre%#. i is %c'iev%*leJ
F21?RE 13@)
Ru' $%ne(. M%4eu" Aris
Ruth H*ney i' * ,*/eu( *)ti't 0ho h*' 0o)/ed on clo'e to @> diCe)ent tele&i'ion 'ho0'
including =I. CSI. &oson Le,%l. S%r Tre43 Ener"rise. *nd S%r Tre43 Ne#esisJ
PART *
Recordin- and 3ditin- the Production
CHAPTER 1&
Audio for Television
E7us %s (ou s'ould "re"l%n c%#er% %n,les for % s'oo. (ou s'ould "re"l%n #ic ("es %nd
"osiionin,J C%refull( "l%n c%*le runs %nd connecions. %nd scou ever( loc%ion o
deer#ine if i will c%use undesir%*le noise fro# %ir condiioners. r%ins. r%Oc. or o'er
unconroll%*le sounds '% will end u" *ein, recordedJF
/ou$las Spotted Ea$le, 1ra99% A5ardP6innin$ Producer
EW'o 'e 'ell w%ns o 'e%r %cors %l41F
Harr% 6arner, President, 6arner ,ros@, in the silent Gl9 era, 1)2'
Ter9s
Acoustics< $i,'5fre!uenc( sound w%ves r%vel in sr%i,' "%'s %nd %re e%sil( deBeced
%nd reBeced *( '%rd surf%cesJ T'e( %re %lso e%sil( %*sor*ed *( "orous ?*rous #%eri%lsJ
Lower5fre!uenc( sound w%ves ;*elow 8KK $-< s"re%d widel(. so 'e( %re no i#"eded *(
o*s%cles %nd %re less re%dil( %*sor*edJ As sound w%ves #ee ne%r*( #%eri%ls. 'e( %re
selecivel( %*sor*ed %nd reBecedN 'e reBeced sound)s !u%li( is #odi?ed %ccordin, o 'e
surf%ces) n%ure. srucures. %nd s'%"esJ
Audio 9i3er< T'e %udio #iAer is needed w'enever 'ere %re % nu#*er of sound sources o
selec. *lend o,e'er. %nd conrol ;suc' %s #icro"'ones. CD. /CR %udio ou"u. ecJ<J T'e
ou"u of 'is uni is fed o 'e recorderJ
Audio s5eetenin$< T'e "rocess of wor4in, on 'e "ro,r%# sound %fer 'e video "orion is
co#"leedN %lso 4nown %s %du55ing 'e''ion or t)*c/ l*yingJ
Condenser 9icrophone< T'is #icro"'one "roduces ver( 'i,' %udio !u%li( %nd is ide%l for
#usic%l "ic4u"J A si,ni?c%n %dv%n%,e o 'e condenser is '% i c%n *e ver( s#%ll. #%4in,
i 'e lo,ic%l c'oice for % s'o,un. l%v%lier #ic. %nd o'er #ini%ure #icro"'onesJ
/irectional 9icrophone< T'e direcion%l ;or c%rdioid< #ic "ic4u" "%ernJ T'is *ro%d 'e%r5
s'%"ed "ic4u" "%ern is insensiive on is re%r sideJ
/%na9ic 9icrophone< D(n%#ic #icro"'ones %re 'e #os ru,,ed. "rovide ,ood !u%li(
sound. %nd %re no e%sil( disored *( loud sounds suc' %s ne%r*( dru#sJ
/%na9ic ran$e< T'e r%n,e *eween 'e we%4es %nd loudes sounds '% c%n *e
e6ecivel( recorded *( % recordin, deviceJ
Fole%< Cre%in, sounds in % sudio '% c%n re"l%ce 'e ori,in%l soundsJ
+ine level< T'e %udio si,n%l ,ener%ed *( % non#icro"'one device. suc' %s % CD "l%(erJ
4ic level< T'e %udio level of % si,n%l '% is ,ener%ed *( % #icro"'oneJ
4onaural sound< Also 4nown %s ,ono. 'is sin,le r%c4 of %udio is li#ied. *ec%use is onl(
clue o dis%nce is loudness. %nd direcion c%nno *e conve(ed % %llJ
;9nidirectional 9icrophone< T'e o#nidirecion%l "ic4u" "%ern is e!u%ll( sensiive in
%ll direcions %nd c%nno disin,uis' *eween direc %nd reBeced soundsJ
Pera90ulator< A l%r,e #icro"'one *oo# on w'eelsJ
SuperIcardioid 9icrophone< A su"er5c%rdioid ;or 'i,'l( direcion%l< "ic4u" "%ern is used
w'erever (ou w%n eAre#el( selecive "ic4u". o %void environ#en%l noises. or for
dis%nce sourcesJ
Stereo sound< Two %udio r%c4s cre%e %n illusion of s"%ce %nd di#ensionJ Sereo ,ives 'e
viewer % li#ied %*ili( o loc%li-e 'e direcion of 'e soundJ
Surround sound< C%n "rovide % sense of envelo"#en w'en #iAed correcl(J Inse%d of 'e
one c'%nnel for #ono or 'e wo c'%nnels for sereo. PJ8 surround '%s siA discree ;disinc.
individu%l< c'%nnelsJ
6ild trac-< Gener%l *%c4,round noiseJ

$isoric%ll(. %udio '%s *een sli,'ed in 'e world of elevisionJ Mos #%nuf%curers %nd
"roducers c%red #ore %*ou 'e i#%,e. rele,%in, %udio o %n ineA"ensive. "oor5soundin,
lile s"e%4er on elevisionsJ $owever. if (ou re%ll( w%n o ?nd ou 'ow i#"or%n %udio is.
9us urn o6 'e %udio on % video %nd r( o follow 'e sor(J +ou will soon ,e losJ Loo4 %w%(
fro# 'e screen. wi' 'e %udio urned u". %nd (ou c%n sill follow 'e sor(J Audio is %s
i#"or%n o elevision %s 'e video i#%,eJ Audio ,ives i#%,es % convincin, re%lis#J I 'el"s
'e %udience feel involved in w'% 'e( %re seein,J Dennis &%Aer. sound desi,ner for 'e
Ol(#"ics. *elieves '% E%udio. in "%rners'i" wi' video. delivers % 'olisic eA"erience wi'
%ll of 'e inense e#oion %nd ineresin, nu%nces o 'e viewerJF
T'e v%lu%*le conri*uion '% sound #%4es o elevision c%nno *e underesi#%edJ In %
,ood "roducion. sound is never 9us % c%su%l %fer'ou,'J I is %n esseni%l "%r of is
%""e%lJ Soundr%c4 co#"oser M%rc 0%nini s%(s '% EMusic cues %re 'e unseen %cors in
'e sceneJ Music in % "roducion)s ,o%ls %re 'e s%#e %s 'e visu%l. o #ove 'e sor(
%lon,JF
Peo"le ofen 'in4 of elevision %s E"icures %cco#"%nied *( soundJF +e. w'en 'e *es
elevision "roducions %re %n%l(-ed. "eo"le %re usu%ll( sur"rised '% #os of 'e i#e i is
'e sound '% is conve(in, 'e infor#%ion %nd si#ul%in, 'e %udience)s i#%,in%ion.
w'ile 'e i#%,e iself #%( *e 'e %cco#"%ni#enJ Audio '%s 'e "ower o 'el" 'e %udience
con9ure #en%l i#%,es '% en'%nce w'% is *ein, seenJ
Sounds %re ver( evoc%iveJ 0or eA%#"le. consider %n i#%,e of % cou"le of "eo"le le%nin,
%,%ins % w%ll. s'own wi' 'e o"en s4( %s % *%c4,roundJ If noises of w%ves *re%4in, %nd
'e s'rill cries of *irds %re 'e%rd. we !uic4l( %ssu#e '% 'e( %re ne%r 'e se%s'oreJ Add
'e sound of c'ildren % "l%(. %nd now we %re sure '% our su*9ecs %re ne%r 'e *e%c'J
Re"l%ce %ll 'ose sounds wi' 'e noise of % *%le. eA"losions. %nd "%ssin, %n4s. %nd 'e(
%re i##edi%el( r%ns"ored o % w%r siu%ionJ T'e( #i,' even %""e%r "%ricul%rl( *r%ve
%nd unf%-ed %s 'e( re#%in so c%l# in 'e #iddle of 'is u#ulJ
In f%c. %ll we re%ll( '%ve 'ere is % s'o of wo "eo"le le%nin, on % w%llJ T'e w%ll iself #i,'
'%ve *een %n(w'ereSu" % #oun%in. in % deser. or in % sudioJ T'e loc%ion %nd 'e #ood
of 'e occ%sion '%ve *een con9ured u" *( 'e sound %nd our i#%,in%ionJ
Successful %udio is % *lend of wo 'in,s3
A""ro"ri%e techniFue'S'e w%( 'e e!ui"#en is used o c%"ure 'e %udio
A""ro"ri%e *)ti'tic choice'S'ow 'e sounds %re seleced %nd #iAed
&o' %re l%r,el( % #%er of ec'nic%l 4now5'ow. co#*ined wi' eA"erienceJ
THE A?/2; SBSTE4
T'e dyn*,ic )*nge ;volu#e r%n,e< '% %n( %udio s(se# c%n '%ndle is li#iedJ W'en oo
loud. sounds will c%use overlo%d disorion. "roducin, % deerior%ed sound si,n%lJ If oo
!uie. w%ned sounds will *eco#e #er,ed wi' *%c4,round noise of co#"%r%*le level
;volu#e<. suc' %s %"e noise. 'u#. %nd venil%ionJ So o %void eAceedin, 'ese li#is. i is
esseni%l '% (ou do no overlo%d 'e #icro"'one iself ;oo ne%r % loud source<. or over5
%#"lif( 'e si,n%l ;over#odul%ion<J Conversel(. (ou #us "reven 'e %udio si,n%l fro#
*eco#in, oo we%4 ;under#odul%ion< *( "l%cin, 'e #icro"'one close enou,' %nd usin,
suOcien %#"li?c%ionJ &u % 'e s%#e i#e. %s (ou will see l%er. (ou #us no desro( %n
i#"ression of 'e d(n%#ics of 'e ori,in%l sound sourceJ
AC;?ST2CS
+ou '%ve onl( o co#"%re sound in %n e#"( roo# wi' 'e di6erence w'en '% s%#e roo#
is furnis'ed or ?lled wi' "eo"le o re%li-e 'ow %cousics %ler sound !u%li(J If 'e *%sics of
%cousics %re undersood. #%n( of 'e %udio "ro*le#s c%n *e %voided durin, 'e
"roducionJ
A cer%in %#oun of rever*er%ion enric'es %nd sren,'ens sounds. conve(in, %n
i#"ression of vi%li( %nd s"%ciousnessJ T'erefore. #os elevision %nd %udio sudios '%ve
!uie c%refull( c'osen 'e %cousics so '% 'e( %re nei'er oo live or oo de%dJ
In "r%cice. (ou will ?nd '% 'e %#oun of sound %*sor"ion or reBecion wi'in %n
environ#en c%n c'%n,e consider%*l( %s 'e condiions %lerJ Sound !u%li( #%( *e
d%#"ened ;dull< or *ri,'ened ;well de?ned< %s furnis'in,s %re %dded or re#ovedJ T'e
di6erence in % 'e%er)s %cousics wi' %nd wi'ou %n %udience c%n *e !uie re#%r4%*leJ
Movin, % l%r,e scenic B% c%n %ler loc%l sound !u%li(. #%4in, i '%rs'. 'ollow. or *oA(S
"%ricul%rl( if 'ere is %n eAensive ceilin, o 'e sein,J
W'en % sound w%ve 'is % '%rd surf%ce ;"l%sic. ,l%ss. ile. sone w%lls. #e%l<. lile is
%*sor*ed. so 'e reBeced sound is %l#os %s loud %s 'e ori,in%lJ In f%c. w'en is 'i,'er
fre!uencies '%ve %cu%ll( *een reinforced *( 'is reBecion. 'e sound *ouncin, o6 'e
surf%ce c%n %cu%ll( sound *ri,'er %nd s'%r"erJ
W'en % sound w%ve 'is % sof surf%ce ;cur%ins. couc'es. ru,s<. so#e of is ener,( is
%*sor*ed wi'in 'e #%eri%lJ $i,'er noes %re 'e #os %*sor*ed. so 'e sound reBeced
fro# 'is sor of surf%ce is no onl( !uieer '%n 'e ori,in%l sound w%ve. *u l%c4s 'e
'i,'er fre!uenciesJ Is !u%li( is #ore #ellow. less reson%nSeven dull %nd #uedJ Cer%in
sof #%eri%ls %*sor* 'e sound so well '% viru%ll( none is reBeced ;0i,ure 8IJ8<J
F21?RE 1@1
T'e v%rie( of %n,les of 'e se w%lls. cur%ins. c%r"e. furniure. %nd "eo"le 'el" d%#"en 'e live soundW*u *e c%reful
'% i is no d%#"ened oo #uc'J
W'ere 'ere %re % lo of '%rd surf%ces %round ;%s in % *%'roo#. % l%r,e '%ll. or % c'urc'<. %
"l%ce c%n *eco#e eAre#el( rever*er%n. or li&eJ Sound w%ves re*ound fro# one surf%ce o
%no'er so e%sil( '% 'e ori,in%l %nd 'e reBeced versions co#"leel( iner#iAed %re
'e%rdJ T'is c%n c%use consider%*le c'%n,es in 'e over%ll sound !u%li( %nd si,ni?c%nl(
de,r%de is cl%ri(J
W'en surroundin,s %re ver( rever*er%n. reBecions %re ofen 'e%rd seconds %fer 'e sound
iself '%s so""edSin eAre#e c%ses. %s % re"e%ed ec'oJ W'e'er rever*er%ions %dd
ric'ness o 'e ori,in%l sound or si#"l( confuse is deer#ined *( 'e desi,n of 'e s"%ce.
'e "osiion of 'e sound source. 'e "ic' %nd !u%li( of 'e sound. %nd 'e "osiion of 'e
#icJ
F21?RE 1@2
Durin, 'e s'ooin, of % dr%#%ic "ro,r%#. 'e *oo# o"er%or ,o 'e #icro"'one %s close %s "ossi*le. w'ile sill *ein,
o65c%#er%. *ec%use o"en5%ir sound does no usu%ll( r%vel f%rJ
If. on 'e o'er '%nd. 'e sound is #%de in % "l%ce wi' #%n( %*sor*en surf%ces. *o' 'e
ori,in%l sound %nd %n( reBecions c%n *e si,ni?c%nl( #uXedJ Under 'ese de*d condiions.
'e direc sound c%n *e 'e%rd wi' few reBecions fro# 'e surroundin,sJ Even % loud noise
suc' %s % '%ndcl%" or % ,uns'o will no c%rr( ver( f%r %nd dies %w%( !uic4l(J W'en ouside.
in %n o"en %re%. sound c%n *e ver( de%dJ T'is is due o 'e %ir !uic4l( %*sor*in, 'e sound.
%s 'ere %re few reBecin, surf%ces ;0i,ure 8IJ=<J
We %ll 4now 'ow de%d sound see#s w'en ouside in 'e o"enJ O"en5%ir sound is ver( we%4
%nd does no r%vel f%r. *ec%use 'e %ir !uic4l( %*sor*s i %nd 'ere %re few reBecin,
surf%cesJ Micro"'ones ofen '%ve o ,e #uc' closer o % su*9ec '%n nor#%l o "ic4 u"
suOcien sound. es"eci%ll( if % "erson is s"e%4in, !uiel(J
/EA+281 62TH AC;?ST2CS
W'en surroundin,s %re oo live. o reduce %cousic reBecions3
Move 'e #icro"'one closer o 'e sound source
Pull cur%ins if %v%il%*le
Add 'ic4 ru,s
Add cus'ions
Use u"'olsered furniure
Dr%"e *l%n4es on fr%#es or over c'%irs
Add %cousic "%nels ;0i,ure 8IJ><
W'en surroundin,s %re oo de%d. o incre%se %cousic reBecions3
Move 'e #icro"'one fur'er %w%(
O"en cur%ins o incre%se '%rd surf%ce s"%ce
Re#ove ru,s
Re#ove cus'ions
Re#ove u"'olsered furniure
Add *o%rd or "l%sic surf%ced "%nels
Add Boor "%nels ;wood. ?*er*o%rd<
Add %ri?ci%l rever*er%ion
F21?RE 1@3
Acousic "%nels were "l%ced on 'e w%lls of 'is %udio roo# in order o reduce 'e ElivenessF of 'e roo#J
Roo9 Acoustics
Live Surroundin,s
W'en % roo# con%ins "redo#in%nl( '%rd surf%ces. 'e sound is sron,l( reBecedJ M%n( of
'ese reBecions %re "ic4ed u" *( 'e #icro"'one. reinforcin, %nd colorin, 'e direc sound
"ic4u"J
De%d Surroundin,s
W'en surf%ces in % roo# %re ver( sound5%*sor*en. 'e direc sound w%ves sri4e w%lls.
Boor. ceilin,. %nd furnis'in,s %nd %re l%r,el( losJ Onl( % few we%4 reBecions #%( *e "ic4ed
u" *( 'e #icro"'oneJ
O"en5%ir sound '%s % c'%r%cerisic !u%li( '% c%n *e i##edi%el( reco,ni-edN i '%s %n
%*sence of reBeced sounds. co#*ined wi' % l%c4 of o" %nd *%ssJ T'is e6ec c%n *e ver(
diOcul o i#i%e convincin,l( in 'e sudio. even w'en 'e su*9ec is co#"leel(
surrounded wi' 'i,'l( %*sor*en %cousic "%nelsJ
Acousics ofen inBuence w'ere 'e #icro"'one is "osiionedJ To %void unw%ned reBecions
in live surroundin,s. 'e #ic needs o *e "l%ced rel%ivel( close o 'e su*9ecJ If wor4in, in
de%d surroundin,s. % close #ic is necess%r(. *ec%use 'e sound does no c%rr( wellJ W'en
'e surroundin,s %re nois(. % close #ic 'el"s 'e voice ;or o'er sound< o *e 'e%rd cle%rl(
%*ove 'e unw%ned soundsJ
$owever. 'ere c%n *e "ro*le#s if % #ic is "l%ced oo close o 'e sourceJ Sound !u%li( is
,ener%ll( co%rsened %nd 'e *%ss c%n *e over5e#"'%si-edJ T'e %udience c%n *eco#e ver(
%w%re of 'e noise of *re%'in,N si*il%ns ;'e leer S<N *l%sin, fro# eA"losive leers P. &.
%nd TN %nd even clic4s fro# 'e su*9ec)s ee' sri4in, o,e'erJ Pl%ced close o %n
insru#en. % #ic c%n reve%l v%rious #ec'%nic%l noises suc' %s 4e( clic4s. *ow scr%"es. %nd
so onJ
4;8; S;?8/
In ever(d%( life. 'e %udience is used o lisenin, wi' wo e%rsJ As 'eir *r%ins co#"%re
'ese wo se"%r%e sound i#%,es of 'e eAern%l world. 'e( *uild % 'ree5di#ension%l
i#"ression fro# w'ic' 'e direcion %nd dis%nce of sound is esi#%ed ;see 'e neA
secion<J
Nonsereo elevision sound is no %s so"'isic%ed %s 'isJ I "resens % ,on*u)*l ;,ono<
re"resen%ion of sound in s"%ceJ T'e onl( clue o dis%nce is loudnessN direcion c%nno *e
conve(ed % %llJ Lisenin, o #ono re"roducion. we %re no %*le o disin,uis' *eween
direc %nd reBeced sounds. %s we c%n w'en lisenin, in sereoJ Inse%d. 'e( *eco#e
iner#iAed. so '% 'e sound is ofen E#udd(F %nd less disincJ In #ono sound. we *eco#e
#uc' #ore %w%re of 'e e6ecs of rever*er%ionJ
&ec%use 'e %udience c%nno e%sil( disin,uis' direcion %nd dis%nce. 'e #ono
#icro"'one needs o *e c%refull( "osiionedJ Audio "ersonnel need o *e c%reful '%3
Too #%n( sound reBecions %re no "ic4ed u"
Louder sounds do no #%s4 !uieer sounds ;"%ricul%rl( in %n orc'esr%<
EAr%neous sounds do no inerfere wi' 'e ones we w%n o 'e%r
STERE; S;?8/
Sereo sound cre%es %n illusion of s"%ce %nd di#ensionJ I en'%nces cl%ri(J Sereo ,ives
'e viewer 'e %*ili( o loc%li-e 'e direcion of 'e soundJ T'is loc%li-%ion ,ive 'e
%udience % sense of de"'S% s"%i%l %w%reness of 'e visu%l i#%,e %nd 'e soundJ
$owever. *ec%use 'e s"e%4ers in elevision receivers %re !uie close o,e'er. 'e e6ec
c%n *e so#ew'% li#iedJ Sound !u%li( %nd re%lis# %re en'%nced. *u our i#"ressions of
direcion %nd de"' %re less o*viousJ
F21?RE 1@
A 'o#e surround5sound seu"J
F21?RE 1@!
T'e N$K newor4 in 7%"%n '%s desi,ned % ==J= surround5sound s(se# %i#ed "ri#%ril( % 'e%ersJ ;Illusr%ion coures( of
N$K<
To si#"lif( sound "ic4u". #%n( "r%ciioners #iA cenr%l #ono s"eec' wi' sereo e6ecs
%nd #usicJ W'en % sereo #icro"'one is used. c%re #us *e %4en o #%in%in direcion
;suc' %s #ic lef o c%#er% lef<. %nd o 'old 'e #ic sillN o'erwise. 'e sereo i#%,e will
#ove %roundJ In % sereo s(se#. rever*er%ion even %""e%rs #ore "ronounced %nd
eAr%neous noises suc' %s wind. venil%ion. %nd foose"s %re #ore "ro#inen. *ec%use
'e( '%ve direcion. r%'er '%n #er,in, wi' 'e over%ll *%c4,roundJ
S?RR;?8/ S;?8/
Surround sound c%n "rovide % sense of envelo"#en w'en #iAed correcl(J Inse%d of 'e
one c'%nnel for #ono or 'e wo c'%nnels for sereo. PJ8 surround '%s siA discree ;disinc.
individu%l< c'%nnels3 lef fron %nd ri,' fron ;so#ei#es c%lled sereo lef %nd ri,'<.
cener. % su*woofer for low5fre!uenc( e6ecs ;L0Es<. %nd lef re%r %nd ri,' re%r s"e%4ers
;so#ei#es c%lled surround lef %nd ri,'<J T'e feelin, of de"'. direcion. %nd re%lis# is
o*%ined *( 'e %udio "ersonnel "%nnin, *eween 'e ?ve #%in c'%nnels %nd rouin,
e6ecs o 'e L0E c'%nnel ;0i,ure 8IJI<J
Al'ou,' PJ8 surround sound is currenl( 'e #os "o"ul%r ("e of surround. i is no 'e onl(
("e %v%il%*leJ T'ere %re currenl( CJ8 %nd QJ8 surround s(se#s %nd 7%"%n)s N$K is
currenl( #%r4ein, % ==J= surround5sound s(se# for 'e%ers ;0i,ure 8IJP<J
42CR;PH;8E CHARACTER2ST2CS
T'e #icro"'one c'%r%cerisics '% %re #os i#"or%n o (ou will de"end l%r,el( on 'e
("e of sound "ic4u" involved %nd o"er%in, condiionsJ 0or eA%#"le. ru,,edness #%( *e %
'e eA"ense of ?deli(J T'e #%in 'in,s '% (ou need o 4now %*ou #icro"'ones %re3
Ph%sical featuresJ Al'ou,' si-e #%( *e uni#"or%n for so#e siu%ions. i c%n #%er
w'ere 'e #icro"'one is o %""e%r in 'e s'o or o *e 'eld *( 'e %lenJ A""e%r%nce %lso
counsJ Ru,,edness is % consider%ion w'ere rou,' or ineA"erienced us%,e is li4el(J
Audio .ualit%J Ide%ll(. % #icro"'one s'ould cover 'e enire %udio s"ecru# evenl(J Is
r%nsien res"onse o *rief s'%r" sounds s'ould *e i#"ecc%*leJ Audio s'ould *e %ccur%el(
re"roduced wi'ou color%ion or disorionJ 0orun%el(. suc' "%r%#eers %re less criic%l in
#%n( siu%ionsJ
Sensitivit% and directionalit%J A #icro"'one)s sensiivi( deer#ines 'ow l%r,e %n %udio
si,n%l i "roduces for % ,iven sound volu#e. %l'ou,' %udio %#"li?ers c%n co#"ens%e for
even 'e le%s5sensiive #icro"'onesJ $owever. eAcessive %#"li?c%ion c%n %dd 'iss %nd
'u# o 'e %udio si,n%lJ All #icro"'ones nor#%ll( '%ve o wor4 closer o !uie sounds '%n
louder ones. *u less5sensiive #icro"'ones #us *e "osiioned even closerJ $owever. 'e(
%re less li%*le o *e overlo%ded or d%#%,ed *( loud sounds. so '% in cer%in %""lic%ions
;"ercussion< 'e( #%( *e "refer%*leJ T'e direcion%l "ro"eries of 'e #icro"'one %re
deer#ined *( is sensiivi( "%ern
Choice of 9icrophoneCinstallation suita0ilit%J All %udio "ersonnel '%ve "re9udices %*ou
'e ri,' #icro"'one for 'e 9o* %nd eA%cl( w'ere o "l%ce iN no wo siu%ions %re
idenic%lJ W'ile #os %udio "ersonnel #%( %,ree on s"eci?c ("es of #ics in #%n( sein,s.
'e "osiionin, of 'e #ic is ver( su*9eciveJ
4icrophone Care
T'ou,' #os "eo"le re,%rd 'e video c%#er% wi' % cer%in %""re'ension. 'ere %re 'ose
w'o end o dis#iss 'e #icro"'one ;or #ic< %ll oo c%su%ll(J T'e( cli" i ono % ,ues)s
9%c4e wi' %n %ir of E'%)s %ll we '%ve o do for %udio.F inse%d of re%in, 'e #ic %s %
delic%e oolJ If 'e #icro"'one is d%#%,ed. if i is "oorl( "osiioned. 'e "ro,r%# sound will
su6erJ No %#oun of "os"roducion wor4 wi' 'e %udio c%n co#"ens%e for doin, i ri,'
fro# 'e *e,innin,J P)og)*, 'ound *ll 5egin' 0ith the ,ic)o(honeJ
Al'ou,' #os #icro"'ones %re re%son%*l( ro*us. 'e( do need c%reful '%ndlin, if 'e( %re
o re#%in reli%*le %nd "erfor# u" o s"eci?c%ionJ I is %s4in, for rou*le o dro" 'e#.
4noc4 'e#. or ,e li!uid on 'e#J
;nItheI:o0 Repairs
Audio c%*les %re "ulled %nd w%l4ed over so #uc' '% 'e( %re ofen 'e we%4 lin4 in 'e
%udio s(se#J T'% #e%ns '% %udio "ersonnel #us #%4e occ%sion%l re"%irs on
#icro"'onesJ T'ese re"%irs could #e%n resolderin, c%*les o 'e connecors %nd re"%irin,
c%*les '% ,e severed ;0i,ure 8IJC<J
F21?RE 1@&
Re"%irin, c%*les usu%ll( #e%ns usin, wire cuers. % 4nife. % solderin, iron. %nd "ossi*l( % vise ,ri" of so#e ("eJ
/irectional Features of 4icrophones
Micro"'ones do no %ll *e'%ve in 'e s%#e w%(J So#e %re desi,ned o *e o,nidi)ection*lS
'e( c%n 'e%r e!u%ll( well in %ll direcionsJ O'ers %re di)ection*l ;%lso 4nown %s c*)dioid<S
'e( c%n 'e%r sounds direcl( in fron of 'e# cle%rl(. *u %re co#"%r%ivel( de%f o sounds
in %ll o'er direcionsJ
F21?RE 1@'
T'e o#nidirecion%l "ic4u" "%ern is e!u%ll( sensiive in %ll direcions. ,ener%ll( ru,,ed. %nd no oo susce"i*le o i#"%c
s'oc4J T'is #ic c%nno disin,uis' *eween direc %nd reBeced sounds. so i #us *e "l%ced close o 'e sound sourceJ
;I#%,e coures( of Senn'eiser<
F21?RE 1@(
T'e direcion%l ;or c%rdioid< #ic "ic4u" "%ernJ T'is *ro%d. 'e%r5s'%"ed "ic4u" "%ern ;rou,'l( 8CK de,rees< is
insensiive on is re%r sideJ ;I#%,e coures( of Senn'eiser<
F21?RE 1@)
A su"er5c%rdioid ;or 'i,'l( direcion%l< "ic4u" "%ern is used w'erever (ou w%n eAre#el( selecive "ic4u". o %void
environ#en%l noises. or for dis%nce sourcesJ ;I#%,e coures( of Senn'eiser<
T'e %dv%n%,e of %n o,nidi)ection*l #ic ;0i,ure 8IJQ< is '% i c%n "ic4 u" sound e!u%ll(
well over % wide %re%J I is ,re% w'en coverin, % ,rou" of "eo"le. or so#eone w'o is
#ovin, %roundJ T'e dis%dv%n%,e is '% i c%nno discri#in%e *eween 'e sound (ou w%n
o 'e%r %nd unw%ned sounds suc' %s reBecions fro# w%lls. noises fro# ne%r*( "eo"le or
e!ui"#en. venil%ion noise. foose"s. %nd so onJ T'e #ore rever*er%n 'e surroundin,s.
'e worse 'e "ro*le#J T'e #ic #us *e "osiioned so '% i is closer o 'e w%ned sounds
'%n o 'e eAr%neous noisesJ T'is #ic is ,re% for "ic4in, u" %#*ien or n%ur%l ;NAT<
soundsJ
W'en % direcion%l #ic ;0i,ure 8IJL< is "oined % 'e desired sound. i will end o i,nore
sounds fro# o'er direcions. "rovidin, % #uc' cle%ner resulJ On 'e o'er '%nd. 'e
direcion%l #ic needs o *e %i#ed ver( c%refull(J I is %lso i#"or%n o #%4e sure '% 'e
%udio source does no #ove ou of 'e #%in "ic4u" -one. o'erwise 'e source will *e Eo65
#icJF T'e o65#ic sound *eco#es we%4er. will "ro*%*l( include 'i,'5noe losses. %nd #%(
c%use 'e %udience o 'e%r w'% i is *ein, "oined %. inse%d of 'e desired sourceJ
T'ere %re sever%l di6eren for#s of unidirecion%l "ic4u" "%ernsJ T'e c*)dioid ;0i,ure 8IJL<
or 'e%r5s'%"ed "%ern is *ro%d enou,' for ,ener%l use. *u no overl( selecive. %nd
'e 'u(e) or hy(e)2c*)dioid ;0i,ure 8IJD< res"onse %lso '%s % li#ied "ic4u" %re% % is re%r
o receive reBeced soundsJ
4icrophone Pic-up 4ethods
T'ere %re wo "redo#in%n #e'ods for converin, sound ener,( o %n elecric%l5e!uiv%len
si,n%l3 dyn*,ic %nd conden'e)J
Dyn*,ic #icro"'ones %re 'e #os ru,,ed. "rovide ,ood5!u%li( sound. %nd %re no e%sil(
disored *( loud sounds suc' %s ne%r*( dru#sJ T'ese #ics need lile or no re,ul%r
#%inen%nceJ T'e( c%n *e '%nd'eld wi'ou c%usin, unw%ned E'%ndlin, noiseF %nd used
wi' %ll ("es of #icro"'one #ounin,sJ T'ese #ics ,ener%ll( c%nno *e %s s#%ll %s %
condenser #ic %nd so#e %re no of %s 'i,' !u%li(J $owever. 'e( c%n *e 9us %s 'i,' !u%li(
%s 'e condenser #icro"'oneJ
T'e conden'e) #icro"'one "roduces ver( 'i,' %udio !u%li( %nd is ide%l for #usic%l "ic4u"J
A si,ni?c%n %dv%n%,e o 'e condenser is '% i c%n *e ver( s#%ll. #%4in, i 'e
lo,ic%l c'oice for % s'o,un. l%v%lier #ic. %nd o'er #ini%ure #icro"'onesJ T'e condenser
#ic is ,ener%ll( "owered *( %n in*o%rd *%er(. "'%no#5"owered ;"ower sen fro# 'e
#iAer< %udio *o%rd. or % s"eci%l "ower su""l(J T'e elecre condenser #icro"'one '%s %
"er#%nen c'%r,e %""lied w'en i is #%nuf%cured. w'ic' re#%ins for 'e life of 'e
#icro"'one %nd does no need o *e eAern%ll( "oweredJ
TBPES ;F 42CR;PH;8ES
In #os elevision "roducion siu%ions. %n( nu#*er of % v%rie( of #icro"'ones c%n *e
used o record 'e %udioJ One %udio "erson #%( selec one ("e of #ic %nd %no'er #%(
c'oose % r%dic%ll( di6eren #icJ E%c' "erson is loo4in, for 'e *es #ic '% will "rovide 'e
sound '% 'e( %re loo4in, forJ T'e followin, #icro"'ones %re 9us so#e of 'e %udio ools
'% %re %v%il%*leJ As 'e %udio "l%n is cre%ed. 'e #ic '% is ri,' for (ou #us *e c'osenJ
Ca9era 4icrophones
If 'e c%#er% is ?ed wi' % #icro"'one. 'e 'eor( is '% w'en i is %i#ed % 'e su*9ec
o c%"ure 'e video. 'e #ic will "ic4 u" !u%li( %udioJ $owever. % lo de"ends on 'e
siu%ion. 'e c%#er%:#ic "l%ce#en. %nd 'e ("e of sound involvedJ No'in, *e%s %
se"%r%e. 'i,'5!u%li( #icro"'one "l%ced in eA%cl( 'e ri,' "l%ceJ $owever. sin,le5c%#er%
o"er%ors. wor4in, *( 'e#selves %nd #ovin, %round o v%rious s'ooin, "osiions. #%(
'%ve o use % c%#er% #icro"'oneJ
So#e of 'e less "rofession%l #ics %re 4nown o "ic4 u" sound fro# %ll %round 'e c%#er%.
includin, noise fro# 'e c%#er% -oo# lens %nd c%#er% o"er%or soundsJ Wi' c%re. 'ou,'.
'is *%sic #icro"'one is useful for ,ener%l %#os"'eric *%c4,round sounds ;r%Oc. crowds<.
%nd occ%sion%ll( '%s ,ood enou,' "ic45u" o c%"ure % voice !u%li(. if 'e c%#er% is close
o 'e su*9ecJ
T'e #os "o"ul%r ("e of c%#er% #icro"'one is 'e 'hotgun ,ic. %%c'ed o 'e o" of 'e
c%#er% ;0i,ure 8IJ8K<J Plu,,ed ino 'e c%#er%)s eAern%l #ic soc4e. 'is #ic will ,ive 'e
*es5!u%li( "ic4u" fro# 'e su*9ecJ As %lw%(s wi' direcion%l #ics. 'ese #us *e %i#ed
%ccur%el(J
F21?RE 1@1*
S'o,un #ics %re 'e #os "o"ul%r ("e of c%#er% #icro"'onesJ
C%#er% #icro"'ones do '%ve 'eir dr%w*%c4 %nd s'ould *e onl( used for voice w'en *eer
o"ions %re un%v%il%*leJ Dis%nce is 'e *i,,es "ro*le# wi' % c%#er% #icro"'one3
If 'e c%#er% #ic is #ore '%n I o C fee %w%( fro# 'e %len. i #%( resul in
un%cce"%*l( 'i,' levels of *%c4,round noise %nd:or %cousic%l reBecionsJ
Dis%nce is 'e s%#e for %ll s'osJ T'e c%#er% #%( -oo# in o % close5u" s'o or %4e %
wide5%n,le s'o. *u 'e sound level re#%ins 'e s%#eJ
T'e #icro"'one is ofen oo f%r %w%( fro# 'e su*9ec for 'e *es soundJ Is "osiion is
deer#ined *( 'e c%#er%)s s'o. no *( 'e o"i#u# "l%ce for 'e #icro"'oneJ
T'e c%#er% #icro"'one c%nno follow so#e*od( if 'e or s'e urns %w%( fro# % fron%l
"osiion. suc' %s o "oin o % ne%r*( w%ll #%"J T'e sound)s volu#e %nd !u%li( will f%ll o6
%s 'e( #ove o65#icJ
Handheld 4icrophone
T'e h*ndheld ,ic ;or 'tic/ ,ic< is % f%#ili%r si,' on elevision. used *( inerviewers.
sin,ers. %nd co##en%orsJ I is % ver( si#"le. convenien #e'od of sound "ic4u".
"rovided '% i is used "ro"erl(J O'erwise. resuls c%n *e err%icJ T'e '%nd'eld #ic is *es
'eld 9us *elow s'oulder 'ei,'. "oined sli,'l( ow%rd 'e "erson s"e%4in,J M%4e i %s
uno*rusive %s "ossi*le ;0i,ure 8IJ88<J
F21?RE 1@11
T'e '%nd'eld #icro"'one is widel( used for inerviews. co##en%ries. %nd s%,e wor4J If 'e #ic '%s % c%rdioid direcion%l
res"onse. eAr%neous noise "ic4u" is lowerJ If i is o#nidirecion%l. 'e #ic #%( need o *e 'eld closer o 'e su*9ec o
reduce %#os"'ere soundsJ T'e #ic is nor#%ll( 'eld 9us *elow s'oulder 'ei,'J
To reduce 'e low ru#*lin, noises of wind on 'e #icro"'one %nd eA"losive *re%'5"o"s
w'en i is 'eld oo close o 'e #ou'. i is %dvis%*le o %%c' % fo%# winds'ield o 'e
#icro"'oneJ Noe 'e (ellow fo%# winds'ield in 'e inerview "'oo in 0i,ure 8IJ88J
W'enever "ossi*le. %l4 %cross 'e #icro"'one r%'er '%n direcl( ino iJ T'is will "rovide
'e o"i#%l %udio !u%li(J
So#e "eo"le %e#" o 'old 'e #ic %round w%is 'ei,' o "reven i fro# *ein, visi*le in
'e "icure. 'owever. 'is ,ener%ll( resuls in we%4 "ic4u". "oor !u%li(. %nd #ore inrusive
*%c4,round noiseJ
$%nd'eld #icro"'ones wi' c%rdioid "%erns 'el" reduce 'e %#oun of eAr%neous sound
over'e%rd. so i c%n *e used %*ou 8 o 8JP fee ;KJ>K #HKJIP #< fro# 'e "erson s"e%4in,J
If %n o#nidirecion%l '%nd'eld #ic is used. i s'ould nor#%ll( *e 'eld #uc' closerS%round
D inc'es ;== c#< for o"i#%l sound !u%li(J
Shot$un 4icrophone
T'e 'hotgun ,ic)o(hone ;hy(e)2c*)dioid< consiss of % sloed u*e con%inin, %n elecre
#icro"'one % one endJ T'is #icro"'one is desi,ned o "ic4 u" sound wi'in !uie % n%rrow
%n,le. w'ile re#%inin, #uc' less sensiive o sounds fro# o'er direcionsJ I is ,re% %
isol%in, % su*9ec wi'in % crowd or eAcludin, ne%r*( noises ;0i,ure 8IJ8=<J
Unforun%el(. 'e s'o,un #icro"'one is no ,ood % #%in%inin, 'ese direcion%l
"ro"eries 'rou,'ou 'e %udio r%n,eJ A lower fre!uencies. i loses is %*ili( o
discri#in%eJ T'e n%rrow forw%rd5"oinin, "ic4u" "%ern 'en *eco#es incre%sin,l(
*ro%derJ
W'en s'ooin, in ver( EliveF ;rever*er%n< surroundin,s. % s'o,un #icro"'one '%s
%dv%n%,es. %s i will "ic4 u" 'e su*9ec)s sound successfull( w'ile reducin, unw%ned
reBecions. %l'ou,' 'ow e6ecivel( i does so de"ends on 'e "ic' or color%ion of 'e
reBeced soundsJ
T'e s'o,un #icro"'one is !uie %d%"%*le. %nd is re,ul%rl( used %s3
A '%nd'eld #icro"'one su""ored *( so#e ("e of s'oc4 #oun ;0i,ure 8IJ8=. %nd 8IJ8P<
A #ic conneced o 'e end of % *oo# "ole or ?s'"ole ;0i,ures 8IJ8I. %nd 8IJ8C<
F21?RE 1@12
S'o,un #icro"'ones %re one of 'e #os co##onl( used #ics in elevisionJ T'e( %re ver( susce"i*le o '%ndlin, noise
%nd #us *e 'eld or conneced o % "ole or s%nd wi' % s'oc4 #ounJ
A #ic in 'e swiveled cr%dle su""or of % re,ul%r sound *oo# or "er%#*ul%or *oo#
;0i,ure 8IJ8<J
As % c%#er% #icro"'one. ?ed o 'e o" of 'e c%#er% 'e%d ;0i,ure 8IJ8K<J
Mos "eo"le wor4in, in 'e ?eld ? % s'o,un #icro"'one wi' so#e ("e of
% 0ind'hield ;%lso c%lled % 0ind7*,,e) or0ind ,uHe)<J T'e #os e6ecive ("es %
su""ressin, o*rusive wind noises %re % furr( overco% wi' E'%irsF or % "l%sic:f%*ric u*e
;0i,ure 8IJ8><J An %lern%ive desi,n of 'e wind ?ler is % u*ul%r "l%sic s"on,e ;0i,ure
8IJ8=<J Al'ou,' #uc' li,'er. 'is desi,n #%( "rove in%de!u%e eAce" in 'e li,'es
*ree-eJ
SING THE SHOTGN MICROPHONE
Selecin, 'e *es "osiion for s'o,un #icro"'ones %4es so#e %dv%nce "l%nnin,J Audio
"ersonnel need o 4now 'ow 'e %cion is ,oin, o develo"J T'e( #%( ,e 'is fro# %
*rie?n, *efore'%nd or ?nd i ou fro# % c%#er% re'e%rs%l3
F21?RE 1@13
Di6eren ("es of winds'ields %re used o "roec % s'o,un #ic fro# wind noiseJ
Will 'e s'o,un *e used for lon, %4es or for *rief s'os1 I is one 'in, o s%nd in % ?Aed
"osiion for so#eone %l4in, sr%i,' o 'e c%#er% %nd %no'er o '%ve o follow %cion
%round %s "eo"le %nd c%#er%s #ove 'rou,' % se!uenceJ
Will %udio "ersonnel '%ve %n uninerru"ed view of 'e %cion1
Is %n(one or %n('in, ,oin, o ,e in 'eir w%( or %re 'e( ,oin, o ,e in %n(one else)s
w%(1
THE SHOTGN AND THE $OOM POLE "FISHPOLE%
T'e 5oo, (ole ;or +'h(ole< '%s *eco#e 'e #os "o"ul%r c'oice for sound "ic4u" on
loc%ion %nd in #%n( s#%ller sudiosJ T'is %d9us%*le li,'wei,' %lu#inu# "ole is usu%ll(
%*ou C o D fee lon,. c%rr(in, % #icro"'one % is f%r endJ T'e sound c%*le is ei'er
desi,ned inside 'e "ole or is %"ed securel( %lon, 'e "ole ;0i,ures 8IJ8I %nd 8IJ8P<J
F21?RE 1@1
A ,ic 5oo, ;or +'h(ole< is % re,ul%r #e'od of #ounin, 'e s'o,un #icro"'one. "%ricul%rl( in 'e ?eldJ I %llows 'e
o"er%or o s%nd sever%l fee %w%( fro# 'e su*9ec. re%c'in, over %n( fore,round o*s%cles. %nd o "l%ce 'e #icro"'one
% %n o"i#u# %n,leJ T'is "osiion c%n *e irin, if i '%s o *e #%in%ined for % lon, "eriod of i#eJ $owever. i #%( *e 'e
onl( soluion w'en "eo"le %re s%ndin, %nd:or w%l4in, %*ouJ ;P'oo *( Dennis &%Aer<
F21?RE 1@1!
T'e s'o,un #icro"'one is no %%c'ed direcl( o 'e "oleJ Inse%d. % s'oc4 #oun. suc' %s 'e one s'own 'ere. #us *e
used o "reven 'e ru#*les of '%ndlin, noise r%velin, %lon, 'e "ole %nd *ein, "ic4ed u" *( 'e #icro"'oneJ ;P'oo
coures( of Audio5Tec'nic%<
;PERAT281 THE F2SHP;+E ;R ,;;4 P;+E
Unil %udio "ersonnel ,e used o i. 'e *oo# "ole c%n *e % ver( unwield( un*%l%nced
insru#en w'en full( eAended. %s 'e wei,' is %ll % is f%r endJ T'ere %re #%n( di6eren
w%(s '% % *oo# "ole c%n *e 'eld ;%lso see 0i,ures 8IJ8I %nd8IJ=<. suc' %s3
A*ove 'e 'e%d. wi' %r#s full( eAended %lon, 'e "ole o *%l%nce i
Se %cross 'e s'oulders for %dded s%*ili(. %s s'own in 0i,ure 8IJ8C ;lef<
T'e ,o%l is o ,e 'e #icro"'one %s close %s "ossi*le. wi'ou s'owin, u" % 'e *oo# or
o" of 'e c%#er%)s s'oJ
F21?RE 1@1&
+avalier =+apel or ClipI;n> 4icrophone
T'e l*&*lie) #icro"'one. %lso 4nown %s % l*&. l*(el. ,ini2,ic. or % cli(2on ,ic. '%s *eco#e
'e f%vorie #ic in "roducions w'ere i is uni#"or%n w'e'er 'e viewer sees % #ic
%%c'ed o so#eone)s clo'in,J T'ese #icro"'ones %re co#"%c. uno*rusive. %nd "rovide
'i,' sound !u%li(J T'is #icro"'one is usu%ll( cli""ed o ouside clo'in, ;suc' %s % ie.
l%"el. s'ir. or *louse< so '% noises fro# ru**in, on clo'in, will *e 4e" o % #ini#u#J If
l%v%lier #ics %re uc4ed *ene%' % 'e%v( swe%er or co%. unders%nd%*l( 'e sound
*eco#es #uXed %nd less disinc ;0i,ure 8IJ8Q<J T'e incredi*l( s#%ll l%v #ics. %s s'own
in 0i,ure 8IJ8Q. c%n %lso *e used %s %n Ee%rseF or E'e%dwornF #ic. %s s'own in 0i,ure
8IJ8LJ
One of 'e c'%llen,es w'en usin, % l%v%lier #ic is '% 'e volu#e %nd cl%ri( of 'e sound
c%n c'%n,e %s % we%rer urns 'eir 'e%d lef %nd ri,'. or ow%rd %nd %w%( fro# 'e
#icro"'oneJ
A l%v%lier #ic c%n *e relied on o e6ecivel( "ic4 u" onl( 'e sound of 'e "erson we%rin, iJ
W'en wo or 'ree "eo"le %re s"e%4in,. e%c' will need o we%r 'is or 'er own #icro"'oneJ
F21?RE 1@1'
L%v%lier #icro"'ones co#e in #%n( di6eren si-es %nd s'%"esJ Gener%ll(. % l%v%lier #ic is cli""ed o % nec4ie. l%"el. or
s'irJ So#ei#es % Edu%l redund%nc(F "%ir is used. w'enever % s%nd*( #ic is desiredJ ;P'oos coures( of Audio5Tec'nic%
%nd Counr(#%n Associ%es<
F21?RE 1@1(
T'e %len is usin, %n Ee%rseF or E'e%dwornF #icro"'one '% uili-es 'e l%v%lier #icro"'oneJ I is #ouned on % in( #ic
E*oo#F %nd %%c'ed o 'e e%rJ I is %v%il%*le in % Bes' color %nd is %l#os invisi*le o 'e viewin, %udienceJ In 'is
siu%ion. i w%s used *( 'oss of ESPN)s 4 G*,e'J ;P'oos coures( of Dennis &%Aer %nd Senn'eiser<
$owever. '% does no #e%n '% 'e #ics won) "ic4 u" 'e sound fro# o'ersSi 9us
won) *e 'e s%#e !u%li( %nd will no *e 'e s%#e levelJ W'en wor4in, in nois(
surroundin,s. % s#%ll fo%# winds'ield over 'e end of 'e #icro"'one will reduce 'e
ru#*le of wind noiseJ T'e #ic)s c%*le c%n *e conce%led *ene%' clo'in,J
L%v%lier #icro"'ones c%n %lso *e used o record su*9ecs o'er '%n "eo"leJ T'e( %re used
e6ecivel( in s"ors "roducions ;#ouned in "l%ces li4e 'e nes % % soccer:foo*%ll ?eld<
%nd 'e( c%n *e used o "ic4 u" 'e sound of so#e #usic%l insru#ensJ T'e cli"5on #ic
in 0i,ure 8IJ8D is %cu%ll( % ("e of l%v%lier #icJ
,oundar% or PL4 4icrophone
T'e 5ound*)y ,ic)o(hone %nd ()e''u)e Aone ,ic)o(hone "P?M% %re low5"ro?le #ics '%
c%n *e used o c%"ure %udio fro# %len '% is C or #ore fee %w%( wi'ou 'e E'ollowF
sound of % '%n,in, '%nd'eld #icJ Al'ou,' 'e "ic4u" ec'nolo,( is ver( di6eren. 'ese
wo #ics %re used si#il%rl(J T'ese #icro"'ones %re es"eci%ll( ,ood for dr%#%ic "roducions
w'ere #icro"'ones s'ould no *e seen ;'e( c%n *e %%c'ed o 'e *%c4 of se "ieces<J
T'e( %re %lso ,ood for s%,e "erfor#%nces of l%r,e ,rou"sJ T'e( c%n *e 'un, fro# 'e
ceilin,. se on % Boor. or %%c'ed o furniureJ T'e "ic4u" dis%nce c%n *e incre%sed *(
#ounin, 'ese #ics on % '%rd surf%ce ;0i,ure 8IJ=K<J
Han$in$ 4icrophone
$%n,in, #icro"'ones %re es"eci%ll( desi,ned for 'i,'5!u%li( sound reinforce#en of
dr%#%ic "roducions. orc'esr%s. %nd c'oirsJ T'e #ics %re sus"ended over 'e "erfor#%nce
%re%J T'eir s#%ll si-e is ide%l since 'e( will "ro*%*l( *e visi*le o 'e viewin, %udience
;0i,ure 8IJ=8<J
SurroundISound 4icrophone
Surround5sound #icro"'ones c%n c%"ure PJ8 o QJ8 c'%nnels of discree ;se"%r%e< %udio
wi' 'e #ulidirecion%l "ic4u" "%ernJ Usin, 'e s#%ll #icro"'one s'own in 0i,ure
8IJ== 'e %udio c%n *e recorded direcl( on o 'e c%#er%)s inern%l #edi% %lon, wi' video
i#%,esJ T'e s#%ll #icro"'one '%s ?ve #icro"'one ele#ens ;lef. ri,'. cener. lef side.
ri,' side< %nd % dedic%ed L0E ;'is couns %s 'e EJ8F in 'e c'%nnel coun< #icro"'oneJ
F21?RE 1@1)
T'ese "'oos s'ow % v%ri%ion of l%v%lier #icro"'ones ofen used o record #usic%l insru#ens or %n( o'er su*9ec '%
re!uires close #icro"'onesJ ;P'oo coures( of Audio5Tec'nic%<
F21?RE 1@2*
T'e *ound%r( #icro"'one is % low5"ro?le #ic '% c%n "ic4 u" %ccur%e sounds fro# siA or #ore fee %w%(J
F21?RE 1@21
$%n,in, #icro"'oneJ ;P'oo coures( of Audio5Tec'nic%<
T'e 'i,'er5end version is #uc' l%r,er %nd "rovides QJ8 surround soundJ T'e s#%ller s(se#.
desi,ned s"eci?c%ll( for % c%#corder. uili-es %n inern%l Dol*(c Pro Lo,ic IIHencoded line5
level sereo ou"u for connecion direcl( o 'e c%#er% on % sin,le >JP5## sereo fe#%le
#ini"lu, 9%c4J So#e nonline%r ediin, s(se#s '%ve % Dol*( lo,ic decoder *uil in. %llowin,
'e c'%nnels fro# 'e sereo in"u o *e s"li ino 'e ?ve surround c'%nnels. w'ic' %llows %
user o record "ro,r%#s in surround sound wi'ou '%vin, % full5surround #iAin, *o%rd
;0i,ures 8IJ== %nd 8IJ=><J
Surround5sound #icro"'ones #us *e "osiioned c%refull(J T'e( s'ould no 9us *e #ouned
on o" of % c%#er% if 'e c%#er% will *e "%nnin, %nd ilin, %round !uie % *iJ Movin, 'e
#icro"'one %round wi' 'e c%#er% c%n re%ll( s"%i%ll( disorien 'e %udienceJ Gener%ll(
'ese #icro"'ones %re #ouned on % se"%r%e s%nd or cl%#"ed o so#e'in, s%ion%r( in
order o "ic4 u" % !u%li( %#*ien sound ;0i,ure 8IJ=I<J
F21?RE 1@22
T'is s#%ll surround5sound #icro"'one includes % Dol*( c Pro Lo,ic II encoder wi' % line5level sereo ou"u desi,ned for
sereo in"us on c%#cordersJ ;P'oo coures( of $olo"'one<
Su$$estions for ?sin$ a SurroundISound 4icrophone
Use 'e surround #ic o "rovide 'e E*%seF %#*ien surround sound for 'e %udio #iAJ
0or % concer siu%ion wi' %ren%5s(le se%in,. 'e sound #ic s'ould *e "l%ced % lile
'i,'er '%n 'e orc'esr%. ilin, 'e nose down ow%rd 'e "erfor#ersJ
W'en "%nnin, %nd ilin,. #oun 'e #ic on % s%ion%r( s%nd. no on 'e c%#er%J
In #os siu%ions. r( o "osiion 'e surround #ic %s close o Efron row cenerF %s
"ossi*le. r%'er '%n ne%r 'e *%c4 of 'e roo#J
W'en s'ooin, s"ors evens. i is *es o "l%ce 'e surround #ic ei'er ne%r 'e cener of
'e ?eld or ne%r % #%in c%#er% "osiionJ Alw%(s 4ee" in #ind 'e "ers"ecive of 'e
elevision viewerJ Mounin, 'e surround #ic on % side of % ?eld or rin4 o""osie o 'e #%in
c%#er% %n,le would see# *%c4w%rds %nd unn%ur%lJ
0or surround recordin, of %cousic insru#ens. includin, dru# 4is. "i%nos. %nd voice %
close r%n,e. r( "l%cin, 'e #ic ne%r or %*ove 'e insru#en '% is *ein, recordedJ 0or
voc%l or c'oirs. "osiion 'e sin,ers %round 'e #ic %nd #onior in surround o 'e%r 'e
resulsJ
F21?RE 1@23
T'ere %re % v%rie( of surround5sound #icro"'ones %v%il%*leJ Audio "ersonnel #us selec 'e one '% *es ?s 'eir
s"eci?c siu%ionJ ;P'oos coures( of $olo"'one %nd Core Sound<
F21?RE 1@2
A&C Television)s E9t)e,e M*/eo&e); Ho,e Edition uses % "rofession%l surround5sound #icro"'one. se"%r%e fro# 'e
c%#er%. o c%"ure 'e %udioJ ;P'oo coures( of $olo"'one<
F21?RE 1@2!
An %udio "erson %d9uss % #icro"'one s%nd for %n on5loc%ion inerview "ro9ecJ
42CR;PH;8E STA8/S A8/ 4;?8TS
Micro"'one s%nds %re ver( useful in siu%ions w'ere 'e direcor does no #ind 'e
#icro"'one "ossi*l( *ein, seen in 'e s'oJ I is es"eci%ll( useful for s%,e %nnounce#ens.
sin,in, ,rou"s. %nd for #i4in, #usic%l insru#ensJ I does '%ve so#e dis%dv%n%,esJ If
"eo"le #ove %round #uc'. 'e( c%n e%sil( w%l4 ou of 'e #ic)s r%n,eJ Direcors '%ve o
rel( on 'e %len o ,e o 'e ri,' "l%ce %nd 4ee" 'e ri,' dis%nce fro# 'e #icJ I is %
,ood ide% o ,ive %len %"ed #%r4s on 'e Boor o ,uide 'e#J And. of course. 'ere is
%lw%(s 'e d%n,er '% 'e or s'e will 4ic4 'e s%nd or ri" over % c%*le ;0i,ures
8IJ=P %nd 8IJ=C<J
F21?RE 1@2&
T'ere %re #%n( di6eren ("es of #icro"'one s%nds %nd #ouns. fro# *oo#5wei,'ed elesco"ic s%nds o s#%ll
versions wi' 'in BeAi*le or curved u*in, inended for l%v%lier or #ini%ure #icsJ ;P'oos *( P%ul Du"ree %nd Dennis
&%Aer<
6ireless 4icrophones
T'e #os co##onl( used wireless #icro"'ones ;or r%dio #icro"'ones< %re 'e l%v%lier #ic
%nd 'e '%nd'eld #icJ &o' of 'ese ("es of #ics c%n *e "urc'%sed wi' 'e wireless
r%ns#ier *uil ino 'e #ic ;or *el "%c4< %nd include % #%c'in, receiverJ L%v%lier #ics
%re ver( "o"ul%r *ec%use 'e( %llow 'e %len o '%ve ,ener%ll( unresriced #ove#en
w'ile #ovin, %round 'e loc%ionJ T'e( %re used in 'e sudio wi' inerview s'ows. on
referees o 'e%r 'eir c%lls. %nd 'idden on %cors o c%c' 'eir words ;0i,ures 8IJ=Q. 8IJ=L.
%nd 8IJ=D<J
F21?RE 1@2'
A wireless ;r%dio< *el "%c4 r%ns#ier %nd receiverJ A l%v%lier #icro"'one c%n *e "lu,,ed ino 'e r%ns#ierJ ;P'oo
coures( of Audio5Tec'nic%<
F21?RE 1@2(
Wireless receivers c%n *e loc%ed on % c%#er%J In 'is siu%ion. 'e inerviewer is usin, % '%nd'eld wirelessJ ;P'oo
coures( of Senn'eiser<
F21?RE 1@2)
An( ("e of #icro"'one c%n *eco#e % wireless #icro"'one if so#e ("e of wireless "lu,5on r%ns#ier is usedJ T'is
r%ns#ier convers % d(n%#ic or condenser #icro"'one o wireless. r%ns#iin, 'e si,n%l *%c4 o % receiverJ ;P'oo
coures( of Audio5Tec'nic%<
Wireless #icro"'ones ,ener%ll( wor4 on % r%dio fre!uenc( ;R0< %nd #%n( %re fre!uenc(5
"ro,r%##%*le. %llowin, 'e %udio "ersonnel o selec 'e *es fre!uenc( for % s"eci?c
loc%ionJ C%re #us *e %4en o #%4e sure '% le,%l fre!uencies %re *ein, usedJ
T'ere c%n *e % nu#*er of c'%llen,es w'en wor4in, wi' wireless #icro"'ones3
T'ese #ics wor4 o6 of *%eriesJ T'e *%er( life is rou,'l( I o C 'oursJ W'en wor4in, in
free-in, e#"er%ures. *%er( life is usu%ll( cu in '%lfJ New *%eries s'ould *e "l%ced in
'e #ic *efore e%c' new sessionJ Do no le%ve i o c'%nce. %ssu#in, '% 'ere is enou,'
c%"%ci( lef fro# 'e l%s i#e ;0i,ure 8IJ>K<J
If wo or #ore wireless #icro"'ones %re *ein, used in %n %re%. 'e( #us *e se on
di6eren R0 c'%nnels o %void inerferenceJ
W'en wor4in, ne%r l%r,e #e%l srucures. 'ere c%n *e diOculies wi' R0 de%d s"os.
f%din,. disorion. or inerferenceJ Diversi( of rece"ionSusin, #uli"le %nenn%sSc%n
i#"rove 'is siu%ion. *u i is sill c%use for so#e concernJ
Hidden 4ics
W'en o'er #e'ods of sound "ic4u" %re diOcul. % 'idden #icro"'one #%( *e 'e *es
soluion o 'e "ro*le#J Mics c%n *e conce%led %#on, % *unc' of Bowers on % %*le. *e'ind
"ro"s. in % "iece of furniure. %nd so onJ
$owever. 'idden #ics do '%ve li#i%ionsJ Al'ou,' 'e #ic c%n *e 'idden. 'e c%*le #us
no *e seen %nd:or 'e r%ns#ier #us *e ou of si,'J Sound !u%li( #%( %lso *e %6eced
*( ne%r*( reBecin, or %*sor*in, surf%cesJ &ec%use 'e #icro"'one covers % ?Aed loc%li-ed
%re%. 'e %len '%s o *e relied on o "l%( o 'e #ic %nd no s"e%4 o65#icJ
F21?RE 1@3*
I is i#"or%n o ensure '% 'e *%eries in 'e r%ns#ier. %nd "ossi*l( 'e receiver. %re % full c%"%ci( % 'e *e,innin,
of % "ro,r%#J T'e r%ns#iers %re usu%ll( cli""ed o 'e *%c4 of 'e %lenJ ;P'oo coures( of Senn'eiser<
C;8TR;++281 /B8A42CS
/%na9ic Ran$e
Ever(d%( sounds c%n cover % consider%*le volu#e r%n,eJ 0orun%el(. our e%rs %re %*le o
re%d9us o %n %sonis'in, eAen o co"e wi' 'ese v%ri%ionsJ &u %udio s(se#s do no
'%ve 'is %*ili(J If %udio si,n%ls %re l%r,er '%n 'e s(se# c%n %cce". 'e( will overlo%d i
%nd *eco#e *%dl( disoredJ If. on 'e o'er '%nd. sounds %re oo we%4. 'e( ,e los in
,ener%l *%c4,round noiseJ In order o re"roduce %udio cle%rl(. wi' ?deli(. i #us *e 4e"
wi'in 'e s(se#)s li#isJ
A lo of sounds "ose no "ro*le#s % %llJ T'e( don) ,e "%ricul%rl( sof or loudN '% is. 'e(
do no '%ve % wide d(n%#ic r%n,eJ W'en recordin, sounds of 'is ("e. 'ere is lile need
o %ler 'e ,%in ;%#"li?c%ion< of 'e s(se# once i '%s *een se o %n %""ro"ri%e
E%ver%,eF "osiionJ
I c%n *e ver( diOcul o c%"ure 'e wide %udio r%n,e of %udio *eween % w'is"er o %n e%r5
s'%erin, *l%sJ &ec%use 'e *l%s will eAceed 'e s(se#)s '%ndlin, c%"%ci(. 'e %udio
"erson #us co#"ens%e in so#e w%(J T'e #os o*vious 'in, o do is o urn down 'e
s(se#)s %udio ,%in so '% 'e loud "%rs never re%c' 'e u""er li#iJ &u 'en 'e !uie
"%ss%,es #%( *e so f%in '% 'e( %re in%udi*leJ So so#e'ow or o'er. #os of 'e i#e.
'e %udio levels need o *e conrolledJ
Auto9atic Control for Audio
C%#er%s ,ener%ll( %llow 'e o"er%or o se 'e c%#er%)s %udio #%nu%ll( or %uo#%ic%ll(J
To %void loud sounds overlo%din, 'e %udio s(se# %nd c%usin, disorion. #os %udio
%nd video recordin, e!ui"#en includes %uo#%ic ,%in conrolJ W'en 'e sound si,n%l
eAceeds % cer%in level. 'e %uo ,%in conrol %uo#%ic%ll( reduces 'e %udio in"uJ
A co#"leel( %uo#%ic ,%in s(se# %#"li?es %ll inco#in, sounds o % s"eci?c "rese levelJ
I Eirons ouF sound d(n%#ics *( "revenin, over5 or under5%#"li?c%ionJ 2uie sounds %re
incre%sed in volu#e %nd loud sounds %re 'eld *%c4J T'ere %re no %d9us#ens o #%4e %nd
'e c%#er% o"er%or #us %cce" 'e resulsJ
T'is c%n *e %n e6ecive w%( of co"in, wi' occ%sion%l over5loud noises. *u if 'e sounds
'%""en o *e so loud '% 'e( %re coninu%ll( E'iin, 'e li#ier.F 'e resuls c%n *e ver(
disr%cin, fro# %n un"le%s%n sr%n,led e6ec %s sound "e%4s %re E"ulled *%c4F o
#o#ens w'en !uie *%c4,round sounds %re over5%#"li?ed %nd sur,e in "ersisenl(
w'enever 'ere is % "%useJ
So#e %uo ,%in s(se#s do '%ve #%nu%l %d9us#ensJ T'e ide% is o ensure '% 'e ,%in
conrol is se 'i,' enou,' o %#"lif( 'e !uiees "%ss%,es wi'ou runnin, ino over5
%#"li?c%ion of 'e loudes soundsJ T'e %uo ,%in conrol circuir( li#is sound "e%4s onl(
%s %n occ%sion%l s%fe( #e%sure. %nd de"ends on 'e ,%in %d9us#enJ I is ,ener%ll( *es o
#%nu%ll( conrol 'e %udioJ
4anual Control
M%nu%l conrol #e%ns '% (ou coninuousl( #onior 'e "ro,r%# w'ile w%c'in, %n %udio
level #eer ;0i,ure 8IJ>8<J T'e %udio "erson is res"onsi*le for re%d9usin, 'e %udio
s(se#)s ,%in ;%#"li?c%ion< w'enever necess%r( o o*%in % !u%li( %udio si,n%lJ T'% does
no #e%n '% 'e d(n%#ics s'ould *e EironedF ou *( #%4in, %ll 'e !uie secions loud.
%nd 'oldin, *%c4 %ll 'e loud "%ss%,esJ ERidin, 'e ,%inF in 'is w%( c%n ruin 'e sound of
'e "ro,r%#J Inse%d. w'en sounds %re ,oin, o *e we%4. %nici"%e *( ,r%du%ll( incre%sin,
'e ,%in. %nd conversel(. slowl( #ove 'e ,%in *%c4 *efore loud "%ss%,esJ T'en 'e
liseners will *e un%w%re '% c'%n,es %re *ein, #%de o %cco##od%e 'e %udio s(se#)s
li#i%ionsJ
F21?RE 1@31
I is 'e %udio "erson)s res"onsi*ili( o re%d9us 'e %udio s(se#)s ,%in ;%#"li?c%ion< w'enever necess%r( o o*%in %
!u%li( %udio si,n%lJ ;P'oo coures( of Senn'eiser<
$ow !uie 'e sofes sound is %llowed o *e will de"end on 'e "ur"ose of 'e "ro,r%#J If.
for eA%#"le. 'e recordin, will *e used in nois( surroundin,s. or s'own in 'e o"en %ir. i
#%( *e *es o 4ee" 'e ,%in u" o "reven 'e !uiees sounds fro# f%llin, *elow =8P or
==K d&J If % "i%no "erfor#%nce is *ein, s'o o *e 'e%rd in % conrolled loc%ion indoors.
%4e c%re no o over5conrol 'e #usic)s d(n%#ics. %nd use 'e s(se#)s full volu#e r%n,eJ
Unli4e %uo#%ic conrol circuis. %udio "ersonnel %re %*le o %nici"%e %nd #%4e %risic
9ud,#ens. w'ic' c%n #%4e 'e ?n%l %udio f%r su"erior '%n i would *e o'erwiseJ T'e
dr%w*%c4 o #%nu%l conrol is '% 'e %udio "ersonnel need o *e vi,il%n %ll 'e i#e.
re%d( o #%4e %n( necess%r( re%d9us#ensJ If 'e( %re no c%reful. 'e resulin, %udio #%(
*e less s%isf%cor( '%n 'e %uo circuis would '%ve "roducedJ
T'ere %re sever%l ("es of volu#e indic%ors. *u 'e co##ones on video e!ui"#en %4e
'e for# of visu%l dis"l%(s usin, *%r ,r%"'s or so#e ("e of /U #eer ;eA"l%ined s'orl(<J
A *%r ,r%"' ;0i,ure 8IJ>=< '%s % sri" #%de u" of in( se,#ensJ T'is v%ries in len,' wi'
'e %udio si,n%l)s sren,'J C%li*r%ions v%r(. *u i #i,' '%ve % deci*el sc%le fro# =PK o
88K d&. wi' %n u""er wor4in, li#i of %*ou 8= d&J Ad9us 'e %udio ,%in conrol so '% 'e
sound "e%4s re%c' 'is u""er #%r4J Twin *%r ,r%"'s %re used o #onior 'e lef %nd ri,'
c'%nnelsJ T'e sound ,ener%ll( disors if 'e %udio si,n%l ,oes ino 'e red %re% of 'e *%r
,r%"'J
F21?RE 1@32
/U #eers %nd *%r ,r%"'s %re used o #onior 'e %udio si,n%lJ
T'e /U #eer ;0i,ure 8IJ>=< is % widel( used volu#e indic%orJ I '%s wo sc%les3 % Evolu#e
uniF sc%le #%r4ed in deci*els. %nd %no'er s'owin, E"ercen%,e #odul%ionJF Al'ou,'
%ccur%e for se%d( ones. 'e /U #eer ,ives dece"ivel( low re%din,s for *rief loud sounds
or r%nsiens suc' %s "ercussionJ
T'e #%Ai#u# si,n%l coincides wi' 8KK "ercen #odul%ion % K d&J A*ove '%. in 'e red
%re%. sounds will disor. %l'ou,' occ%sion%l "e%4s %re %cce"%*leJ T'e nor#%l r%n,e used
is ==K o K d&. ("ic%ll( "e%4in, *eween == o K d&J
In su##%r(. if 'e c%#er% o"er%or needs 'e %udio s(se# o loo4 %fer iself. *ec%use 'e
or s'e is "reoccu"ied wi' s'ooin, 'e scene. or is co"in, wi' ver( un"redic%*le sounds.
'en 'e %uo#%ic ,%in conrol '%s is #erisSi will "reven loud sounds fro# overlo%din,
'e s(se#J $owever. if %n %ssis%n is %v%il%*le w'o c%n #onior 'e sound %s i is *ein,
recorded. %nd %d9us 'e ,%in for o"i#u# resuls. 'en 'is '%s si,ni?c%n %risic
%dv%n%,esJ
T'ere %re s"eci%l elecronic devices c%lled Eli#iersF or Eco#"ressorsF '% %uo#%ic%ll(
%d9us 'e d(n%#ic r%n,e of 'e %udio si,n%l. *u 'ese %re found onl( in #ore so"'isic%ed
s(se#sJ
4onitorin$ the Audio
Moniorin, sound for % video "ro,r%# involves3
#*tching3 c'ec4in, 'e volu#e indic%or %nd w%c'in, % video #onior o #%4e sure '%
'e #icro"'one does no "o" ino 'e s'o in%dverenl(J W%c'in, 'e video #onior %lso
%llows (ou o %nici"%e w'% #icro"'one will *e needed neAJ
Li'tening3 c'ec4in, sound !u%li( %nd *%l%nce on 'i,'5,r%de e%r"'ones or % louds"e%4er
o deec %n( unw%ned *%c4,round noisesJ
Ide%ll(. 'e %udio level c%n *e %d9used durin, % re'e%rs%lJ $owever. if % "erfor#%nce is
,oin, o *e recorded wi'ou % re'e%rs%l. suc' %s in %n inerview. %s4 'e %len o s"e%4 %
few lines so '% 'e %udio level c%n *e %ccur%el( %d9usedJ I is *es if 'e %len c%n c'%
wi' 'e 'os in % nor#%l voice for % few #inues or 'e or s'e c%n re%d fro# % scri" or *oo4
lon, enou,' o %d9us 'e levelJ Do no '%ve 'i# or 'er coun or s%( EesJF &o' of 'ese
c%n ,ive in%ccur%e re%din,s. %s 'e( do no necess%ril( reBec nor#%l s"e%4in, levelsJ
I is i#"or%n o #onior 'e sound %lso o ,e %n i#"ression of 'e d(n%#ic r%n,e w'ile
w%c'in, 'e volu#e levelJ If 'e resuls %re no s%isf%cor(. 'e %len #%( need o *e
%s4ed o s"e%4 % lile louder or #ore !uiel(. or o re"osiion 'e #icJ
W'en s'ooin, % "ro,r%# %lone. i is % lile #ore co#"lic%ed o conrol 'e %udio #%nu%ll(J
Mos "rofession%l c%#er%s include %n %udio #eer in 'e e(e"iece of 'e c%#er%.
w'ic' %llows 'e c%#er% o"er%or o #onior 'e %udio si,n%lJ In recen (e%rs. c%#er%
#%nuf%curers '%ve i#"roved 'e %*ili( for c%#er% o"er%ors o %d9us 'e %udio on5'e5B(J
Usu%ll(. if 'e level is se in %dv%nce. i is no diOcul o c%"ure ,ood %udio levelsJ $owever.
in diOcul siu%ions. 'e %uo#%ic ,%in conrol c%n *e usedJ I is %lso esseni%l o #onior
'e %udio wi' %n e%r"iece or 'e s#%ll *uil5in s"e%4er on 'e side of so#e c%#er%sJ
The Audio 4i3er
An *udio ,i9e) is needed w'enever 'ere %re % nu#*er of sound sources o selec. *lend
o,e'er. %nd conrol ;suc' %s % cou"le of #icro"'ones. CD. /CR %udio ou"u. %nd so on<J
T'e ou"u of 'is uni is fed o 'e recorder ;0i,ures 8IJ>> %nd8IJ>I<J
On 'e fron "%nel of 'e %udio #iAer %re % series of 4no*s or slidersJ E%c' of 'ese E"osF
;(otentio,ete)'< or f%ders ;0i,ure 8IJ>P< c%n %d9us is c'%nnel)s volu#e fro# full %udio o
f%de5ou ;silence<J In so#e desi,ns. 'e c'%nnel c%n *e swic'ed on or o6 on cue wi' %
E#ueF *uonJ W'en sources %re "lu,,ed ino 'e "%c' "%nel ;connecor sri"<. ,ener%ll(
on 'e *%c4 of 'e swic'er. 'e %udio "erson c%n selec 'e %""ro"ri%e c'%nnelJ
On % l%r,e %udio #iAin, "%nel. 'ere #%( *e ,rou" f%ders ;,rou" #%sers. su*#%sers<J
E%c' of 'ese ,rou" f%ders conrols 'e co#*ined ou"us of sever%l c'%nnels. %nd i #%(
'%ve is own ,rou" volu#e indic%orJ 0or ins%nce. one ,rou" f%der c%n *e used for %ll 'e
#ics on 'e %udience ;0i,ures 8IJ>C %nd 8IJ>Q<J
0in%ll(. 'ere is % #%ser f%der '% conrols 'e over%ll %udio sren,' *ein, sen o line
;suc' %s on 'e recorder<J T'is c%n *e used o f%de 'e co#"lee #iA in or ouJ A #%ser
volu#e indic%or s'ows 'e co#*ined sren,' of 'e #iAed %udioJ
L%r,er %udio #iAers include % cue ci)cuit ;%lso c%lled *udition< '% en%*les %udio "ersonnel
o lisen E"riv%el(F on e%r"'ones or % louds"e%4er o 'e ou"u of %n( individu%l c'%nnel.
even w'en is "o is f%ded ouJ T'% w%( 'e source. suc' %s % CD. c%n *e se u" % eA%cl(
'e ri,' s"o. re%d( o *e s%red on cue. wi'ou 'is *ein, over'e%rd on 'e %irJ
4ic +evel versus +ine +evel
A line le&el is 'e %udio si,n%l ,ener%ed *( % non#icro"'one device suc' %s % CD "l%(er.
%#"li?er. video "l%(*%c4 uni. MIDI. or line #iAer ou"uJ T'e wo nor#%l line levels %re
KJ>8C vols %nd 8J=> volsJ
A ,ic le&el is 'e %udio level ;or vol%,e< of % si,n%l '% is ,ener%ed *( % #icro"'oneJ T'e
#ic level. ("ic%ll( %round = #illivols. is #uc' we%4er '%n % line level si,n%lJ
F21?RE 1@33
T'e "or%*le %udio #iAer is used in 'e ?eld o #iA u" o 'ree #icsN 'e over%ll ou"u is conrolled *( % #%ser f%derJ A
/U #eer "rovides 'e volu#e indic%orJ So#e #iAers include % li#ier o "reven %udio overlo%dJ ;P'oo coures( of S'ure
Incor"or%ed<
F21?RE 1@3
So#e ?eld #iAers include % '%rd drive '% c%n sore 'e %udio "ro,r%# direcl( on 'e #iAerJ
F21?RE 1@3!
0%ders ;"oenio#eers< on % l%r,e %udio #iAerJ
F21?RE 1@3&
A l%r,e surround5sound %udio #iAer for elevision "roducionsJ
F21?RE 1@3'
So#e elevision %udio #iAers "refer o #iA live evens. suc' %s % concer. %w%rds s'ow. or si#il%r "erfor#%nce. fro# inside
'e "erfor#%nce '%llJ ;P'oo coures( of Dennis &%Aer<
?sin$ the Audio 4i3er
Loc%ed % 'e %udio #iAer ;*o%rd. des4. %udio conrol console<. 'e %udio conrol en,ineer
;sound #iAer. sound su"ervisor< selecs %nd *lends 'e v%rious "ro,r%# sound sourcesJ $is
or 'er %enion is divided v%riousl( *eween3
Selecin, %nd conrollin, 'e ou"us of v%rious %udio sources ;#icro"'ones. discs. '%rd
drives. ecJ<
Kee"in, 'e volu#e indic%ors wi'in s(se# li#is *( %d9usin, %""ro"ri%e c'%nnel f%ders
;%#"li?er ,%ins<
0ollowin, 'e "ro,r%# %udio %nd "icures %nd 'e direcor)s inerco#
C'ec4in, 'e %udio !u%li( on 'i,'5,r%de louds"e%4ers
W%c'in, 'e video #oniors '% s'ow 'e "ro,r%# %nd "review s'os. o c'ec4 sound
"ers"ecive. %nd w%rn %,%ins #icro"'ones or s'%dows co#in, ino 'e s'o
Guidin, ;%nd cuein,< o"er%ors on #ic *oo#s. %udio disc. %nd recordin, "l%(*%c4
Possi*l( o"er%in, %udio recordin, e!ui"#en
Li%ison wi' o'er "roducion e%# #e#*ers
Audio #iAin, c%n *e %s si#"le %s f%din, u" % #icro"'one or wo %nd conrollin, 'e sound
levels. or i c%n *e % co#"leA "rocess involvin, ed,e5of5se% decisions de"endin, on 'e
("e of "roducionJ 0or eA%#"le3
A EliveF s'ow usu%ll( involves r%"id decisionsJ W'en % "roducion is *ein, recorded scene5
*(5scene. no live. 'ere is i#e o se u" co#"lic%ed %udio re%#ensJ An('in, '% ,oes
wron, c%n usu%ll( *e correced %nd i#"rovedJ
If 'ere %re % nu#*er of sound sources '% need o *e cued in % "recisel( 'e ri,'
#o#en. i c%n *e sressful. T'is ("e of "ro,r%# "oses % ver( di6eren siu%ion '%n %
less5co#"lic%ed "ro,r%# suc' %s %n inerviewJ
T'ese %re 9us % few of 'e issues '% decide 'ow co#"leA 'e %udio #iA needs o *eJ Le)s
loo4 % ("ic%l o"er%ions in so#e de%il3
Sound sources s'ould *e f%ded in 9us *efore 'e( *e,in ;o 'e %""ro"ri%e f%der level<.
%nd f%ded ou w'en ?nis'edJ
Source c'%nnels s'ould no *e lef Eo"enF ;live< w'en no in useJ A"%r fro# %cciden%ll(
recordin, over'e%rd re#%r4s ;EW%s '% %ll ri,'1F< %nd o'er unw%ned sounds. i #%( "ic4
u" so#eone w'o is on %no'er #icJ
I is i#"or%n '% 'e ri,' source is seleced %nd f%ded u":down % 'e ri,' #o#enJ
Individu%l or ,rou" f%ders c%n *e usedJ $ere is %n eA%#"le3
I,*gine * 'cene fo) * d)*,* ()oduction i' 5eing 'hot8 The *udience 'ee' the inte)io) of *
ho,e1 0he)e the )*dio "*ctu*lly f)o, *n iPod loc*ted ne*) the ,i9e)% (l*y' Fuietly8 An *cto)
i' t*l/ing "on li&e ,ic2I% to *nothe) (e)'on "on li&e ,ic2=% 0ho i' not 'ho0n in the 'hot8 A
ne*)5y tele(hone )ing' "* f*de2u( u'ing * '(eci*l eCect' CD of * (hone )inging%8 The *cto)
tu)n' do0n the )*dio "0e f*de do0n the iPod% *nd (ic/' u( the (hone "0e 'to( the '(eci*l
eCect' CD%8 Continuou' 5*c/g)ound noi'e' of * 'to), "f)o, *nothe) '(eci*l eCect' CD% c*n
5e he*)d *t * lo0 le&el th)oughout the 'cene8 All the'e f*de' ,u't 5e co,(leted on
indi&idu*l ch*nnel f*de)'8 The diCe)ent *udio 'ou)ce' ,u't 5e o(e)*ted 5y the (e)'on *t
the ,i9e) o) 5y *n *''i't*ntJ
W'en co#*inin, sever%l sound sources. %ll of 'e# s'ould no *e f%ded u" o 'eir full
levelJ T'e( s'ould *e *lended for % s"eci?c over%ll e6ecJ 0or eA%#"le. if % sin,le
#icro"'one were used o "ic4 u" 'e sound of % #usic ,rou". c'%nces %re '% 'e one
#icro"'one would "ic4 u" cer%in insru#ens #uc' *eer '%n o'ersJ Loud insru#ens
would do#in%e %nd !uie ones would *e losJ T'e over%ll *%l%nce would *e "oorJ Inse%d.
use sever%l #icro"'ones. devoed o di6eren "%rs of 'e ,rou"J T'en 'e volu#e of 'e
we%4er insru#ens. suc' %s % Bue. could *e incre%sed %nd 'e volu#e of 'e louder ones.
suc' %s dru#s. c%n *e decre%sedJ Wi' c%re. 'e resul would sound "erfecl( n%ur%l %nd
'%ve % cle%rer over%ll *%l%nceJ
So#ei#es 'e rel%ive volu#e of % sound will need o *e %d9used in order o cre%e %n
illusion of dis%nceJ If 'e sound of % ele"'one rin,in, is loud. we %ssu#e i is ne%r*(N if i is
f%in. i #us *e so#e dis%nce %w%(J
Sounds #%( need o *e deli*er%el( %#"li?edJ 0or eA%#"le. (ou c%n re%d9us 'e f%der
conrollin, 'e crowd noise o #%4e i louder % %n eAciin, #o#en %nd ,ive i % #ore
dr%#%ic i#"%cJ
&oo# line. 'e ?n%l %udio #iA needs o ? 'e #ood of 'e over%ll "roducionJ
Audio Safet%
I is %lw%(s i#"or%n o %4e 'e i#e o %"e down %ll %udio c%*les ;0i,ure 8IJ>L< '% %re
in "edesri%n w%l45w%(sJ T'is is no onl( for 'e s%fe( of o'er "eo"le. *u %lso "roecs
(our c%*les %nd e!ui"#en fro# eAcessive d%#%,eJ
F21?RE 1@3(
T%"in, c%*lesJ ;P'oo coures( of Dennis &%Aer<
8atural Sound
Mos video "roducions %re #%de u" of % series of s'os. %4en in w'%ever order is #os
convenien. %nd edied o,e'er l%er o for# 'e ?n%l "ro,r%#J T'is %""ro%c' '%s *o'
%dv%n%,es %nd dr%w*%c4sJ As f%r %s 'e "ro,r%# sound is concerned. 'ere %re sever%l
co#"lic%ionsJ
0irs of %ll. %l'ou,' 'e v%rious s'os in % se!uence '%ve *een %4en % di6eren i#es. i is
i#"or%n '% 'eir !u%li( %nd volu#e #%c' w'en 'e( %re edied o,e'erJ O'erwise.
'ere will *e sudden 9u#"s w'enever 'e s'o c'%n,esJ If. for ins%nce. % s'o is %4en of %
"erson w%l4in, down % '%llw%(. usin, % close #ic. %nd 'en % side view of 'e s%#e %cion
usin, % #ore dis%n #ic. 'e di6erence in 'e sound. w'en cuin, fro# one s'o o 'e
o'er. could *e !uie noice%*leJ T'e over%ll e6ec would dr%w %enion o 'e ediin,J
W'en ediin, o,e'er % se!uence of i#%,es s'o % di6eren i#es. 'e *%c4,round sounds
#%( no #%c'J In 'e i#e i %4es for s'ooin, one s'o. re"osiionin, 'e c%#er%.
%d9usin, 'e li,'. %nd 'en re%4in, 'e s'o. 'e *%c4,round noises ofen '%ve
si,ni?c%nl( c'%n,edJ &ec%use 'e crew #e#*ers %re *us( doin, 'eir 9o*s. 'e( #%( no
noice '% 'e *%c4,round sounds %re !uie di6erenJ Sounds '% we *eco#e %ccuso#ed
o w'ile s'ooin, 'e scene. suc' %s over'e%d %ircr%f. f%r# e!ui"#en. '%##erin,. or
("in,. '%ve % n%s( '%*i of ins%nl( dis%""e%rin, %nd re%""e%rin, w'en 'e s'os %re
edied o,e'erJ
Anticipation
Anici"%ion co#es wi' eA"erienceJ W'en 'in,s ,o wron,. 'o"efull( (ou will le%rn fro# i
%nd *e *eer "re"%red neA i#eJ T'ere %re % nu#*er of w%(s o %nici"%e %udio
c'%llen,esJ
PREPARATION
C'ec4 'rou,' 'e scri" or "re"l%nnin, "%"erwor4 %nd 'en "ull o,e'er 'e %""ro"ri%e
e!ui"#en so '% ever( %udio siu%ion in 'e "roducion c%n *e coveredJ
Prerecorded %udio insers s'ould *e c'ec4ed *efore 'e s'owJ M%4e sure '% 'e( %re
%""ro"ri%eJ Is 'e dur%ion oo lon, or oo s'or1 Is 'e !u%li( s%isf%cor(1 Will %n inser
re!uire e!u%li-%ion1 Is i d%#%,ed in %n( w%( ;for eA%#"le. surf%ce scr%c'es on % disc<1 Is
'e inser #%eri%l %rr%n,ed in 'e order in w'ic' i is o *e used1
C'ec4 %ll of 'e e!ui"#en o #%4e sure '% i is wor4in, correcl(J Don) rel( on 'e f%c
'% Ei w%s OK (eserd%(JF If %ddiion%l "lu,5in e!ui"#en is *ein, used. suc' %s % "or%*le
%udio #iAer. '%ve so#eone f%de u" e%c' source ;#icro"'ones or CD< o ensure '% e%c'
one is wor4in,J
Go o e%c' #icro"'one in urn. scr%c' is 'ousin, ;%n e%s( w%( o es 'e #icro"'one<.
%nd s%e is loc%ion o #%4e sure '% 'e #icro"'one is wor4in, %nd "lu,,ed ino 'e
correc in"u ;'is is E&oo# AF<J
F21?RE 1@3)
T'is l%v%lier cli" is desi,ned o 'old wo #icro"'ones. "rovidin, % *%c4u" #icro"'one in c%se one of 'e# f%ilsJ
$%ve % *%c4u" #icro"'one re%d( in c%se 'e #%in #icro"'one f%ilsJ If i is % one5i#e5onl(
occ%sion %nd % l%v%lier #ic is *ein, used. i #%( *e %dvis%*le o %dd % second Edu%l
redund%nc(F l%v%lier #ic. oo ;0i,ure 8IJ>D<J
Is 'e #icro"'one c%*le lon, enou,' o %llow 'e *oo# "ole o #ove %round freel(1
Of course. 'ese su,,esions %re %ll % #%er of co##on sense. *u i is sur"risin, 'ow ofen
'e o*vious %nd 'e f%#ili%r ,e overloo4edJ T'ese %re 9us re#inders of w'% s'ould
*eco#e % re,ul%r rouineJ
ANTICIPATING SOND EDITING
W'en s'ooin, % scene. i is i#"or%n o overco#e 'e c'%llen,es of sound ediin, *(
%nici"%in, 'e ("es of "ro*le#s '% will occur3
/ontinuit#@ Tr( o ensure '% 'e !u%li( %nd level of successive s'os in 'e s%#e scene
#%c' %s #uc' %s "ossi*leJ
Fatural?atmosphere sounds@ Record so#e ,ener%l n%ur%l sound ;%#os"'ere< %nd
("ic%l *%c4,round sounds ;wild r%c4< in c%se 'e( %re needed durin, "os"roducionJ
Duestions@ W'en s'ooin, %n inerview. concenr%in, on 'e ,ues. 'e !uesions of 'e
inerviewer #%( no *e %udi*leJ M%4e sure '% 'e 'os '%s 'is or 'er own #icro"'one or
,o *%c4 %nd '%ve 'e# %s4 'e s%#e !uesions %fer 'e inerview so '% 'e( %re
recordedJ
Filtered Sound
Si,ni?c%n c'%n,es c%n *e #%de o 'e !u%li( of sound *( inroducin, %n *udio +lte) ino
'e s(se#J T'is c%n *e %d9used o incre%se or decre%se 'e c'osen "%r of 'e %udio
s"ecru#. o eA%,,er%e or su""ress 'e 'i,'er noes or 'e *%ss or #iddle re,iser.
de"endin, on 'e ("e of ?ler s(se# used %nd 'ow i is %d9usedJ
T'e si#"les Eone conrolF "ro,ressivel( reduces 'i,'er noes durin, re"roducionJ A #ore
BeAi*le ("e of %udio ?ler is c%lled %n eFu*liAe)J T'is ?ler c%n *oos or reduce %n(
se,#en;s< of 'e %udio s"ecru# *( c'%n,in, 'e slider "osJ
$ere %re ("ic%l w%(s in w'ic' ?lerin, c%n en'%nce 'e su*9ecive e6ec of 'e sound3
Cuin, low *%ss c%n reduce ru#*le or 'u#N i#"rove s"eec' cl%ri(N lessen 'e *oo#( or
'ollow sound of so#e s#%ll roo#sN %nd we%4en *%c4,round noise fro# venil%ion. "%ssin,
r%Oc. %nd so onJ Overdone. 'e resul sounds 'in %nd l%c4in, *od(J
Cuin, 'i,'er noes c%n #%4e 'iss. w'isles. %"e noise. si*il%n s"eec'. %nd o'er 'i,'5
"ic'ed sounds less "ro#inenJ $owever. if (ou cu 'e# oo #uc'. 'e sound will l%c4
cl%ri( %nd inelli,i*ili(J
If 'e *%ss %nd o" noes %re cu. 'e sound will '%ve % #uc' #ore Eo"en5%irF !u%li(S%
useful c'e% w'en s'ooin, %n eAerior scene in % sudioJ
&( sli,'l( incre%sin, *%ss. 'e i#"ression of si-e %nd ,r%ndeur of % l%r,e inerior c%n *e
incre%sedJ
T'e cl%ri( %nd E"resenceF of #%n( sounds c%n *e i#"roved *( #%4in, 'e# %""e%r
closer. *( *oosin, 'e #iddle "%r of 'e %udio s"ecru# ;suc' %s =HC 4$-<J
0ilerin, c%n #%4e 'e !u%li( of sound recorded in di6eren "l%ces #ore si#il%r ;suc' %s
s'os of so#eone inside %nd ouside % *uildin,<J I c%n 'el" o #%c' 'e sound !u%li( of
di6eren #icro"'onesJ
Rever0eration
As #enioned e%rlier. #os of 'e ever(d%( sounds we 'e%r %re % #iAure of direc sound
fro# 'e source iself. o,e'er wi' EcoloredF versions reBeced fro# ne%r*( surf%cesJ T'e
!u%li( of '% reBeced sound is %6eced *( 'e n%ure of 'ose surf%cesJ So#e surf%ces will
%*sor* 'e 'i,'er noes ;cur%ins. cus'ions. c%r"ein,<J T'is reBeced sound #%( even *e
#uXedJ Conversel(. w'ere surroundin,s reBec 'i,'er noes #ore re%dil(. 'ese '%rd
reBecions will %dd '%rs'ness ;%lso c%lled Eed,inessF< o 'e ?n%l soundJ
W'ere 'ere %re few sound5%*sor*in, #%eri%ls %round. 'ere will *e noice%*le
rever*er%ion %s sound re*ounds fro# 'e w%lls. ceilin,. %nd BoorJ If 'e i#e inerv%ls
*eween 'ese reBecions %re consider%*l( di6eren. % disinc ec'o will *e 'e%rdJ
T'is is % re#inder '% 'e roo# one will de"end on is si-e. s'%"e. c%r"ein,. dr%"es. e%s(
c'%irs. %nd o'er furnis'in,sJ W'ere 'ere %re no reBecionsS%s in o"en s"%ces %w%( fro#
*uildin,s or o'er '%rd surf%cesS'e resulin, sound will see# de*dJ T'e onl( w%( we c%n
si#ul%e de%d surroundin,s wi'in % *uildin, is o use c%refull( "osiioned sound5%*sor*in,
#%eri%lsJ On 'e o'er '%nd. if 'ere is oo #uc' rever*er%ion. 'e resul is % confused
#iAure of sound '% reduces is cl%ri(J
In "r%cice. 'e %""e%l of #%n( sounds c%n *e en'%nced *( %ddin, % cer%in %#oun of re%l
or si#ul%ed rever*er%ion o 'e#J Tod%(. 'e #os co##onl( used #e'od of %ddin,
so#e ElivenessF is o use % rever*er%ion uni '% di,i%ll( sores 'e sound %nd is
selecivel( rere%d over %nd over o ,ive 'e i#"ression of reBeced soundsJ
,?2+/281 THE S;?8/TRACE
Mos elevision "ro,r%#s con%in no onl( s"eec' *u %lso #usic %nd sound e6ecsJ T'ese
v%r( wi' 'e ("e of "ro,r%#J A %l4 s'ow is li4el( o '%ve #usic onl( % 'e s%r %nd end
of 'e "roducion. o ,ive i % E"%c4%,edF feelN % dr%#%ic "resen%ion #%( *e srewn wi'
% v%rie( of c%refull( seleced %#os"'eric sound e6ecs %nd #usic%l "%ss%,es ;*rid,es.
#ood #usic. ecJ<J
So#e sounds %re "ro#inenl( in 'e fore,round. %nd o'ers %re c%refull( conrolled o
"rovide %n %""ro"ri%e *%c4,round o 'e %cionJ So#e #%( cree" in. %nd %re *%rel(
%udi*le. (e %dd %n %#os"'eric !u%li( o % scene ;suc' %s 'e !uie ic45oc4 of %
,r%ndf%'er cloc4<J O'ers #%( *e de%fenin,. even drownin, ou 'e di%lo,ueJ
So#e sound e6ecs %re coninuous. %nd o'ers rel( on s"li5second cuein, o eA%cl( #%c'
live %cionJ
T%pes of Pro$ra9 Sound
W'en % "roducion is runnin, s#oo'l(. i)s e%s( o overloo4 'e co#"leAiies '% lie *e'ind
iJ T'is is "%ricul%rl( rue of 'e sound co#"onen of elevisionJ T'e "erson conrollin, 'e
"ro,r%# sound ofen '%s o wor4 si#ul%neousl( wi' % diversi( of sound sourcesJ So#e of
'ese %re live %nd 'erefore li%*le o v%r( un"redic%*l(N o'ers #%( '%ve *een "re5recorded
s"eci?c%ll( for 'e "roducion. or seleced fro# soc4 li*r%riesJ
Conri*uor( sounds c%n include3
Di*logue; Direc "ic4u" of 'e voices of "eo"le in 'e "icure
OC2c*,e)* &oice'; T'is could include %n unseen *(s%nder. o% r%dio "l%(in, in 'e
*%c4,round. or % "u*lic %nnounce#en in % r%in s%ion
Voiceo&e) "VO%; T'e voice of % co##en%or or %nnouncer ;wi' inroducor( or
eA"l%n%or( infor#%ion<
Sound eCect'; Sound coincidin, wi' %cion in 'e "icure
$*c/g)ound or en&i)on,ent*l eCect'; Gener%l %#os"'eric sounds. suc' %s 'e wind.
oce%n. or r%Oc
Fo)eg)ound ,u'ic; So#eone "l%(in, %n insru#en in 'e s'o
$*c/g)ound ,u'ic; A#os"'eric #ood #usic ;usu%ll( recorded<
S(eci*l eCect' 'ound'; Sounds '% en'%nce 'e scene
Pro$ra9 4usic
T'e role of #usic in elevision "ro,r%#s is so es%*lis'ed '% we don) need o dwell on i
'ereJ Music%l 'e#es ofen re#%in in 'e #e#or( lon, %fer 'e "ro,r%# iself '%s f%ded
fro# 'e #indJ
Music c%n '%ve v%rious "ur"osesJ 0or eA%#"le3
Identifying; Music %ssoci%ed wi' % s"eci?c s'ow. "erson. %nd:or counr(
At,o'(he)ic; Melodies inended o induce % cer%in #ood. suc' %s eAcie#en
A''oci*ti&e; Music re#iniscen of. for eA%#"le. 'e A#eric%n Wes or 'e Orien
I,it*ti&e; Music '% direcl( i#i%es. suc' %s % *ird son,N #usic wi' % r'('# or #elod(
co"(in, 'e su*9ec)s fe%ures. for eA%#"le. 'e 9o,5ro %cco#"%ni#en o % 'orse %nd
w%,on
En&i)on,ent*l; Music 'e%rd % % s"eci?c "l%ce. suc' %s % *%llroo#
Sound EKects
Sound e6ecs %dd de"' %nd re%lis# o % video "roducionJ T'e( si,ni?c%nl( %6ec 'e
%udience)s eA"erienceJ Ineresin,l(. if % "roducion is s'o in % re%l loc%ion. (e is #issin,
'e ever(d%( sounds '% occur 'ere. 'e %udience will "erceive '% i is % conrived
loc%ionJ $owever. if 'e s%#e scene is s'o in % well5desi,ned elevision sudio sein,. *u
%cco#"%nied *( 'e %""ro"ri%e sound e6ecs. 'e %udience c%n e%sil( *e convinced '% i
w%s s'o on loc%ionJ T'e *%rel( 'e%rd sounds of % cloc4 ic4in,. wind w'islin, 'rou,'
rees. *ird son,. "%ssin, r%Oc. 'e *%r4in, of % dis%n do, ;or w'%ever o'er noises %re
%""ro"ri%e< c%n *rin, 'e scene o lifeJ
Sound e6ecs c%n co#e fro# % nu#*er of sources3
The ori$inal sounds recorded durin$ a scene3 0or eA%#"le. % "erson)s own foose"s
%cco#"%n(in, 'e "icure. w'ic' #%( *e ?lered. '%ve rever*er%ion %dded. %nd so onJ
Reused ori$inal sounds3 An eA%#"le would include 'e sounds of wind. r%Oc. or c'ildren
% "l%(. recorded durin, % scene. 'en co"ied %nd #iAed wi' '% s%#e scene)s soundr%c4
o reinforce 'e over%ll e6ecJ
Fole%3 Cre%in, sounds in % sudio '% c%n re"l%ce 'e ori,in%l soundsJ 0or eA%#"le.
inroducin, sounds of (our own foose"s for 'e ori,in%l ones. 4ee"in, in i#e wi' 'ose in
'e "icureJ
Sound eKects li0rar%3 E6ecs fro# % co##erci%l %udio e6ecs li*r%r( on CD. D/D. or
downlo%ded oXineJ
/i$ital processin$ or sound sa9plin$3 Co#"uer sofw%re o6ers % "le'or% of o"ions
for cre%in,. #%ni"ul%in,. %nd soundsJ Conneced o % 4e(*o%rd. 'ese e6ecs c%n *e
re"e%ed %nd c'%n,ed in %n endless v%rie( of w%(sJ
4icro Fole%< Creatin$ Sounds 5ith "er% S9allISi#ed Tools
Adapted fro9 ,r%ant Faul-
W'en cre%in, "ro9ecs i is !uie co##on o %dd sounds '% ei'er #%( '%ve *een #issed
durin, s'ooin, or %re needed o cre%e % #ore ineresin, #o#enJ T'e er# ,ic)o
Foley w%s cre%ed o refer o siu%ions w'ere s#%ll ools %re used o ,e 'e sounds (ou
needJ Mos low5*ud,e direcors don) '%ve 'e recordin, s"%ce l%r,e enou,' o
%cco##od%e %ll 'e ools % re,ul%r 0ole( %ris #i,' useJ I)s %#%-in, 'ow li#i%ions c%n
ofen le%d o cre%ivi(J A ,re% sren,' %*ou 0ole( is 'ow (ou c%n s%isf( 'e e%r)s *elief
wi' %udio '% is no direcl( rel%ed o '% o*9ecJ T'is %llows % lo of roo# for cre%ivi(J
Ide%ll(. (ou s'ould '%ve e!ui"#en '% '%ve 'ese *%sic co#"onens w'en cre%in, 0ole(3
"ic' c'%n,e. reversin, ;"l%(in, 'e %udio *%c4w%rds<. rever*. del%(. %nd %n e!u%li-erJ
I once w%s cre%in, % '%uned 'ouse s(le "ro9ec '% re!uired % lo of cree"( e6ecsJ I
needed ,'oss %nd ,o*lins o *e Bo%in, %round 'ere %nd 'ere. 'e%rd *u no seenJ One of
'e w%(s we cre%ed 'e cree"( e6ecs w%s wi' % "%in *rus'J I would slowl( dr%, 'e *rus'
over di6eren #%eri%l. fro# wood *loc4s o 'e *%c4 of % fr(in, "%nJ Pic' s'ifin, 'e#
down %dded 'e #%ss I w%s loo4in, forJ
&elow is % s#%ll lis of 9us % few of 'e #icro 0ole( ools (ou c%n use o ,e los of
ineresin, soundsJ Kee" in #ind '% wi' "ic' c'%n,es %nd co#"osiin, sounds o,e'er.
(ou c%n ,e "len( of sound e6ecs for (our "ro9ecJ
T'u#* %c4s %nd wood3 Sounds li4e s'oes w%l4in,
Rer%c%*le "en3 Sounds li4e % cloc4 ic4in,
Ru*i4s s(le cu*e "u--le3 W'en "ic'ed down sounds li4e #%c'iner(
P%in *rus' %nd fo%#3 Sounds li4e so#eone co#*in, 'eir '%ir
DuXe *%,. P5"ound wei,'. %nd clo'in,3 W'en dro""ed. i sounds li4e % *od( f%llin,
@i""o li,'in,3 Sounds li4e (ou)ve Bi""ed o"en 'e '%c' of % nucle%r su*
Anticipatin$ Sound Editin$
W'en s'ooin, on loc%ion. (ou c%n #%4e evenu%l ediin, %nd %udio sweeenin, % lo e%sier
if (ou '%*iu%ll( follow cer%in "r%cices3
+evel continuit%< Ai# o 4ee" 'e level %nd !u%li( of successive s'os in 'e s%#e scene
re%son%*l( si#il%rJ P%ricul%rl( in loc%ion ineriors. (ou #%( ?nd '% lon,er s'os '%ve
lower sound levels %nd sron, rever*er%ion. w'ile closer s'os %re louder %nd rel%ivel(
de%d %cousic%ll(J
6ild trac-< I is ,ood "r%cice o #%4e su""le#en%r( recordin,s of ,ener%l E%#os"'ereF
;*%c4,round noise< fro# i#e o i#eJ T'is is ofen referred o %s NAT ;n%ur%l< soundJ Even
in 'e sudio. 'ere is %lw%(s % low5level *%c4,round sound of %ir condiionin,:venil%ion
;roo# one<J On loc%ion. 'is %#os"'ere #%( include wind in rees. "%ssin, r%Oc. %nd so
onJ W'en ediin, 'e "ro,r%# 'ere will *e occ%sions w'ere 'e soundr%c4 '%s *een cu. or
% se!uence is #ued. %nd 'ese cover sounds c%n *e inroduced o %void disr%cin, l%"ses
ino silence %nd o ,ive % feelin, of coninui( o 'e edied s'osJ
W'en recordin, on loc%ion. 4ee" %n %ler e%r for %n( "oeni%l sound e6ecs '% %rise w'en
(ou %re no %cu%ll( s'ooin,. (e #i,' *e ine,r%ed ino 'e ?n%l soundr%c4J Even
unwelco#e inrusive noises. suc' %s % "%ssin, ?re ruc4. #i,' "rove useful in (our sound
li*r%r( for %no'er occ%sionJ
EAr% %udio recordin, is useful. oo. w'en s'ooin, inerviews on loc%ionJ T("ic%ll(. 'e
c%#er% %nd #icro"'one concenr%e on 'e ,ues. %nd se"%r%e s'os of 'e inerviewer %re
cu in durin, ediin,J
Audio S5eetenin$
T'e "rocess of wor4in, on 'e "ro,r%# sound %fer 'e "roducion is c%lled *udio
'0eetening ;or % du55ing 'e''ion ort)*c/ l*ying<J Al'ou,' i c%n *e % lo c'e%"er o record
% s'ow live o %"e %nd '%ve % co#"lee "roducion re%d( for use % 'e end of 'e session.
%udio sweeenin, is *o' necess%r( %nd "refer%*le w'ere eAensive video ediin, is
involvedJ
Audio sweeenin, c%n *e c%rried ou % v%rious levels3
Additional 9aterial< Addin, eAr% #%eri%l o 'e ?nis'ed edied "ro,r%# ;"l%(in, ile
#usic. s"eci%l e6ec sounds. %ddin, % co##en%r(. ecJ<J
Corrections< I#"rovin, 'e sound wi'in % sceneJ +ou #i,'. for eA%#"le. re%d9us v%r(in,
levels *eween s"e%4ers) voicesJ C%reful ?lerin, could reduce 'u#. ru#*le. venil%ion
noise. %nd o'er issuesJ
Enhance9ent< Modif(in, sound !u%li( o i#"rove re%lis# or o %c'ieve % dr%#%ic e6ec
;%ddin, rever*er%ion or c'%n,in, is e!u%li-%ion<J Ad9usin, 'e rel%ive sren,'s of
e6ecs %nd #usic r%c4s o sui 'e di%lo,ue %nd %cionJ
Continuit%< Ensurin, '% 'e sound levels. *%l%nce. %nd so on. %re consisen fro# one
s'o o 'e neA w'en v%rious s'os %re edied o,e'erJ
,rid$in$< Addin, *rid,in, e6ecs or #usic '% will run *eween s'osJ An overl%( r%c4 c%n
*e "l%(ed 'rou,'ou %n enire se!uence o ensure '% 'e s%#e *%c4,round sound levels
coninue wi'ou level 9u#"s or c'%n,es in !u%li(J I #%( *e 4e" down *e'ind di%lo,ue %nd
#%de #ore "ro#inen durin, %cionJ
;verdu00in$< Re"l%cin, uns%isf%cor( secions of 'e soundr%c4 '% were s"oiled. for
ins%nce. *( "%ssin, %ircr%f or o'er eAr%neous noiseJ
As (ou c%n see. 'ere %re ver( "r%cic%l re%sons o rewor4 'e soundr%c4 %fer "roducionJ
Now '% elevision #%4es incre%sin, use of s'or %4es %nd so"'isic%ed video ediin,. i
'%s *eco#e % re,ul%r "%r of 'e "roducion "rocess on co#"leA s'owsJ
Cop%ri$ht
W'enever #%eri%l "re"%red %nd cre%ed *( o'er "eo"le is usedS% "iece of #usic. % sound
recordin,. video recordin,. ?l#. % "icure in % *oo4. % "'oo,r%"'. %nd so onS'e
"roducer:direcor is re!uired o "%( % fee o 'e co(y)ight holde)' or %n %""ro"ri%e
or,%ni-%ion o"er%in, on 'eir *e'%lf for co"(ri,' cle%r%nceJ
Co"(ri,' l%w is co#"leA %nd v%ries *eween di6eren counries. *u *%sic%ll(. i "roecs
'e ori,in%ors fro# '%vin, 'eir wor4 co"ied wi'ou "er#issionJ +ou c%nno. for eA%#"le.
"re"%re % video "ro,r%# wi' #usic du**ed fro# % co##erci%l recordin,. wi' insers fro#
elevision "ro,r%#s. #%,%-ine "'oo,r%"'s. %dverise#ens. %nd o'er sources wi'ou 'e
"er#ission of 'e res"ecive co"(ri,' ownersJ T'e owners will "ro*%*l( re!uire 'e
"%(#en of use fees %nd 'ese fees will de"end on 'e "ur"ose %nd use of 'e "ro,r%#J
So#e of 'e eAce"ions o 'is "olic( occur w'en 'e "ro,r%# is onl( o *e seen wi'in 'e
'o#e or used in % cl%ss %ssi,n#en '% will no *e seen *( 'e "u*licJ In #os c%ses. 'e
co"(ri,' c%n *e r%ced 'rou,' 'e source of 'e #%eri%l needed for 'e "roducion ;'e
"u*lis'er of % *oo4 or "'oo,r%"'<J
A,ree#ens %4e v%rious for#s %nd #%( *e li#ied in sco"eJ A license %nd:or % fee #%(
need o *e "%id for usin, 'e #%eri%lJ 0or #usic %nd sound e6ecs. direcors %re usu%ll(
re!uired o "%( % ro(%l( fee "er useN i #%( *e "ossi*le o *u( unli#ied ri,'sJ
T'e l%r,es or,%ni-%ions concerned wi' "erfor#%nce ri,'s for #usic ;co"(ri,' cle%r%nce
for use of recorded #usic or o "erfor# #usic< include ASCAP ;A#eric%n Socie( of
Co#"osers. Au'ors. %nd Pu*lis'ers<. SESAC ;Socie( of Euro"e%n S%,e Au'ors %nd
Co#"osers<. %nd &MI ;&ro%dc%s Music. IncJ<J W'en cle%rin, co"(ri,' for #usic. *o' 'e
record co#"%n( %nd 'e #usic "u*lis'ers #%( need o *e involvedJ
Music in (u5lic do,*in is no su*9ec o co"(ri,'. *u %n( %rr%n,e#en or "erfor#%nce #%(
*e covered *( co"(ri,'J Music %nd l(rics "u*lis'ed in 8D== or e%rlier %re in 'e "u*lic
do#%in in 'e Unied S%esJ An(one c%n use % "u*lic do#%in son, in % "roducionSno one
c%n EownF % "u*lic do#%in son,J Sound recordin,s. 'owever. %re "roeced se"%r%el( fro#
#usic%l co#"osiionsJ If (ou need o use %n eAisin, sound recordin,Seven % recordin, of %
"u*lic do#%in son,S(ou usu%ll( '%ve o record i (ourself or license 'e recordin,J
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ $ow %re %cousic reBecions ;or ec'oes< reduced1
2@ $ow is 'e s"e%4er seu" di6eren *eween sereo %nd surround sound ;PJ8<1 $ow #%n(
s"e%4ers %re involved1
3@ W'% %re 'ree #icro"'one c'%r%cerisics. %nd 'ow do e%c' of 'ese %6ec 'e %udio
recordin, "rocess1
@ $ow is % su"er5c%rdioid #icro"'one used for elevision "roducion1
!@ Review 'e di6eren ("es of #icro"'ones %nd s"ecif( 'e ("e '% (ou would use o
o*%in % !u%li( recordin, of % "i%noJ EA"l%in (our c'oiceJ
&@ W'% %re so#e of 'e di6eren siu%ions w'ere % ("e of l%v%lier #ic c%n *e used1
'@ W'% %re 'e %dv%n%,es of % wireless #ic1
(@ $ow is % soundr%c4 desi,ned ;*uil<1
)@ W'en do (ou need o *e concerned %*ou co"(ri,'1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< ,RBA8T FA+E
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0; I '%ndle %ll %s"ecs of %udio for "roducionsJ 0ro# wriin, %nd
recordin, voiceover o #usic %nd sound desi,nJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I li4e 'e v%rie(J L%s wee4 I w%s '%ndlin, % cor"or%e
video "iece %nd 'is wee4 I)# de%lin, wi' % docu#en%r(J
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 Sur"risin,l( one
issue 'ese d%(s is ec'nolo,(J &ec%use i is #ovin, so f%s 'ere is cons%nl( so#e'in, on
'e #%r4e '% I need o *e %w%re ofJ Also 'e for#%s %re cons%nl( c'%n,in,J I)s
i#"or%n o s%( on o" of %ll 'e %udio for#%s %v%il%*leJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 I r( o ,e %s #uc' infor#%ion on 'e "ro9ec %s
"ossi*leJ I)s #ore diOcul '%n (ou 'in4J T'e direcor is so *us( wi' o'er "%rs of 'e
"ro9ec 'e or s'e *%rel( '%s i#e o %l4J Also 'e EBuA f%cor.F % le%s '%)s w'% I li4e o
c%ll iJ I)s 'e coninu%l c'%n,es '% %re occurrin, w'ile 'e "roducion is in #oionJ 0ro#.
s%(. delein, % scene %nd 'en "uin, i *%c4 in o %ddin, % voiceover '% never eAised
*efore. ecJ NeA I i##edi%el( s%r %n S0G folder %nd *e,in collecin, %udioJ If i)s % 'orror
"ro9ec. I 'un down cre%4( doors %nd record 'e#J I #%( ,o o % friends 'ouse %nd si in 'e
*%c4(%rd o record 'e cric4esJ I li4e o use %s #uc' fres' sound %s "ossi*leJ I r( o onl(
use sound e6ecs li*r%ries w'en I)# in % "inc'J If I)# ,iven % scri" I will loo4 'rou,' %ll 'e
scene loc%ions %nd *e,in o collec 'e S0GJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 If (ou re%ll( w%n o ,e ino %udio "roducion #%4e sure o unders%nd %ll 'e o'er
%s"ecs of "roducion %s wellJ 0or eA%#"le *e %s 4nowled,e%*le %s "ossi*le %*ou 'e
edior)s sofw%re. 'is will #%4e i e%sier o ,ive 'e# w'% 'e( needJ Also inern wi'
"eo"le '% %re doin, w'% (ou li4e o do so (ou ,e % ?rs5'%nd ,li#"se %s o w'% (ou %re
in forJ
F21?RE 1@*
&r(%n 0%l4. Audio MiAer En,ineer
$)y*nt F*l/ h*' 5een * ()oduce) *nd *udio enginee) fo) &ideo ()o7ect' fo) client' 'uch *'
MTV1 Coc*2Col*1 *nd S(o)t' Illu't)*ted8 He i' the o0ne) of A5*cu' Audio1 loc*ted in Ne0 .o)/
CityJ
CHAPTER 1*
Recordin- the %tor#
EDon) *eco#e oo e#oion%ll( %%c'ed o % #ediu# for is own s%4eS'ere)s no fuure in
iJF
+eonard 1uercio, Producer, /irector, and Educator
Ter9s
/i$ital recordin$< T'e di,i%l s(se# re,ul%rl( s%#"les 'e w%vefor#s %nd convers 'e#
ino nu#eric%l ;*in%r(< d%%J T'is %llows #%n( ,ener%ions of co"ies o *e #%de wi'ou
%6ecin, 'e !u%li( of 'e i#%,eJ
Flash 9e9or%< 0l%s' c%rds c%n sore l%r,e %#ouns of di,i%l d%% wi'ou '%vin, %n(
#ovin, "%rsJ T'is #%4es 'e# dur%*le %nd %*le o wor4 in % v%rie( of e#"er%ures. %nd
d%% c%n *e e%sil( r%nsferred ino % nonline%r ediorJ
H//< $%rd dis4 drives c%n *e used for recordin, di,i%l video i#%,es %nd c%n *e *uil ino
'e c%#er% or %%c'ed o 'e ouside of 'e c%#er%J
H/T" or H/ =hi$hIdeGnition television>< Usu%ll( %n( video for#% *eween Q=K lines
%nd IKKK lines ;I K<J
2nterlaced scannin$< T'e elevision)s elecrons sc%n 'e odd5nu#*ered lines ?rs %nd 'en
,o *%c4 %nd sc%n in 'e re#%inin, even5nu#*ered linesJ T'e EiF in 8KLKi s%nds for
inerl%cedJ
Pro$ressive scannin$< Also c%lled se!ueni%l sc%nnin,N uses %n elecron *e%# '% sc%ns
or "%ins %ll lines % onceJ Noe '% 'e E"F in 'e Q=K":8KLK" s%nds for "ro,ressiveJ
S/T" or S/ =standardIdeGnition television>< Usu%ll( elevision for#%s '% '%ve ILKH
PQC linesJ

W'% is 'e *es video recordin, for#%1 T'% c%n *e % co#"lic%ed !uesion o %nswerJ
W'ile 'ere is 'i,' level video ,e%r %v%il%*le. suc' %s I K. i is no re%lisic unless (ou %re
s'ooin, for 'e l%r,e screenJ So#e for#%s #%( '%ve %n incredi*le !u%li( *u 'e c%#er%s
%re oo l%r,e for % one5"erson invesi,%ive re"orerJ T'e *oo# line is '% 'e *es for#%
v%ries for di6eren "eo"le %nd siu%ionsJ +ou '%ve o wei,' 'e coss involved. si-e of 'e
e!ui"#en. "or%*ili(. si-e of 'e crew. %#oun of d%% sor%,e needed. %nd 'e siu%ion
'% (ou will *e coverin,. %nd 'en ,o for 'e 'i,'es5!u%li( for#% '% wor4s wi' (our
s"eci?c re!uire#ens %nd siu%ionJ So#ei#es. i is no %n e%s( decision o #%4eJ
REC;R/281 THE "2/E;
0orun%el(. 'ere is coninu%l develo"#en in 'e desi,n %nd for#% of video %nd %udio
recordin, s(se#sJ So#e %re #%inl( used for %c!uisiion ;s'ooin, ori,in%l #%eri%l<N o'ers
%re for "os"roducion ediin, %nd %rc'ivin, ;sor%,e< wor4J Recordin,s c%n *e #%de on
B%s' #e#or( c%rds. '%rd drives. discs. %nd so#e %re sill recorded on video %"eJ In f%c.
so#e c%#er%s c%n record on B%s' c%rds. '%rd dis4s. %nd %"eS%ll in one deviceJ
Tr%diion%ll(. video%"e w%s 'e #os "o"ul%r #ediu#J $owever. wi' 'e %dven of low
cos. 'i,' c%"%ci(. %nd non#ec'%nic%l B%s' #e#or( c%rds. video %"e '%s w%ned in
"o"ul%ri(J
StandardI/eGnition Television
S%nd%rd5de?niion elevision ;SD or SDT/< is w'% w%s used %round 'e world *efore $D
c%#e ono 'e sceneJ $owever. #os of 'e world is now in 'e "rocess of #ovin, fro#
SDT/ o $DT/J SD ,ener%ll( refers o %n%lo, %nd di,i%l *ro%dc%ss '% sc%n 'e i#%,e %
ILKi ;NTSC< or PQCi ;PAL<J T'e EiF s%nds for Einte)l*cedFJ Al'ou,' #os SD si,n%ls %re
*ro%dc%s in % I3> %s"ec r%io. i is %lso "ossi*le o r%ns#i 'e# wi' % 8C3D %s"ec r%io
%s wellJ
Television Standards
$isoric%ll(. 'ere '%ve *een 'ree "ri#%r( SD elevision s%nd%rds %round 'e worldJ None
of 'ese %re co#"%i*le wi' 'e o'ersJ Converers c%n *e used o %llow one s%nd%rd o *e
viewed on %no'er s(se#3
FT%/( Cre%ed *( 'e N%ion%l Television S(se# Co##iee ;'ence 'e %cron(#<. 'is
%n%lo, s(se# uili-es P=P lines %nd CK ?eldsJ I is used in #%n( counries %nd re,ions.
includin, 'e Unied S%es. 7%"%n. T%iw%n. Sou' Kore%. MeAico. P'ili""ines. Sou' A#eric%.
Cenr%l A#eric%. %nd C%n%d%J
PA2( T'is s(se# s%nds for P'%se Alern%in, LineN i is %n %n%lo, s(se# wi' C=P lines
%nd PK ?eldsJ T'e counries %nd re,ions '% use 'is s%nd%rd include Wesern Euro"e.
C'in%. $on, Kon,. Af,'%nis%n. "%rs of Afric%. %nd Ausr%li%J
%3/AM( Cre%ed in 0r%nce. SECAM s%nds for SJFuentiel couleu) K ,J,oi)e or Se!ueni%l
Color wi' Me#or(J T'is %n%lo, s(se# uses P=P lines %nd PK ?eldsJ SECAM counries %nd
re,ions include E%sern Euro"e. so#e of Asi%. "%rs of Afric%. 'e P%ci?c Isl%nds. %nd 0r%nceJ
Hi$hI/eGnition Television
E$D is so #uc' s'%r"er '%n SD '% #ore %enion #us *e ,iven o 'e s#%ll de%ilsJ
Since 'e B%ws in 'e *%c4,round. or even #%4eu". c%n 'old 'e %udience)s %enion.
direcors #%( no need %s #%n( close5u" s'os W w'ic' "reviousl( w%s 'e onl( w%( de%ils
could *e s'ownJF
,rian /ou$las, Producer and /irector
T'e world is r%"idl( #ovin, o 'i,'5de?niion elevision ;$D or $DT/<. w'ic' '%s !uie % few
#ore sc%n lines '%n SDJ T'e #os co##on $D for#%s '%ve lines '% %re Q=K or 8KLK
lines. %l'ou,' 'ere %re e#er,in, for#%s wi' #ore lines '% %re %i#ed % 'i,'5end. 'i,'5
*ud,e "roducionsJ T'ese %ddiion%l lines. %nd 'eir sc%nnin, sr%e,ies. e!u%e o #uc'
'i,'er5!u%li( i#%,esJ 0or eA%#"le. % nor#%l consu#er c%nno see 'e di6erence *eween %
Q=K" %nd % 8KLKi i#%,e. %l'ou,' % r%ined e(e #%( *e %*le oJ As od%()s $D '%s "re(
#uc' 'i 'e li#is of w'% nor#%l e(es c%n discern. ,oin, o % 'i,'er level of sc%n lines is
no criic%l for viewers w%c'in, % 'o#eJ
T'ere %re wo ("es of $D sc%nnin, s(se#s currenl( *ein, used3
nterlaced( Inerl%ced elevision is sc%nned in 'e s%#e w%( SDT/ '%s r%diion%ll( *een
sc%nnedJ Inerl%ced sc%nnin, #e%ns '% 'e elevision)s elecron sc%ns 'e odd5nu#*ered
lines ?rs %nd 'en ,oes *%c4 %nd sc%ns in 'e re#%inin, even5nu#*ered linesJ T'is
#e'odolo,( c%n *e % lile #ore "rone o i#%,e de,red%ion %nd c%n *e less s%*le '%n
"ro,ressive sc%nnin,J T'ere c%n *e % noice%*le Bic4er on older l%r,e screensJ $owever. %s
'e ec'nolo,( '%s %dv%nced. 'e Bic4er '%s dis%""e%redJ Curren CRT elevision uili-es
inerl%ced sc%nnin,. %s does 'e $DT/ 8KLKi s%nd%rdJ T'e EiF s%nds for inte)l*cedJ
Pro-ressive( Also c%lled 'eFuenti*l 'c*nning. "ro,ressive sc%nnin, uses %n elecron *e%#
'% sc%ns or "%ins %ll lines % onceJ T'e $DT/ Q=K" %nd 8KLK" s(se#s use "ro,ressive
sc%nnin,J Noe '% 'e E"F in 'e Q=K":8KLK" s%nds for()og)e''i&eJ T'e "ro,ressive
#e'od c%n *e "erceived %s '%vin, less Bic4er %nd #ore s%*ili( '%n 'e inerl%ced
s(se#J T'e "ro,ressive i#%,e dis"l%(s 'e o%l "icureJ I '%s % s#oo'er. #ore "recise
"icure wi' ver( li#ied Bic4erJ $owever. i %lso uses #ore *%ndwid'J
F21?RE 1!@1
T'is "'oo is % sin,le fr%#e fro# 'e di,i%l video I K ?l# C)o''ing the Line *( direcor Peer 7%c4sonJ Noe 'e incredi*le
i#%,e cl%ri(J T'e CMOS sensors in 'e c%#er% %re 8=5#e,%"iAelJ ;P'oo coures( of RED Di,i%l Cine#%<
Al'ou,' 'ere %re % nu#*er of di6eren for#%s wi'in $D ;Q=K". 8KLK". 8KLKi. ecJ<. i is
ver( diOcul for 'e unr%ined e(e o see 'e di6erence *eween 'e#J T'ere were f%irl(
si,ni?c%n di6erences w'en 'e for#%s ?rs c%#e ou ;suc' %s #oion *lur %nd Bic4er<. *u
od%(. %s ec'nolo,( '%s i#"roved. 'e #%9ori( of 'e *u,s '%ve *een ?AedJ All of 'e $D
for#%s include % 8C3D %s"ec r%ioJ T'ere %re %lso #uli"le fr%#e r%es o c'oose fro# '%
,ive % E?l# loo4.F % Evideo loo4.F or so#e'in, in5*eweenJ $ere %re 'e curren $D for#%s
wi' so#e d%% '% c%n *e used for co#"%rison3
'2*p< T'is is % "ro,ressive sc%nnin, for#% '% '%s % "iAel %s"ec r%io of 8=LK ` Q=K
%nd D=8.CKK "iAels "er fr%#eJ T'e "ro,ressive sc%nnin, ,ives i % lile *i of % ?l# loo4J
1*(*i< T'is for#% uili-es inerl%ced sc%nnin,J I '%s % "iAel %s"ec r%io of 8D=K ` 8KLK
%nd 8.PPP.=KK "iAels "er fr%#eJ 8KLKi ,ives % ver( 'i,'5!u%li( video loo4J
1*(*p< T'is is 'e newes "ro,ressive sc%nnin, for#% %nd '%s % "iAel %s"ec r%io of
8D=K ` 8KLK wi' =.KQ>.CKK "iAels "er fr%#eJ I w%s desi,ned o co#"ee wi' ?l#
c%#er%sJ
T'ere %re %lso =KKK5line ;= K<. >KKK5line ;> K<. %nd IKKK5line ;I K< recordin, for#%s
%v%il%*leJ T'ese 'i,'5!u%li( for#%s %re %i#ed #ore % 'e%ers %nd o'er eAre#el( l%r,e5
screen "roducions ;0i,ure 8PJ8<J T'e( %re no %i#ed % viewers w%c'in, 'eir elevisions in
'eir 'o#esJ A co#"%rison of 'e v%rious recordin, for#%s c%n *e found in 0i,ure 8PJ=J
F21?RE 1!@2
T'is i#%,e !u%li( co#"%rison s'ows 'e or%n,e rec%n,le on 'e o" lef %s SDT/J T'e (ellow ;Q=K lines< %nd li,'5*lue
;8KLK lines< %re%s %re 'e "o"ul%r $D consu#er for#%sJ As 'e nu#*er of sc%n lines is incre%sed. 'e i#%,e !u%li(
incre%ses "ro"orion%ll(J
T'ere %re o'er $D for#%s under eA"eri#en%ionJ One eA%#"le is *ein, done *( 7%"%n)s
N$K co#"%n(. w'ic' '%s cre%ed %n ult)*2high2de+nition elevision s(se# '% ous I>=K
sc%nnin, lines wi' QCLK ` I>=K "iAelsJ Al'ou,' i is ver( dou*ful '% 'is ("e of s(se#
will ever ,e ino 'o#e s(se#s. i #%( #%4e i ino 'e%ers ;0i,ure 8PJ=<J
ET'e high2de+nition of $DT/ is currenl( 'i,'l( du*iousJ De"endin, on 'e conen deliver(
s(se#. i c%n loo4 %#%-in, or "iifulJ An $D newor4 on so#e c%*le s(se#s loo4s
%soundin,. *ec%use newor4 eAecuives cu c%rri%,e de%ls '% dic%e % #ini#u# *i r%eJ
M%n( newor4s don) '%ve 'e lever%,e o ne,oi%e 'e s%#e *i r%eJF
/e0orah 4cAda9s, Senior Editor, Television >roadcast
F21?RE 1!@3
/ideo%"es co#e in #%n( di6eren for#%s %nd si-es for "rofession%ls %nd consu#ersJ ;P'oos coures( of P%n%sonic<
F21?RE 1!@
M%n( co#"%nies invesed 'e%vil( in % %"e5*%sed infr%srucureJ Movin, ow%rd %"eless "roducion %4es i#eJ ;P'oo *(
7on Green'oe<
TE+E"2S2;8 A8/ "2/E; F;R4ATS
Wi' 'e %dven of di,i%l recordin,. 'e divisions *eween consu#er %nd "rofession%l
for#%s '%ve si,ni?c%nl( *lurredJ Producions s'o on 'e consu#er for#%s *e,%n s'owin,
u" on elevision newor4s %nd ?l# fesiv%ls %nd winnin, o" %w%rdsJ T'e followin, is %
su##%r( of od%()s #os "o"ul%r for#%J
"ideotape
W'ile so#e "rofession%ls %re sill usin, %"e. i is !uic4l( dis%""e%rin, ;0i,ure 8PJ><J As
e!ui"#en is *ein, re"l%ced. consu#ers %nd "rofession%ls %re *u(in, %"eless c%#er%sJ
/ideo%"e #%in%ined is "o"ul%ri( due o is e%se of %v%il%*ili(. rel%ivel( low cos. 'e
s'eer c%"%ci( of %"es for recordin, %s well %s sor%,e. %nd 'e infr%srucure '% w%s *uil
%round iJ 0or eA%#"le. #%n( co#"%nies *uil. over 'e (e%rs. % %"e *%sed infr%srucure
'% will %4e i#e o #ove %w%( fro# ;0i,ure 8PJI<J T'ere %re sill % si,ni?c%n nu#*er of
co#"%nies w'o %rc'ive 'eir "roducions on video%"eJ
One of 'e dis%dv%n%,es of %"e is 'e s'eer nu#*er of inco#"%i*le video%"e for#%sJ
T%"es c%n *e recorded %nd re"roduced onl( on e!ui"#en '% uses idenic%l s%nd%rdsJ
Desi,n fe%ures v%r( consider%*l( *eween video recordersJ T%"es co#e in %ll di6eren
wid's. 'e c%ssees '%ve di6eren si-es. so#e s(se#s %re di,i%l %nd o'ers %re %n%lo,.
%nd 'ere is %n incredi*l( wide r%n,e of i#%,e !u%li( *eween 'e v%rious for#%sJ
Analo$ and /i$ital Tapes
An *n*log video s(se# direcl( records 'e v%ri%ions of 'e video %nd %udio si,n%lsJ An%lo,
recordin,s '%ve % endenc( o deerior%e w'en du**in, co"iesJ W'ile %n%lo, for#%s '%ve
"re( #uc' *een disconinued. 'ere %re "len( of 'e %"es sill in useJ So#e of 'e
for#%s included /$S. /$S5C. %nd &e%c%#J
Digit*l video s(se#s re,ul%rl( s%#"le 'e w%vefor#s %nd convers 'e# ino nu#eric%l
;*in%r(< d%%J T'is %llows #%n( ,ener%ions of co"ies o *e #%de wi'ou %6ecin,
'e !u%li( of 'e i#%,eJ Di,i%l s(se#s %lso %llow 'e d%% o *e recorded on for#s of
#edi% o'er '%n %"e. suc' %s '%rd dis4s %nd B%s' #e#or(J So#e of 'e older di,i%l %"e
for#%s include Di,i%lL. %nd $iLJ
Consu9er /i$ital Tape For9ats
$ere is % *rief su##%r( of so#e of 'e #os co##on consu#er5*%sed di,i%l video%"e
for#%s '% %re currenl( "roduced *( #%nuf%curers3
MINIDV
T'is w%s 'e ?rs di,i%l for#% %v%il%*le o consu#ersJ
I uses 8:I5inc' %"eJ
T'e MiniD/ c%#corders %re co#"%cJ $owever. 'is for#% is !uic4l( ,ivin, w%( o B%s'
#e#or( $D c%#er%sJ
T'e %"es %re ineA"ensive %nd re%dil( %v%il%*leJ
HDV6MINIDV HD
T'e ?rs consu#er $D for#%J
A di,i%l $D for#% '% is recorded ono MiniD/ %"esJ
T'e onl( curren #%nuf%curers of $D/ is Son( %nd i uses 8KLKi w'en recordin, in $D/J
T'is for#% is ,ivin, w%( o 'e newer B%s' #e#or( $D for#%sJ
M%n( "rofession%ls insis '% $D/ is *%rel( $D *ec%use of color %nd ,r%(sc%le issuesJ
Professional /i$ital Tape For9ats
M%nuf%curers %re *uildin, fewer %nd fewer of 'ese "rofession%l %"e for#%sJ $owever.
#%n( %re sill *ein, used %round 'e worldJ T'e( %re %ll slowl( *ein, "'%sed ou o $D
for#%sJ
DIGITAL $ETACAM
T'is for#% uses 8:=5inc' video%"eJ
I w%s cre%ed es"eci%ll( for co#"%nies '% '%d l%r,e %n%lo, &e%c%# %rc'ivesJ &e%c%#
could *e "l%(ed in 'e Di,i&e% dec4. %l'ou,' 'e Di,i&e% %"e could no *e "l%(ed in 'e
&e% dec4J T'e for#% ,%ve co#"%nies. es"eci%ll( news s%ions. % w%( o u",r%de wi'ou
'%vin, o c'%n,e 'eir w'ole %rc'ivesJ
HDCAM
T'is for#% uses 8:=5inc' video%"e %nd is 'e $D version of Di,i&e%J
T'is #e%l %"e co#es in s#%ll %nd l%r,e c%sseesJ T'e recordin, i#e r%n,es fro# PK o
8PP #inuesJ
T'is for#% '%s % s%#"lin, r%e of u" o I3I3IJ
DVCPRO=L6L>
T'is for#% uses 8:=5inc' video%"eJ
D/CPro=P '%s % s%#"lin, r%e of I3838. %nd D/CProPK '%s r%e of I3=3=J
T'e D/CProPK '%s lower co#"ression '%n 'e D/CPro=P. ,ivin, % 'i,'5!u%li( i#%,eJ
DVCPRO HD
T'is $D version of 'e D/CPro for#% uses 8:=5inc' video%"eJ
Flash 4e9or%
0l%s' #e#or( '%s !uic4l( *eco#e 'e #os "o"ul%r recordin, #ediu# '% c%n record *o'
SD %nd $D videoJ A si,ni?c%n %dv%n%,e of 'e B%s' #e#or( c%rd is '% i is ver( e%s( o
r%nsfer ?les fro# 'e c%rd o % nonline%r ediorJ T'e s#%ll si-e of 'e c%rd %llows for
ver( co#"%c c%#cordersJ C%#er%s usin, B%s' #e#or( %s 'eir #ediu# ,ener%ll( do no
'%ve #ovin, "%rs %nd s'ould 'us re!uire less #%inen%nce ;0i,ure 8PJP<J
F21?RE 1!@!
T'ere %re % nu#*er of ver( s#%ll B%s' #e#or( c%rds. suc' %s %n SD or PRO Duo. '% c%n *e used o record videoJ T'ese
c%rds %re currenl( *ein, used in consu#er %nd se#i"rofession%l c%#er%sJ
F21?RE 1!@&
T'e P= c%rd is % B%s' #e#or( c%rd used in so#e "rofession%l c%#er%sJ T'e E"l%(erF ;o"< is re%ll( % device in w'ic' u" o
?ve c%rds c%n *e "l%ced in slos %nd re%d *( % co#"uer. 9us li4e %n( '%rd drive or #e#or( sic4J ;P'oos coures( of
P%n%sonic<
F21?RE 1!@'
T'is P= "l%(er:recorder c%n *e used o record. edi. "l%( *%c4. %nd "l%( in slow #oion %n('in, recorded ono % B%s' c%rdJ
Noe '% 'ere %re siA slos '% %re 'o5sw%""%*leJ ;P'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
One of 'e %dv%n%,es of B%s' #e#or( c%rd c%#er%s is '% 'e( c%n '%ve #uli"le slos.
w'ic' %re E'o5sw%""%*leJF T'is #e%ns '% w'ile one is *ein, recorded ono. %n %lre%d( full
c%rd c%n *e re#oved durin, 'e recordin, "rocess %nd re"l%ced wi' % *l%n4 c%rdJ T'is
fe%ure %llows uninerru"ed recordin,J T'ere %re % wide v%rie( of B%s' #e#or(
c%rdsJ 0i,ures 8PJC.8PJQ. %nd 8PJL s'ow so#e of 'ese B%s' c%rd s(se#sJ
Hard /is- /riveC2nternal Hard /rive
$%rd dis4 drive ;$DD< c%#er%s record direcl( o % '%rd drive *uil ino 'e c%#er% ;0i,ure
8PJD<J Rou,'l( I G& of dis4 s"%ce is re!uired for e%c' 'our of videoJ So#e of 'ese co#"%c
$DD c%#er%s '%ve %s #uc' %s 8CK5G& '%rd dis4 sor%,eJ M%n( of 'e $DD c%#er%s %lso
include %n SD slo for video recordin, o % r%ns"or%*le #ediu#. %l'ou,' 'is fe%ure is
no re!uired o r%nsfer foo%,eJ I is eAre#el( e%s( o r%nsfer 'e d%% o % nonline%r
s(se#J
E3ternal Ca9era Hard /rives
EAern%l c%#er% '%rd drives c%n now *e %%c'ed o #os di,i%l c%#er%s. includin, $D
s(se#sJ T'ese drives "rovide eAre#el( lon, recordin, i#es wi' drives %s l%r,e %s 8CK
G&J T'e drives connec direcl( o nonline%r ediin, s(se#s. %llowin, 'e edior o *e,in
ediin, 'e "ro,r%# i##edi%el(J Mos of 'ese drives %%c' o 'e c%#er% vi% 'e 0ireWire
"orJ Audio. i#ecode. %nd video %nd conrol infor#%ion %re "%ssed direcl( 'rou,' 'e
0ireWire connecorJ A 8CK5G& drive will "rovide rou,'l( 8K 'ours of D/ recordin, %nd P o C
'ours of $D recordin, ;0i,ure 8PJ8K<J
Hard /is- Recorders
S%nd%lone '%rd dis4 recorders %re now used o record video % % ver( 'i,' !u%li(J T'ese
re%l5i#e recorders:"l%(ers c%n *e used for SD or $D recordin,J 0r%#e %ccur%c( is
"ossi*leJ T'e( %lso usu%ll( include s#oo' f%s5#oion %nd slow5#oion "l%(*%c4J T'ese
recorders %re re"l%cin, %"e dec4s ;0i,ures 8PJ88 %nd 8PJ8=<J
Recorda0le /"/
D/D c%#er%s '%ve *een "ri#%ril( %i#ed % 'e consu#er #%r4eJ D/D c%#er%s
%uo#%ic%ll( ?nd % *l%n4 secion on 'e disc for recordin,. so 'ere)s no need o rewind or
f%s5forw%rdJ Mos of 'e# %lso use %n indeA screen. w'ic' #%4es i e%s( o se%rc' for %
"%ricul%r sceneJ W'en 'e s'ooin, '%s *een co#"leed. 'e disc c%n *e %4en ou of 'e
c%#corder %nd sli""ed ino % D/D "l%(er or recorder for i##edi%e "l%(*%c4S'ere)s no
need o connec %n( c%*lesJ One of 'e dis%dv%n%,es is '% discs c%n *e susce"i*le o
scr%c'es ;0i,ure 8PJ8><J
M/CA4 /isc
T'e GD line of o"ic%l discH*%sed c%#er% s(se#s uili-es *lue5viole l%ser ec'nolo,( o
%c'ieve eAre#el( 'i,' d%% r%nsfer r%esJ T'is "rofession%l c%#er% s(se# c%n record u"
o I 'ours of $D on % du%l5l%(er disc '% '%s % l%r,e sor%,e c%"%ci( of PK G&J T'e discs
%re rewri%*leJ Son( s%(s '% i c%n '%ndle 8KKK wrie5%nd5rewrie c(cles ;0i,ure 8PJ8I<J
Recordin$ 4edia Care
I is i#"or%n o c%re for recordin, #edi%J $ere %re so#e su,,esions for "rolon,in, 'e life
of 'e v%rious ("es of recordin, %nd sor%,e #edi%3
T'e o"i#u# sor%,e e#"er%ure is %round CP de,rees 0J A*ove 8KK de,rees 0 %nd *elow
8I de,rees 0 c%n c%use "ro*le#s wi' so#e #edi%J
Avoid r%"id e#"er%ure:'u#idi( c'%n,es ;suc' %s #ovin, fro# % cold eAerior o % w%r#
inerior< %nd %llow *o' #edi% %nd e!ui"#en o *eco#e cli#%i-ed *efore useJ
&efore lo%din, % #ediu#. con?r# '% i isn) "roeced %,%ins recordin, ;'% is.
re"osiion 'e s%fe( swic'<J M%4e sure '% (ou)re no recordin, over so#e'in, '%
s'ould *e re%inedY
Sore #edi% in 'eir "roecive *oAes o %void d%#%,e %nd dusJ
M%4e sure '% e%c' recorded #ediu# is cle%rl( ideni?ed on 'e l%*el ;n%#e. con%c
infor#%ion. s'o:scene nu#*ers. ecJ<J
F21?RE 1!@(
So#e Son( %nd 7/C devices use %n S>S #e#or( c%rdJ ;P'oo coures( of 7/C<
"ideo Recordin$ Su$$estions
$ere %re so#e su,,esions o consider w'en recordin, o video #edi%3
Use 'e 'i,'es d%% r%e "ossi*le on di,i%l #edi% o'er '%n %"eJ Al'ou,' 'is will no
%llow (ou o record %s #%n( #inues on 'e #ediu#. i will ,ive (ou % 'i,'er5!u%li( i#%,eJ
W%c' 'e el%"sed i#e on 'e c%#er% o #%4e sure '% (ou 4now 'ow #uc' record%*le
#edi% is lef %nd '% (ou 4now 'e s%e of 'e *%er(J
Review 'e end of 'e %4es o c'ec4 w'e'er 'e recordin, is s%isf%cor(J
W'en 'e #ediu# is %4en ou of 'e c%#er%. #%4e sure '% 'e "roecion device is
i#"le#ened so '% so#eone does no %cciden%ll( record over (our ori,in%l foo%,eJ
Cle%rl( l%*el %ll #edi% %s well %s 'e #edi% con%inerJ
F21?RE 1!@)
T'is 'i,'5end consu#er5%r,eed c%#corder includes %n inern%l $DDJ ;P'oo coures( of 7/C<
F21?RE 1!@1*
EAern%l drives c%n *e %%c'ed o #os di,i%l video c%#er%sJ ;P'oo coures( of 0iresore<
F21?RE 1!@11
$%rd dis4 recorders %re ,%inin, "o"ul%ri( in 'e "rofession%l video ?eldJ ;P'oo coures( of Dore#i<
F21?RE 1!@12
A slow5#oion o"er%or uili-es %n E/S '%rd drive server recordin,:"l%(*%c4 s(se# durin, % s"ors evenJ
F21?RE 1!@13
Left3 A full5si-e record%*le D/DJ Right3 T'e c%#er% s'own records on % #uc' s#%ller D/DJ ;P'oo coures( of 7/C<
F21?RE 1!@1
T'e GD disc is "roeced *( % c%se % %ll i#esJ ;P'oo coures( of Son(<
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% is 'e di6erence *eween SD %nd $D elevision1
2@ W'% %re 'e %dv%n%,es of inerl%ced %nd "ro,ressive sc%nnin,1
3@ Co#"%re % %"e for#% wi' % non%"e for#% %nd eA"l%in 'e %dv%n%,es %nd
dis%dv%n%,esJ
@ $ow do (ou c%re for recordin, #edi%1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< RBA8 HA44ER
Ho5 do %ou decide 5hat video for9at to use 5hen 5or-in$ on a production7 M%n(
"eo"le loo4 enirel( % cos of c%#er% ren%ls %nd #edi% cosJ I loo4 % i #ore fro# %
"os"roducion "ers"eciveW'ow #uc' is i ,oin, o cos o di,ii-e:in,es. %re 'ere ediin,
"ro*le#s wi' cer%in video for#%s. %nd w'% issues will we '%ve in 'e online "rocess1
/o %ou still use video tape7 De?niel(J T'ere)s so#e'in, %*ou '%vin, % "iece of %"e o
'old ono '% 'el"s #e slee" % ni,'J Plus. E%"elessF '%sn) *een ironed ou ;in 'e "os
"rocess<. so 'ere %re sill issues '% 9us go *0*y w'en (ou use %"e inse%dJ
6here do %ou thin- editin$ is headed in the future7 Wi' 'e co#"eiion *eween
Avid %nd 0in%l Cu Pro. "rices %re dro""in,J I "erson%ll( 'in4 '% "eo"le will *e ownin, 'eir
own s(se#sJ T'ere will *e *uildin,s w'ere *%(s. sor%,e. %nd dec4s %re 4e" %nd
#%in%ined *( %ssis%n ediorsJ Ediors will "ri#%ril( wor4 fro# 'o#eSei'er o6 'eir own
s(se#s. or re#oel( lo,,in, ino 'e edi s(se#s % 'e f%cili(J Cus will *e sre%#%*le o
eAecuives for noes. %nd w'en 'e()re su""osed o *e ou"u. 'e( will *e e#%iled o 'e
%ssis%n edior % 'e f%cili(J A le%s. '%)s w'% I)# wor4in, onW
F21?RE 1!@1!
R(%n $%##er. Al%s Di,i%l
Ry*n H*,,e) i' * (*)tne) in * ,*7o) (o't()oduction hou'e in Lo' Angele'J
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< R;,28 ,R;;4F2E+/
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I wor4 wi' new >D ec'nolo,ies. "rocesses %nd wor4Bows o
develo" S4()s >D c'%nnelJ I #%n%,e %nd %dvise >D "ro,r%#s in s"ors. %rs. %nd
ener%in#enJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I %# '%ve re%ll( en9o(ed *ein, involved wi'
"ioneerin, % new %nd ver( di6eren %re% ;>D< for 'e fuure elevision %udienceSi is %
"rivile,e o *e involved wi' suc' %n eAciin, "ro9ecJ T/ is % f%n%sic indusr( o wor4 in H i
,ives (ou %ccess o evens. "l%ces. "eo"le '% (ou wouldn) '%ve in #%n( o'er c%reersS
no 9us in s"or evens *u in ener%in#en ooJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 S%rin, %nd
develo"in, % >D c'%nnel '%s *een % 'u,e c'%llen,e *ec%use i '%d never *een done *eforeJ
E!ui"#en %nd s(se#s were new. ofen under develo"#en or in so#e c%ses 9us no 'ere
% %llJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 A sie surve( is necess%r( es"eci%ll( wi' % >D
"roducion %s di6eren e!ui"#en. c%#er% "osiions %nd "roducion re!uire#ens %re ofen
e#"lo(edJ Sui%*le i#e #us *e "u %side for ri,,in,. esin, %nd re'e%rsin,N 'is will
,u%r%nee '% % ,ood >D "roducion is %c'ievedJ
6hat su$$estions or advise do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 To wor4 in elevision %nd on *i, "ro9ecs needs % dedic%ion %nd en'usi%s# '% will
drive (ou 'rou,' #%n( lon, 'ours so#ei#es in un"le%s%n we%'er %nd surroundin,sJ
Television is % life s(le no 9us % 9o*)J Wor4in, '%rd o ,e 'e *es resuls %nd ,ivin, i#e
o ?ne de%il in "l%nnin, %nd "roducion is esseni%l o %c'ieve ,ood resulsJ Loo4 % w'%
(ou do criic%ll( %nd ?nd w%(s o i#"rove. *e innov%ive in w'% (ou do. %nd if (ou 'in4
'% so#e'in, isSR,ood enou,')S'en i "ro*%*l( isn)Y
F21?RE 1!@1&
Ro*in &roo#?eld. O"er%ions [ Develo"#en M%n%,er ;S4( >D<
Ro5in $)oo,+eld i' the O(e)*tion' *nd De&elo(,ent M*n*ge) fo) the S/y MD Ch*nnel8
Ro5in 0*' hi)ed to hel( 't*)t *nd ,*n*ge the MD net0o)/J
CHAPTER 1.
3ditin- the Production
ET'e 'ree ,re% ediin, ools %re ConeA. Conr%s. %nd R'('#JF
:a% An-ene%, Editor
Ter9s
Clip< A video se,#enJ
CutCta-e< An ins%n%neous swic' fro# one s'o o %no'erJ
/issolve< An e6ec "roduced *( f%din, ou one "icure w'ile f%din, in %no'erJ
Fade =a t%pe of dissolve>< A ,r%du%l c'%n,e *eween *l%c4 %nd % video i#%,eJ 0or
eA%#"le. % 'e end of % "ro,r%# 'ere is usu%ll( % Ef%de o *l%c4F or. if 'ere is % Ef%de5u".F
i #e%ns '% 'e direcor is r%nsiionin, fro# *l%c4 o % video i#%,eJ A slow f%de su,,ess
'e "e%ceful end of %cionJ A f%s f%de is r%'er li4e % E,enle cu.F used o conclude % sceneJ
+inear editin$< T'e co"(in,. or du**in,. of se,#ens fro# 'e #%ser %"e o %no'er %"e
in se!ueni%l orderJ
+o$$in$< Lo,,ers view 'e foo%,e %nd wrie down 'e scene:%4e nu#*ers. 'e len,' of
e%c' s'o. i#e code. %nd descri"ions of e%c' s'oJ
8onlinear editin$< T'e "rocess w'ere 'e recorded video is di,ii-ed ;co"ied< ono %
co#"uerJ T'e foo%,e c%n 'en *e %rr%n,ed %nd re%rr%n,ed. s"eci%l e6ecs c%n *e %dded.
%nd 'e %udio %nd ,r%"'ics c%n *e %d9used usin, ediin, sofw%reJ
Postproduction< T%4in, 'e video '% w%s "reviousl( s'o %nd %sse#*lin, % "ro,r%# s'o
*( s'o. ,ener%ll( wi' % co#"uer5*%sed ediin, s(se#J
Ti9eline< Usu%ll( includes #uli"le r%c4s of video. %udio. %nd ,r%"'ics in % nonline%r
ediin, s(se#J
6ipe< A novel r%nsiion '% c%n '%ve #%n( di6eren s'%"esJ

Selecin, 'e ri,' i#%,e %nd s4illful ediin, will #%4e % vi%l conri*uion o % "roducion)s
i#"%cJ T'e w%( 'e s'os %re inerrel%ed will no onl( %6ec 'eir visu%l Bow *u will %lso
direcl( inBuence 'ow 'e %udience re%cs o w'% 'e( %re seein,3 'eir iner"re%ion %nd
'eir e#oion%l res"onsesJ Poor ediin, c%n le%ve 'e# confusedJ Pro?cien ediin, c%n
cre%e ineres %nd ension or *uild u" eAcie#en '% 4ee"s 'e %udience on 'e ed,es of
'eir se%sJ A wors. "oor i#%,e selecion c%n de,ener%e ino c%su%l swic'in, *eween
s'osJ A *es. ediin, is % so"'isic%ed "ersu%sive %r for#J
E/2T281 TECH82D?ES 28 TE+E"2S2;8
T'ere %re rou,'l( wo *ro%d c%e,ories of ediin,
Live ediin,3 T'e direcor. usin, live c%#er%s %nd o'er video sources. Elive edisF ;direcs<
% "roducion usin, % video swic'er ;0i,ure 8CJ8<J
Pos"roducion3 T%4in, 'e i#%,er( '% w%s "reviousl( s'o %nd %sse#*lin, % "ro,r%#
s'o *( s'o. ,ener%ll( wi' % co#"uer5*%sed ediin, s(se# ;0i,ure 8CJ=<J
One s(le involves % direcor wi' c%#er%s %nd 'e o'er s(le involves % direcor wi'
"rerecorded "ro,r%##in,J $owever (ou do i. i is sill ediin,S(ou %re decidin, w'ic' s'o
'e %udience will seeJ
F21?RE 1&@1
Live ediin, occurs w'en % direcor is cuin, % s'ow o,e'er fro# #uli"le c%#er%sJ
E/2T281 ,AS2CS
Editin$ /ecisions
Durin, 'e ediin, "rocess. % series of decisions need o *e #%de3
#hich of the *&*il*5le 'hot' do you 0*nt to u'eN W'en direcin, ;ediin,< % live s'ow.
c'oices %re irrevoc%*leJ +ou c%n selec onl( fro# 'e s'os *ein, "resened % e%c' #o#en
*( c%#er%s. "rerecorded #%eri%l. ,r%"'ics. %nd so onJ W'en (ou %re ediin, in
"os"roducion. 'ere is i#e o "onder. o selec. %nd o reconsiderJ
#h*t i' the +n*l 'hot 'eFuenceN T'e rel%ive dur%ions of s'os will %6ec 'eir visu%l
i#"%cJ
At e9*ctly 0hich ,o,ent in the *ction do you 0*nt to ch*nge f)o, one 'hot to the ne9tN
Ho0 0ill e*ch 'hot t)*n'ition to the ne9t 'hotN Tr%nsiions include cu. dissolve. wi"e. f%de.
%nd o'ersJ
Ho0 f*'t o) 'lo0 0ill thi' t)*n'ition 5eN
I' the)e good continuity 5et0een (ictu)e' *' 0ell *' 'ound th*t 'ho0 continuou'
*ctionN T'ese ele#ens #%( no '%ve *een s'o % 'e s%#e i#e or "l%cesJ
F21?RE 1&@2
Pos"roducion ediin,
E%c' of 'ese decisions involves (ou #%4in, *o' % #ec'%nic%l o"er%ion %nd %n %risic
c'oiceJ Even 'e si#"les re%#en ;% cu fro# one i#%,e o 'e neA< c%n cre%e % ver(
di6eren e6ec. *%sed on 'e "oin % w'ic' (ou decide o edi 'e %cionJ Le)s loo4 % %n
eA%#"le3
+ou c%n s'ow 'e enire %cion. fro# s%r o end3
The int)ude) )e*che' into * (oc/et1 (ull' out * (i'tol1 *nd +)e' it8 The &icti, f*ll'8 "The
*ction i' o5&iou'8%
+ou c%n inerru" %n %cion. so '% we do no 4now w'% is ,oin, o '%""en3
The h*nd )e*che' into the (oc/et6CT6to the 'econd (e)'on3' f*ce8 "#h*t i' the int)ude)
)e*ching fo)N% O) the h*nd )e*che' into * (oc/et1 *nd (ull' out * (i'tol6CT6to the 'econd
(e)'on3' f*ce8 "I' the int)ude) th)e*tening1 o) *ctu*lly going to +)e itN%
+ou c%n s'ow 'e enire %cion. *u 'old 'e %udience in sus"ense %*ou is conse!uences3
#e 'ee the (i'tol d)*0n *nd +)ed6CT65ut did the 'hot ,i''N
Editin$ Possi0ilities
As we eA%#ine ediin, ec'ni!ues. (ou will see 'ow 'e( si,ni?c%nl( conri*ue o 'e
success of 'e "roducion3
+ou c%n 9oin o,e'er % series of se"%r%el( recorded %4es or se!uences o cre%e %
coninuous s#oo'5Bowin, sor(lineSeven w'ere none ori,in%ll( eAisedJ
T'rou,' ediin,. (ou c%n re#ove %cion '% would *e irrelev%n or disr%cin,J
+ou c%n se%#lessl( cu in re%4es o re"l%ce uns%isf%cor( #%eri%lSo correc or i#"rove
"erfor#%nceN o overco#e c%#er%. li,'in,. or sound "ro*le#sN or o i#"rove ine6ecive
"roducion re%#enJ
+ou c%n incre%se or reduce 'e over%ll dur%ion of 'e "ro,r%#S*( %d9usin, 'e len,' of
se!uences. inroducin, cu%w%( s'os. %lerin, "l%(in, s"eed. or re"e%in, sr%e,ic "%rs of
%n %cion se!uenceJ
Soc4 s'os c%n *e insered %nd *lended wi' 'e "ro,r%# #%eri%lSo es%*lis' loc%ion.
for e6ecs. or o inroduce illusr%ionsJ
W'en % su*9ec is 9us %*ou o #ove ou of s'o. (ou c%n cu o % new view"oin %nd s'ow
'e %cion coninuin,. %""%renl( uninerru"edJ ;Even w'ere i is "ossi*le o s'oo %cion in
one coninuous %4e. 'e direcor #%( w%n o c'%n,e 'e c%#er% view"oin or inerru" 'e
Bow of 'e %cion for dr%#%ic i#"%cJ<
&( cuin, *eween s'os recorded % di6eren i#es or "l%ces. (ou c%n i#"l( rel%ions'i"s
'% did no eAisJ
Ediin, %llows (ou o ins%nl( s'if 'e %udience)s cener of ineres. redirecin, 'eir
%enion o %no'er %s"ec of 'e su*9ec or 'e sceneJ
+ou c%n use ediin, o e#"'%si-e or o conce%l infor#%ionJ
+ou c%n %d9us 'e dur%ion of s'os in % se!uence o inBuence is over%ll "%ceJ
Ediin, c%n c'%n,e 'e enire si,ni?c%nce of %n %cion in %n ins%nSo cre%e ension.
'u#or. 'orror. %nd so onJ
&( %lerin, 'e order in w'ic' 'e %udience sees evens. (ou c%n c'%n,e 'ow 'e(
iner"re %nd re%c o 'e#J
Audio sweeenin, ;%ddin, %ddiion%l sounds o 'e recordin,< c%n *e doneJ
Gr%"'ics c%n *e %ddedJ
S"eci%l e6ecs c%n *e %ddedJ
THE 4ECHA82CS ;F E/2T281
T'e %cu%l "rocess (ou use c%n '%ve %n i#"or%n inBuence on 'e e%se %nd %ccur%c( wi'
w'ic' (ou c%n edi %nd on 'e ?nesse '% is "ossi*leJ T'ere %re sever%l s(se#s. descri*ed
in 'e followin, secionsJ
Editin$ 2nICa9era
I is "ossi*le o edi in5c%#er%J To do so. #os c%#er%s re!uire '% (ou s'oo 'e %cion in
'e ?n%l runnin, order. w'ic' #%( no *e "r%cic%*le or convenienJ T'ere %re even c%#er%s
'% will %llow li#ied in5c%#er% ediin,. suc' %s ri##in, % scene or c'%n,in, 'e order of
'e cli"sJ So#e of 'e l%es s#%r"'ones %nd %*les %cu%ll( '%ve 'e %*ili( o s'oo %nd
edi $D videosJ $owever. c%#er%s '%ve v%r(in, %*iliies %nd %ll of 'e# '%ve #ore
li#i%ions '%n ediin, on %n %cu%l edior ;0i,ure 8CJ><J
Production S5itcher ="ision 4i3er>
T'e live5edi #e'od of usin, % "roducion swic'er o co#*ine ;cu. dissolve. wi"e. f%de.
ecJ< video sources suc' %s c%#er%s. video "l%(ers. or ,r%"'ics. is used in #%n(
"roducionsJ Durin, % "roducion. condiions in #os "roducion conrol roo#s %re ,ener%ll(
% world %"%r fro# 'e rel%ive c%l# of %n ediin, suie ;0i,ure 8CJI<J
F21?RE 1&@3
So#e #o*ile "'ones '%ve 'e %*ili( o *o' s'oo %nd edi videoJ Al'ou,' 'ere %re li#i%ions o 'e ediin, funcions. i
c%n sill *e % v%lu%*le resource for doin, % rou,' cu of 'e videoJ
F21?RE 1&@
A s#%ll El%"o"F video swic'er c%n *e used wi' four5c%#er% "roducionsJ
T'e direcor needs o w%c' 'e #onior w%ll. w'ic' is #%de u" of s#%ll #oniors s'owin,
i#%,es fro# c%#er%s. video feeds. video "l%(ers. ,r%"'ics. %nd %n( o'er sourcesJ T'ere
%re %lso wo l%r,er #oniors. % E"reviewF #onior %nd % E"ro,r%#F or Eon5%irF #oniorJ T'e
direcor uses 'e "review #onior o review %n( video source *efore ,oin, o iJ T'e "ro,r%#
#onior s'ows 'e ?n%l "ro,r%# ou"uJ ;See C'%"er > for #ore de%ils %*ou 'e conrol
roo#J<
W'ile %ll of 'is is ,oin, on. 'e direcor)s %enion is divided *eween 'e curren s'o in
'e "ro,r%# #onior %nd u"co#in, s'osS,uidin, 'e "roducion crew *( insrucin,.
correcin,. selecin,. %nd coordin%in, 'eir wor4J Of course. 'is is %ll done w'ile 'e
direcor is %lso c'ec4in, 'e %len)s "erfor#%nce. 4ee"in, "roducion on sc'edule. %nd
de%lin, wi' issues %s 'e( %riseJ I is no sur"rise '% under 'ese condiions. Eediin,F wi'
% "roducion swic'er c%n de,ener%e ino % #ec'%nic%l "rocess ;0i,ure 8CJ8<J
+inear Editin$
Line*) ediin, involves Edu**in,F or co"(in, 'e #%ser %"e o %no'er %"e in % se!ueni%l
orderJ T'is "rocess wor4ed well for ediors unil 'e direcor or clien w%ned
si,ni?c%n c'%n,es o *e #%de in 'e #iddle of % %"eJ Wi' % line%r %"e. '% usu%ll(
#e%n '% 'e w'ole "ro9ec '%d o *e enirel( re5ediedN 'is w%s incredi*l( i#e
consu#in, %nd frusr%in,J An%lo, line%r ediin, %lso did no wor4 well if #uli"le
,ener%ions ;co"ies of co"ies< of 'e %"e '%d o *e #%de. %s e%c' ,ener%ion deerior%ed
% lile #oreJ Line%r s(se#s %re ,ener%ll( #%de u" of % E"l%(erF %nd % ErecorderF %lon,
wi' % conrol consoleJ T'e ori,in%l foo%,e is "l%ced ino 'e "l%(er %nd 'en is edied o 'e
recorder ;0i,ures 8CJP %nd 8CJC<J Al'ou,' so#e se,#ens of 'e elevision indusr( %re sill
usin, line%r ediin,. 'e #%9ori( of "ro,r%##in, od%( is edied on % nonline%r ediorJ
F21?RE 1&@!
Line%r ediin,. or co"(in, 'e conens of one %"e o %no'er %"e. one cli" %fer %no'er line%rl(. is sill used on % li#ied
*%sisJ Al'ou,' 'e use of line%r ediors '%s si,ni?c%nl( reduced. se,#ens of 'e indusr(. suc' %s news. sill use 'e#J
;P'oo *( 7on Green'oe<
F21?RE 1&@&
Di,i%l l%"o" line%r s(se#s '%ve *een "o"ul%r wi' news %nd s"ors crews '% %re on 'e ro%dJ T'e( %lso c%n *e used %s
wo se"%r%e %"e dec4s w'en neededJ
8onlinear Editin$
Tod%(. %l#os %ll video %nd elevision "ro,r%#s. %s well %s ?l#s. %re edied on % nonline*)
edito)J Nonline%r ediin, is 'e "rocess in w'ic' 'e recorded video is sored on % co#"uer)s
'%rd driveJ T'en 'e foo%,e c%n *e %rr%n,ed. re%rr%n,ed. s"eci%l e6ecs %dded. %nd 'e
%udio %nd ,r%"'ics c%n *e %d9used usin, ediin, sofw%reJ Nonline%r ediin, s(se#s #%4e
i ver( e%s( o #%4e c'%n,es li4e #ovin, video %nd %udio se,#ens %round unil 'e
direcor or clien is '%""(J $%rd dis4 %nd #e#or( c%rd c%#er%s '%ve %llowed ediors o
*e,in ediin, #uc' #ore !uic4l(. %s 'e( do no need o di,ii-e %ll of 'e foo%,eJ Nonline%r
s(se#s cos % fr%cion of w'% % "rofession%l line%r ediin, s(se# doesJ Once 'e edied
"ro9ec is co#"lee. i c%n *e ou"u o w'%ever #ediu# is desired3 %"e. Inerne. iPod. CD.
D/D. %nd o'ersJ
AN OVERVIE# OF THE NONLINEAR PROCESS
Step 1< Sore 'e foo%,e on % '%rd drive '% c%n *e %ccessed *( 'e ediin, co#"uer
;0i,ure 8CJQ<J
Step 2< E%c' video se,#en or cli( is 'en t)i,,ed ;cle%ned u"<. *( delein, unw%ned
video fr%#esJ
Step 3< T'e cli"s %re "l%ced ino 'e ti,elineJ T'e i#eline usu%ll( includes #uli"le r%c4s
of video. %udio. %nd ,r%"'icsJ T'is i#eline %llows 'e edior o view 'e "roducion %nd
%rr%n,e 'e se,#ens o ? 'e scri" ;0i,ure 8CJL<J
F21?RE 1&@'
M%n( di6eren devices c%n *e used o in"u video ino % nonline%r ediorJ
F21?RE 1&@(
Screens'o s'owin, 'e co#"osiion "%,e of % nonline%r ediorJ T'e video cli" *in is w'ere video cli"s '% %re o *e used
in 'e "ro,r%# %re soredJ T'e "review #onior %llows 'e edior o "review 'e video cli"s *efore #ovin, 'e# o 'e
%udio %nd video i#elineJ T'e "ro,r%# #onior %llows 'e edior o see 'e %udio %nd video in 'e i#elineJ ;P'oo coures(
of Avid<
Step < /ideo s"eci%l e6ecs %nd r%nsiions %re %ddedJ Nonline%r edi s(se#s %llow %ll
4inds of e6ecs. suc' %s ri""le. slow:f%s #oion. color correcion. %nd o'ersJ Tr%nsiions
include dissolves. cus. %nd % v%rie( of wi"esJ
Step !< Addiion%l %udio #%( or #%( no *e %dded % 'is "oinJ Audio e6ecs #%( *e used
o EsweeenF 'e soundJ Music %nd:or voiceovers #%( *e %dded % di6eren "oins in 'e
"ro9ec ;0i,ures 8CJD %nd 8CJ8K<J
Step &< T'e ?n%l "ro,r%# is ou"u o 'e disri*uion #ediu#J
F21?RE 1&@)
A nonline%r ediin, suie wi' %n %d9oinin, sound *oo' for voiceoversJ
NONLINEAR EDITING E-IPMENT
Ediin, e!ui"#en '%s dr%sic%ll( c'%n,ed over 'e l%s dec%deJ W'ere once % #ini#%l
ediin, s(se# re!uired wo ediin, dec4s. wo #oniors. %nd %n edi conroller. od%( 'e
e!ui"#en c%n *e %s si#"le %s % c%#corder %nd % co#"uer wi' %n ediin, sofw%re
"%c4%,e ins%lledJ
F21?RE 1&@1*
T'e %len is doin, % voiceover in %n ediin, suie for % news sor( % % loc%l news s%ionJ ;P'oo *( 7on Green'oe<
$i,'er5levelin, edi suies #%( con%in #uli"le ("es of in"u devices usin, % v%rie( of
di6eren connecors o r%ns"or 'e d%% % % #uc' f%ser s"eedJ T'e( #%( %lso include
#uli"le edi screens. s"e%4ers. %n %udio #iAer. %nd o'er oolsJ
/ideo c%n *e i#"ored ino 'e co#"uer fro# % c%#corder. dec4. or % #e#or( sor%,e
deviceJ One c%*le c%n #ove l%r,e %#ouns of d%%. %s well %s conrol si,n%ls. *eween 'e
c%#er% %nd co#"uer ;0i,ure 8CJQ<J
Ha0its of a Hi$hl% EKective Postproduction Editor
Adapted fro9 4ar- EerinAs %i7 !a'its of !i-hl# 3;ective 3ditors
1@ Schedule enough ti,e to ,*/e * good editJ 2u%li( ediin, %4es i#eJ &e re%lisic. %nd
'en "%d (our sc'edule wi' % lile eAr% i#eJ I is %lw%(s *eer o *e done % lile e%rl(
'%n l%eJ Plus. (ou c%n %lw%(s use % lile #ore i#e o re?ne 'e ediJ
2@ Get * little di't*nce f)o, the ()o7ect occ*'ion*llyJ I is e%s( o *eco#e e#oion%ll(
involved wi' % s"eci?c ele#en of % "ro9ecJ T%4e % *re%4 fro# iN w'en (ou co#e *%c4.
(our "ers"ecive #%( '%ve c'%n,edJ As4 o'ers for 'eir o"inionS'ere is % ,ood c'%nce
'% 'e( will see 'in,s '% (ou didn) seeJ
3@ Li't the i''ue' 5efo)e +9ing the, one 5y oneJ I is ,ood o co#e u" wi' %n or,%ni-ed
"l%n for ediin, 'e "ro9ecJ Al'ou,' i %4es i#e o 'in4 i 'rou,'. i is wor' iJ
@ !no0 the ()io)ity of you) editing ele,ent'J T'e #os i#"or%n ediin, ele#ens %re 'e
e#oion %nd sor(J If (ou lose 'ose wo ele#ens. (ou lose 'e "roducionJ
!@ !ee( * co(y of e*ch edited &e)'ionJ E%c' i#e (ou #%4e c'%n,es o 'e "ro9ec. 4ee" 'e
ori,in%l ;or "revious< versionJ T'% w%( (ou '%ve so#e'in, o ,o *%c4 o if (ou run ino
"ro*le#sJ
&@ Focu' on the 'hot' th*t you h*&eJ &( 'e i#e (ou si down o edi. i is i#e o ,e 'e
*es "ro9ec '% (ou c%n "ossi*l( ,e fro# 'e foo%,e (ou '%ve recordedJ +ou #%( even
'%ve o for,e %*ou 'e scri"J
P;STPR;/?CT2;8 +;11281
An ofen5ne,leced i#"or%n %s"ec of 'e "os"roducion "rocess is lo,,in, 'e recorded
#%eri%lJ Lo,,in, s%ves i#e. w'ic' %lso r%nsl%es ino *ud,e. durin, 'e %cu%l ediin,
"rocess. %s i c%n *e co#"leed *efore 'e ediin, sessionJ Afer lo,,in, 'e foo%,e. 'e
edior c%n 'en #ove 'e s"eci?c cli"s '% will *e used in 'e "ro,r%# inse%d of %4in,
i#e on 'e edior o se%rc' 'rou,' %ll of 'e cli"sJ &( di,ii-in, s"eci?c cli"s inse%d of %ll
of 'e foo%,e. i %lso s%ves '%rd drive s"%ceJ Gener%ll(. so#e ("e of lo, s'ee is used on
w'ic' noes c%n *e wrien '% include 'e i#e code ;'e %ddress w'ere 'e foo%,e is
loc%ed<. scene:%4e nu#*ers. %nd 'e len,' of e%c' s'oJ T'e noes #%( %lso included %
descri"ion of 'e s'o %nd o'er co##ens li4e Ever( ,ood.F E*lurr(.F %nd so onJ Lo,,in,
c%n *e si#"le noes on % "iece of "%"er or c%n done wi' lo,,in, sofw%reJ An %dv%n%,e o
so#e of 'e lo,,in, sofw%re is '% i c%n wor4 wi' 'e ediin, sofw%re. i#"orin, 'e edi
decisions %uo#%ic%ll( ino 'e co#"uer ;0i,ures 8CJ88 %nd 8CJ8=<J
F21?RE 1&@11
S%#"le of % lo, s'eeJ ;Coures( of 'e Av%ni Grou"<
S'os c%n *e ideni?ed for 'e lo, % nu#*er of di6eren w%(s3
/isu%ll(3 E'e one w'ere 'e ,es ino 'e c%rJF
&( s'ooin, % 'l*te ;cl*(5o*)d< *efore e%c' s'o. w'ic' con%ins 'e s'o nu#*er %nd
de%ils ;or %n invered *o%rd. % 'e end of s'osN 0i,ure 8CJ8><J
&( ti,ecode. % s"eci%l coninuous i#e5si,n%l 'rou,'ou 'e %"e. s'owin, 'e "recise
#o#en of recordin,J
F21?RE 1&@12
Lo,,in, c%n *e done on "%"er or vi% sofw%reJ $ere % c%#er% is conneced direcl( ino 'e co#"uer o c%"ure sill
fr%#es fro# e%c' cli" %nd %uo#%ic%ll( i#"or i#e code ins %nd ousJ T'e screens'o s'ows 'e sored 'u#*n%il fr%#e.
dur%ion. %nd descri"ionJ ;P'oos coures( of I#%,ine Producs<
THE ART A8/ TECH82D?ES ;F E/2T281< 4?+T2P+E CA4ERAS A8/
P;STPR;/?CT2;8
Direcors edi *(3
1@ Selecin, 'e %""ro"ri%e s'os ;c%#er% s'os or "rerecorded video<
2@ Decidin, on 'e order %nd dur%ion of e%c' s'o
3@ Decidin, on 'e cuin, "oin ;w'en one s'o is o end %nd 'e neA o *e,in<
@ Decidin, on 'e ("e of r%nsiion *eween s'os
!@ Cre%in, ,ood coninui(
Le)s loo4 % 'ese "oins in #ore de%ilJ
F21?RE 1&@13
Sl%es. or cl%"*o%rds. %re ofen used o idenif( e%c' s'o %4enJ T'e nu#*ers on 'e sl%e %re r%nsferred o 'e lo,,in,
s'eeJ
E/2T281 28 3/
E+ou '%ve o %4e ino %ccoun '% w'% see#s slow in =D #%( *e 9us w'% 'e e(e w%ns
o see in >DJ T'ere %re i#es w'en (our insinc ells (ou o cu f%ser in B% s"%ce *u (ou
'%ve o slow i down in 'is new di#ensionJ 0or eA%#"le. in 'e siu%ion w'ere % "erson is
slidin, down % -i" line ow%rd 'e c%#er%. I)d c'o" i ino #%n( individu%l s'os if i w%s %
f%s #usic video in =DJ &u. in >D. I)d loc4 o6 'e c%#er% %nd le 'e "erson co#e u" o 'e
lens %nd B( ou of fr%#eJF
Shane 4arr, Editor
F21?RE 1&@1
Ediin, in >D #%( reduce 'e nu#*er of edis in % "roducionJ ;P'oo coures( of P%n%sonic<
Selectin$ the Appropriate Shots
MLTICAMERA EDITING
T'e direcor needs o review 'e %v%il%*le s'os on 'e #oniors %nd deer#ine w'ic' one
wor4s *es o ell 'e sor( ;0i,ure 8CJ8P<J
F21?RE 1&@1!
T'is sico# direcor. siin, ou on 'e se. is decidin, w'ic' of 'e c%#er%s *es co##unic%es 'e sor(J
POSTPRODCTION EDITING
I is % nor#%l "r%cice o s'oo #uc' #ore #%eri%l '%n c%n *e used on 'e ?n%l videoJ As
'e video c%n *e i##edi%el( c'ec4ed for !u%li(. 'e direcor 4nows w'en 'e needed
#%eri%l '%s *een c%"uredJ W'en 'e s'ooin, is ?n%ll( co#"lee. i is i#e o review 'e
foo%,eJ Gener%ll(. 'e followin, s'os %re found3
Good s'os '% c%n e%sil( *e used
S'os '% c%nno *e used due o defecs or errors of v%rious ("es
Re"e%ed s'os ;re%4es o %c'ieve 'e *es version<
Redund%n s'os ;oo si#il%r o o'ers o use<
So 'e ?rs s%,e of ediin, is o deer#ine w'ic' of 'e %v%il%*le video s'ould *e usedJ
Once 'e s'os %re c'osen. 'e neA se" is o decide on 'e order in w'ic' 'e( will *e
"resenedJ
The ;rder of Shots
To edi successfull(. 'e edior #us i#%,ine *ein, in 'e "osiion of 'e %udienceJ $e or s'e
is seein, % succession of s'os. one %fer %no'er. for 'e ?rs i#eJ As e%c' s'o %""e%rs.
'e edior #us iner"re i %nd rel%e i o "revious s'os. "ro,ressivel( *uildin, u" ide%s
%*ou w'% 'e or s'e is seein,J
In #os c%ses. 'e s'os will *e s'own in c'ronolo,ic%l orderJ If 'e s'os 9u#" %round in
i#e or "l%ce. 'e resul c%n *e eAre#el( confusin,J ;Even 'e f%#ili%r ide% of EB%s'*%c4sF
wor4s onl( %s lon, %s 'e %udience unders%nds w'% is ,oin, onJ<
W'en % series of *rief s'os %re cu o,e'er. 'e f%s "%ce of 'e "ro,r%# will *e eAciin,.
ur,en. %nd so#ei#es confusin,J A slow cuin, r'('# usin, s'os of lon,er dur%ion is
#ore ,enle. resful. 'ou,'ful. %nd:or s%dJ
In #os circu#s%nces. (ou will ?nd '% 'e order in w'ic' 'e series of s'os %re "resened
will inBuence (our %udience)s iner"re%ion of 'e#J Even % si#"le eA%#"le s'ows 'e
nu%nces '% e%sil( %rise3 % *urnin, *uildin,. % violen eA"losion. #en runnin, ow%rd %n
%uo#o*ileJ Alerin, 'e order of 'ese s'os c%n #odif( w'% see#s o *e '%""enin,3
0ireS%uo#o*ileSeA"losion3 Men 4illed w'ile r(in, o esc%"e fro# ?reJ
0ireSeA"losionS%uo#o*ile3 Runnin, fro# ?re. #en esc%"ed des"ie eA"losionJ
Auo#o*ileSeA"losionS?re3 Runnin, #en c%used eA"losion. *urnin, 'e *uildin,J
No onl( is 'e i#%,in%ion si#ul%ed #ore e6ecivel( *( i#"lic%ion r%'er '%n direc
s%e#ens. *u indirec ec'ni!ues overco#e #%n( "r%cic%l diOculiesJ
Su""ose (ou 9oin wo s'os3 % *o( loo4in, u"w%rd. %nd % ree f%llin, ow%rd 'e c%#er%J
One)s i#"ression is '% % *o( is w%c'in, % ree *ein, felledJ Reverse 'e s'os %nd 'e
viewer could %ssu#e '% 'e ree is f%llin, ow%rd 'e *o( w'o. sensin, d%n,er. loo4s u"J
T'e %cu%l i#%,es #i,' *e o%ll( unrel%edS'e()re 9us % cou"le of s'os fro# % soc4
li*r%r(J
6here Should the Edits 0e 4ade7
T'e ,o,ent c'osen for % cu %6ecs 'e visu%l Bow of 'e "ro,r%#J
Direcors usu%ll( r%nsiion % 'e followin, "oins3
A 'e co#"leion of % senence. or even % 'ou,'
W'en 'e %len %4es % *re%'
W'enever % re%cion or cl%rif(in, s'o is needed
A*ou % 'ird of 'e w%( ino %n %cion. suc' %s s%ndin, u" ;'is is % rule of 'u#* '%
c%n *e *ro4en<
If 'e ?rs s'o s'ows % #%n w%l4in, u" o % door o o"en i. %nd 'e second s'o is %
closeu" of 'i# ,r%s"in, 'e '%ndle. 'e edior usu%ll( '%s o #%4e sure '% 'ere is3
No #issin, i#e ;'is %r# '%sn) #oved (e W *u 'is '%nd is on 'e '%ndle in 'e close5u"<
No du"lic%ed i#e ;'is '%nd %4es 'old of 'e '%ndle in 'e ?rs s'o. 'en re%c'es ou
%nd ,r%s"s i %,%in in 'e close5u"<
No overeAended i#e ;'is '%nd %4es 'e '%ndle in 'e ?rs s'o. %nd 'olds i W %nd. in
'e second s'o. is sill seen 'oldin, i w%iin, o urn i<
T'ere %re occ%sions w'en ediors deli*er%el( Elose i#eF *( o#iin, "%r of 'e %cionJ 0or
ins%nce. % wo#%n ,es ou of % c%r. %nd % #o#en l%er we see 'er co#in, ino % roo#J We
'%ve no w%c'ed 'er 'rou,' %ll 'e irrelev%n %cion of ,oin, ino 'e 'ouse %nd cli#*in,
'e s%irsJ T'is ec'ni!ue i,'ens u" 'e "%ce of 'e "roducion %nd le%ves ou "oeni%ll(
*orin, *is durin, w'ic' %udience ineres could w%neJ Provided '% 'e %udience 4nows
w'% o eA"ec. %nd unders%nds w'% is ,oin, on. 'is ec'ni!ue is %n e6ecive w%( of
,ein, on wi' 'e sor( wi'ou w%sin, i#eJ
Si#il%rl(. i is "ossi*le o EeAend i#e.F cre%in, % dr%#%ic i#"%cJ We see so#eone li,'
'e fuse of % sic4 of d(n%#ieScu o "eo"le in 'e neA roo#Scu o 'e vill%in)s
eA"ressionScu o 'e sree ousideScu o 'i#:'er loo4in, %roundScu o 'e fuse. %nd so
on. *uildin, u" ension in % #uc' lon,er i#e '%n i would re%ll( '%ve %4en for 'e fuse o
*urn down %nd eA"lode 'e d(n%#ieJ
Special EKects
Mos nonline%r ediin, s(se#s include % nu#*er of s"eci%l e6ecs '% c%n *e used o
en'%nce 'e "ro9ecJ $owever. direcors #us *e c%reful o use 'e# %""ro"ri%el(J Overuse
of s"eci%l e6ecs is 'e si,n of %n %#%eur "roducionJ $ere is % *rief lis of ("ic%l e6ecs3
F)eeAe f)*,e; So""in, #ove#en in 'e "icure. %nd 'oldin, % sill fr%#eJ
St)o5e; Dis"l%(in, 'e %cion %s % series of sill i#%,es B%s'ed ono 'e screen % %
v%ri%*le r%eJ
Re&e)'e *ction; Runnin, 'e %cion in reverseJ
F*'t o) 'lo0 ,otion; Runnin, 'e %cion % % f%ser or slower s"eed '%n nor#%lJ
Pictu)e in (ictu)e; A #ini%ure "icure insered ino 'e #%in s'oJ
Mo'*ic; T'e "icure is reduced o % "%ern of s#%ll sin,le5colored s!u%res of %d9us%*le
si-eJ
Po'te)iAing; Reduces on%l ,r%d%ion in i#%,eJ
Mi))o); 0li""in, 'e "icure fro# lef o ri,'. or "rovidin, % s(##eric%l s"li screenJ
Ti,e l*('e; Sill fr%#es s'o % re,ul%r inerv%lsJ W'en "l%(ed *%c4 % nor#%l s"eed. 'e
e6ec is of ,re%l( s"eeded5u" #oionJ
6hat Transition Should 0e ?sed7
Tr%nsiions "l%( % si,ni?c%n role in 'e %udience)s unders%ndin, of w'% is ,oin, on in %
scene ;0i,ure 8CJ8C<J
F21?RE 1&@1&
A cu "orr%(s so#e'in, '%""enin, in re%l i#e. % dissolve %nd wi"e i#"l( % c'%n,e of i#e %nd:or loc%ion. %nd % f%de
i#"lies 'e end of % se,#en or s'owJ ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er<
=A> The cut "o) t*/e%; An ins%n%neous swic' fro# one s'o o %no'erJ
=,> The di''ol&e; An e6ec "roduced *( f%din, ou one "icure w'ile f%din, in %no'erJ
=C> F*de; A f*de 'igni+e' * di''ol&e t)*n'ition to o) f)o, 5l*c/J
CT
T'e cut or t*/e is 'e #os co##on. ,ener%l5"ur"ose r%nsiionJ I is %n ins%n%neous
swic' fro# one s'o o %no'erS% "owerful d(n%#ic r%nsiion '% is 'e e%sies o #%4eJ
DISSOLVE
T'e dissolve is %n e6ec "roduced *( f%din, ou one "icure w'ile f%din, in %no'erN % !uie.
resful r%nsiionJ A !uic4 dissolve ends o i#"l( '% 'e %cion in 'e wo scenes
is '%""enin, % 'e s%#e i#eJ A slow dissolve su,,ess 'e "%ssin, of i#e or % di6eren
loc%ionJ If % dissolve is so""ed '%lfw%(. 'e resul is % 'u(e)i,(o'itionJ
#IPE
T'e 0i(e is % novel r%nsiion '% c%n '%ve #%n( di6eren s'%"esJ W'ile i is occ%sion%ll(
e6ecive. i c%n *e e%sil( overused %nd !uic4l( *eco#e 'e si,n of %n %#%eurJ
FADE
A f*de is % ,r%du%l c'%n,e ;dissolve< *eween *l%c4 %nd % video i#%,eJ 0or eA%#"le. % 'e
end of % "ro,r%# 'ere is usu%ll( % Ef%de o *l%c4.F or if 'ere is % Ef%de5u".F i #e%ns '%
'e direcor is r%nsiionin, fro# *l%c4 o % video i#%,eJ A slow f%de su,,ess 'e "e%ceful
end of %cionJ A f%s f%de is r%'er li4e % E,enle cuF used o conclude % sceneJ
1ood Continuit%
Le)s s%( we %re w%c'in, % dr%#%ic elevision s'owJ As 'e direcor swic'es fro# one
c%#er% o 'e neA. we noice '% in 'e close5u". 'e %len)s '%ir is %s4ew. *u in 'e
second c%#er%)s #ediu# s'o. 'e %len)s '%ir is "erfecJ Cuin, *eween 'e wo s'os in
'e ediin, roo# eA"oses % continuity e))o)J If we see % series of s'os '% %re su""osed o
s'ow 'e s%#e %cion fro# di6eren %n,les. we do no eA"ec o see r%dic%l c'%n,es in 'e
%""e%r%nce of 'in,s in 'e v%rious i#%,esJ In o'er words. we eA"ec continuityJ
If % ,l%ss is full in one s'o %nd e#"( in 'e neA. we c%n %cce" 'isSif so#e'in, '%s
'%""ened *eween 'e wo s'osJ &u if so#eone in % sor# scene %""e%rs we in %ll 'e
lon, s'os. *u dr( in 'e close5u"s. so#e'in, is wron,J If 'e( %re s%ndin, s#ilin,. wi' %n
%r# on % c'%ir in one s'o *u wi' % '%nd in % "oc4e %nd uns#ilin, w'en seen fro#
%no'er %n,le in 'e neA s'o. 'e sudden c'%n,e durin, 'e cu c%n *e ver( o*viousJ T'e
sun #%( *e s'inin, in one s'o %nd no in 'e neAJ T'ere #%( *e %ircr%f noises in one *u
silence in 'e neAJ So#e*od( #%( *e we%rin, % *lue sui in one s'o %nd % ,r%( one in 'e
neAJ T'ese %re %ll ver( o*viousS*u 'e( '%""enJ In f%c. 'e( %re li%*le o '%""en
w'enever %cion '% is o %""e%r coninuous in 'e edied "ro,r%# so"s %nd res%rsJ
T'ere is %n o""oruni( for % coninui( error w'en 'e crew3
So"s s'ooin,. #oves 'e c%#er% o %no'er "osiion. %nd 'en coninues 'e s'oo
Re"e%s "%r of %n %cion ;% re%4e<N i #%( *e sli,'l( di6eren 'e second i#e. so (ou
c%nno edi uno*rusivel( wi' 'e ori,in%l se!uence
S'oos %cion over % "eriod of i#e3 "%r of i one d%(. %nd 'e res of 'e scene on 'e
neA d%(
Alers 'ow 'e( s'oo % scene. %fer "%r of i w%s %lre%d( s'o
T'e onl( w%( o %c'ieve ,ood coninui( is o "%( %enion o de%ilJ So#ei#es % coninui(
error will *e #uc' #ore o*vious on 'e screen '%n i w%s durin, s'ooin,J I is so e%s( o
overloo4 di6erences w'en concenr%in, on 'e %cion. %nd 'e 8K8 o'er 'in,s '% %rise
durin, "roducionJ If 'ere %re %n( dou*s. 'ere is % lo *e s%id for reviewin, 'e recordin,
o see "revious s'os of 'e scene *efore coninuin, s'ooin,J
Ho5 to ?se Transitions
THE CT
T'e cu is 'e si#"les r%nsiionJ I is d(n%#ic. ins%nl( %ssoci%in, wo siu%ionsJ Sudden
c'%n,e '%s % #ore "owerful %udience i#"%c '%n % ,r%du%l one. %nd '% is 'e sren,' of
'e cuJ
Cuin,. li4e %ll "roducion re%#en. s'ould *e "ur"osefulJ An un#oiv%ed cu inerru"s
coninui( %nd c%n cre%e f%lse rel%ions'i"s *eween s'osJ Cuin, is no 'e s%#e %s
re"osiionin, 'e e(es %s we ,l%nce %round % scene. *ec%use we #ove our e(es wi' % full
4nowled,e of our surroundin,s %nd %lw%(s re#%in correcl( orienedJ On 'e screen. we
4now onl( w'% 'e c%#er% s'ows us. %l'ou,' ,uesses or "revious 4nowled,e #%( ?ll ou
'e environ#en in our #indsJ
THE FADE
0%de5in
A f%de5in "rovides % !uie inroducion o %cionJ A slow f%de5in su,,ess 'e for#in, of %n
ide%J A f%s f%de5in '%s less vi%li( %nd s'oc4 v%lue '%n 'e cuJ
0%de5ou
A !uic4 f%de5ou '%s r%'er less ?n%li( %nd sus"ense '%n % cu5ouJ A slow f%de5ou is %
"e%ceful cess%ion of %cionJ
Crossf%de or 0%de5ou:5in
Lin4in, wo se!uences. 'e crossf%de inroduces % "%use in 'e Bow of %cionJ Mood %nd
"%ce v%r( wi' 'eir rel%ive s"eeds %nd 'e "%use i#e *eween 'e#J T'is r%nsiion c%n
*e used o connec slow5e#"o se!uences in w'ic' % c'%n,e in i#e or "l%ce is involvedJ
&eween wo f%s5#ovin, scenes. i #%( %c %s % #o#en%r( "%use. e#"'%si-in, 'e
%civi( of 'e second s'oJ
THE DISSOLVE
As #enioned e%rlier. % dissolve is "roduced *( f%din, ou one "icure w'ile f%din, in 'e
neAJ T'e wo i#%,es %re #o#en%ril( su"eri#"osedN 'e ?rs ,r%du%ll( dis%""e%rs. *ein,
re"l%ced *( 'e secondJ
Dissolvin, *eween s'os "rovides % s#oo' resful r%nsiion. wi' #ini#u# inerru"ion of
'e visu%l Bow ;eAce" w'en % confusin, iner#iAure is used<J A !uic4 dissolve usu%ll(
i#"lies '% 'eir %cion is concurren ;"%r%llel %cion<J A slow dissolve su,,ess di6erences
in i#e or "l%ceJ
Dissolves %re ofen co#"%r%ive3
Poinin, ou si#il%riies or di6erences
Co#"%rin, i#e ;es"eci%ll( i#e "%ssin,<
Co#"%rin, s"%ce or "osiion ;dissolvin, % series of s'os s'owin, "ro,ress<
$el"in, o rel%e %re%s visu%ll( ;w'en r%nsferrin, %enion fro# 'e w'ole su*9ec o %
loc%li-ed "%r<
Dissolves ofen s'ow % c'%n,e of i#e or loc%ion %nd %re widel( used %s EsofF cus. o
"rovide %n uno*rusive r%nsiion for slow5e#"o occ%sions in w'ic' 'e ins%n n%ure of %
cu would *e disru"iveJ Unforun%el(. 'e( %re %lso used o 'ide %n %*sence of #oiv%ion
w'en c'%n,in, o % new s'oY
A ver( slow dissolve "roduces sus%ined iner#in,led i#%,es '% c%n *e ediousl(
confusin, or *orin,J
THE #IPE
T'e wi"e is % novel visu%l r%nsiion '% is ofen used o "rovide % c'%n,e of i#e. c'%n,e
of loc%ion. or is 9us used for decor%ive r%nsiionsJ
Al'ou,' 'e wi"e c%n %dd % novel( o r%nsiions. i c%n e%sil( *e overusedJ T'e %udience
c%n e%sil( "%( #ore %enion o 'e wi"e e6ec '%n 'e sor(line '% i is inended o *e
#ovin, forw%rdJ T'e wi"e c%n %lso dr%w %enion o 'e B% n%ure of 'e screen.
desro(in, 'e 'ree5di#ension%l illusionJ
Wi"es '%ve #%n( ,eo#eric for#s wi' % v%rie( of %""lic%ionsJ 0or eA%#"le. % rec%n,ul%r
wi"e #%( *e used %s % r%nsiion *eween close5u" de%il ;ener%iners< %nd %n eAre#e
lon, s'o of 'e venue
T'e Wi"e)s S"li Screen
If % wi"e is so""ed *efore i is co#"lee. 'e screen re#%ins divided. s'owin, "%r of *o'
s'osJ In 'is w%(. (ou c%n "roduce %n inse. reve%lin, % s#%ll "%r of % second s'o or.
w'ere 'e "ro"orions %re #ore co#"%r%*le. % s"li screen ;0i,ure 8CJ8Q<J
F21?RE 1&@1'
Wi"es c%n *e used in #%n( di6eren siu%ions o en'%nce 'e viewin, eA"erienceJ
T'e s"li screen c%n s'ow us 'in,s si#ul%neousl(3
Evens %4in, "l%ce % 'e s%#e i#e
T'e iner%cion of evens in se"%r%e loc%ions ;suc' %s % s%ellie feed<
A co#"%rison of %""e%r%nce %nd:or *e'%vior of wo or #ore su*9ecs
A *efore5%nd5%fer co#"%rison ;develo"#ens. ,row'. ecJ<
CausePEKect Relationships
So#ei#es i#%,es conve( "r%cic%ll( 'e s%#e ide%. w'ic'ever w%( 'e( %re co#*ined3 %
wo#%n scre%#in, %nd % lion le%"in,J &u 'ere is usu%ll( so#e disincion. es"eci%ll( w'ere
%n( c%useHe6ec rel%ions'i" is su,,esi*leJ
C%useHe6ec or e6ecHc%use rel%ions'i"s %re % co##on lin4 *eween successive s'osJ
So#eone urns 'is or 'er 'e%dS'e direcor cus o s'ow 'e re%sonJ T'e viewer '%s
*eco#e %ccuso#ed o 'is conce"J Occ%sion%ll(. (ou #%( deli*er%el( s'ow %n
uneA"eced ouco#e3
1@ Two #en %re w%l4in, %lon, % sreeJ
2@ Close5u" s'o of one of 'e #en w'o is inenl( ellin, % sor( %nd evenu%ll( urns o 'is
co#"%nionJ
3@ Cu o s'o of 'is co#"%nion f%r *e'ind. window5,%-in,J
T'e resul 'ere is % *i of % sur"rise %nd % lile %#usin,J $owever. so#ei#es 'e viewer
eA"ecs %n ouco#e '% does no develo" %nd 'en feels frusr%ed or #(si?ed. '%vin,
9u#"ed o 'e wron, conclusions3
1@ S'o of % lecurer in lon, s'o *eside % l%r,e w%ll #%"J
2@ Cu o % close5u" of #%"J
3@ Cu *%c4 o 'e lecurer w'o is now in %n enirel( di6eren sein,J
T'e direcor used 'e close5u" of 'e #%" o reloc%e 'e s"e%4er for 'e neA se!uence. *u
'e viewer eA"eced o ?nd 'e lecurer *eside 'e #%". %nd c%n *eco#e disorien%edJ
Even #ore disur*in, %re siu%ions w'ere 'ere is no visu%l coninui(. %l'ou,' %cion '%s
i#"lied one3
1@ $e%rin, % 4noc4 % 'e door. lon, s'o of 'e ,irl %s s'e urnsJ
2@ Cu o % s'o of % r%in s"eedin, 'rou,' 'e ni,'J
T'e direcor 'ou,' '% 'is would cre%e ension *( wi''oldin, 'e ideni( of 'e "erson
w'o w%s ouside 'e doorJ $owever. 'is in%dverenl( cre%ed % f%lse rel%ions'i" inse%dJ
Even w'ere di%lo,ue or %cion eA"l%ins 'e second s'o. 'is is usu%ll( %n unsui%*le
r%nsiionJ A #iA or f%de5ou:in would '%ve "revened 'e confusionJ
4onta$e
In % #on%,e. % series of i#%,es %re "resened '% co#*ine o "roduce %n %ssoci%ive
e6ecJ T'ese i#%,es c%n *e dis"l%(ed se!ueni%ll( or %s % #uli"le5i#%,e screen ;0i,ure
8CJ8L<J
SE-ENTIAL MONTAGE
One *rief s'o follows %no'er in r%"id succession. usu%ll( o conve( % rel%ions'i" or %n
%*sr%c conce"J
F21?RE 1&@1(
Mon%,es c%n *e cre%ed % nu#*er of w%(s. includin,3 ;A< % r%"id succession of rel%ed i#%,es %nd ;&< 9uA%"osed i#%,es.
suc' %s 'is !u%d s"liJ ;P'oos in *oo# i#%,e coures( of 'e UJSJ De"%r#en of Defense<
MLTIPLE2IMAGE MONTAGE
Sever%l i#%,es c%n *e s'own % 'e s%#e i#e *( dividin, 'e screen ino wo or four
se,#ensJ Al'ou,' #ore se,#ens c%n *e used. i#%,es *eco#e so s#%ll '% 'e( c%n
lose 'eir i#"%cJ T'ese i#%,es #%( *e of 'e s%#e su*9ec. or of sever%l di6eren su*9ecsJ
T'e( c%n *e sills ;s'owin, v%rious s%,es %s %n %'lee co#"lees % "ole v%ul< or #ovin,
"icures ;s'owin, di6eren "eo"le %l4in, fro# di6eren loc%ions<J
Muli"le5i#%,e #on%,es c%n *e used for #%n( di6eren "ur"osesSo s'ow se"s in %
"rocess. o co#"%re. o co#*ine di6eren view"oins. o s'ow %cion %4in, "l%ce %
di6eren "l%ces. o de#onsr%e di6eren %""lic%ions of % ool. o s'ow v%rie(. %nd so onJ
/uration of Shots
If % s'o is oo *rief. 'e viewer will '%ve insuOcien i#e o %""reci%e is inended
infor#%ionN if i)s 'eld oo lon,. 'eir %enion w%ndersJ T'ou,'s "ossi*l( *e,in o dwell
on 'e sound %nd 'en evenu%ll( o c'%nnel swic'in,J T'e li#i for #os su*9ecs is rou,'l(
8P seconds. de"endin, on 'e co#"leAi( of 'e s'oJ A s%ic s'o '%s % #uc' s'orer i#e
li#iY
T'e EcorrecF dur%ion for % s'o de"ends on is "ur"oseJ We #%( s'ow % '%nd 'oldin, %
coin for '%lf % #inue %s is fe%ures %re descri*ed *( % lecurer. w'ere%s in % dr%#%. %
onesecond s'o c%n ell us '% 'e 'ief '%s successfull( solen i fro# 'e owner)s "oc4eJ
M%n( f%cors inBuence 'ow lon, % s'o c%n *e 'eld3
T'e %#oun of infor#%ion (ou w%n 'e viewer o %ssi#il%e ;,ener%l i#"ression. #inue
de%il<
$ow o*vious %nd e%sil( discern%*le 'e infor#%ion is
Su*9ec f%#ili%ri( ;is %""e%r%nce. view"oin. %ssoci%ions. ecJ<
$ow #uc' %cion. c'%n,e. or #ove#en 'e s'o con%ins
Picure !u%li( ;de%il %nd sron, co#"osiion 'old #os ineres<
Durin, %n eAciin, scene. for eA%#"le. w'en 'e dur%ion of s'os is #%de s'orer %nd
s'orer %s 'e ension ,rows. 'e %udience is conscious onl( of ,rowin, %,i%ion. %nd
f%s#ovin, %cion ;0i,ure 8CJ8D<J
Audience %enion is nor#%ll( 4e(ed o "roducion "%ceJ A s'or B%s' of infor#%ion durin,
% slow5e#"o se!uence #%( "%ss unnoiced. (e in % f%s5#ovin, se!uence i would '%ve
*een full( co#"re'endedJ
F21?RE 1&@1)
Tension c%n *e incre%sed *( !uic4er cuin,J $ere %n incre%sin, cuin, r%e is co#*ined wi' closer %nd closer s'osJ
;P'oos *( T(ler +oun,<
Priorit%< "ideo or Sound7
I is wor' re#e#*erin, durin, 'e ediin, "'%se '% ei'er 'e "icures or 'e %udio #%(
*e ,iven ()io)ityJ 0or eA%#"le. 'e di%lo,ue '%s "riori( w'en s'ooin, %n i#"or%n s"eec'J
Al'ou,' 'e c%#er% s'ould focus on 'e s"e%4er. % sin,le unc'%n,in, s'o would *eco#e
visu%ll( *orin,. even wi' c'%n,es in s'o si-eJ To #%4e i #ore ineresin,. % nu#*er of
Ecu%w%( s'osF %re usu%ll( used of 'e %udience. s"eci%l ,uess. re%cions. %nd so onJ &u
'e di%lo,ue is coninuous %nd un*ro4enSeven w'en ediin, 'e i#%,eJ
If 'e s"eec' w%s oo lon,. i #%( need o *e edied in "os"roducion in order o 'old 'e
%udience)s %enionJ Gener%ll( 'e #os i#"or%n "%ss%,es %re 'en edied o,e'erJ In
'is siu%ion. visu%ll( i would *e e%s( for 'e %udience o 'ee '% se,#ens '%d *een
re#oved. 'erefore s'os of 'e %udience #%( need o *e "l%ced over 'e edisJ
T'ere %re occ%sion%l scenes in w'ic' wo "eo"le %re su""osed o *e s"e%4in, o e%c' o'er.
%l'ou,' 'e( were %cu%ll( s'o se"%r%el(J 0or ins%nce. %ll 'e s'os of % *o( sr%nded on
% cli6 would *e %4en % 'e s%#e i#e ;wi' di%lo,ue<J All 'e s'os %nd co##ens of 'is
rescuer % 'e o" of 'e cli6 would *e s'o % %no'er i#eJ Durin, ediin,. 'e s'os wi'
'eir res"ecive s"eec' would *e cu o,e'er o "rovide % coninuous convers%ionJ
So 'ere %re i#es w'en 'e i#%,es '%ve "riori(. %nd 'e sound #us *e closel( rel%ed o
w'% we %re seein,J O'er i#es. 'e sound will *e 'e "riori(. %nd ever('in, '%s o *e
edied o su""or '% soundJ
1ood /irectin$CEditin$ Techni.ues
If ediin, is done well. 'e %udience does no noice i. *u is %*sor*ed in is eCectJ T'ere %re
cer%in es%*lis'ed "rinci"les in 'e w%( one edis. %nd %l'ou,' li4e %ll ErulesF 'e( #%( *e
occ%sion%ll( disre,%rded. 'e( '%ve *een cre%ed ou of eA"erienceJ $ere %re % few of 'e
#os co##on3
Avoid cuin, *eween s'os of eAre#el( di6eren si-es of 'e s%#e su*9ec ;close5u" o
lon, s'o<J I is % *i 9olin, for 'e %udienceJ
Do no cu *eween wo s'os of 'e s%#e si-e ;close5u" o close5u"< of 'e s%#e su*9ecJ
I "roduces % 7u,( cut ;0i,ure 8CJ=K<J
If wo su*9ecs %re ,oin, in 'e s%#e direcion ;c'%sin,. followin,<. '%ve 'e# *o' ,oin,
%cross 'e screen in 'e s%#e direcionJ If 'eir screen direcions %re o""osie. i su,,ess
'% 'e( %re #eein, or "%rin,J
F21?RE 1&@2*
M%c'in, cus3 "eo"leJ
W'en cuin, *eween i#%,es of "eo"le. %void 'e followin, disr%cin, e6ecs3
=A> Mis#%c'ed c%#er% %n,lesJ
=,> C'%n,es in 'e%droo#J
=C> 7u#" cus3 Avoid cuin, *eween s'os '% %re onl( sli,'l( di6eren in si-eJ T'e
su*9ec suddenl( %""e%rs o 9u#". s'rin4. or ,rowJ
;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er<
Avoid cuin, *eween sill ;s%ic< s'os %nd #ovin, i#%,es ;"%nnin,. ilin,. -oo#in,.
ecJ<. eAce" for % s"eci?c "ur"oseJ
If (ou '%ve o *re%4 'e coninui( of %cion ;deli*er%el( or un%void%*l(<. inroduce %
cu%w%( s'oJ &u r( o ensure '% 'is rel%es #e%nin,full( o 'e #%in %cionJ Durin, %
*oAin, #%c'. % cu%w%( o %n eAcied s"ec%or 'el"s 'e ensionJ A cu%w%( o % *ored
s"ec%or ;9us *ec%use (ou '%""en o '%ve 'e unused s'o< would *e #e%nin,less.
%l'ou,' i c%n *e used %s % co##en on 'e #%in %cionJ
Avoid cuin, o s'os '% #%4e % "erson or o*9ec 9u#" fro# one side of 'e screen o 'e
o'erJ
Anticipatin$ Editin$
I does no #%er 'ow ,ood 'e video i#%,es %reN if 'e( %re in%""ro"ri%e. 'e( #%( no
*e %*le o *e usedJ As (ou "l%n (our s'os. 4ee" in #ind '% 'e r%nsiion fro# one i#%,e
o %no'er '%s o wor4 s#oo'l(J 0ollowin, %re so#e of 'e issues o 'in4 %*ou w'en
s'ooin,J
MLTICAMERA AND POSTPRODCTION EDITING
Edis s'ould *e #oiv%edJ T'ere s'ould *e % re%son for 'e ediJ
Avoid )e&e)'e2*ngle 'hot' ;s'os fro# 'e o'er side of 'e %Ais of %cion< unless needed
for % s"eci?c re%son ;suc' %s slow5#oion s'os of % s"ors even<. or if i is un%void%*le
;suc' %s w'en crossin, 'e ro%d o s'oo % "%r%de fro# 'e o'er side<J Include he*d2on
'hot' ;fron%l s'os< of 'e s%#e %cionJ T'ese s'os c%n wor4 %s r%nsiion%l s'osJ
Kee" Ecue s'osF o % #ini#u#. unless 'e( c%n re%ll( *e ine,r%ed ino 'e "ro,r%#J
T'ese include su*9ecs li4e reBecions. sil'ouees %,%ins 'e sunse. %ni#%ls or c'ildren %
"l%(. foose"s in 'e s%nd. %nd so onJ T'e( %4e u" v%lu%*le i#e %nd #%( '%ve #ini#%l
useJ $owever. 'ere %re i#es w'en *e%u( s'os '%ve 'eir "l%ce. suc' %s %n es%*lis'in,
s'oJ
W'ere "ossi*le. include fe%ures in s'os '% will 'el" "rovide 'e %udience wi' 'e
coneA of 'e evenJ T'is 'el"s 'e# idenif( 'e s"eci?c loc%ion ;suc' %s l%nd#%r4s<J
Alw%(s c'ec4 w'% is '%""enin, in 'e *%c4,round *e'ind 'e %len or su*9ecJ
Disr%cions. suc' %s "eo"le w%vin,. r%s' c%ns. %nd si,ns. c%n %4e 'e %udience)s %enion
%w%( fro# 'e #%in su*9ecJ W'en s'ooin, #uli"le %4es of % scene. w%c' 'e
*%c4,round for si,ni?c%n c'%n,es '% will #%4e ediin, 'e %4es o,e'er diOculJ
POSTPRODCTION EDITING
Include co&e) 'hot' ;lon, s'os< of %cion w'erever "ossi*le o s'ow 'e over%ll view of 'e
%cionJ
Alw%(s le%ve sever%l seconds of )un2in %nd )un2out ;so#ei#es c%lled he*d' %nd t*il'< %
'e s%r %nd ?nis' of e%c' s'oJ Do no *e,in recordin, 9us %s 'e %cion is *e,innin, or
'e %len is %*ou o s"e%4 or so" i##edi%el( w'en %cion or s"eec' ?nis'esJ S"%re
foo%,e % 'e *e,innin, %nd end of e%c' s'o will %llow #ore BeAi*le ediin,J
Include "oeni%l cut*0*y 'hot' '% c%n *e used o cover edis w'en %n( se!uence is
s'orened or len,'enedJ T'ese could include crowd s'os. lon,s s'os. %nd "eo"le w%l4in,
*(J
Tr( o %nici"%e coninui(J If 'ere %re onl( % few s'os %4en in d%(li,' %nd o'ers %
ni,'. i #%( no *e "r%cic%l o edi 'e# o,e'er o "rovide % coninuous se!uenceJ
W'ere 'ere is ,oin, o *e co##en%r( over 'e video ;voiceover<. %llow for 'is in 'e
len,' %nd "%ce of %4esJ 0or eA%#"le. %void in%""ro"ri%el( c'o""( ediin, due o s'os
*ein, oo *riefJ ;Ediors so#ei#es '%ve o slow5#oion or sill5fr%#e % ver( s'or s'o o
#%4e i us%*leJ<
Pl%n o include lon, s'os %nd close5u" s'os of %cion. o "rovide %ddiion%l ediin,
o"ionsJ 0or eA%#"le. w'ere 'e %cion s'ows "eo"le crossin, % *rid,e. % v%rie( of %n,les
c%n #%4e % #und%ne su*9ec visu%ll( ineresin,J 0or eA%#"le. %nLSSw%l4in, %w%( fro#
c%#er% ow%rd *rid,eN MSSw%l4in, on 'e *rid,e. loo4in, overN 4LSSs'ooin, u" % 'e
*rid,e fro# 'e river *elowN LSSw%l4in, fro# 'e *rid,e o 'e c%#er% on 'e f%r sideN %nd
so onJ
Re#e#*er '% environ#en%l noises c%n "rovide v%lu%*le *rid,in, sound *eween s'os
w'en ediin,J T'e( c%n *e recorded %s % 0ild t)*c/ ;uns(nced sound<J
W'erever "ossi*le. use %n idenif(in, *o%rd or sl%e % 'e s%r of e%c' s'oJ O'erwise.
'e %len or c%#er% o"er%or c%n s%e 'e s'o nu#*er so '% 'e edior 4nows w'ere i
,oes in 'e ?n%l "roducionJ
DIRECTING6EDITING ETHICS
Ediin, is % "owerful oolJ And we c%nno for,e '% 'e w%( % se!uence is direced or
edied c%n %nd s'ould sron,l( inBuence %n %udience)s iner"re%ions of w'% is '%""enin,J
Ediin, c%n #%ni"ul%eSso#ei#es unwiin,l(S%nd. "%ricul%rl( in f%cu%l "ro,r%#s
;newsc%ss. docu#en%ries<. one needs o *e %w%re of 'e underl(in, e'ics of cer%in
re%#enJ A se!uence of "icures c%n *e selecive. #isle%din, 'e %udience3
One could deli*er%el( %void s'owin, si,ni?c%n re%cions *( cuin, ou en'usi%sic
%""l%use or 'ec4lin, durin, % s"eec'J
O#iin, i#"or%n %cion or di%lo,ue3 W'en % "erson rises. urns o %no'er. *ows
reverenl(. %nd slowl( le%ves 'e roo#. 'is %cion could *e edied so '% we see 'e "erson
rise. o"en 'e door. %nd eAiS%""%renl( de"%rin, %*ru"l( %nd uncere#oniousl(. %nd
,ivin, % ver( di6eren i#"ression of evensJ
Inroduce #isle%din, or %#*i,uous %cion3 Durin, % s"eec'. cuin, *eween s'os of
"eo"le le%vin, or of % "erson in 'e %udience (%wnin, or slee"in,J
Inroducin, f%lse #%eri%l3 S'owin, en'usi%sic %""l%use '% is %cu%ll( %ssoci%ed wi' %
s"eec' di6eren fro# 'e one we '%ve *een w%c'in,J
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ Descri*e 'e wo #%in ("es of ediin, ;live %nd "os"roducion< %nd eA"l%in 'ow 'e( %re
%li4eJ
2@ $ow does 'e %c of ediin, wo cli"s o,e'er %6ec 'e %udience1
3@ W'% is 'e di6erence *eween line%r %nd nonline%r ediin,1
@ EA"l%in 'e nonline%r ediin, "rocessJ
!@ W'( lo, video foo%,e1
&@ $ow do (ou deer#ine 'e order of s'os1
'@ W'% %re 'e *%sic swic'er r%nsiions %nd w'en %re 'e( used1
(@ W'( is e'ics %n issue w'en ediin,1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< SC;TT P;6E++
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< M( 9o* is o %4e i#%,es %nd sounds %nd #old 'e# ino %
co'eren sor(J
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 One of 'e 'in,s I li4e %*ou #( 9o* is '% I ,e o
re% "eo"le o 'e fruis of 'eir l%*orJ Afer #%n( *%les '%ve *een fou,' over 'e scri".
'e c%sin,. 'e "roducion desi,n. %nd %ll of 'e #%n( frusr%ions of "roducion. I ,e o
;'o"efull(< s'ow 'e# '% i %ll urned ou wellJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 T'e ("es of
c'%llen,es '% f%ce #e '%ve o do wi' %4in, w'%ever is dro""ed in #( l%" %nd we%vin,
i ino so#e'in, '% sirs 'e sensesJ W'e'er i)s eAciin,. e#oion%l. sus"enseful. or s%d.
'e edior)s 9o* is o #%4e 'e #os ou of e%c' #o#enJ We s'%"e %n %cor)s "erfor#%nce.
one line. so#ei#es one word % % i#eJ
Are their speciGc thin$s that %ou do to speciGcall% prepare to 5or- on a
production7 W'% I do o "re"%re is re%d 'e scri" %nd 'en 9us di, inJ As 'e scenes
co#e in I cu 'e#J I use 'e lined scri" %s % ro%d #%" o #( #%eri%l %nd I le 'e #%eri%l
,uide w'% I doJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 M( *es %dvice is o ,o wi' (our ,uJ Use (our own insincs o ?nd 'e e#oion%l
r'('# of % sceneJ Le%rn 'e rules of ediin, %nd #%4e 'e# second n%ure *efore (ou s%r
*re%4in, 'e#J
F21?RE 1&@21
Sco Powell. Edior
Scott Po0ell i' *n edito) 0ho h*' 0o)/ed on *l,o't M> diCe)ent tele&i'ion 'ho0'
including; $%w%ii 0ive5O. =I. T'e Lo.*nd Los Ci( R%idersJ
PART .
Production Techniques
CHAPTER 18
Production Practices
EIf so#e'in, '%s ,one wron,. % direcor w'o "%nics %nd s'ous #erel( s"re%ds 'e "%nic o
%ll 'ose on 'e inerco# %nd will cre%e %n %ir of uncer%in(J S"e%4in, wi' % c%l# voice.
even if (ou %re inw%rdl( in ur#oil. will 'el" o solve 'e "ro*le#s !uic4l( %nd eOcienl(JF
Si9on StaKurth, /irector, >ritain5s 1ot Talent
Ter9s
Action lineCa3is of action lineCe%e line< T'e i#%,in%r( line %lon, 'e direcion of 'e
%cion in 'e sceneJ C%#er%s s'ould s'oo fro# onl( one side of 'is lineJ
Crash start< T%4es us sr%i,' ino 'e "ro,r%#. w'ic' %""e%rs o '%ve *e,un %lre%d(3 An
%uo#o*ile scre%#s o % so" ouside % sore. % ?,ure 'rows % *o#* '% eA"lodes. %n
%l%r# *ell s'rills. % "olice siren w%ilsS'e s'ow '%s *e,un %nd iles roll over 'e c'%sin,
ve'iclesJ
Cuta5a% shot< T'ese s'os %re used o cover edis w'en %n( se!uence is s'orened or
len,'enedJ Gener%ll(. i is % s'o of so#e'in, ouside of 'e curren fr%#eJ
Fil9ic space< 0il#ic s"%ce inercus %cion '% is concurren % di6eren "l%ces3 As %
soldier diesW'is son is *orn *%c4 'o#eJ
Fil9ic ti9e< O#is iner#edi%e %cion. condensin, i#e %nd s'%r"enin, 'e "%ceJ We cu
fro# 'e %uo#o*ile so""in, o 'e driver enerin, %n %"%r#enJ
Pace< T'e r%e of e#oion%l "ro,ressionJ A slow "%ce su,,ess di,ni(. sole#ni(.
cone#"l%ion. %nd dee" e#oionN % f%s "%ce conve(s ener,(. eAcie#en. confusion.
*r%s'ness. %nd so onJ
Teaser< S'owin, dr%#%ic. "rovoc%ive. inri,uin, 'i,'li,'s fro# 'e "roducion. *efore 'e
o"enin, ilesJ T'e ,o%l is o convince 'e %udience o s%( for 'e enire "roducionJ

Television "roducion co#"%nies %ll over 'e world follow sur"risin,l( si#il%r "r%cicesJ T'is
is "%ri%ll( due o 'e n%ure of 'e #ediu# %nd "%ri%ll( due o 'e resul of s'%rin,
4nowled,e %nd eA"erienceJ
PR;/?CT2;8 PRESS?RES
Or,%ni-in, %nd coordin%in, 'e "roducion ofen le%ves #os direcors lile i#e o
#edi%e on 'e #ediu#)s %es'eicsJ Re'e%rs%l i#e is usu%ll( li#iedJ T'e c%#er% %nd
sound crews %re #eein, 'e direcor)s *r%inc'ild for 'e ?rs i#e %nd need o unders%nd
'e visionJ If 'e re%#en is el%*or%e. 'ere is ,re%er o""oruni( for "ro*le#s '%
re!uire i##edi%e decisionsJ If 'e "roducion is s'o ou of se!uence. i *eco#es '% #uc'
#ore diOcul o ensure '% e%c' se,#en is co'eren %nd will "rovide ,ood coninui( w'en
edied o,e'erJ In 'is ("e of siu%ion. i is ofen e#"in, o 9us eA"eri#en inse%d of
follow 'e nor#%ll( %cce"ed "roducion "rocessW'ere '%s *e % *%l%nceJ
SH;;T281 STB+ES
T'ere %re % nu#*er of di6eren %""ro%c'es o s'ooin,. r%n,in, fro# unscri"ed o full(
scri"edJ
In un'c)i(ted s'ooin,. 'e c%#er% ends o record %v%il%*le evens. "er'%"s wor4in, fro# %
rou,' ouline ;s'ooin, "l%n<J M%eri%l is seleced durin, "os"roducion %nd co#"iled ino %
"ro,r%# for#% wi' %dded co##en%r(J T'is ec'ni!ue is ofen used w'en s'ooin,
docu#en%ries %nd news soriesJ
Fully 'c)i(ted "roducions. on 'e o'er '%nd. %re ?rs *ro4en down ino 'eir individu%l
s'os or scenes. %nd 'en 'e ec'ni!ues involved for e%c' s'o or ,rou" of s'os %re
%ssessedJ T'e s%,ed %cion is 'en #e'odic%ll( s'o ou of sor( se!uence ;%ccordin, o %
s'ooin, sc'edule:"l%n< for #%Ai#u# econo#( %nd eOcienc(J 0or eA%#"le. if 'e sor(line
re!uires % series of inercu s'os *eween 'e 'eroine % 'e cli6 o" %nd 'e 'ero *elow. %ll
'e se!uences involved %re s'o % one c%#er% seu". 'en 'e c%#er% is #oved o 'e
o'er %n,le for 'e neA s'osJ
T'is ou5of5se!uence s'ooin, "revens '%vin, o cons%nl( #ove 'e c%#er% *%c4 %nd
for'J I s%ves i#e ;w'ic' is #one(< wi' fewer c%#er% seu"s. li,'in,. %nd %udio. %nd uses
%cors #ore econo#ic%ll(J
S281+EICA4ERA TECH82D?ES
Sin,le5c%#er% s'ooin, is 'e r%diion%l #e'od of ?l##%4in,J Two or #ore c%#er%s %re
used onl( for siu%ions in w'ic' re"e% %cion would *e i#"r%cic%*le or cosl(. or
si#ul%neous %n,les %re re!uired. suc' %s w'en der%ilin, % r%inJ
S'ooin, ou of se!uence ofen re!uires 'e %cors o re"e% 'eir %cion for e%c' c'%n,e in
c%#er% view"oin or s'o len,'. w'ic' c%n inroduce coninui( "ro*le#sJ Acion. ,esures.
eA"ressions. cosu#e. li,'in,. %nd so on #us *e consisen ;'is is coninui(< wi'in 'e
v%rious inercu s'os %nd rel%e o 'e sor( develo"#en. %l'ou,' 'e( #%( '%ve *een
?l#ed % di6eren i#esJ
Sin$leICa9era Setups
Afer % se!uence of s'os is c%refull( edied. 'e coninui( c%n %""e%r so n%ur%l '%
viewers will no 'in4 %*ou 'e f%c '% i w%s ori,in%ll( s'o %s % dis9oined series of
individu%l seu"sJ
In % ("ic%l se!uence. we #%( ?nd ourselves close o % #%n %s 'e w%l4sS(e %n ins%n
l%er see 'i# fro# % dis%n view"oinJ T'e c%#er% is ofen Elef *e'indF %s 'e #oves %w%(
S(e is % 'is desin%ion %s 'e %rrives ;0i,ure 8QJ8<J T'e over%ll e6ec 'ere is s#oo'5
Bowin, %nd "rovides % v%rie( of %n,lesJ To do 'e o*vious %nd s'oo 'is enire se!uence %s
coninuous %cion would '%ve re!uired sever%l c%#er%s. s"re%d over % si,ni?c%n dis%nceS
%n %""ro%c' '% #i,' no *e "r%cic%l %n(w%(J Usu%ll(. i would no "rovide 'e s%#e
e6ecJ
F21?RE 1'@1
Sin,le5c%#er% s'ooin,3 in order o %c'ieve s#oo'5Bowin, %cion wi' one c%#er%. % series of c%#er% seu"s %re ofen
necess%r(J
Shootin$ ?ncontrolled Action
W'en usin, % sin,le c%#er% o s'oo *ro%d %cion over w'ic' (ou '%ve no conrol. (ou '%ve
'e o"ion of3
Re#%inin, % % ?Aed view"oin %nd rel(in, on 'e -oo# lens o "rovide % v%rie( of s'os
Movin, 'e c%#er% o % series of di6eren v%n%,e "oins. c'%n,in, 'e %n,le %nd s'o
si-e o c%"ure 'e #%in fe%ures of 'e occ%sion
Cle%rl(. if (ou %re s'ooin, % "u*lic even suc' %s % "%r%de wi' % sin,le c%#er%. 'e ?rs
o"ion would *e ver( li#iin,J $owever. if (ou #ove %round or so" s'ooin,. (ou will
"ro*%*l( lose cover%,e of so#e of 'e %cion. unless (ou c%n i#e (our #oves o ? in wi'
% lull in 'e "roceedin,s ;0i,ure 8QJ=<J
In order o si#"lif( 'e ediin, "rocess. i is i#"or%n o s'oo "len( of ,ener%l #%eri%l
'% c%n *e used %s cu%w%( s'osJ Cu%w%(s end o *e of wo ("es3 %cive %nd "%ssiveJ
T'e *cti&e cut*0*y includes su*9ecs '% c%n *e edied ino 'e "ro,r%# onl( % % s"eci?c
#o#en. suc' %s s'os of % own cloc4 s'owin, '% 'e "%r%de is %*ou o s%r or 'e
crowd)s res"onses o % s"eci?c evenJ P*''i&e cut*0*y' c%n *e used % %l#os %n( i#e.
%nd #i,' include reBecions. B%,s. sun 'rou,' *r%nc'es. %nd so onJ
Wi' news evens. (ou #%4e 'e #os of w'%ever o""oruniies %re %v%il%*leJ +ou #%( *e
%*le o "l%n eA%cl( w'% (ou %re ,oin, o do. c'ec4in, ou 'e roue %nd (our %n,les in
%dv%nceJ +ou #%( even *e %*le o inBuence 'e evens % lile. %rr%n,in, for 'e *e%u(
!ueen in 'e "rocession o urn %nd s#ile in 'e direcion of 'e c%#er% %s s'e "%ssesJ &u.
,ener%ll(. (ou will '%ve lile conrol over 'e enire siu%ion %nd 'ere %re usu%ll( no
re"e%sJ
F21?RE 1'@2
W'en s'ooin, wi' % sin,le c%#er% % % "u*lic even. suc' %s 'is "%r%de. 'e c%#er% o"er%or needs o decide w'e'er
o s%( in one "l%ce %nd ,e w'%ever co#es 'is w%(. or #ove %round o di6eren %n,les o o*%in *eer s'os. *u
"ossi*l( #iss so#e of 'e %cionJ
EM( %#*iion w%s o *e one of 'e "eo"le w'o #%de % di6erence in 'is worldJ M( 'o"e is o
le%ve 'e world % lile *eer for '%vin, *een 'ereJF
:i9 Henson, /irector, %esame %treet
Shootin$ Controlled Action
W'en s'ooin, siu%ions '% (ou c%n conrol. suc' %s inerviews. dr%#% se!uences. %nd
'e li4e. 'e siu%ion is ver( di6eren fro# s'ooin, unconrolled %cionJ Now (ou c%n
%rr%n,e 'e %cion. 'e c%#er% seu"s. %nd so#ei#es 'e li,'in, %nd s%,in, ;*%c4,round
%nd "ro"s< o ? e%c' individu%l s'oJ
If (ou w%n o re"e% 'e s%#e %cion so '% (ou '%ve lon, s'os. #ediu# s'os. %nd
closeu" s'os of i o uli#%el( cu o,e'er. i c%n *e "l%nned ou in %dv%nceJ Inse%d of
'%vin, o selec fro# w'%ever is '%""enin, % 'e loc%ion. (ou '%ve 'e o"ion o c'%n,e
'in,s o i#"rove 'e sor(lineJ T'is could include '%vin, 'e "erson le%n over 'e *rid,e o
i#"rove 'e co#"osiion. w%iin, for 'e sun o co#e ou. or "%usin, w'ile % loud %ircr%f
"%sses over'e%dJ
+ou ,ener%ll( %4e 'e s'os in 'e #os convenien. r%ion%l orderJ +ou c%n 'en edi 'e#
o,e'er %ferw%rds o ? 'e sor(line se!uenceJ If. for ins%nce. (ou '%ve % series of s'os
of "eo"le on ei'er side of % river. i is o*viousl( #ore sensi*le. %nd eOcien. o s'oo %ll of
'e %cion on one side %nd 'en #ove o 'e o'er. r%'er '%n #ovin, *%c4 %nd for'.
s'ooin, in 'e scri")s runnin, orderJ
W'en s'ooin, ou of order. (ou '%ve o %4e c%re '% 'ere %re no o*vious discre"%ncies
'% s"oil 'e coninui( *eween 'e s'os w'en 'e( %re cu o,e'erJ If in our eA%#"le
'ere '%""ened o *e *ri,' suns'ine w'en s'ooin, on one *%n4 of 'e river *u "ourin,
r%in w'en s'ooin, on 'e o'er. 'e inercu s'os would loo4 "re( unconvincin, ;0i,ure
8QJ><J
Se$9ented Shootin$
S'ooin, conrolled %cion wi' % sin,le c%#er% nor#%ll( re!uires 'e direcor o *re%4 down
'e %cion ino % series of *rief c%#er% seu"s or %cion se,#ensJ If "%r of 'e %cion %dds
no'in, o 'e siu%ion. i #%( *e deli*er%el( o#ied %lo,e'erJ A o'er i#es. 'e %cion
#%( *e e#"'%si-edJ Le)s i#%,ine so#e o"ions wi' % si#"le siu%ion3
So,eone i' 0*l/ing *long the 't)eetJ
If we %re onl( re%ll( ineresed in w'% 'e "erson does w'en 'e or s'e re%c'es %
desin%ion. 'e w%l4 c%n *e o#ied co#"leel(J
Per'%"s we w%n o e#"'%si-e '% 'e "erson '%s 'ur % le,. %nd ever( se" is %4en in
%,on(J In '% c%se. we #i,' follow 'i# or 'er closel(S'e 'e%v( foose"s. 'e 'esi%n
w%l4in, sic4. %nd 'e uneven sidew%l4Sin % series of s'os %4en fro# di6eren %n,lesJ
Su""ose 'e sor()s %i# is o inri,ue usJ We wonder w'% is ,oin, o '%""enWis 'e or s'e
,oin, o *e %%c4ed *( % 'ief1 In 'is siu%ion. we would "ro*%*l( s'oo 'e se!uence
!uie di6erenl(J T'e enire w%l4 #i,' *e ?l#ed on % s%ion%r( c%#er%. usin, % coninuous
"%nnin, s'oJ We s'ow 'e "erson w%l4in, "%s 'e c%#er% ino 'e dis%nceS%nd ou of
'e s'oJ We 'old 'e e#"( fr%#eW%nd 'eir "ursuer #oves ino 'e fore,round of 'e
s'oJ
Cle%rl(. 'ow 'e %cion is *ro4en u" will de"end on 'e dr%#%ic "ur"ose of 'e i#%,e
se!uenceJ
As %n eAercise. record % lon, %cion se!uence fro# % #oion "icure or docu#en%r(J I
#i,' *e s'owin, so#eone roc4 cli#*in,. s%ilin, % *o%. or in % c%r c'%seJ An%l(-e 'e s'os
'% #%4e u" 'is %cion se!uenceJ Ti#e 'e#J T'in4 c%refull( %*ou 'e v%rie( of %n,lesJ
In % c%r c'%se. (ou #i,' ?nd '% % one #o#en. 'e c%#er% is in 'e c%r *eside 'e
driverN in 'e neA. we see % fron%l s'o of 'e c%r s'owin, 'e driver %lone in 'e c%rJ Cu.
%nd we %re *e'ind 'e driver)s s'oulder loo4in, 'rou,' 'e winds'ieldN %nd now we %re
loo4in, down fro# % 'i,' *uildin, %s 'e c%r #%neuvers % cornerJ I #oves %w%( ino 'e
dis%nce %ndScuSwe see i co#in, u" ow%rd 'e c%#er%J
W'en w%c'in, 'is re%#en. we never !uesion 'e r%"idl( c'%n,in, %n,les. or w'( 'e
c%#er% is suddenl( loc%ed on % 'elico"erJ W'en s'ooin, in 'e deser. we see 'e c%r
v%nis' ino 'e dis%nceSwi'ou wonderin, w'e'er i is ,oin, o co#e *%c4 o "ic4 u" 'e
c%#er% o"er%orY
F21?RE 1'@3
If 'e edior w%ned o cu *eween 'ese wo s'os. coninui( would *e % "ro*le#J Noe '% 'e #%n)s s'oes %re %
di6eren color in e%c' s'oJ
M%n( ("es of %cion. in re%li(. c%n %4e oo lon, %nd *eco#e so#ew'% *orin, o w%c'J
S'oo 'e# coninuousl(. %nd 'e %udience)s ineres will w%nderJ Inse%d. *re%4 sus%ined
%cion ino coninu%ll( v%r(in, %n,les. %nd (ou c%n cre%e % livel( "%ce %nd #%in%in 'e
viewer)s ineresJ
One s"eci?c funcion of ediin, is '% we c%n cre%e %n illusion of coninui( *eween s'os
or siu%ions w'ere in f%c none eAissJ Ediin, en%*les us o develo" %cion se!uences '%
in re%li( we could no s'ooJ
I#%,ine % scene s'owin, % *ird on % *r%nc'N % close s'o %s i dives ino 'e sre%#N %n
underw%er s'o of ?s'N % ?s' is c%u,' *( 'e *irdN 'e *ird sis *eside 'e river e%in, is
c%c'J T'ese %re "ro*%*l( s'os of di6eren *irds. %nd of di6eren ?s'. s'o % di6eren
i#esJ T'e se"%r%e s'os %re edied o,e'er o for# % co#"lee e6ecive %cion se!uenceJ
We '%ve loo4ed % 'ese eA%#"les in so#e de%il. *ec%use 'e( e"io#i-e 'e 'in4in, %nd
'e ec'ni!ues '% underlie sin,le5c%#er% s'ooin,J As (ou will le%rn in 'e neA secion.
'e( %re noice%*l( di6eren fro# #ulic%#er% re%#ensJ
F21?RE 1'@
Two5c%#er% re%#en3 s'os %re divided *eween wo c%#er%sJ C%# 8 concenr%es on lon, s'os %nd C%# = %4es close5
u"s '% "rovide de%iled infor#%ionJ
4?+T2CA4ERA TECH82D?ES
ECuin, '%s so#ei#es *eco#e oo freneicJ I is i#"or%n o le 'e %cion in 'e fr%#e
ell 'e sor( inse%d of f%s cuin,JF
:ohn 8iena0er, Producer
Usin, wo or #ore c%#er%s ,ives (ou %ddiion%l BeAi*ili( o '%ndle %n( siu%ionJ Wi'ou
#issin, %n( of 'e %cion. or needin, %cion re"e%ed. (ou c%n cu *eween di6eren s'os
of 'e s%#e su*9ec. %ler 'e c%#er%)s %n,le. %nd #ove o %no'er %re% of 'e se ;0i,ure
8QJI<J
+ou c%n ins%nl( c'%n,e 'e si,ni?c%nce of % s'oJ +ou c%n "rovide new infor#%ion. %ler
e#"'%sis. "oin ou new de%il. s'ow re%cions. s'if 'e %udience)s %enion. co#"%re
rel%ions'i"s. %nd inroduce visu%l v%rie(J And %ll w'ile 'e %cion coninuesJ
Usin, sever%l c%#er%s. (ou c%n %rr%n,e o '%ve one coverin, 'e %cion %nd %no'er re%d(
o c%c' 'e %udience)s re%cions ;0i,ure 8QJP<J &u if (ou %re s'ooin, wi' % sin,le c%#er%.
(ou %re unli4el( o urn %w%( fro# 'e #%in even o see w'e'er so#eone in 'e crowd is
res"ondin,J +ou %re #ore li4el( o s'oo so#e re%cion s'os l%er ;"ro*%*l( rel%in, o %n
enirel( di6eren %cion<. %nd edi 'e# in for e6ec durin, "os"roducionJ
"isual "ariet%
S%ic s'os e%sil( *eco#e *orin,J So %udience ineres c%n *e encour%,ed *( inroducin,
#ove#en %nd c'%n,eS%l'ou,'. if overdone. 'e i#%,es c%n *eco#e disr%cin, o w%c'J
R%"id cuin, de#%nds coninu%l viewer concenr%ion. w'ic' is no e%sil( sus%inedJ
Coninu%l %cion %nd c%#er% #ove#en c%n we%r ou 'e %udienceJ As %lw%(s. 'e %i# is %
well5*%l%nced *lend wi' v%ri%ions in "%ce. e#"o. %nd e#"'%sisJ
Successful visu%l v%rie( c%n *e %c'ieved in % nu#*er of w%(s. %s descri*ed in 'e followin,
su*secionsJ
F21?RE 1'@!
S'ooin, wi' #uli"le c%#er%s %llows 'e direcor o s'ow % v%rie( of %n,les. %ssisin, in #%in%inin, 'e %udience)s
%enionJ ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er %nd P%ul Du"ree<
PERFORMER MOVEMENT
Mos visu%l v%rie( se#s fro# %cion wi'in 'e scene. %s "eo"le %ler "osiions %nd
re,rou"J 2uie ofen. #ore #e%nin,ful c'%n,es %re %c'ieved *( %len #ove#en '%n *(
c%#er% #oves or ediin,J
In % close5u" s'o. 'e %len do#in%esJ As 'e or s'e #oves %w%( fro# 'e c%#er%. 'e
%udience *eco#es #ore %w%re of 'eir rel%ions'i" o 'e surroundin,sJ In lon, s'os. 'ese
surroundin,s #%( do#in%eJ So *( c'%n,in, 'e len,' of 'e s'o. (ou c'%n,e e#"'%sis
%nd cre%e visu%l v%ri%ionJ
CHANGES $. GROPING
W'ere "eo"le %re se%ed ;"%nels. %l4 s'ows<. (ou c%n %c'ieve visu%l v%rie( *( isol%ion.
selecivel( s'ooin, individu%ls. wo5s'os. %nd su*,rou"s ;0i,ure 8QJC<J
SHOOTING STATIC S$<ECTS
/isu%l v%rie( c%n *e inroduced ino (our re%#en of non#ovin, su*9ecs ;s%u%r(.
"oer(. "%inin,s. Bowers< *( 'e w%( (ou s'oo %nd li,' 'e#J /%rie( c%n *e cre%ed
wi' view"oin5%lerin, c%#er% #ove#ens3 selecivel( "%nnin, over 'e su*9ec.
inerrel%in, is v%rious "%rsN c'%n,in, 'e li,'in, o isol%e or e#"'%si-e secions or %ler
'e su*9ec)s %""e%r%nceN or '%ndlin, s#%ller o*9ecs. urnin, 'e# o s'ow 'e di6eren
fe%uresJ
F21?RE 1'@&
S'ooin, ,rou"s3 s%ic ,rou"s c%n *e *ro4en ino % series of s#%ller individu%l s'osJ 0or sin,le5c%#er% s'ooin,. 'is
involves re"osiionin, 'e c%#er% ;or re"e%ed %cion<J Wi' #ulic%#er% s'ooin,. 'e direcor c%n cu *eween 'e
v%rious %n,lesJ
VARIET. $. DOCOR
T'e "resen%ion of cer%in su*9ecs #%( *e resriced ;"i%no "l%(in,. sin,ers<J T'e( c%n *e
rel%ivel( s%ic %nd #e%nin,ful s'o v%ri%ions c%n *e li#iedJ +ou c%n "reven s%#eness
*eween "roducions *( inroducin, v%ri%ions in 'e d_corJ T'is c%n '%""en wi'
*%c4,round or scenic c'%n,es or *( li,'in,J T'e "icures c%n loo4 si,ni?c%nl( di6eren.
even if 'e s'os %nd %n,les follow % reco,ni-%*le for#% ;0i,ure 8QJQ<J
Crossin$ the A3is of Action +ine
C%#er% view"oins c%n e%sil( confuse 'e %udience)s sense of direcion %nd 'eir i#"ression
of s"%i%l rel%ions'i"s if c%re is no %4en w'en selecin, c%#er% "osiionsJ 0or eA%#"le.
durin, % *%s4e*%ll ,%#e. if c%#er%s %re "l%ced on *o' sides of 'e cour. i is confusin, o
see % "l%(er runnin, ow%rd 'e lef side of 'e screen %nd 'en. w'en 'e direcor cus o
'e c%#er% on 'e o'er side of 'e cour. seein, 'e s%#e "l%(er runnin, ow%rd 'e ri,'
side of 'e cour if 'e '%sn) %cu%ll( c'%n,ed direcionJ
F21?RE 1'@'
T'e d_cor. *%c4,round. or li,'in, c%n %dd v%rie( o % "roducionJ
F21?RE 1'@(
T'e red line re"resens 'e %Ais of %cion % % s"orin, evenJ All EliveF c%#er%s #us s%( on one side of '% lineJ T'e
(ellow %re% re"resens w'ere 'e c%#er%s c%n *e "l%ced on one side of 'e ?eld of "l%(J So#ei#es %ddiion%l c%#er%s %re
"l%ced on 'e o'er side for slow5#oion re"l%(. *u no liveJ
F21?RE 1'@)
T'e line of %cion3 S'os c%n *e cu *eween c%#er%s loc%ed on 'e s%#e side of 'e i#%,in%r( line of %cion3 *eween 8
%nd =. or > %nd IJ Cuin, *eween c%#er%s on o""osie sides of 'is line could c%use % 9u#" cu ;8 %nd >. 8 %nd I. = %nd
>. = %nd I<J ;P'oos *( 7os' T%*er<
To %void 'is. dr%w %n i#%,in%r( line %lon, 'e direcion of 'e %cion ;*ction line. *9i' of
*ction. eye line. or cente) line<J T'en *e c%reful '% c%#er%s s'oo fro# onl( one side of
'is lineS,ener%ll(. i is no crossedJ I is "ossi*le o doll( %cross 'e line. or s'oo %lon, i.
or c'%n,e is direcion *( re,rou"in, "eo"le. *u cuin, *eween c%#er%s on *o' sides of
'is i#%,in%r( line "roduces % )e&e)'e cut or 7u,( cut ;0i,ures DJ>I. 8QJL. %nd 8QJD<J
;r$ani#in$ the An$les
I is i#"or%n for direcors o cre%e %n or,%ni-ed %""ro%c' o coverin, 'e sor(J O*viousl(.
(ou could 9us "l%ce 'e c%#er%s %round % loc%ion %nd use 'e i#%,es '% '%""en o *e
c%"uredJ $owever. even if 'e c%#er%s c%"ured so#e ,re% i#%,es. 'ere #%( *e lile
rel%ions'i" *eween 'e i#%,es. 'ere would "ro*%*l( *e so#e ne%rl( idenic%l s'os %nd
so#e useless s'os. %nd 'e cover%,e would *e err%icJ S'os #us *e %""ro"ri%el( c'osen
%ccordin, o % coordin%ed "l%n. %nd onl( 'e direcor is in % "osiion o do 'is ;0i,ure
8QJ8K<J
Usin, 'is ec'ni!ue. (ou *e,in *( %n%l(-in, w'ere 'e %cion will %4e "l%ce ;w'ere "eo"le
#ove. w'% 'e( do 'ere. %nd so on< %nd %rr%n,e sr%e,ic c%#er% %n,les '% %re %*le o
c%"ure 'e needed i#%,esJ E%c' c%#er% "osiion "rovides % series of s'o o""oruniiesN
(ou selec fro# 'ese %v%il%*le s'os %s needed ;0i,ures 8QJ88. 8QJ8=. %nd T%*le 8QJ8<J
A s"ors evens. l%r,e concers. %nd o'er l%r,e5sc%le evens. 'is is 'e onl( "r%cic%l
%""ro%c'J C%#er%s %re ofen widel( dis"ersed. c%#er% #ove#en is ofen resriced. %nd
'e direcor ofen '%s o rel( on c%#er% o"er%ors o use 'eir inii%ive o ?nd
%""ro"ri%e s'osJ T'e direcor)s 4nowled,e of %cu%l s'o o""oruniies is #osl( derived
fro# w'% 'e c%#er%s reve%l %nd on5'e5s"o %ssis%ns ;usu%ll( c%lled s"oers<J T'e
direcor ,uides selecion. %d9uss s'o si-es. su,,ess desir%*le s'os. %nd c'ooses fro# 'e
%v%il%*le #%eri%lJ
F21?RE 1'@1*
Direcors cre%e %n or,%ni-ed %""ro%c' o coverin, 'e sor(. selecin, c%#er% "osiions '% "rovide %n,les '% %re
e6ecive in s'owin, 'e su*9ecJ
+ou c%n use % si#il%r sr%e,( in sudio "roducion for cer%in ("es of s'ows wi' % re,ul%r
for#%J 0or eA%#"le. (ou c%n %ssi,n s"eci?c s'os o e%c' c%#er%3
Ca9era 1< Lon, s'os %nd eAre#e lon, s'os
Ca9era 2< Pri#%ril( close5u" s'os
Ca9era 3< Mediu# s'os %nd close5u"s
T'is %""ro%c' is es"eci%ll( useful for unscri"ed EliveF "roducionsJ $owever. i is %lso
v%lu%*le for %len so '% 'e( 4now w'ic' c%#er% o loo4 % for close5u"s % %n( i#e
durin, 'e "roducionJ
Pro$ra9 ;penin$
Es%*lis'in, s'os. usu%ll( % lon, or eAre#e lon, s'o. inroduce 'e scene %nd 'e %cion.
sein, 'e #ood %nd inBuencin, 'e %udience)s fr%#e of #ind ow%rd w'% (ou '%ve o s%(
%nd s'owJ T'ere %re #%n( di6eren ("es of o"enin,sJ
THE FORMAL START
A EGood evenin,F or E$elloF inroduces 'e s'ow %nd #oves ino 'e conenJ W'e'er 'e
"resener %""e%rs c%su%l. reveren. indi6eren. or en'usi%sic c%n cre%e %n %#*ience
direcl( inBuencin, 'e %udience)s %iudeJ
THE TEASER
We %re s'own dr%#%ic. "rovoc%ive. inri,uin, 'i,'li,'s fro# 'e "roducion *efore 'e
o"enin, ilesJ T'e ,o%l is o convince 'e %udience o s%( for 'e enire "roducionJ
F21?RE 1'@11
E%c' c%#er% "osiion "rovides % li#ied nu#*er of s'o o""oruniies on % news seJ T'e direcor selecs fro# 'e %v%il%*le
s'os %s re!uiredJ Noe '% 'e second c%#er% #oves fro# 'e #%in se o 'e c'ro#%54e( seJ ;P'oos coures( of KOMU5
T/. WLEG. %nd 7os' T%*er<
THE CRASH START
We %re %4en sr%i,' ino 'e "ro,r%#. w'ic' %""e%rs o '%ve *e,un %lre%d(J An
%uo#o*ile scre%#s o % so" ouside % sore. % ?,ure 'rows % *o#* '% eA"lodes. %n
%l%r# *ell s'rills. % "olice siren w%ilsS'e s'ow '%s *e,un %nd iles roll over 'e c'%sin,
ve'iclesJ
THE CHARACTER INTRODCTION
A #on%,e of s(#*ols or s'os of 'e 'ero in v%rious "redic%#ens "rovides %n inroducion
o 'e c'%r%cers '% we %re o #eeJ
THE EAVESDROPPING START
T'e c%#er% "eers 'rou,' % 'ouse window. sees % ,rou" of "eo"le siin, %round % %*le
%l4in, !uiel(. %nd #oves in o 9oin 'e#J
THE SLO# $ILDP
T'e c%#er% "%ns slowl( round. %rousin, curiosi( or sus"ense unil we re%c' % cli#%A "oin
;'e *loods%ined 4nifeY<J I is esseni%l o %void di#inis'in, ineres or %nicli#%AJ
F21?RE 1'@12
In % for#%l inerview. 'ere %re rel%ivel( few e6ecive s'os. %l'ou,' #ore '%n %re %v%il%*le on % news seJ
Ca9era 4oves
F21?RE 1'@13
W'en s'ooin, %len siin, down. *e "re"%red o ei'er follow 'i# or 'er wi' 'e c%#er% or '%ve % second c%#er% re%d(
'% is %lre%d( -oo#ed ou for w'en 'e or s'e s%ndsJ O'erwise. 'is or 'er 'e%d will *e cu o6J Si#il%rl(. *e re%d( for 'e
%len o si. if 'e or s'e is s%ndin,J
F21?RE 1'@1
Widel( s"%ced #oves3 if wo "eo"le %re !uie % dis%nce %"%r. (ou c%n cu *eween 'e#. "%n *eween 'e#. or 9us s'oo
'e %cion fro# % di6eren %n,leJ
THE ATMOSPHERE INTRODCTION
A series of sron,l( %ssoci%ive s(#*ols es%*lis' 'e "l%ce. "eriod. #ood. or "erson%li(J On
% s'elf3 % *r%ss elesco"e. % s'i" in % *ole. %nd % well5worn unifor# c%"S'e old se%
c%"%in is inroduced lon, *efore we see 'i#J
Focusin$ Audience Attention
Direcors c%n 'old 'e %udience)s %enion *( %4in, c%re wi' 'ow 'e( %rr%n,e %nd
"resen su*9ecsJ
Audience concenr%ion e%sil( l%"ses. so (ou need o coninu%ll( direc %nd redirec 'eir
%enion o 'old ineres %lon, s"eci?c linesJ Suc' redirecion i#"lies c'%n,eJ &u eAcess or
unconrolled c'%n,e c%n le%d o confusion or irri%ionJ Picori%l c'%n,e #us *e cle%rl(
#oiv%ed. o %llow 'e viewer o re%d9us e%sil( o e%c' new siu%ionJ
So#e of 'e #os co##on w%(s of focusin, 'e %udience)s %enion on % s"eci?c %re% %re
;see T%*le 8QJ=<3
,ri$htness< E(es %re %lw%(s dr%wn o 'e *ri,'es %re%s on 'e screenJ T'is could include
li,'in,. se desi,n. or cosu#es ;0i,ure 8QJ8P<J
F21?RE 1'@1!
Aenion c%n *e dr%wn *( li,'in, or even clo'in,J E(es %re %lw%(s dr%wn o 'e *ri,'es %re% of 'e screenJ ;P'oos *(
Lee Peers %nd D%vid Cle#en<
F21?RE 1'@1&
E(es %re %lw%(s dr%wn o 'e s'%r"es "%rs of 'e i#%,eJ
Focus< E(es %re %r%ced o 'e s'%r"es %re%s of 'e i#%,e ;0i,ure 8QJ8C<J
4otion< Move#en c%n %r%c %enion. suc' %s '%vin, % "erson s%nd u" wi'in % se%ed
,rou" or #ovin, 'e c%#er% %round 'e su*9ec ;0i,ure 8QJ8Q<J
/o9inant G$ure< Pl%cin, 'e do#in%n "erson or su*9ec in % "osiion '% #%4es 'e#
s%nd ou ;0i,ure 8QJ8L<J
Shiftin$ "isual 2nterest
I is 9us %s necess%r( o *e %*le o s'if 'e viewer)s %enion o %no'er %s"ec of 'e
"icure %s i is o loc%li-e 'eir %enion ori,in%ll(J +ou c%n do 'is *( re%d9usin, %n( of 'e
inBuences '% we use o ori,in%ll( direc 'eir %enionJ $ere %re % few of 'e %lern%ives3
Tr%nsfer 'e ori,in%l e#"'%sis ;conr%s. isol%ion. ecJ< o 'e new su*9ecJ
Use lin4in, %cionN ?rs "erson loo4s o c%#er% ri,'Scu o new su*9ec on screen ri,'J
We%4en 'e ori,in%l su*9ecs *( reducin, 'eir si-e wi'in 'e "icure or %ler 'e c%#er%
'ei,' w'en s'ooin,J
Ad9us 'e focus. "ullin, i fro# 'e old su*9ec o 'e newJ
C'%n,e 'e sound sourceN % new "erson s"e%4s inse%dJ
F21?RE 1'@1'
Move#en c%n dr%w %enionJ T'is includes %len #ove#en %s well %s c%#er% #ove#en ;suc' %s % #ovin, doll( %s
s'own 'ere<J
Creatin$ Tension
Tension in % dr%#%ic siu%ion derives "%rl( fro# 'e di%lo,ue. sor(line. %nd iner%cion
*eween c'%r%cers. *u i c%n %lso *e consider%*l( inBuenced *( 'e w%( in w'ic' 'e
su*9ec is "resened3
Usin, "ro,ressivel( #ore "owerful s'os ;cuin, o closer %nd closer s'osN lower
view"oins. ,r%du%l c%nin,<J
Usin, sus"enseful #usic %nd e6ecsJ
Presenin, %#*i,uous infor#%ionSis 'e nocurn%l s'%dow % *us'Wor % "rowler1
Presenin, insuOcien infor#%ionS'e %udience sees 'e ?,ure in 'e doorw%(Sis i 'e
*%d ,u( ;0i,ure 8QJ8D<1
T'e %udience 4nows so#e'in, % c'%r%cer does noS'e vici# runs o esc%"e. *u we
4now 'e roue is *loc4edJ
A c'%r%cer is suddenl( confroned wi' %n insur#oun%*le "ro*le#S'e s%irw%(
coll%"ses u"on re%c'in, iJ
T'e *orderline *eween cre%in, ension %nd cre%in, % ludicrous siu%ion c%n *e n%rrowJ An
inended cli#%A oo e%sil( *eco#es %n %nicli#%AJ So (ou '%ve o %4e c%re no o
e#"'%si-e 'e rivi%l. or uninenion%ll( o "er#i %n e#oion%l le5down %fer %n e#oion%l
"e%4J
Pace
We #i,' de?ne (*ce %s 'e r%e of e#oion%l "ro,ressionJ A 'lo0 (*ce su,,ess di,ni(.
sole#ni(. cone#"l%ion. %nd dee" e#oionN % f*'t (*ce conve(s ener,(. eAcie#en.
confusion. %nd *r%s'nessJ
A well5*%l%nced s'ow coninu%ll( re%d9uss is "%ceJ A cons%n r%"id e#"o is eA'%usin,N %
slow sus%ined one *eco#es dullJ P%ce co#es fro# %n %ccu#ul%ion of f%cors3
The script< Scene len,'. s"eec' dur%ions. "'r%sin,. word len,'sN s'%r" wi( eAc'%n,es
"roduce % f%ser "%ce '%n len,'( #onolo,ue
The deliver%< 0%s. 'i,'5"ic'ed. inerru"ed sounds "rovide % r%"id "%ce co#"%red wi'
slow. low5"ic'ed ones
Production treat9ent< T'e r%e of c%#er% #ove#en. swic'in,. "erfor#er #ove#ens
T'e e(e c%n #%in%in % !uic4er "%ce '%n 'e e%rJ T'e e(e c%n %ssess. cl%ssif(. %nd
ev%lu%e %l#os i##edi%el(. *u 'e e%r '%s o "iece o,e'er consecuive sounds o
iner"re 'eir over%ll #e%nin,J
F21?RE 1'@1(
&( "l%cin, % "erson or %n o*9ec in % do#in%n "osiion. viewers 4now w'ere o loo4J
Al'ou,' % f%s visu%l "%ce is re%dil( %ssi#il%ed. i is usu%ll( % 'e eA"ense of less
%enion o 'e %cco#"%n(in, soundSunless visu%l c'%n,es %re so r%"id '% 'e viewer
i,nores 'e infor#%ion %nd 9us lisensY W'en e#"'%sis is o *e on 'e sound. visu%l "%ce
,ener%ll( needs o *e rel%AedJ
F21?RE 1'@1)
Tension is ofen cre%ed *( "resenin, insuOcien infor#%ionJ T'e %udience sees 'e #%n w%c'in, fro# % s'%dow( %re%
%nd wonders3 *%d ,u( or ,ood ,u(1
Ti9in$
T'ere %re wo di6eren 4inds of i#in, in elevisionJ One 4ind de%ls wi' % cloc4 or
so"w%c'J T'is ("e of i#in, refers o 4ee"in, % elevision "ro,r%# on sc'eduleSw'en o
"l%( co##erci%ls. 'ow lon, % sor( c%n *e on 'e news. %nd so onJ &ec%use elevision is run
on % ver( s"eci?c i#e sc'edule. 'e cloc4 is %n i#"or%n "iece of "roducion e!ui"#enJ
T'e second ("e of i#in, is %risic i#in,J Arisic i#in, is c'oosin, 'e ri,' #o#en %nd
dur%ion for %n %cionSeA%cl( w'en o cu. 'e s"eed of % r%nsiion. 'e "%use dur%ion
*eween % co##en %nd % res"onseJ
Ine" i#in, #%( #is%4enl( co##unic%e 'e wron, e#"'%sis %nd c%n disru" coninui(J
"2S?A+ C+AR2TB
If %n i#%,e is o e6ecivel( co##unic%e is #ess%,e !uic4l( %nd un%#*i,uousl(. 'e
%udience #us *e %*le o see relev%n de%ils e%sil( %nd cle%rl(J T'e ,o%l is o %void
confusion. %#*i,ui(. o*scured infor#%ion. resriced visi*ili(. disr%cions. %nd si#il%r
visu%l confusion ;T%*le 8QJ><J
"ie5in$ An$le
A "oor viewin, %n,le c%n #%4e even 'e co##ones su*9ecs loo4 unf%#ili%rJ Occ%sion%ll(.
'is #%( *e done deli*er%el(J $owever. 'e ,o%l is o "rovide % cle%r. un%#*i,uous
"resen%ion. even if. for ins%nce. i *eco#es necess%r( for % de#onsr%or o '%ndle or
"l%ce ie#s in %n un%ccuso#ed w%( o i#"rove s'o cl%ri(J
/istractions
Poor li,'in, re%#en c%n disr%c %nd confuse 'e %udience. 'ide 'e su*9ec)s conours.
%nd c%s #isle%din, or un#oiv%ed s'%dows ;es"eci%ll( fro# unseen "eo"le<J I c%n %lso
unnecess%ril( cre%e 'o s"os. lens B%res. %nd s"ecul%r reBecionsJ
Sron, on%l conr%ss c%n disr%c. %s c%n sron,l( #%r4ed de%ilJ W'en so#eone s%nds in
fron of % ver( *us( *%c4,round. 'e %udience #%( *e,in o loo4 % 'e *%c4,round inse%d
of 'e su*9ec ;0i,ure 8QJ=K<J
F21?RE 1'@2*
&%c4,round conr%s is ofen diOcul o de%l wi'J Al'ou,' sron, on%l conr%ss c%n *e oo disr%cin,. si#il%r ones c%n
ofen "rove disr%cin, %s wellJ
Sli,'l( defocused de%ils. "%ricul%rl( leerin, '% we c%nno re%d e%sil(. c%n sider%c4 'e
%udience)s %enionJ Direcors s'ould %lso *e c%reful %*ou includin, sron,l( colored
defocused o*9ecs in 'e *%c4,roundJ T'ese o*9ecs s'ould *e eAcluded fro# s'os
w'enever "ossi*le *ec%use 'e( *eco#e disr%cionsJ
Confusin$ and Frustratin$ Su0Hect Treat9ent
$ow ofen. w'en w%c'in, re,ul%r elevision "roducions. do (ou eA"erience o%l frusr%ion
or %n%,onis# % 'e w%( 'e s'ow is *ein, '%ndled1 I is i#"or%n for direcors o *e ver(
sensiive o 'ese siu%ionsJ $ere is % lis of fre!uen %nno(%nces3
So#eone "oins o % de%ilS*u i is oo s#%ll or fu--( for 'e %udience o seeJ
Tilin, or ,r%"'ics %re s'ownS*u oo *rieB( for us o re%d or eA%#ineJ
T'e inerviewer w'o %s4s !uesions ;!uoin, fro# noes<S*u is no re%ll( lisenin, o 'e
,ues)s re"liesJ
T'e inerviewer w'o %s4s 'e ,ues !uesions '% re!uire onl( E+esF or ENoF re"liesJ
A oo5*rief ,li#"se of % su*9ecSfollowed *( % s'o of 'e co##en%or %l4in, %*ou i
inse%dJ
T'e s'o '% le%ves us wonderin, w'% we %re su""osed o *e loo4in, % or w'ere we %re
nowJ
Too #uc' infor#%ion. suc' %s s%isics. is covered. resulin, in 'e %udience *ein,
overw'el#edJ
The "isual Pro0le9
Direcors ofen '%ve o de%l wi' su*9ecs in 'eir "ro,r%#s for w'ic' direcl( %""ro"ri%e
visu%ls %re no o*viousJ T'ese #%( include3
A*sr%c su*9ecsS"'iloso"'ic%l. s"iriu%l. soci%l conce"s
I#%,in%r( evensS'("o'eic%l. f%n%s(
$isoric%l evensS*efore "'oo,r%"'(. or un"'oo,r%"'ed evens
Evens '% will *e occurrin, in 'e fuure
S'ooin, is no "ossi*leS"ro'i*ied or su*9ec in%ccessi*le
S'ooin, is i#"r%cic%*leSoo d%n,erous. #e%nin,ful s'os i#"ossi*le
A""ro"ri%e visu%ls %re oo cosl(Swould involve dis%n r%vel. co"(ri,' "ro*le#s
F21?RE 1'@21
Ofen soc4 foo%,e c%n *e used w'en discussin, %*sr%c ide%sJ 0or eA%#"le. 'is soc4 %ir"or could *e s'own w'en
discussin, fuure ,row' of 'e %ir"orJ
POSSI$LE SOLTIONS
W'en direcors c%nno s'ow 'e %cu%l su*9ec *ein, discussed. 'e( ofen '%ve o "rovide
sui%*le %lern%ive i#%,esS% 4ind of visu%l "%ddin, or screen ?ller ;%lso 4nown
%s 0*ll(*(e) 'hot'<J
T'e #os econo#ic%l soluion. %nd 'e le%s co#"ellin,. is o '%ve % co##en%or ell us
%*ou w'% we c%nno see. %s 'e or s'e s%nds % 'e now5e#"( loc%ion ;'isoric%l
*%le?eld. sie of 'e cri#e. or ouside 'e conference '%ll<J Insers in 'e for# of
"'oo,r%"'s. video cli"s. "%inin,s. or dr%win,s ;("ic%ll( used for courroo# re"ors< c%n %ll
"rovide illusr%ive #%eri%lJ Occ%sion%ll(. % dr%#%ic re5en%c#en #%( wor4J
W'en discussin, fuure evens. sills or soc4 li*r%r( s'os of % "revious occ%sion #%( *e
used o su,,es 'e %#os"'ere or o s'ow w'% 'e even #%( loo4 li4e ;cele*r%ion d%(s.
"rocessionsN see 0i,ure 8QJ=8<J A su*siue su*9ec ;no 'e %ni#%l '% esc%"ed *u one
9us li4e i< #%( %lso *e used. lein, 'e %udience 4now '% 'e( %re no seein, 'e %cu%l
su*9ecJ
Occ%sion%ll(. 'e c%#er% c%n even s'ow 'e %*sence of 'e su*9ec3 'e fr%#e of 'e solen
"%inin, or w'ere 'e c%sle once soodJ
Associ%ed su*9ecs %re fre!uenl( usedJ We visi 'e "oe)s *ir'"l%ce. ofen usin, soc4
ouris loc%ion s'osJ $owever. 'e( #%( no *e sricl( %""lic%*le ;wron, "eriod<. or
irrelev%n ;no %rc'iecure. *u soci%l condiions inBuenced 'is "oer(<J &u %"%r fro#
f%#il( %l*u# sn%"s'os or news"%"er cuin,s. no'in, else #%( *e %v%il%*leY
W'en usin, li*r%r( ;soc4< s'os or sills. 'ere is %lw%(s 'e d%n,er '% %v%il%*le s'os will
*eco#e overl( f%#ili%r 'rou,' re"e%ed useJ T'is issue is "%ricul%rl( li4el( wi' 'isoric
#%eri%l. or uneA"eced r%,ed( ;%ss%ssin%ion. %ir cr%s'<J
So#e for#s of visu%l "%ddin, sui % v%rie( of occ%sionsJ T'e s%#e w%vin, w'e% ?eld c%n
e"io#i-e food cro"s. d%il( *re%d. "ros"eri(. %,riculure. 'e w%r on insec "ess. %nd so onJ
A*sr%cs c%n *e "ressed ino service % %l#os %n( i#eJ A#os"'eric s'os of ri""lin,
w%er. s'%dows. li,' reBecions. ino5'e5sun B%res. %nd defocused i#%,es %re %ll used
re,ul%rl( ;0i,ure 8QJ==<J
The 2llusion of Ti9e
Moion5"icure ediin, '%s lon, %ccuso#ed us o 'e conce"s of ?l#ic s"%ce %nd i#e3
Fil,ic '(*ce inercus %cion '% is concurren % di6eren "l%ces3 As % soldier dies. 'is son
is *orn *%c4 'o#eJ
Fil,ic ti,e o#is iner#edi%e %cion. condensin, i#e %nd s'%r"enin, 'e "%ce3 We cu
fro# 'e %uo#o*ile so""in, o 'e driver enerin, %n %"%r#enJ
W'en %ll 'e inervenin, %cion '%s no "lo relev%nce. 'e viewer c%n ofen ,e frusr%ed
wi' % slow "%ce 9us o s%e 'e o*viousJ
F21?RE 1'@22
A*sr%c su*9ecs c%n *e diOcul o visu%li-eJ T'is ("e of "'oo is ofen used *( "eo"le %e#"in, o visu%li-e 'e conce"
of E'e%venJF
Ti9e +apses
T'ere %re % nu#*er of ec'ni!ues '% c%n *e used o indic%e 'e "%ss%,e of i#eJ
EA"l%n%or( iles %re direc %nd un%#*i,uous. *u o'er %nd su*ler ec'ni!ues %re
,ener%ll( "refer%*leJ 0or s'or i#e l%"ses3
Slow f%de5ou. new scene slowl( f%des inJ
Cuin, %w%( fro# % scene. we %ssu#e '% i#e '%s el%"sed w'en reurnin, o iJ
A i#e indic%or ;cloc4. sundi%l. *urnin, c%ndle< s'ows "%ss%,e of i#eJ
Li,'in, c'%n,es wi' "%ssin, i#e ;% sunli roo# ,r%du%ll( d%r4ens<J
Dissolve or wi"e *eween *efore:%fer s'os of % #e%l. ?re"l%ce. %nd si#il%r i#%,esJ
Tr%nsiion *eween sounds wi' i#e %ssoci%ionSnocurn%l fro,s %nd owls o e%rl(#ornin,
roosers %nd *irdson,J
Defocus s'o. cu. dissolve. or wi"e o %no'er defocused s'o %nd 'en refocusJ
0or lon,er i#e l%"ses3
A c%lend%r c'%n,es "%,es or c'%n,es d%eJ
Se%son%l c'%n,esSfro# winer snow o s"rin, BowersJ
C'%n,es in "erson%l %""e%r%nceS*e%rd ,row'. %,in,. f%s'ion c'%n,esJ
New o oldSdissolvin, fro# % fres' news"%"er o % (ellow. cru#"led. disc%rded versionJ
Flash0ac-s
A f%#ili%r device. 'e B%s'*%c4 urns *%c4 i#e o see evens *efore 'e "resen %cion %s %
re#inder or %n eA"l%n%ion. or for co#"%rison "ur"osesJ T("ic%l #e'ods include reversin,
'e "reviousl( discussed i#e5l%"se ec'ni!ues ;suc' %s 'e old *eco#in, new %,%in<. %
s"eci%l e6ec wi"e. % defocus. or even % *rief B%s' cu5in ;]H= seconds lon,< c%n conve(
reco,niion or #o#ens of #e#or( rec%llJ
Cuta5a% Shots =2nsert Shots>
&( cuin, fro# 'e #%in %cion o % second%r( %civi( or %ssoci%ed su*9ecs ;suc' %s
s"ec%or re%cions<. (ou c%n3
Re#ove unw%ned. unsuccessful. dull. or eAcess #%eri%lJ
Su,,es % i#e l%"se o co#"ress or eA"%nd i#eJ
S'ow %ddiion%l eA"l%n%or( infor#%ion ;de%il s'os<J
Reve%l 'e %cion)s environ#enJ
S'ow w'o % "erson is s"e%4in, oN 'ow %no'er "erson is res"ondin, ;re%cion s'os<J
S'ow w'% 'e s"e%4er is seein,. %l4in, %*ou. or 'in4in, %*ouJ
Cre%e ension o ,ive dr%#%ic e#"'%sisJ
M%4e co##en on % siu%ion ;cuin, fro# % diner o % "i, % rou,'<J
Inerviews c%n *e s'o usin, % coninuous #ulic%#er% seu" or %s % one5c%#er% re%#enJ
A se"%r%e series of cu%w%( s'os ;cu%w%(s. nod s'os< %re ofen recorded %ferw%rds. in
w'ic' 'e inerviewer %nd inerviewee %re seen in sin,les or over5'e5s'oulder s'os.
s#ilin,. noddin,. re%cin,. or loo4in, ineresedJ W'en edied in ;o dis,uise cus. coninui(
*re%4s. or o %dd visu%l v%rie(<. 'e %dded s'os %""e%r !uie n%ur%lJ Wi'ou 'ese
cu%w%(s. %n( coninuousl( 'eld s'o would 9u#" fr%#es w'en edied ;%l'ou,' dissolves
#%( i#"rove 'e disru"ion<J
Reaction ShotsCPartialsCCutI2n Shots
&( s4illfull( conce%lin, infor#%ion. (ou c%n "ri#e 'e %udience)s i#%,in%ion %nd %rouse
'eir curiosi(J Inse%d of s'owin, 'e even. (ou c%n de#onsr%e is e6ec3
Re*ction 'hot3 T'e door o"ensS*u we see 'e vici#)s 'orror5sric4en f%ce. no 'e
inruderJ
P*)ti*l 'hot3 A swic'*l%de o"ens. is #oved ou of fr%#eN we 'e%r 'e vici#)s cr(. 'en
silenceJ
Cut2in 'hot3 We w%c' 'e vici#)s c% drin4in, #il4 o sounds of % ?,' %nd % *od( f%llin,N
'e vici#)s '%nd co#es ino fr%#e. u"sein, 'e #il4 dis'J
T'is ec'ni!ue c%n "rovide #%Ai#u# i#"%c wi' #ini#u# f%ciliies. conve(in, infor#%ion
*( i#"lic%ion r%'er '%n direc s%e#enJ I %i#s o inri,ue %nd %n%li-eJ
The Recorded 2nsert
Occ%sion%ll(. durin, % sudio "roducion. we #%( cu %w%( fro# sudio c%#er%s) "icures o
s'ow "rerecorded #%eri%lJ T'ere %re sever%l re%sons w'( we #i,' w%n o do 'is3
To illusr%e % lecure. de#onsr%ion. or %l4. suc' %s foo%,e of % ri" down 'e A#%-onJ
To i#"l( '% 'e sudio sein, is in % s"eci?c loc%ion. s'owin, soc4 s'os of 'e ouside
of % *uildin, or ci(sc%"esJ
To %u'enic%e % sein,J We see % s#%ll *o%rded roo# in 'e sudioJ A soc4 s'o of % s'i"
is insered so '% we %cce" '% 'is is % s'i")s c%*inJ
To s'ow environ#ens '% could no *e recre%ed e6ecivel( in 'e sudio. li4e % ("'oonJ
To eAend %cionJ +ou c%n '%ve % "erson w%l4 'rou,' % door in 'e sudio se ;%n
%"%r#en< %nd 'en ou ino 'e sree ;"rerecorded<J
Once5onl( %cionJ Prerecordin, is esseni%l w'en %cion #i,' "rove unsuccessful in 'e
sudio ;for eA%#"le. involvin, %ni#%ls< or %4e oo #uc' i#e durin, 'e recordin, "eriod
;%n el%*or%e #%4eu" c'%n,e<. or is oo d%n,erous ;?re< or unre"e%%*le ;%n eA"losion< or
ver( criic%l ;%n %ccur%el( 'rown 4nife<J
/isu%l e6ecsJ To "roduce i#e5l%"se e6ecs. reversed %cion. r%nsfor#%ions. %nd 'e li4eJ
Ani#%ion se!uencesJ T'ese #%( *e c%roon or %ni#%ed sill5lifeJ
To include "erfor#ers o'erwise un%v%il%*leS?l#in, "ersons w'o could no %end 'e
%"in, session. suc' %s overse%s ,uessJ
Stoc- Shots =+i0rar% Shots>
T'ese %re s'or5?l#. sill. or video se!uences of illusr%ive #%eri%l 'eld in %n
or,%ni-%ion)s %rc'ives or rened fro# s"eci%lis li*r%riesJ Soc4 s'os %re insered ino %
"ro,r%# w'ere i would *e i#"r%cic%*le or unecono#ic o s'oo new #%eri%lJ T'ese s'or
cli"s cover % ver( wide ?eld. includin, news evens. loc%ion s'os. #%nuf%curin,
"rocesses. n%ur%l 'isor(. "erson%liies. %nd sunsJ T'e( %re widel( used o illusr%e %l4s.
de#onsr%ions. %nd newsc%ss %nd o "rovide %#os"'eric %nd environ#en%l s'os for
dr%#% ;see 0i,ure 8QJ=8<J
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ $ow do (ou deer#ine w'e'er o s'oo wi' % sin,le c%#er% or #uli"le c%#er%s1
2@ Descri*e % coninui( error %nd eA"l%in 'ow i could occurJ
3@ W'% %re 'e %dv%n%,es %nd dis%dv%n%,es o #ulic%#er% "roducion1
@ W'( do c%#er%s need o s%( on one side of 'e %Ais of %cion1
!@ W'% %re so#e of 'e issues '% (ou need o 'in4 %*ou %s (ou %rr%n,e % s'o1
&@ $ow do (ou focus 'e %udience)s %enion on % s"eci?c su*9ec on 'e screen1
'@ $ow does "%cin, %6ec % "roducion1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< /A"2/ 82M;8
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I %# % "roducer:direcor for #( own "roducion co#"%n(. w'ic'
#e%ns I %# 'e s%les#%n. 'e %ccoun eAecuive. 'e cre%ive. I 'ire %nd ?re. I "u o,e'er
'e s'oos. I direc 'e %len. I su"ervise 'e edi. %nd in 'e end I %# 'e *ill collecorY As %
"roducer:direcor (ou '%ve o do i %llJ I)s no 9us %*ou 'e ,l%#orous su6 of direcin, on
seJ Usu%ll(. I '%ve o ,o ou %nd sell 'e 9o* or r%ise 'e funds o #%4e i. 'ire % % wrier o
wrie 'e scri". 'en "u o,e'er 'e crew. 'e %len. 'e sc'edule %nd direc 'e s'oo.
ei'er su"ervise 'e edi or edi #(self. de%l wi' 'e clien)s de#%nds. %nd #%4e sure I ,e
"%id so I c%n survive o E?,' %no'er d%(FY
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I love '% I)# cre%in, so#e'in, ou of no'in,W%n
ide% in so#eone)s 'e%d '%)s never *een seen *eforeJ I)s incredi*le o see 'e ide% co#e
o life %nd 'en see 'e s#ile on 'e clien)s f%ceJ I)s never 'e s%#eJ I)s di6eren ever(
d%( %nd ever( 9o*J T'%)s refres'in,Y And if (ou c%n ins"ire so#eone. or ouc' so#eone)s
'e%r. or *rin, % e%r o %n e(e. (ou)ve re%ll( done so#e'in,J W'% we do is incredi*l(
"owerfulJ Peo"le e#"%'i-e wi' w'% 'e( see on 'e screen. %nd we '%ve 'e "ower o
c'%n,e 'e%rs %nd #indsJ T'%)s incredi*leY
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 I)s re%ll( diOcul o
%4e words on % "%,e %nd end u" wi' so#e'in, on 'e screen '% is re#oel( 'e s%#e or
even *eerJ I)s e%s( o see i in (our 'e%dW*u r%nsl%in, '% o 'e c%#er% is ver(
diOculJ I)s never e%s(J T'e ec'nolo,( '%s li#i%ions. 'e loc%ions '%ve li#i%ions. 'e
%len '%ve li#i%ions. 'e we%'er "l%(s '%voc wi' (ou. 'e %udio is %lw%(s diOcul o ,e
Ecle%n.F 'e edi %lw%(s %4es lon,erW*u w'en ever('in, is %li,ned. %nd (ou wor4 ou %ll
'e *u,sWi)s #%,icYYY
As % direcor. 'e *i,,es c'%llen,e is cre%in, % one on se '% %llows 'e ec'nici%ns o
,ive (ou 'e *es '% 'e( c%n. %nd 'e %cors o *e %s re%l %s 'e( c%nJ +ou)re 4ind of li4e
'e co%c' of 'e foo*%ll e%#J +ou c%n) c%rr( 'e *%ll. *u (ou '%ve o ins"ire 'e %lened
ones oW%nd if (ou c%n ,e 'e# o srec' *e(ond 'e usu%l. %nd ,ive (ou so#e'in,
eAr%ordin%r(. (ou)ll '%ve #%,ic on c%#er%J Don) ever co#"ro#iseWs"eci%ll( w'en 'e
ec'nolo,( or 'e siu%ion *eco#es diOculJ Never ,ive u"Wnever %cce" #ediocri(Y +ou
never 4now '% 'e neA %4e #i,' *e s"ec%cul%rY
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 Pre"ro is KINGY Alw%(s s"end 'ree i#es #ore
i#e "re"%rin, '%n s'ooin,J I will co#e *%c4 o (ou in s"%desJ If (ou '%ven) 'ou,'
'rou,' ever('in, *efore (ou ,e on se. (ou)ll *e *e'ind 'e ei,' *%llJ Don) *e in % 'urr(
o ,e on se %nd s%r s'ooin,J If (ou don) '%ve %n iron5cl%d "l%n. 'en %ll 'ell will *re%4
looseY T'ere)s %lw%(s "ro*le#s '% %rise on 'e s'oo '% (ou '%dn) %nici"%ed. so #%4e
sure (ou '%ve %ll (our duc4s in % row *efore (ou s'ooJ Scou 'e loc%ion wi' (our 4e(
"ersonnel. 'in4 'rou,' ever( s'o. discuss 'e "ro9ec wi' ever( #e#*er of 'e e%#
*efore'%ndWincludin, 'e ediors. 'e #usic co#"osers. 'e %ni#%ors. ecJ. no 9us 'ose
'% will *e on seJ +ou never 4now w'% ,re% ide%s 'e( #i,' co#e u" wi'J If (ou c%n ,e
re%ll( ,ood "eo"le %round (ouW"eo"le '% %re s#%rer '%n (ouW'e( will #%4e (ou loo4
,oodJ Le%ve (our e,o % 'e doorJ +ou s'ouldn) *e 'e loudes voice in 'e roo#J Lisen o
,ood counselJ Ever( #e#*er of (our e%# is *eer '%n (ou % 'eir s"eci?c eA"erise. suc'
%s c%#er% or sound or li,'in,. so le 'e# do 'eir 9o* %nd #%4e 'e "ro9ec *eer '%n
(ou see in (our 'e%dJ T'e su# of 'e "%rs is ,re%er '%n 'e w'oleY
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 Le%rn (our cr%fY Pr%cice (our cr%fY +ou s'ould '%ve wor4in, 4nowled,e of ever(
%s"ec of 'e "roducionWc%#er%. %cin,. sound. li,'in,. ediin,. #usic. ,r%"'ics. ecJ +ou
don) '%ve o *e ,ood % %ll 'ose 'in,s. 9us well versed enou,' '% (ou c%n %l4 'eir
l%n,u%,e. 4now w'en 'e()re ,ein, ,ood su6 ;or no<. *e %*le o direc 'e# well %nd
eOcienl(. %nd ins"ire 'e# o ,ive (ou 'eir *esJ And 'e #os i#"or%n 'in, is '% (ou
s'ould 4now w'en (ou)ve E,o iFY T'e #os frusr%in, 'in, for ec'nici%ns %nd %cors is %
direcor w'o does %4e %fer %4e r(in, di6eren 'in,s %nd no 4nowin, w'e'er 'e)s E,o
iF or noJ +ou need o '%ve suc' %n ini#%e 4nowled,e of (our cr%f %nd 'e "ro9ec '%
(ou 4now w'en (ou)ve E,o iF on se %nd (ou 4now w'en (ou)ve E,o iF in 'e ediJ And
w'en i urns ou *eer '%n in (our 'e%d. (ou)ve re%ll( E,o iFY
F21?RE 1'@23
D%vid NiAon. Presiden. DNP Sudios
D*&id Ni9on i' the P)e'ident of DNP Studio' in O)l*ndo1 Flo)id*8 Hi' client' h*&e included
Se*#o)ld P*)/'1 Nic/elodeon1 Su50*y Re't*u)*nt'1 Ne'tlJ1 #*lt Di'ney #o)ld1 *nd The RitA2
C*)lton Hotel P Re'o)t'J
CHAPTER 19
The %tudio Production
EAlw%(s ,e #ore slee" '%n (our %corsJF
;rson 6ells, /irector
Ter9s
Ca9era 0loc-in$ =stu90leIthrou$h>< T'e inii%l c%#er% re'e%rs%l. coordin%in, %ll
ec'nic%l o"er%ions %nd discoverin, %nd correcin, "ro*le#sJ
Cue card< L%r,e c%rd5soc4 c%n *e used *( % Boor crew #e#*er o s'ow *rief noes. %n
ouline. or o'er infor#%ionJ
/ress rehearsal =dress run>< T'e ,o%l of 'e dress re'e%rs%l is o i#e 'e w%rdro*e %nd
#%4eu" c'%n,esJ
/r% 0loc-in$ =5al-Ithrou$h>< Acors "erfor#. f%#ili%ri-in, 'e#selves wi' 'e sudio
sein,s %nd surroundin,s w'ile 'e sudio crew w%c'. le%rnin, 'e for#%. %cion. %nd
"roducion re%#enJ
2S; =isolated ca9era>< A c%#er% of w'ic' 'e si,n%l is no onl( *ein, sen o % swic'er
*u is *ein, recorded on is own recorder or c%#corderJ
Telepro9pter< S'ows 'e scri" on % wo5w%( #irror '% is "osiioned direcl( over 'e
c%#er%)s lensJ

Al'ou,' 'ere %re #%n( well5es%*lis'ed #e'ods of "re"%rin, %nd recordin, elevision
"roducions. 'e #e'od '% (ou s'ould c'oose de"ends no onl( on 'e ("e of s'ow. *u
w'e'er i is o *e live or recorded. 'e f%ciliies. %nd 'e %#oun of i#e %nd 'e si-e of 'e
*ud,e %v%il%*le for 'e "roducionJ T'ere %re di6erences *eween 'e w%( loc%l
"roducions %nd newor4 "roducions wor4 in 'e sudioJ $owever. in 'is c'%"er. 'e
infor#%ion is condensed o "rovide %n overview of 'e su*9ecJ
?8REHEARSE/ F;R4ATS
Ever( "roducion *ene?s fro# % re'e%rs%l *efore *ein, recorded or ,oin, ou liveJ &u w'%
do (ou do w'en 'e %len is ,oin, o %rrive % 'e l%s #inue. or even w'ile (ou %re live1 If
i is % live s'ow wi' lon, "rerecorded %nd edied "%c4%,es. suc' %s % #%,%-ine "ro,r%#. i
#%( *e "ossi*le o !uic4l( review w'% will *e '%""enin,J O'erwise. (ou need o '%ve
re'e%rsed i in (our #ind. 4now w'% (ou w%n. do 'e *es '% c%n *e done wi'ou %
re'e%rs%l. %nd %cce" 'e resul %s "%r of s'ooin, % live "roducionJ
0orun%el(. #%n( elevision "roducions ? ino f%#ili%r rouine for#%sJ Conse!uenl(.
even w'en i is no "ossi*le o re'e%rse 'e %cion *efore'%nd. (ou c%n sill "re"%re % seu"
'% will wor4 successfull( w'en 'e %len does %rriveJ Inerviews. for eA%#"le. '%ve re,ul%r
"l%ns so '% (ou c%n !uic4l( line u" 'e %""ro"ri%e c'%ir "osiions %nd #ove 'e c%#er%s
ino 'eir "osiionsJ Crew #e#*ers c%n *e used %s s%nd5ins w'ile li,'in, %nd sound %re
*ein, c'ec4edJ W'en 'e %len does %rrive. (ou c%n !uic4l( review 'e c%#er% s'os %nd
%d9us voice levels. #%4eu". %nd li,'in,J
W'en 'e unre'e%rsed %cion is less de?nedSsuc' %s % l%e5%rrivin, *%ndS(ou '%ve o rel(
on c%#er%s %rr%n,ed sr%e,ic%ll( in fron %nd cross5s'ooin, "osiionsJ Inse%d of c%#er%s
,r%**in, s'os of w'%ever is ne%r 'e#. (ou c%n %lloc%e cover s'os ;lon, s'os< o one
c%#er%. %nd '%ve %no'er concenr%e on close5u"s of 'e insru#ens. w'ile %no'er
s'oos close5u"s of individu%ls or s#%ll ,rou"sJ &efore 'e "roducion *e,ins. %lw%(s eA"l%in
o 'e "erfor#ers 'e Boor %re% li#is wi'in w'ic' 'e( #us wor4 or 'eir %cion #%(
unconroll%*l( s"re%d ino %re%s '% c%nno *e covered *( 'e li,'in, or c%#er%sJ
Producion re%#en is l%r,el( % #%er of reco,ni-in, e6ecive s'os %s 'e( %re o6ered *(
'e c%#er%sS%4in, c%re o dwell on %n( s"eci%l fe%ures. suc' %s %cion de%il of '%nds
"l%(in, % "i%no or ,rou"in, s'os of % c'orusJ
A/"A8CE REHEARSA+S
If (ou %re renin, c%#er%s %nd:or even % sudio. i#e is eA"ensive. le%vin, few o""oruniies
o eA"eri#en. r( ou v%ri%ions. or wor4 ou '%lf5for#ed ide%sJ I is i#"er%ive '% (ou
"r%cice %s #%n( ele#ens of 'e "roducion %s "ossi*le *efore 'e %cu%l c%#er% re'e%rs%lJ
T'e direcor %nd %len c%n discuss 'e v%rious "roducion o"ions. #%4in, sure '% 'e
ide%s wor4J T'is c%n *e done in %n( roo# '% '%s enou,' s"%ce o wor4 'rou,' 'e
#%eri%lJ
0or l%r,e co#"leA "roducions. "re"%r%ions need o *e co#"leed lon, *efore 'e c%#er%
re'e%rs%lsJ I is esseni%l o "r%cice di%lo,ue %nd %cion. coordin%e "erfor#%nces. %nd
discuss 'e c%#er% %n,lesJ Dr%#% %nd co#ed( s'ows %re ofen re'e%rsed % wee4 or wo
*efore 'e s'oo d%eJ Ano'er re'e%rs%l #%( even %4e "l%ce 'ours *efore 'e %cu%l s'oo
i#eJ T'is "r%cice reduces 'e cos of 'e "roducion *( %voidin, 'e need for % ren%l
s"%ceJ
A "rere'e%rs%l for % ("ic%l dr%#% "roducion usu%ll( *e,ins wi' % re%d5'rou,' ;%lso
4nown %s % 5)ie+ng or line )ehe*)'*l<J T'e direcor ,oes over 'e scri". indic%in, s"eci?c
"oins %*ou s(le %nd "resen%ion '% will 'el" f%#ili%ri-e 'e c%s wi' 'eir "%rsJ T'e(
re%d 'eir lines fro# 'e scri". *eco#in, #ore %ccuso#ed o 'e di%lo,ue. 'e o'er
%cors. %nd 'eir c'%r%ceri-%ionsJ
T'e re'e%rs%l roo#)s Boor c%n even *e %"e5oulined wi' % full5si-e l%(ou of 'e sudio seJ
Doors. windows. s%irw%(s. %nd so on c%n *e oulinedJ Soc4 re'e%rs%l furniure c%n
su*siue for 'e %cu%l sudio ie#s. %nd %cion "ro"s ;ele"'one. %*lew%re. ecJ< c%n *e
"rovidedJ T'is w%( %cors c%n *eco#e %ccuso#ed o 'e sc%le %nd fe%ures of 'eir
surroundin,sJ
T'e direcor %rr%n,es 'e %cion. 'e %cors) "osiions. %nd 'eir ,rou"in,s o sui 'e
c%#er% "roducion "l%nJ Re'e%rsin, % scene % % i#e. 'e c%s is %*le o le%rn 'eir lines
%nd "r%cice 'eir "erfor#%nce unil i Bows n%ur%ll( %nd 'e s'ow runs s#oo'l(. ?n%ll(
re%d( for 'e %cu%l c%#er% re'e%rs%lJ T'e dur%ions of se,#ens %re c'ec4ed %nd %d9usedJ
;In c%lcul%in, 'e over%ll i#in,. %llow%nces %re #%de for 'e i#e %4en *( l%er insers
suc' %s "rerecorded se!uencesJ<
Studio Rehearsal
&efore 'e sudio re'e%rs%l. 'e s%,e crew. su"ervised *( 'e se desi,ner. erecs %nd
dresses 'e seJ L%#"s %re ri,,ed %nd %d9used under 'e ,uid%nce of 'e li,'in, direcorJ
C%#er% %nd sound e!ui"#en %re 'en "osiionedJ T'e "erfor#ers %rrive. seein, 'e se
"ossi*l( for 'e ?rs i#eJ T'e sudio re'e%rs%l is re%d( o *e,in ;T%*le 8LJ8 %nd 0i,ure
8LJ8<J
Direcors or,%ni-e 'eir sudio re'e%rs%ls in sever%l w%(s. %ccordin, o 'e co#"leAi( of 'e
"roducion. %v%il%*le i#e. %nd 'e "erfor#er)s eA"erienceJ T'e followin, %re so#e of 'e
o"ions ;T%*le 8LJ=<J
F21?RE 1(@1
T'e se of C&S)s The !ing of -ueen' sico# is s'own 'ere. re%d( for 'e neA re'e%rs%lJ T'e se '%s *een "u in "l%ce %nd
'e li,'s '%ve *een ri,,edJ ;P'oo coures( of C&S:Ro*er /oes:L%ndov<
#AL!2THROGH "DR. $LOC!ING%
Acors "erfor#. f%#ili%ri-in, 'e#selves wi' 'e sudio sein,s. %nd so on. w'ile 'e sudio
crew w%c'. le%rnin, 'e for#%. %cion. %nd "roducion re%#enJ T'e direcor is usu%ll( in
'e sudioJ T'e c%#er% crew usu%ll( le%ves 'eir c%#er%s %lone %nd 9us loo4s % 'eir scri"J
CAMERA $LOC!ING "STM$LE2THROGH%
T'is is 'e inii%l c%#er% re'e%rs%l. coordin%in, %ll ec'nic%l o"er%ions. discoverin, %nd
correcin, "ro*le#sJ T'e ,o%l is o #%4e sure '% 'e correcions wor4ed %nd '% 'e
i#in, is %""ro"ri%e ;0i,ure 8LJ=<J
F21?RE 1(@2
P'oo,r%"'s %re used %s s%nd5ins for 'e c%#er%s o re'e%rse wi' % 'e Ac%de#( of Counr( Music Aw%rdsJ T'e "'oos
%llow 'e c%#er% o"er%ors o le%rn w'ere e%c' no#inee or "erfor#er will *e siin, durin, 'e s'owJ T'is 'el"s 'e
o"er%ors 4now w'ere o "oin 'eir c%#er%s w'en %n %w%rd is %nnouncedJ ;P'oo coures( of Mon( &rinon:C&S:L%ndov<
DRESS REHEARSAL "DRESS RN%
T'e ,o%l of 'e dress re'e%rs%l is o i#e 'e w%rdro*e %nd #%4eu" c'%n,esJ Noes %*ou
issues %re %4en %nd 'en s'%red wi' ever(one % 'e end of 'e re'e%rs%lJ
Rehearsal Procedures
In #%n( ("es of "roducions. direcors "re"%re %nd re'e%rse 'e enire %cion %nd
re%#en unil i re%ll( wor4s. 'en record 'e "olis'ed "erfor#%nceJ In o'er "roducions.
e%c' s#%ll secion is re'e%rsed %nd recorded *efore ,oin, on o 'e neA se,#enJ
CAMERA $LOC!ING
C*,e)* 5loc/ingS%lso 4nown %s 'e +)'t )un or 'tu,5le2th)oughSis usu%ll( w'en 'e
direcor conrols 'e "roducion fro# 'e "roducion conrol roo#. onl( E,oin, o 'e BoorF
w'en on5'e5s"o discussion is esseni%l ;T%*le 8LJ><J O'erwise. 'is or 'er e(es %nd e%rs %re
focused on 'e c%#er% #oniors %nd 'e s"e%4ersJ All co##unic%ion wi' 'e crew is
'rou,' 'e inerco# s(se#. wi' 'e Boor #%n%,er cuein, %nd insrucin, 'e %len.
receivin, 'e direcor)s ,uid%nce 'rou,' 'e inerco#J
M%n( direcors use 'e 0hole ,ethod. ,oin, coninuousl( 'rou,' % se,#en ;se!uence.
scene< unil % "ro*le# %rises '% re!uires so""in, %nd correcionJ T'e direcor discusses
"ro*le#s. soluions. %nd revisions. 'en reruns 'e se,#en wi' correcionsJ T'is #e'od
,ives % ,ood ide% of coninui(. i#in,. r%nsiions. %nd o"er%ion%l diOculiesJ &u *(
s4i##in, over 'e v%rious s'orco#in,s *efore 'e *re%4down "oin. !uie % lis of
necess%r( #inor correcions #%( develo"J
O'er direcors. usin, 'e 'to((ing ,ethod. so" %cion %nd correc f%uls %s 'e( %riseS
%l#os s'o *( s'oJ T'is "recludes error %ddin, o error. ensurin, '% ever(one 4nows
eA%cl( w'% is re!uired 'rou,'ouJ 0or cer%in siu%ions ;c'ro#%4e( re%#en<. 'is #%(
*e 'e onl( r%ion%l %""ro%c'J $owever. 'is "iece#e%l #e'od ,ives 'e i#"ression of slow
"ro,ress. %nd c%n feel edious for ever(one involved T'e coninu%l so""in, #%4es c'ec4s
on coninui( %nd i#in, #uc' #ore diOculJ L%er correcions %re ,iven %s noes %fer 'e
run5'rou,'J
FLOOR $LOC!ING
Usin, 'is #e'od. 'e direcor wor4s ou on 'e sudio Boor. viewin, 'e c%#er% s'os on
sudio #oniorsJ Guidin, %nd correcin, "erfor#ers %nd crew fro# wi'in 'e sudio. 'e
direcor uses 'e inerco# o ,ive insrucions o 'e AD or ec'nic%l direcor for 'e
swic'er ;0i,ure 8LJ><J Durin, 'e %cu%l recordin,. 'e s'ow #%( *e s'o %s se,#ens.
scenes. or coninuous %cionJ
F21?RE 1(@3
0loor *loc4in, %llows 'e direcor o si in 'e sudio. reviewin, 'e c%#er% s'os fro# % #oniorJ Noe 'e !u%d5s"li
#onior in 'e lower5ri,' corner of 'e "'ooJ T'e direcor c%n see 'e s'os fro# %ll four c%#er%s *ein, used on 'is
"roducionJ
THE F+;;R 4A8A1ER
T'e Boor #%n%,er ;0M< "l%(s % #%9or role in sudio "roducion %nd is usu%ll( *rou,' ino
'e "ro9ec fro# 'e *e,innin, of "roducionJ
Durin, 'e sudio "re"%r%ions for 'e re'e%rs%l. 'e 0M c'ec4s o #%4e sure '% 'e sudio
%nd crew %re re%d( o ,o % 'e sc'eduled i#eJ Pro,ress c'ec4s ensure '% 'ere %re no
s%,in, '%n,5u"sJ T'is #%( include #%4in, sure '% %ll %cion "ro"s wor4. 'e scener( %nd
furniure %re in 'e "l%nned "osiions. 'e doors do no sic4. %nd si#il%r c'ec4sJ
As 'e "erfor#ers %rrive. 'e 0M welco#es 'e# %nd #%4es sure '% 'e( %re %4en c%re ofJ
T'is usu%ll( includes ellin, 'e %len w'en %nd w'ere 'e( %re re!uiredJ T'e ,o%l is o
ensure "uncu%li(. w'ic' is %n i#"or%n %s"ec of 'e 0M)s duies. w'e'er for re'e%rs%l
s%rs. urn%rounds % 'e end of % re'e%rs%l ;reurnin, e!ui"#en. "ro"s. ses o o"enin,
"osiions<. or sudio *re%4s ;#e%ls<J
Rehearsal
W'en 'e direcor is in 'e conrol roo#. 'e 0M is 'e direcor)s con%c on 'e sudio BoorJ
We%rin, % 'e%dse. 'e 0M lisens o 'e direcor)s insrucions on 'e inerco# s(se# %nd
'en "%sses 'is infor#%ion on o 'e %len %nd crewJ T'e 0M %nici"%es "ro*le#s.
re%rr%n,es %cion %nd ,rou"in,. %d9uss furniure "osiions. %nd "erfor#s o'er %s4s %s
insruced *( 'e direcor. #%r4in, 'e Boor w'ere necess%r( %nd su"ervisin, s%,in, %nd
"ro" c'%n,esJ
Nor#%ll(. 'e 0M is 'e onl( "erson in 'e sudio w'o will cue %nd so" %ll %cion *%sed on
'e direcor)s insrucionsJ Mos direcors r%rel( use 'e sudio louds"e%4er s(se# o %l4
direcl( o 'e %len. %s 'is c%n *e !uie disru"in,J T'e 0M %l4s *%c4 o 'e direcor over
'e inerco#J &ein, on 'e s"o. 'e 0M c%n ofen correc "ro*le#s no eviden o 'e
direcor in 'e conrol roo# ;0i,ure 8LJI<J
A ,ood 0M co#*ines c%l#ness. disci"line. %nd ?r#ness wi' di"lo#%c( %nd friendlinessS
#%4in, sure o "u %len % e%se. %nd %lw%(s %v%il%*le. (e never in 'e s'oJ T'e 0M
#%in%ins % !uie sudio. (e unders%nds '% v%rious l%s5#inue correcive %cions #%( *e
neededJ
Recordin$CTrans9ission
W'en 'e direcor is re%d( o record or r%ns#i 'e "ro,r%#. i is 'e 0M)s res"onsi*ili( o
con?r# '% %ll sudio %ccess doors %re s'u. %len %nd crew %re s%ndin, *( in 'eir
o"enin, "osiions. %nd 'e sudio #oniors %re s'owin, 'e correc i#%,esJ T'e 0M will cue
'e %len or %nnouncer ;0i,ure 8LJP<J
Durin, % sudio "roducion. 'e 0M is res"onsi*le for cuein, %len. *ein, %w%re of
ever('in, '%""enin, in 'e sudio. lisenin, o inerco# ,uid%nce. %nici"%in, "ro*le#s.
%nd ,ener%ll( s#oo'in, "roceedin,s ;0i,ure 8LJC<J A 'e end of %"in,. 'e 0M 'olds %len
%nd crew unil 'e direcor '%s '%d % c'%nce o deer#ine if re%4es %re needed %nd
Erele%ses 'e sudioF ;%len %nd crew<J T'e 0M c'ec4s on s%fe sor%,e of %n( v%lu%*le or
s"eci%l "ro"s or e!ui"#en %nd ends duies wi' % lo,,ed %ccoun of 'e "roducionJ
F21?RE 1(@
T'e Boor #%n%,er. or s%,e #%n%,er. is 'e direcor)s re"resen%ive in 'e sudioJ T'e Boor #%n%,er is 'e "erson in 'e
#iddle of 'e *oo# of 'e "'ooJ
F21?RE 1(@!
T'e %nnouncer is res"onsi*le for ,ein, 'e %udience ?red u" for 'e C&S ,%#e s'ow The P)ice I' RightJ ;P'oo coures( of
C&S:Ro*er /oes:L%ndov<
1uidin$ the Talent
$ow #uc' ,uid%nce 'e %len needs v%ries wi' 'eir eA"erience %nd 'e co#"leAi( of 'e
"roducionJ $owever. (ou #us %lw%(s ensure '% 'e %len unders%nds eA%cl( w'% (ou
w%n 'e# o do %nd w'ere o do iJ A "reli#in%r( word #%( *e enou,'. or % "%ins%4in,
re'e%rs%l #%( *e esseni%lJ
F21?RE 1(@&
Durin, % "roducion. 'e Boor #%n%,er is res"onsi*le for cuein, 'e %lenJ In 'is "'oo. % Boor #%n%,er is cuein, 'e
%len on N&C)s Tod*y s'ow seJ
INE4PERIENCED TALENT
$%vin, welco#ed %len. "u 'e# % e%se %nd eA"l%in w'% is needed of 'e#J T'e( %re
*es su""ored *( %n eA"erienced 'os w'o ,uides %nd re%ssures 'e#J $%ve 'e# %l4 o
'e 'os r%'er '%n 'e c%#er%. %s 'e 'os c%n seer 'e ,ues *( !uesionsJ Unf%#ili%r
condiions #%4e #os "eo"le unco#for%*leJ $owever. i is i#"or%n '% 'e %len feels
self5con?denS'% con?dence is esseni%l for % ,ood "erfor#%nceJ Kee" "ro*le#s o %
#ini#u#. wi' onl( esseni%l insrucions o 'e %lenJ Avoid el%*or%e %cion. discour%,e
i#"rovis%ion. %nd '%ve #ini#%l re%rr%n,e#ensJ Even sli,' disr%cions c%n worr(
ineA"erienced %lenJ So#ei#es % s#%ll cue c%rd or % lis of "oins 'eld *eside 'e c%#er%
#%( sren,'en 'eir con?denceJ $owever. few ineA"erienced "eo"le c%n re%d % scri" or
ele"ro#"er n%ur%ll(S'e( usu%ll( ,ive % siled. unco#for%*le deliver(J
T'e *%l%nce *eween insuOcien %nd eAcessive re'e%rs%l is #ore cruci%l wi' ineA"erienced
%lenJ Uncer%in( or over5f%#ili%ri( c%n le%d 'e# o o#i secions durin, 'e ?n%l
"ro,r%#J So#ei#es 'e soluion lies in ei'er %"in, 'e "roducion in secions or co#"ilin,
fro# sever%l %4esJ
PROFESSIONAL TALENT
+ou will #ee % ver( wide r%n,e of eA"erienced "rofession%l "erfor#ers in elevision
"roducionS%cors. "reseners. 'oss. co##en%ors. de#onsr%ors. %nd %nc'orsJ E%c' '%s
% s"eci?c "%r o "l%( in % "roducionJ 0%#ili%r wi' 'e sudio "rocess. 'e( c%n res"ond o
'e #os co#"lic%ed insrucions fro# 'e 0M. or %n e%r"iece inerco# wi'ou 'e *lin4 of
%n e(e. even under 'e #os diOcul condiions. %nd (e #%in%in cool co##%nd of 'e
siu%ionJ Co##ens. i#in, %nd coninui( c'%n,es. ie# cus. %nd %d5li**in, %nd "%ddin,
%re %4en in srideJ
F21?RE 1(@'
0%#ili%r wi' 'e sudio "rocess. "rofession%l %len li4e &r%d Pi %nd Con%n O)&rien c%n res"ond o 'e #os co#"lic%ed
insrucions fro# 'e Boor #%n%,erJ ;P'oo coures( of N&C5T/:T'e Ko*%l Collecion<
T'e "rofession%l c%n usu%ll( #%4e full use of % ele"ro#"er dis"l%(in, 'e scri"S'is
re!uires '% c%#er%s #us *e wi'in re%din, dis%nceJ T'e %len c%n "l%( o s"eci?c
c%#er%s for s"eci?c s'os. #%4in, %llow%nces for li,'in, "ro*le#s ;eJ,J. s'%dowin,< or
c%#er% #oves ;0i,ure 8LJQ<J
C?E281
To ensure '% %cion *e,ins %nd ends % 'e ins%n 'e direcor w%ns. "recise cuein, is
esseni%lJ If (ou cu o "erfor#ers %nd 'en cue 'e#. (ou will see 'e# w%iin, o *e,in or
w%c' %cion s"rin, ino lifeJ Cue 'e# oo e%rl( *efore cuin, %nd %cion '%s
%lre%d( *e,unJ Wron, cuein, le%ves %len *ewilderedJ If 'e( '%ve ?nis'ed 'eir
conri*uion %nd (ou '%ve no cu %w%( o 'e neA s'o. 'e( #%( s%nd 'ere. no 4nowin,
w'% o do. wonderin, w'e'er o %d li* or 9us s#ileJ
4ethods of Cuein$
HAND CES
Perfor#ed *( 'e Boor #%n%,er. 'ese %re 'e s%nd%rd #e'ods of cuein, %cion o s%r or
so"J Re#e#*er. so#e co#"%nies '%ve 'eir own v%ri%ions on 'e si,n%ls %nd i is
%dvis%*le o use w'%ever is ,iven o (ou *( (our su"ervisorJ $owever. #%4e sure '% (our
si,n%ls c%n *e undersood *( 'e %lenJ EA"l%in 'e *%sic cues o 'e# if necess%r(J Do no
%ssu#e '% 'e( 4now w'% (ou %re doin,Ses"eci%ll( wi' ineA"erienced %len ;0i,ure
8LJL<J
#ORD CES
An %,reed5u"on word or "'r%se durin, % di%lo,ue. co##en%r(. or discussion #%( *e used
o cue %cion or o swic' o % "rerecorded "%c4%,e ;inser<J I is %lso i#"or%n o noe
oucues ;'e l%s s"o4en words< % 'e end of % "re"roduced elevision "%c4%,e o ensure
'% 'e %len 4nows w'en o *e,in %,%inJ
MONITOR CES
Co##en%ors %nd de#onsr%ors ofen w%c' 'e "re"roduced "%c4%,e on % ne%r*(
elevision #onior. %4in, 'eir cues fro# seein, 'e "%c4%,e endJ
TALL. LIGHT CES
Perfor#ers c%n %4e % cue fro# 'e c%#er%)s %ll( ;cue< li,' '% li,'s u" w'en 'e
swic'er selecs % s"eci?c c%#er%J Announce *oo's so#ei#es use % s#%ll "or%*le cue
li,' o si,n%l 'e co##en%ors o *e,in ;0i,ure 8LJD<J
INTERCOM CES
T'ese cues %re ,iven direcl( o % "erfor#er ;newsc%ser. co##en%or< we%rin, %n
e%r"ieceSi is usu%ll( c%lled %n I0&. w'ic' s%nds for inerru"ed ;inerru"i*le< feed*%c4J I
c%n %lso *e c%lled % ()og)*, inte))u(t ;0i,ure 8LJ8K<J
CLOC! CES
T'e %len #%( *e old o *e,in % %n eA%c i#eJ
Pro9ptin$ the Talent
R%rel( c%n %len *e eA"eced o #e#ori-e % scri" %ccur%el( %nd deliver i e%sil(J Even 'e
#os eA"erienced "erfor#ers %re li%*le o devi%e fro# 'e wrien scri" %nd for,e or dro"
linesJ Al'ou,' 'is is no % *i, issue wi' so#e ("es of s'ows '% %re s"on%neous. i c%n
*e serious wi' "ro,r%#s suc' %s news s'owsJ
T'ere %re % nu#*er of di6eren w%(s '% 'e %len c%n ,e 'el" wi' deliver(3
Note'; I ` C5inc' indeA c%rds %re "ro*%*l( 'e #os co##on noe si-eJ T'e( %re %lso
"o"ul%r. *ec%use 'e c%rd5soc4 does no crin4leJ Mos %len "refer no o use s%nd%rd
s'ees of "%"er on %n inerview s'ow. *ec%use 'e( c%n disr%c 'e %udience %nd c%n
crin4le. #%4in, unw%ned noisesJ S%nd%rd5si-ed "%"er is usu%ll( used for news scri"s on %
news des4 or %*leJ
Cue c*)d; L%r,e c%rd5soc4 c%n *e used *( % Boor crew #e#*er o s'ow *rief noes. %n
ouline. or o'er infor#%ionJ T'ese c%rds %re usu%ll( 'eld so '% 'e line *ein, re%d is even
wi' 'e lens ;0i,ure 8LJ88<J
Tele()o,(te); Tele"ro#"ers ,ener%ll( s'ow 'e scri" on % wo5w%( #irror '% is
"osiioned direcl( over 'e c%#er%)s lensJ O'er devices c%n %lso *e used suc' %s
% li,'wei,' B% screen #onior. % %*le co#"uer. or % #o*ile "'oneJ A ele"ro#"er
o"er%or c%n v%r( 'e s"eed of 'e eA on 'e screen so '% i is co#for%*le for 'e %lenJ
C%#er%s e!ui""ed wi' % ele"ro#"er #us *e close enou,' o 'e %len for co#for%*le
re%din, ;0i,ures 8LJ8= %nd 8LJ8><J
F21?RE 1(@(
0loor #%n%,er si,n%ls or cuesJ ;P'oos *( Ausin &roo4s<
F21?RE 1(@)
C%#er% %ll( li,'sSnoe 'e red li,' on 'e sudio view?nderS%re ofen used o cue 'e %len w'en o *e,in 'eir
"resen%ionJ
F21?RE 1(@1*
T'is ESPN %len uses %n I0& ;inerco#< e%r"iece o 'e%r cues fro# 'e "roducerJ $e %lso '%s % s#%ll *oo# #icro"'one
%%c'ed o 'is e%rJ ;P'oo *( Dennis &%Aer<
F21?RE 1(@11
Cue c%rds s'ould *e 'eld so '% 'e crew #e#*er 'oldin, 'e c%rd c%n see 'e wordin,J T'is %llows 'i# or 'er o #ove
'e c%rd u". %d9usin, 'e c%rd so '% 'e line *ein, re%d is even wi' 'e lensJ
F21?RE 1(@12
Mo*ile ele"'ones c%n *e used %s ?eld ele"ro#"ersJ One of 'e #%9or *ene?s is '% 'e l%es scri" u"d%e c%n *e
e#%iled direcl( o 'e "ro#"erJ ;P'oo coures( of &odelin Tec'nolo,ies<
Production Ti9in$
&ro%dc%s elevision "roducions run *( 'e cloc4J T'e( s%r %nd so" % s"eci?c i#es.
*ec%use 'e( #us ? 'eir %lloc%ed i#e slo e9*ctlyJ If % live s'ow ,oes over 'e i#e
li#i. i #%( 9us *e cu o6 or will c%use "ro*le#s wi' o'er "ro,r%#sJ S'ows '% %re live5
on5%"e will ,e edied so '% 'e( %re 'e %""ro"ri%e len,'J
Scri"s #%( *e rou,'l( i#ed *( re%din, %loud %nd %llowin, i#e for %n( #ue %cion.
co##erci%ls. or "re"roduced #%eri%lJ Mos scri"s run % rou,'l( % #inue "er full "%,eJ
Durin, 'e re'e%rs%l e%c' se,#en or scene is i#ed. 'en %d9used o ? ino 'e %lloc%ed
i#e sloJ
F21?RE 1(@13
Left3 T'e c%#er% is e!ui""ed wi' % ele"ro#"erJ Right3 W'% 'e eA loo4s li4e fro# 'e %len)s "oin of viewJ ;Lef "'oo
coures( of 7/C<
REC;R/281 THE PR;/?CT2;8
Al'ou,' EliveF "roducions were 'ow elevision *e,%n. #os elevision "ro,r%#s od%( %re
"rerecordedJ Recordin, % "ro,r%# %llows 'e direcors #ore freedo#J T'e( c%n edi ou 'e
#is%4es %nd en'%nce 'e s'ow wi' s"eci%l e6ecs '% #%( no '%ve *een "ossi*le in %
EliveF siu%ionJ So i is no sur"risin, '% od%( #os s'ows %re recorded w'enever
"ossi*leJ Le)s %4e % loo4 % 'e v%rie( of recordin, #e'ods '% %re used. includin, 'eir
%dv%n%,es %nd li#i%ions ;see %lso T%*le 8LJI<J
T'e #os co##on recordin, #e'ods %re3
Live5on5%"e
&%sic re%4es
S'ooin, ou of order
Isol%ed c%#er% ;ISO<Se%c' c%#er% '%s is own recorder
+iveIonITape
$ere 'e "ro,r%# is recorded coninuousl( in is enire(. %s if i were liveJ Mos ediin, is
co#"leed on 'e "roducion swic'er durin, 'e "erfor#%nceJ W'ile 'e "roducion #%( *e
done % 'e conclusion of 'e s'ow. #os of 'e i#e %ddiion%l "os"roducion will *e
re!uiredJ
,asic Reta-es
$ere 'e "roducion is recorded coninuousl(. 'e s%#e %s for % live "roducionJ $owever.
%n( errors ;"erfor#ers. "roducion. ec'nic%l< %re rerecorded %nd 'e correced secions
su*siuedJ Dur%ion ri##in, #%( re!uire so#e ediin, cusSofen covered *( inroducin,
cu%w%(s:re%cion s'osJ
Shootin$ ;ut of ;rder
M%n( "roducions %re s'o ou of order. so""in, %nd s%rin, %s neededJ 0or eA%#"le. if one
se is needed *o' for 'e *e,innin, %nd 'e end of % "roducion. *o' se,#ens c%n *e
s'o one %fer %no'erJ T'is #e'od %llows 'e se o *e re#oved %nd %no'er *rou,' in for
'e neA scene. w'ic' s%ves li,'in, %nd se *uildin, i#eJ
2solated Ca9era =2S;>
In 'is %""ro%c'. e%c' c%#er%)s ou"u is se"%r%el( recorded on is own dedic%ed recorder
or c%#corderJ I#%,es fro# 'e ISO c%#er% c%n *e seleced on 'e swic'er w'enever 'e(
%re needed. *u %ll is s'os ;on5%ir %nd o65%ir< %re %"ed on 'e isol%ed recorderJ T'is
%rr%n,e#en "rovides sever%l useful o""oruniiesJ ISO s'os c%n *e used % nu#*er of
di6eren w%(s3
In't*nt )e(l*y 'hot'; T'e ISO recorder c%n *e used o "rovide ins%n re"l%( s'os in slow
#oion durin, % "roducionJ A %n( c'osen #o#en ;suc' %s %fer % ,o%l '%s *een scored in
% ,%#e<. 'e ISO recorder is used o "l%( is recorded foo%,e ino 'e "ro,r%#J
Co&e) 'hot'; T'e ISO c%#er% c%n *e used o concenr%e on one s"eci?c %s"ec of 'e
scene ;suc' %s 'e ,o%l %re%<J
St*nd5y 'hot3 W'en % "roducion swic'er is used on % #ulic%#er% s'oo. 'e resulin,
"ro,r%# %"e con%ins %ll 'e s'os of 'e even '% %re %v%il%*leJ So if (ou su*se!uenl(
need o #odif( 'e ?n%l %"e. 'e ISO c%#er% recordin, c%n *e edied ino 'e "ro,r%# %"e
w'erever necess%r( %s cu%w%(s. o %llow c'%n,es or correcions o *e #%deJ
Sin$leICa9era Recordin$
In 'is siu%ion. % sin,le "or%*le c%#corder s'oos 'e %cionJ As 'e #%in "roducion
c%#er%. 'e #%eri%l is recorded in %n( convenien orderJ &ec%use no swic'in, is involved.
'e direcor '%s 'e o""oruni( o concenr%e on 'e %cion on 'e seJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% %re so#e of 'e siu%ions '% c%n '%""en w'en %n unre'e%rsed sudio "roducion
occurs1
2@ W'% %re 'e ,o%ls of % "rere'e%rs%l1
3@ W'% %re 'e di6erences *eween dr( *loc4in, %nd c%#er% *loc4in,1
@ Descri*e 'e role of 'e Boor #%n%,er in 'e sudioJ
!@ W'% %re so#e of 'e cuein, #e'ods in 'e sudio1
&@ W'% %re so#e of 'e devices used o "ro#" 'e %len1
'@ $ow could "%id "rofession%l %len %cu%ll( s%ve (ou #one( over friends w'o wor4 for
free1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< F2;8A CATHER6;;/
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0 at the ,,C< Co#"ilin, %nd overseein, scri"s. c%#er% c%rds.
runnin, s'ow for#%s %nd sc'edules. sein, u" ec'nic%l "l%nnin, #eein,s. %nd
su"ervisin, %nd disri*uin, 'e ec'nic%l re!uire#ensJ Res"onsi*iliies included
%sse#*lin, scri"s. i#in,. coninui(. %nd so#ei#es lo,,in,J I wor4ed closel( wi' 'e
direcor. %len. %nd 'e crew %s % e%#J M( wor4 %lso includes "os"roducion "%"erwor4.
rese%rc'. %nd cle%r%nces for #usicJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 T'e E*u--F of live elevision. wor4in, wi' l%r,e O&
re#oe crewsJ T'e "ro,r%#s I '%ve wor4ed on '%ve %ll de#%nded 'e 'i,'es levels of
or,%ni-%ion. #uli%s4in, %nd inii%ive. %nd '%ve ,iven #e 'e o""oruni( o develo"
eAcellen rel%ions'i"s wi' &uc4in,'%# P%l%ce. #e#*ers of 'e Ar#ed 0orces. 'e P%l%ce of
Wes#inser. 'e C'urc'. %nd Govern#en de"%r#ensJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 2uic4 "ro,r%#
urn%rounds. res"ondin, o EliveF siu%ions resulin, in c'%n,es in runnin, orders %nd
conse!uen i#in, c'%n,es. *ein, %*le o %dd u" i#e %nd res"ond !uic4l( o siu%ions %s
'e( '%""enJ Alw%(s o re#%in c%l#J
Are their speciGc thin$s that %ou do to speciGcall% prepare to 5or- on a
production7 Rese%rc' %s #uc' %s "ossi*le ino 'e 'isor( %nd *%c4,round of "ro,r%#s
'% %re co#in, u"J Ge %s #uc' eA"erience %nd r%inin, %s "ossi*leJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
that7 Con?dence. ,ood r%inin,. %nd *e "re"%red o wor4 (our w%( u" fro# 'e *oo#J I
9oined 'e &&C %s % "roducion secre%r( %nd inii%ll( followed %nd w%c'ed "eo"le doin, 'e
role I w%ned o evenu%ll( doJ
F21?RE 1(@1
0ion% C%'erwood. PA:Scri" Su"ervisor. &&C
Fion* C*the)0ood3' e9(e)ience of o&e) => ye*)' *t the $$C h*' included e&ent' 'uch *' The
Roy*l #edding of HRH The P)ince of #*le'1 St*te O(ening of P*)li*,ent.
Cri#ew%c'. Rug5y #o)ld Cu( Victo)y P*)*de1 *nd the -ueen3' <u5ilee Add)e''J
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< +A?RE8 C+A?S
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< &%sic%ll( w'% I do is *loc4 %nd direc % '%lf5'our newsc%s once %
d%(J I %lso ofen cre%e ,r%"'ics for 'e s'ow '% d%(J
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I love '% #( 9o* is di6eren ever( d%( %nd c'%llen,es
#e o cons%nl( i#"roveJ Since no wo s'ows %re ever %li4e. I %lw%(s '%ve o *e on #(
,%#eJ A "%r of #e %lso en9o(s 'e %dren%line rus' of *ein, in 'e #ids of % live s'ow
w'ere %n('in, could '%""enJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 I 'in4 'e ou,'es
c'%llen,e is re%ll( *ein, %*le o 'in4 on #( fee %nd %lw%(s '%vin, % conin,enc( "l%n for
%n('in, '% could ,o wron,J In one live s'ow. #(ri%d 'in,s c%n ,o wron,. *u 'e viewer
won) noice if 'e direcor is doin, 'is or 'er 9o* correcl(J I %# sill le%rnin, 'ow o *e %*le
o "u ou E?resF so 'e s'ow is sill cle%n o %irJ
6hat su$$estions or advice can %ou oKer for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 Persisence %nd % ,o5,eer %iudeJ Do ever('in, (ou c%n o i#"rove % (our
"osiionJ As4 % lo of !uesionsJ &e e%rl(. %ll 'e i#eJ L%sl(. love w'% (ou do. 'e #inue
(ou so" lovin, i. so" doin, iJ
F21?RE 1(@1!
L%uren Cl%us. Direcor
L*u)en Cl*u' i' * di)ecto) *t * loc*l tele&i'ion 't*tio
CHAPTER 1:
0irectin- Talent
EM%n( direcors eA"ec %cors o *e li4e A""le co#"uers3 "lu,5%nd5"l%(. "erfor#in,
"erfecl( ri,' ou of 'e *oAJ Wriers wor4 for #on's on % scri"N direcors %4e wee4s o
cre%e 'eir visionJ Acors %re ofen c%s onl( % few d%(s *efore 'e s'oo %nd '%ve lileSif
%n(Si#e o "re"%reJ Acors need i#e o c%c' u" o ever(one else on 'e crewJ T'e( %re
no #%c'inesN 'e( %re f%lli*le 'u#%ns des"er%e o do 'eir *esJ Acors #us feel s%fe %nd
su""ored on 'eir cre%ive 9ourne(JF
:ohn ,adha9, /irector
T'e %len (ou c'oose c%n #%4e or *re%4 % "roducionJ T'e f%ce %nd 'e *od( l%n,u%,e of %
"erson co##unic%e f%ser o %n %udience '%n %n( o'er #e'odJ S'owin, % close5u" s'o
of 'e f%ce !uic4l( co##unic%es 'e sor( %s 'e %cor eA"resses dis,us. 9o(. sorrow. %nd
seriousnessJ M%n( video "roducions o%ll( rel( on 'ow well "eo"le "erfor# in fron of 'e
c%#er%J I is u" o 'e direcor o ,e 'e *es "erfor#%nce fro# 'e %lenJ T'e direcor
#us *e %*le o co##unic%e 'is or 'er vision for 'e "ro,r%# %nd 4ee" 'e %len
#oiv%ed %nd infor#edJ Co%Ain, 'e *es "erfor#%nce c%n *e ou,'. *u i is well wor' i
in 'e endJ
TA+E8T
Al'ou,' 'e *ro%d er# t*lent is widel( used o refer o 'ose %""e%rin, in fron of 'e
c%#er%. we #us %lw%(s re#e#*er 'ow v%ried 'is %len re%ll( isJ ET%lenF covers %
re#%r4%*le s"re%d of eA"erience %nd e#"er%#ens. fro# 'e "rofession%l %cor wor4in, o
% scri" %nd "l%(in, % "%r. o 'e i#"ro#"u. unre'e%rsed inerview wi' % "%sser*( on 'e
sree ;0i,ure 8DJ8<J
W'en 'e direcor invies so#eone o %""e%r in fron of 'e c%#er%. '% is onl( 'e
*e,innin, of 'e sor(J Since 'e "erson)s "erfor#%nce will '%ve %n inBuence on 'e
"ro,r%#)s success. i is i#"or%n '% 'e direcor 'el"s in %n( w%( needed. o #%4e 'e
%len)s conri*uion %s e6ecive %s "ossi*leJ T'e elevision c%#er% c%n *e %n unw%verin,
criicJ Under is scruin(. 'e %udience wei,'s %rro,%nce. %iude. %nd credi*ili(. w'ile
sendin, s(#"%'( o 'ose w'o %re s'( %nd ill % e%seJ
0or "r%cic%l "ur"oses. we c%n divide %len ino 'e ()ofe''ion*l (e)fo),e)'. w'o %re used
o %""e%rin, in fron of 'e c%#er%. %nd 'e ine9(e)ienced. for w'o# 'e "ro,r%# is li4el(
o *e % new. sr%n,e. eAciin, (e worr(in, evenJ
Profession%l "erfor#ers usu%ll( li4e wor4 'rou,' % "re"%red for#%J So#e. li4e %n %cor in %
"l%(. will le%rn 'eir lines. 'eir #oves. %nd 'e #ec'%nics of 'e "roducionJ O'ers wor4
fro# %n %**revi%ed cue s'ee ne%r 'e c%#er% or re%d runnin, eA fro# 'e screen of %
ele"ro#"erJ So#e will eAe#"ori-e fro# ,uide noes. o'ers will re%d fro# % "rined scri"
;0i,ure 8DJ=<J
F21?RE 1)@1
ET%lenF ,ener%ll( refers o %n(one w'o %""e%rs in fron of 'e c%#er%J T'% c%n include % wide v%rie( of "eo"le. fro#
%nc'ors o %cors o %'lees o 'e #%n on 'e sree doin, %n inerviewJ
F21?RE 1)@2
News %len records voiceovers for sor( "%c4%,esJ ;P'oo *( 7on Green'oeJ<
F21?RE 1)@3
T%len #us *e %*le o concenr%e on 'e wor4. even wi' % lo of disr%cions ,oin, on involvin, c%#er%s. %udio
"ersonnel. li,'in,. %nd o'er crew #e#*ersJ
T'e *es "rofession%ls c%n *e relied on o re"e%. durin, 'e %cu%l %"in,. 'e di%lo,ue. 'e
#oves. 'e "%ce. %nd 'e i#in, '% 'e( ,%ve in re'e%rs%lJ T'e %len needs o 4now w'%
'e or s'e is ,oin, o s%( %nd '% 'e or s'e c%n #odif( 'e deliver( of 'e "iece o ? 'e
siu%ion. s'owin, en'usi%s#. vi,or. c%l# de%c'#en. "%ience. or reverenceJ T%len c%n
%4e ,uid%nce %nd insrucions %nd follow 'is 'rou,' wi'ou *ein, confusedJ Good %len
c%n i#"rovise w'en 'in,s ,o wron, %nd re#%in c%l# if 'e uneA"eced '%""ens ;0i,ures
8DJ>. 8DJI. 8DJP<J
F21?RE 1)@
Noe '% w'ile 'ese wo s"ors co##en%ors re'e%rse. %udio %nd "roducion "ersonnel %re wor4in, %round 'e#. esin,
'eir #ics %nd %d9usin, 'e %len)s 'e%dse on 'is nec4J ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*erJ<
F21?RE 1)@!
A Es%ndu"F is w'en %len %re "l%ced in fron of so#e'in, '% "rovides coneA for 'e sor( *ein, coveredJ
The ActorAs Craft
ET'e *es %dvice I)ve ever received %*ou direcin, c%#e fro# % veer%n #oion "icure
c%#er%#%n w'o '%d successfull( swic'ed o fe%ure ?l# direcin, in #idc%reerJ T'e %dvice
w%s 'is3 Rno #%er w'ic' #ediu#. video. ?l#. 'e%er. ecJ. %nd no #%er w'% 4ind of
"roducionSs%les r%inin, %"es o news se,#ens o docu#en%ries o fe%ure ?l#sS%s
lon, %s "eo"le %re involved. % ,ood direcor #us '%ve % 4nowled,e of 'e cr%f of %cin,J)F
EA 4nowled,e of 'e %cor)s cr%f will fund%#en%ll( c'%n,e (our %""ro%c' o direcin, %n(
4ind of "ro,r%# in w'ic' "eo"le %""e%r on c%#er%J I oo4 'is %dvice %nd c%n now decl%re3
R'e w%s ri,'Y)F
Fran- ,eacha9, /irector
F21?RE 1)@&
Acors %s seen 'rou,' % c%#er% #oniorJ ;P'oo *( T(ler $o6<
24P;RTA8CE ;F PE;P+E 28 THE SCE8E
Su""ose (ou %re docu#enin, 'e red c%r"e % % #%9or %w%rds cere#on(J +ou %re r(in, o
descri*e w'% i is li4e o *e on 'e red c%r"e. or even s%ndin, neA o 'e red c%r"eJ +ou
c%n s'oo foo%,e of 'e eAr%v%,%n decor%ions. 'e ,lowin, li,'s. %nd (ou c%n c%"ure
'e soundsJ If (ou *e,in s'ooin, e%rl( enou,'. (ou c%n ,e uncluered views of 'e c%r"eJ
O*viousl(. none 'ese s'os re%ll( conve( 'e %#os"'ere %s 'e s%rs descend u"on 'e
c%r"eJ
On 'e o'er '%nd. if (ou *e,in s'ooin, %s 'e li#ousines %rrive %nd 'e s%rs *e,in o
descend u"on 'e red c%r"e o 'e deli,' of %n %dorin, crowd. (ou c%n c%"ure 'e
#ood of 'e evenJ W'ile i #%( *e #ore diOcul o c%"ure 'e foo%,e (ou w%n. *ein,
9osled *( o'er "eo"le. 'e "l%ce now '%s eA%cl( 'e ri,' feel o iJ T'is is % re#inder '%
i is wor' 'e *%le. in order o 'el" 'e viewin, %udience ,e % feel for w'% i w%s re%ll(
li4e o *e 'ere ;0i,ure 8DJQ<J
F21?RE 1)@'
Peo"le *rin, life o scenes. #%4in, 'e i#%,e #ore ineresin, o 'e %udienceJ T'is i#%,e c%"ured 'e %#os"'ere of 'e
red c%r"e % 'e &riis' Ac%de#( Aw%rdsJ
0in%ll(. do no overloo4 'ow i#"or%n "eo"le %re in ,ivin, life o % sceneJ R%'er '%n "%n
%lon, %n e#"( sidew%l4. i is #ore ineresin, o follow so#eone w'o is "%ssin, ;%l'ou,'
'ere is 'e "ossi*ili( '% 'e %udience #%( now wonder w'o 'is newco#er is.
s"ecul%in, on 'e "erson inse%d of on 'e re%l su*9ec<J
A s'o loo4in, %lon, %n e#"( *rid,e is li4el( o *ore (our %udience wi'in % few secondsJ
&u '%ve so#eone w%l4 %cross '% s%#e *rid,e. %nd 'e scene i##edi%el( *eco#es #ore
ineresin,J Now (ou c%n 'old 'e s'o #uc' lon,er w'ile % voiceover ells us %*ou 'e
*rid,e)s 'isor(J
Selecin, 'e ri,' %len o ? 'e scri" %nd 'en 'el"in, 'e %len unders%nd w'% (ou
need fro# 'i# or 'er o #%4e % successful "roducion %re wo of 'e direcor)s ,re%es
c'%llen,esJ $owever. w'en 'e %len ,es i ri,'. wi' 'e ri,' scri" %nd wi' 'e ri,'
direcor. 'e resuls c%n *e incredi*leJ
PRESE8T281 THE 28F;R4AT2;8
7us *ec%use 'e %len #%( *e %n eA"er %*ou % s"eci?c su*9ec does no #e%n '% 'e or
s'e c%n "resen i convincin,l( o 'e c%#er%J Ironic%ll(. 'ere %re i#es w'en % %len
wor4in, fro# % ele"ro#"er scri" #%( %""e%r #ore %u'enic. even 'ou,' 'e words #%(
'%ve *een wrien *( so#eone elseJ
$ow 'e %cion is s'o is inBuenced no onl( *( 'e n%ure of 'e su*9ec *u *( 'e %len
involvedJ T'e c%#er% c%n *e'%ve li4e % *(s%nder w'o #oves %round o ,e % ,ood view of
w'%ever is ,oin, onJ T'is '%""ens in sree inerviewsJ A *es. one 'o"es '% w'oever is
*ein, inerviewed will *e "reoccu"ied wi' 'e !uesioner %nd *%rel( noice 'e c%#er% %nd
#icro"'oneJ $owever. i c%n so#ei#es *e diOcul o rel%A w'en one is *ein, *esie,ed *(
'e curiosi( of *(s%ndersJ
SE+ECT281 TA+E8T
I is i#"or%n o ?nd 'e ri,' "erson for (our "ro9ecJ So#ei#es (ou 9us '%ve o ,o wi'
(our ,u feelin,sJ T'is #%( *e one of 'e #os diOcul decisions '% (ou '%ve o #%4e in
'e w'ole "roducionJ T%l4 wi' 'e %len. ,e o 4now 'e# % lileJ &uildin, % *i of %
rel%ions'i" will 'el" (ou see w'% 'e( %re li4eWif 'e( will wor4 well for (our "roducionJ
New direcors ofen '%ve o de%l wi' li#ied *ud,es. %nd one of 'e %re%s 'e( %re ofen
e#"ed o cu is 'e *ud,e line for "rofession%l %lenJ T'ere %re *%sic%ll( 'ree ("es of
%len for "roducions3
F21?RE 1)@(
Profession%l %len. suc' %s lon,i#e %cor Willi%# S'%ner s'own 'ere in %n inerview. '%ve 'e eA"erience o ofen deliver
'e lines 'e ?rs i#eJ W'ile 'e( #%( *e #ore eA"ensive o 'ire. 'e( usu%ll( do % *eer "ro9ec in less i#e '%n
ineA"erienced %lenJ
P)ofe''ion*l t*lentJ Profession%ls cos #ore #one( u"5fronJ $owever. 'eir !u%li( usu%ll(
f%cili%es % *eer ?n%l "ro9ec. %nd 'e( usu%ll( c%n co#"lee 'e "ro9ec #uc' f%ser '%n
'e wo o'er ("es of %len discussed neA ;0i,ure 8DJL<J
ni&e)'ity6college the*te) (e)fo),*nce 'tudent'J Direcors c%n usu%ll( E'ireF sudens for
ver( lile #one( or even for freeJ T'e %dv%n%,e is '% 'ese sudens '%ve usu%ll(
received r%inin, in %cin, %nd %re ofen willin, o wor4 '%rd 9us for %n eA"erience 'e( c%n
"u on 'eir resu#eJ So 'ese sudens cos less '%n "rofession%ls *u #%( %4e % *i #ore
i#e o cre%e 'e ?n%l "ro9ec. includin, #ore re%4esJ
A,*teu) t*lentJ I is %lw%(s e#"in, o ,r%* % rel%ive or friend o *e 'e %len on %
"ro9ecJ T'e "ro*le# is '% %#%eurs do no '%ve 'e eA"erience needed o co#"lee 'e
"ro9ec in % i#el( f%s'ion or o #%ser 'e "ronunci%ionJ
So. %l'ou,' 'e( #%( *e free. %#%eur %len #%( %cu%ll( cos #ore #one( '%n
"rofession%l %len if e!ui"#en or sudio s"%ce is *ein, rened for 'e "roducionJ T'e cos
(ou s%ve on %len #%( *e s"en on ren%l coss. *ec%use 'e %#%eur c%n %4e #uc' #ore
i#e o co#"lee % scri"J No onl( c%n (ou s%ve #one( *( usin, "rofession%l %len. *u 'e
over%ll !u%li( will "ro*%*l( *e *eerJ
6hat su$$estions do %ou have for 5or-in$ 5ith talent7
FT%4e 'e i#e o re'e%rse %nd %l4 scenes ou wi' (our %len *efore (ou ever ,e o 'e
seJ +our enire c%s %nd crew is loo4in, o (ou for vision %nd ,uid%nce. #%4e 'e i#e o
'el" (our %len develo" 'eir c'%r%cers so (ou %re no 'oldin, u" 'e enire crew on s'oo
d%(J Wi' '% s%id. *e willin, o %4e % *re%4 on se if (our %cor is sru,,lin, wi' % sceneJ
I #i,' feel li4e (ou don) '%ve i#e o do i. *u (ou will '%n4 (ourself w'en (ou ,e *%c4
o 'e cuin, roo#JF
F21?RE 1)@)
Krisin Ross L%uder*%c'. Direcor
THE CHA++E81ES ;F 6;RE281 62TH TA+E8T
Li4e ever( o'er %s"ec of "roducion. ever( "erson involved. %len in 'is siu%ion. will
'%ve 'eir own ide%s %*ou 'ow 'in,s will wor4J As 'e direcor. i is (our res"onsi*ili( o
,uide 'e "ro9ec %lon,J $owever. (ou need o ,ive 'e# enou,' s"%ce o le 'e# do 'e
9o* wellJ Direcor Krisin Ross L%uder*%c' once co##ened '% Eone of 'e *es
co#"li#ens I received fro# %n %cor w%s '% I ,%ve 'i# % *oA o "l%( in %nd 'e '%d o%l
freedo# o eA"eri#en inside i. *u I le 'i# 4now if 'e wen ouside '% *oAJF +ou '%ve o
4ee" in #ind '% %s direcor. (ou 4now 'e *i, "icureJ I is (our res"onsi*ili( o 'el" 'e
%len '%ve 'e con?dence %nd unders%ndin, o ful?ll 'e vision '% (ou '%ve for 'e
"ro9ecJ
W'en wor4in, wi' %len. 'e followin, is i#"or%n3
Pu 'e# % e%seJ EA"l%in w'% will *e '%""enin,J
Give 'e# cle%r insrucions. suc' %s w'ere o loo4 %nd 'e direcion (ou w%n 'e
inerview o ,oJ
Kee" 'e %re% cle%r of disr%cionsJ
Pl%ce ie#s on % "re%rr%n,ed #%r4J
&e %w%re of 'e i#e li#isJ
2ne3perienced Talent
M%n( "eo"le w'o %""e%r o *e En%ur%l "erfor#ersF in 'e ?n%l "ro,r%# %re re%ll( 'e
"roduc of %n unders%ndin,. (e cre%ive direcorJ T("ic%l w%(s of '%ndlin, ineA"erienced
%len include 'e followin,3
+ou c%n "u (our "erfor#ers % e%se *( #%4in, 'e# feel welco#e. lein, 'e# 4now
w'% 'e( need o do. #%4in, 'e# feel '% 'eir conri*uion is %n i#"or%n %nd
ineresin, "%r of 'e "ro,r%#. %nd %ssurin, 'e# '% if %n('in, ,oes wron, 'ere is
no'in, o worr( %*ou *ec%use 'e scene c%n *e recorded %,%in ;unless i is % live
"ro,r%#<J
Le 'e# do i 'eir w%(. %nd 'en edi 'e resulJ
Le 'e# re#inisce. for eA%#"le. 'en selec 'e #os ineresin, or 'e #os relev%n
"%rsJ
Inerview 'e# in % siu%ion '% is n%ur%l for 'e# ;suc' %s 'eir wor4s'o"< r%'er '%n
in % for#%l sudio sein,J
W'enever "ossi*le. %void s'owin, 'e %len 9us s%ndin,. w%iin, for 'eir "%rJ T'e( will
feel #ore % e%se ;"%ricul%rl( in 'eir own surroundin,s< if 'e( '%ve so#e'in, o doJ 0or
eA%#"le. % coo4 #i,' *e cuin, u" so#e ve,e%*les *efore s"e%4in,J
Give 'e# % few insrucions. suc' %s ellin, 'e# w'en. w'ere. or 'ow o 'old 'e ie#s
in fron of 'e c%#er%J
Use "len( of cu%w%( s'os. so '% 'e "ro,r%# does no concenr%e on 'e %len %ll of
'e i#eJ As #uc' %s "ossi*le. loo4 % w'% 'e( %re %l4in, %*ouJ Durin, 'e ediin, "'%se.
'e cu%w%(s c%n *e cu ino 'e "ro,r%#J
So#e direcors 4ee" 'e ension down *( s'ooin, w'en 'e %len does no 4now 'e( %re
*ein, recordedJ
In % scri"ed "ro,r%#. i #%( *e wise o record 'e dress re'e%rs%l %nd. if "ossi*le. o run
'rou,' 'e #%eri%l sever%l i#es. recordin, ever('in,. so '% 'e direcor c%n selec %nd
co#*ine 'e *es "%rs of e%c' versionJ
If secions do no edi well. 'e inerviewer c%n record % !uesion or % s%e#en l%er '%
will *rid,e w'% would o'erwise *e dis9oined #%eri%lJ Wi' c%re. 'is c%n *e done !uie
well. even 'ou,' i w%s no "%r of 'e ori,in%l inerviewJ
The Host
M%n( of 'e "ro*le#s of '%ndlin, ineA"erienced %len c%n *e reduced if so#eone w'o is
f%#ili%r wi' 'e "roducion rouine o6ers su""orJ T'e "erson w'o serves %s 'e 'os will
"ro*%*l( #ee 'e ,ues *efore'%nd. 'el" 'e "erson o feel % e%se. %nd eA"l%in w'% will
*e '%""enin, durin, 'e "ro,r%# ;0i,ure 8DJ8K<J T'e 'os c%n %lso ,enl( ,uide 'e ,ues
'rou,' 'e inerview *( "osin, 'e !uesions wi'in 'e ri,' coneA3 EE%rlier. (ou were
ellin, #e %*ouWF or EI wonder if we could loo4 %WF or EIsn) 'e consrucion of 'is "iece
ineresin,1F T'e 'os c%n #ove 'e "ro,r%# s#oo'l( fro# one o"ic o 'e neAJ
Es"eci%ll( w'en s'ooin, iner#ienl( or ou of orderS*o' ver( confusin, o 'e novice
%lenS'e 'os c%n *e ver( e6ecive % ,uidin, 'e ,ues 'rou,' 'e "roducionJ
In siu%ions w'ere 'e %len will *e discussin, %n o*9ec '% #us %""e%r on c%#er%. 'e
'os c%n 'el" 'e ,ues 4now 'ow o '%ndle 'e o*9ecJ Inse%d of 'e nervous ,ues 'oldin,
'e "ro" in % w%( '% does no wor4 for elevision ;"%rl( 'idin, i. reBecin, 'e li,'s. or
#ovin, i %round in % close5u" s'o<. 'e 'os c%n %cfull( %4e i fro# 'e ,ues o loo4 % i
%nd 'en 'old i in % w%( '% f%cili%es % ,ood c%#er% s'oJ A i#es. 'e 'os c%n %lso loo4
in % ne%r*( #onior o c'ec4 'e s'oJ
F21?RE 1)@1*
One of 'e 'oss fro# N&C)s Tod*y s'ow. siin, in 'e li,' s'ir. is "re""in, 'is ,ues for 'e neA se,#en of 'e
"ro,r%#J
The Actor
EA 9ol of "%nic rises in even 'e #os eA"erienced %cor w'en 'e s%rs o "erfor# in fron
of o'er "eo"le. even if i is 9us % re'e%rs%lJ $e is "uin, %ll 'is %len %nd self5i#%,e on 'e
line %nd is "ro*%*l( erri?ed '% 'is %udience #%( no *u( ino w'% 'e is doin,J W'% if 'e
crew '%es i1 I would *e % "erson%l re9ecion of 'e %corJ T'e #ore 'e uses 'is own "s(c'e
o *uild 'e c'%r%cer. 'e #ore vulner%*le 'e *eco#esJ T'ere is one 4e( "rinci"le %*ou
wor4in, wi' %cors3 Acors #us feel 'e( %re in % "l%ce w'ere 'e( %re o%ll( s%feJF
:ohn ,adha9, /irector
F21?RE 1)@11
Acors ,ein, re%d( for % sceneJ ;P'oo *( T(ler $o6<
The ;KICa9era Host
T%len do no %lw%(s %""e%r on c%#er%J So#e 'oss %re re!uired o si in % *oo' %nd
co##en%e w'ile w%c'in, 'e even on #oniorsJ As "%(5"er5view Inerne eAended
versions of *ro%dc%s "ro,r%#s coninue o ,row in "o"ul%ri(. 'is "r%cice will incre%seJ
T'e "ro*le# wi' o6c%#er% *ro%dc%sin, is '% 'e %len needs o 4ee" 'e eAcie#en in
'eir voice %nd %c %s 'ou,' 'e( %re 'ereJ T'is c%n *e diOcul % i#es w'en 'e %len
#%( no even *e in 'e %re% of 'e evenJ ;0i,ure 8DJ8=<
F21?RE 1)@12
T'is re"orer is in % r%iler % %n even. co##enin, on % s"orin, even *ro%dc%s worldwide on N&CJco#J Kee"in, (our
ener,( ,oin, %s % co##en%or. w'en (ou %re no %cu%ll( % 'e even. c%n *e diOculJ
6HE8 THERE ARE PR;,+E4S
T'ere %re i#es w'en 'e invied ,uess si#"l( do no live u" o eA"ec%ionsJ Per'%"s 'e is
oo si6J Or #%(*e s'e is so 'esi%n %nd nervous '% s'e does 'erself lile 9usiceJ T'en
'ere %re 'e ,uess w'o overco#"ens%e %nd *eco#e loud %nd o*noAiousJ In % live s'ow.
'ere #%( *e lile o""oruni( o %cu%ll( re"l%ce so#eoneJ If 'ere is % re'e%rs%l %nd i is
o*vious '% 'e ,ues is no ,oin, o wor4. i is "ossi*le o cu '% individu%l fro# 'e
s'owJ $owever. doin, so c%n cre%e % diOcul siu%ionJ I #%( *e "ossi*le o %"e 'e
se,#en inse%d of ,oin, live. in 'e 'o"e (ou will *e %*le o use % le%s so#e of 'e
"erson)s conri*uionJ If % s'%4( "erfor#%nce *eco#es % serious issue. i c%n *e cu in
"os"roducionJ
O'er w%(s o de%l wi' % "ro*le#%ic ,ues is o si#"lif( or o s'oren 'e "erson)s
se,#enJ +ou c%n use #uli"le cu%w%(s. suc' %s close5u"s of de%ils. o cover 'e edis
durin, "os"roducionJ If necess%r(. 'ese cu%w%(s c%n *e s'o %fer 'e #%in s'ow is
recordedJ
Ano'er %""ro%c' is o '%ve 'e 'os "resen 'e ie#s in 'e "ro,r%# w'ile coninu%ll(
referrin, o 'e ,uesJ 0or eA%#"le. 'e 'os could "ic4 u" %n ie#. 'old i o c%#er%. %nd
re#ind 'e ,ues of 'e infor#%ion 'e( discussed *efore or durin, re'e%rs%lJ A wors. 'e
,ues '%s o do lile #ore '%n s%( (es %nd noJ
As % l%s resor. (ou c%n use % voiceover r%c4 for 'e ,ues)s se,#en %nd use video i#%,es
of 'e su*9ec #%erJ
RESEARCH
0or dec%des elevision re"orers. co##en%ors. %nd %nc'ors. %lon, wi' news"%"er
re"orers. were 'e #%in source of infor#%ion for 'e "u*licJ Tod%(. wi' % l%r,e nu#*er of
co#"ein, c%*le c'%nnels. *lo,s. we*sies. 0%ce*oo4. %nd Twier. co##en%ors '%ve 'e
diOcul %s4 of *ein, innov%ive ever( i#e 'e( %re on 'e %irJ W'%ever even (ou %re
coverin,. success is usu%ll( *%sed on rese%rc'J T%len '%s o *e %*le o co##en on 'e
issues of 'e d%( %nd *e %*le o desci*e %nd iner"re 'e even o 'e liseners in %
4nowled,%*le w%(J If (our %len does no unders%nd 'e su*9ec. 'e %udience "ro*%*l( will
no unders%nd iJ
6HAT SH;?+/ TA+E8T 6EAR7
T%len ofen %s4 'e !uesion3 EW'% do I we%r o 'is s'oo1F Good !uesionJ $ere %re so#e
*%sic ,uidelines3
A(()o()i*tene'' i' /eyJ T'e clo'in, needs o ? 'e siu%ionJ If i is % sudio inerview.
(ou w%n 'e %len o we%r nice clo'es %nd "olis'ed s'oesJ If 'e( %re on loc%ion % % c%r
r%ce. (ou won) w%n 'e# in % suiJ If 'e( %re on % dr%#%ic se. 'e( need o dress o ?
'e c'%r%cer. w'ic' #%( #e%n dir( s'oes. T5s'ir. %nd 9e%nsJ T'e clo'in, needs o ? 'e
siu%ionJ
#e*) lo02cont)*'t clothe'J Conr%sin, colors %re % #%9or "ro*le#J /ideo c%#er%s see
di6erenl( '%n 'e 'u#%n e(eJ C%#er%s c%nno '%ndle 'e conr%s *eween li,' %nd d%r4
o*9ecsJ W'en 'e c%#er% s'ows de%il in 'e li,' o*9ec. 'e d%r4 *eco#es
indisin,uis'%*leJ T'e reverse is %lso rue. w'en de%il is s'own in 'e d%r4. 'e li,' colors
*eco#e w%s'ed ou. losin, %ll of 'e de%ilJ Conr%s is %lso % "ro*le# for clo'in, %nd s4in
oneJ /er( li,'5s4inned "eo"le s'ould s%( %w%( fro# *l%c4 or d%r4 clo'in, w'en on
elevision %nd d%r45s4inned "eo"le s'ould %void we%rin, w'ie or ver( li,' colors suc' %s
w'ie. "in4. %nd (ellowJ W'ie clo'in,. includin, s'irs or *louses %re discour%,ed for
elevisionJ
$lue i' uni&e)'*l on tele&i'ionJ T'e clo'in, color '% see#s o wor4 *es on elevision is %
#ediu# *lueJ
#*tch the det*il'J Soc4s or soc4in,s s'ould *e 'i,' enou,' so '% 'e( cover 'e le,
w'en crossedJ Coll%rs s'ould *e "osiioned correcl(J $%ir s'ould *e in "l%ceJ
Mini,*l 7e0el)y i' u'ed on tele&i'ionJ Gener%ll( %len we%rs s#%ll 9ewelr( since l%r,e s'in(
o*9ecs c%use ,l%res fro# 'e li,'in,J S#%ll c'%ins or "e%rls %re usu%ll( nonreBeciveJ T'ere
%re i#es '% even w%c'es c%n c%use "ro*le#sJ
St)eet ,*/eu( i' u'u*lly *(()o()i*teJ $D c%#er%s %re so sensiive '% 'e( no lon,er
re!uire 'e 'e%v( #%4eu" used in e%rl( elevisionJ Of course s"eci%l #%4eu" #%( *e
re!uired in order o ? % cer%in loo4 or c'%r%cerJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ W'% %re 'ree of 'e c'%llen,es of wor4in, wi' %len1
2@ W'% colors wor4 *es on elevision w'en selecin, clo'in,1
3@ W'% %re wo w%(s o de%l wi' "ro*le#%ic %len1
@ W'en is i so#ei#es less eA"ensive o 'ire % "rofession%l %len '%n one of (our
friends1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< SARAH +ECE2E
6hen shootin$ people, 5hat do %ou thin- a0out7 6hat do %ou loo- for7 Mos of 'e
%cion I ?l# is "eo"le siin, %nd %l4in,. w'ic' c%n ,e re%ll( *orin,J &ec%use 'e %cion is
eAre#el( *orin,. I '%ve o liven u" 'e s'o wi' so#e'in, ineresin,J So I '%ve o loo4 for
ineresin, %n,lesJ I usu%ll( r( o loo4 for so#e'in, I c%n 9uA%"ose 'e %cion wi'. eJ,J. %
,ui%r in 'e fore,round or so#e'in,J +ou c%n) 9us 'in4 %*ou 'e %cionJ +ou '%ve o
'in4 %*ou w'% surrounds 'e %cion %nd w'e'er or no i)s relev%n o 'e s'o or will
#%4e i #ore %""e%lin, or #ore unders%nd%*leJ
If I %# ?l#in, so#eone "l%(in, soccer. I '%ve o 'in4 %*ou 'ow relev%n 'e coneA of 'e
%cion is o 'e i#%,eJ 0or ins%nce. if I %# ?l#in, % soccer ,%#e % % s%diu#. "eo"le 4now
w'% s%diu#s loo4 li4e %nd don) need % lo of s%diu# s'osN I c%n focus on close5u"s of 'e
%cionJ $owever. if I %# ?l#in, % soccer ,%#e inside % "rison. I)ll "ro*%*l( w%n o widen u"
#( s'os o s'oo 'e coneA of 'e "risonJ I will #%4e 'e s'os #ore dr%#%icJ
6hat are challen$es to shootin$ people7 Usu%ll( 'e c'%llen,e is o ,e "eo"le o no
loo4 % 'e c%#er%N o ,e 'e# o %c li4e I %# no 'ereJ Co##unic%in, eA%cl( w'% I
'%ve "icured in #( 'e%d %nd ,ein, 'e# o see '% i#%,e. c%n *e eAre#el( diOculJ
Also. ,ein, 'e c%#er% %cions "erfecl( lined u" wi' 'e "eo"le)s %cions is % c'%llen,eJ
0or ins%nce. if I %# r%c4 focusin, or -oo#in, or r%c4in, w'ile 'e( loo4 %w%( %nd 'en %
'e c%#er%. 'e i#in, '%s o *e "erfecY T'is is diOculJ
Ho5 do %ou $et people to do 5hat %ou need the9 to do in %our productions7 I
usu%ll( '%ve o do % lo of co%c'in,J I '%ve o *e %*le o no onl( ell 'e# w'% o do in %n
inerview. *u ofen I '%ve o %4e 'e i#e o s'ow 'e# eA%cl( w'% I w%n 'e# o doJ I
%4es % lo of "%ienceJ
F21?RE 1)@13
S%r%' Lec4ie. Direcor:/ideo,r%"'er
S*)*h Lec/ie i' * co)(o)*te tele&i'ion ()oduce)6di)ecto) 0ho c)e*te' inte)n*tion*l
docu,ent*)ie'J
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< 4;R1A8 SCH?TTERS
6hat is %our Ho07 I re"or 'e news3 D%il( "ic' le%d5%*le sor( ide%s. s'oo. edi.
inerview. se u" %nd coordin%e con%cs:wor4 #( *e%. re"or. ,o on c%#er% for live news.
newsroo# s'os. ou in ?eld. or in 'e sudio re"orin,J
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I love #( 9o* *ec%use I ,e o #ee new "eo"le ever(
d%( %nd develo" con%cs wi' w'ic' I ,e o develo" % rel%ions'i" wi'W I is f%s "%ced. I
,e o use #( ener,eic "erson%li( %nd %l4%ive friendl( n%ureJ I re%ll( en9o( 'e f%c '%
i is never 'e s%#e old rouineSi)s %lw%(s di6eren %nd new %nd eAciin,. %lw%(s f%s
de%dlines %nd "ressureJ I)s sressful. *u I li4e 'e sress %nd "ressureJ I love %l4in,. %nd
wriin,. %nd ellin, "eo"le)s soriesJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 I)s e#oion%ll(
dr%inin,J I %rrive % wor4 %lre%d( ired %nd le%ve wor4 ired %nd 'e s%#e c(cle of
eA'%usionS"'(sic%l %nd #en%lSis cons%nJ T'e sress is '%rd o '%ndle so#ei#esJ Wi'
i,' de%dlines. (ou so#ei#es feel (our wor4 is never ,ood enou,'N (ou)re cons%nl(
criici-ed on (our %""e%r%nce. wriin,. ediin,. ecJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 I focus. focus. focus. %nd I do no rel%A. so" o
'in4. or even c%c' #( *re%' unil I %# done wi' #( LI/E sor( or w'%ever #( de%dline
is '% d%(J Ofen 'ere is *%rel( enou,' i#e o even ouc' u" #( '%ir %nd #%4eu" *efore I
,o live so 'ere isn) #uc' "re"%rin,S*u I %lw%(s r( o re%d #( scri" 'rou,' % le%s
once *efore I s%( i %nd I %lw%(s r( o #e#ori-e #( le%dN i)s #ore convers%ion%l '% w%(J
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 If (ou w%n o *e % re"orer or in 'e news indusr( in %n( w%(. (ou *eer *e ou,'.
'%ve % 'ic4 s4in or %re willin, o develo" one. *e willin, o wor4 lon, 'ours for *%rel( %n(
#one(. %nd f%ce cons%n criicis# fro# "eo"le ouside 'e indusr( %nd inside iJ +ou c%n)
le %n('in, ,e (ou downJ +ou '%ve o 4ee" (our c'in u" %nd if (ou don) love i. don) do iJ
+ou '%ve o '%ve 8KK "ercen "%ssion for 'is c%reer o surviveJ T'ere %re 'ous%nds of
o'ers 9us li4e (ou w'o w%n 'e s%#e 9o* (ou '%veJ +ou)re e%sil( re"l%ce%*leJ T'e #ore
inerns'i"s 'e *eer wi' 'is 9o*J +ou c%n never ever '%ve oo #uc' eA"erienceJ Also 'e
#ore #enors %nd con%cs wi'in 'e indusr( w'o %re willin, o 'el" (ou wi' % %"e %nd
,uide (ou %lon, (our 9ourne( of i#"rovin,. 'e *eer. *ec%use (ou need ,enuine su""or in
'is c%reerJ
F21?RE 1)@1
Mor,%n Sc'uers. Re"orer
Mo)g*n Schutte)' i' * )e(o)te) fo) !ODE6!SNF in <o(lin1 Mi''ou)iJ
CHAPTER 2<
Production %t#le
EDrill down ino w'% i is '% eAcies (ou %*ou 'e "ro9ec %nd '%rness iJ +our "%ssion %s %
direcor is w'% will #%4e 'e s'ow '%""enJ M%4e 'e s'ow in (our 'e%d %nd 'in4 'rou,'
ever('in, '% could '%""enJF
Ton% 1re$or%, /irector, Fashion Rocks
Ter9s
Actualit%< A ("e of "roducion '% is ver( r%ns"%ren. even willin, o deli*er%el( reve%l
%ll of 'e "roducion e!ui"#en %nd crew o 'el" % E%u'enici(JF
A90ience< Producion %#*ience inBuences 'e %udience)s "erce"ion of 'e s'owJ So#e of
'e %#*ience f%cors #%( include #usic. ,r%"'ics. %nd 'e seJ
/ispla%< An unre%lisic. decor%ive w%( of "resenin, 'e su*9ec o (our %udienceJ G%#e
s'ows would *e %n eA%#"le of % dis"l%( ("e of "roducionJ
Treat9ent< T'e "roducion #e'od used o encour%,e 'e ineres of 'e %udienceJ T'ere
%re #%n( di6eren s(les or re%#ens '%n c%n *e c'osen suc' %s n%rr%ive. co#ed(.
news. docu#en%r(. ecJ
T'ere is no Ecorrec #e'odF of "resenin, %n( su*9ecJ Direcors '%ve ried % v%rie( of
%""ro%c'es over 'e (e%rsJ So#e of 'ese '%ve *eco#e s%nd%rdN o'ers were 9us %
"%ssin, rendJ Tec'ni!ues '% '%ve *een used %droil( *( so#e ;suc' %s *%c4,round #usic<
'%ve *een overdone *( o'ers. %nd *eco#e disr%cin,l( inrusiveJ Cer%inl(. if (ou c'oose
%n in%""ro"ri%e ec'ni!ue. (ou %re li4el( o ?nd (our %udience *eco#in, confused.
disr%ced. or si#"l( losin, ineresJ
"2S?A+ STB+E
Appropriateness
So w'% is %""ro"ri%eness1 In re%li(. i is l%r,el( % #%er of cuso#. f%s'ion. %nd r%diion3
Info),*l ()e'ent*tion' usu%ll( %4e 'e for# of En%ur%lF siu%ionsJ We c'% wi' 'e
cr%fs"erson in 'is or 'er wor4s'o". % % ?reside. or w'ile on % counr( w%l4J
Fo),*l ()e'ent*tion' ofen follow % ver( s(li-ed %ri?ci%l for#%J We see "eo"le in
c%refull( "osiioned c'%irs. siin, on % r%ised %re% in fron of % s"eci%ll( desi,ned seJ
Di'(l*y is %n unre%lisic. decor%ive w%( of "resenin, (our su*9ecJ E#"'%sis is on e6ecJ
We see i in ,%#e s'ows. o"en5%re% re%#en ;#usic ,rou"s. d%nce<. %nd in c'ildren)s
"ro,r%#s ;0i,ure =KJ8<J
Si,ul*ted en&i)on,ent' %i# o cre%e % co#"leel( re%lisic illusionJ An('in, *re%4in,
'% illusion. suc' %s % c%#er% co#in, ino s'o in % "eriod dr%#%. would desro( 'e e6ecJ
Actu*lity is % #ore r%ns"%ren s(leJ We #%4e i ver( cle%r o 'e %udience '% we %re in
% sudio *( deli*er%el( reve%lin, %ll of 'e "roducion e!ui"#en %nd crewJ On loc%ion. 'e
unse%d( '%nd'eld c%#er% %nd #icro"'one di""in, ino s'os su""osedl( ,ive %n
%u'enici( o 'e occ%sionJ
F21?RE 2*@1
A dis"l%( re%#en is %n unre%lisic. decor%ive w%( of "resenin, 'e su*9ec wi' 'e e#"'%sis on e6ecJ ;P'oo coures(
of C&S:7o'n P%ul 0ilo:L%ndov<
Routines
So#e "roducion ec'ni!ues '%ve *eco#e so f%#ili%r '% i would see# sr%n,e if we
"resened 'e# in %n( o'er w%(Ssuc' %s % newsc%ser "resenin, %n enire newsc%s in
s'ors or on % se wi' B%s'in, li,'sJ
Cer%in s(les '%ve *eco#e so sereo("ed '% 'e( ener 'e re%l#s of clic'_Srouine
#e'ods for rouine siu%ionsJ A nu#*er of s%nd%rd "roducion for#%s '%ve e#er,ed for
"roducions. suc' %s newsc%ss. sudio inerviews. ,%#e s'ows. %l4 s'ows. %nd o'ersJ If
we %n%l(-e 'ese "roducions. we usu%ll( ?nd '% s(les '%ve evolved %nd *eco#e 'e
#os e6ecive. econo#ic%l. %nd reli%*le w%(s of '%ndlin, 'eir s"eci?c ("e of su*9ecs
;0i,ure =KJ=<J
If we re,%rd 'ese for#%s %s E% con%iner for 'e conen.F 'ese rouine re%#ens c%n
free 'e %udience o concenr%e on 'e s'owJ $owever. if we consider 'e re%#en %s %n
o""oruni( o encour%,e ineres %nd 'ei,'en en9o(#en. 'en %n( ErouineF *eco#es
un%cce"%*leJ
Cle%rl(. % dr%#%ic re%#en would no wor4 for #%n( ("es of elevision "roducionsJ
Inse%d. i is *es o %i# for % v%rie( of c%#er% s'os. cou"led wi' cle%r. un%#*i,uous
visu%l s%e#ens '% direc %nd concenr%e 'e %udience)s %enionJ $ow #%n( sensi*le
#e%nin,ful s'o v%ri%ions c%n (ou %4e of "eo"le s"e%4in, o e%c' o'er. or drivin, %n
%uo#o*ile. or "l%(in, %n insru#en. or de#onsr%in, %n ie#1 T'e r%n,e is s#%llJ
0or cer%in su*9ecs. 'e "icure is viru%ll( irrelev%nJ W'% % "erson '%s o s%( #%( *e
eAre#el( i#"or%nN w'% 'e %len loo4s li4e is i##%eri%l o 'e #ess%,eJ I #%( even
"rove % disr%cion or cre%e "re9udici%l *i%sJ ET%l4in, 'e%dsF %""e%r in #os elevision
s'owsJ $owever. unless 'e s"e%4er is "%ricul%rl( %ni#%ed %nd ineresin,. 'e viewers)
visu%l ineres is seldo# sus%inedJ C'%n,in, 'e s'o view"oin c%n 'el". *u #%( *e %
disr%cionJ
F21?RE 2*@2
Newsc%ss '%ve *eco#e ver( rouine in 'eir "resen%ions. freein, 'e %udience o concenr%e on 'e su*9ecJ ;P'oo
coures( of KOMU5T/<
A90ience
0ro# 'e #o#en % s'ow *e,ins. we %re inBuencin, our %udience)s %iude ow%rd 'e
"roducion iselfJ Inroducor( #usic %nd ,r%"'ics s(le c%n i##edi%el( conve( % serious or
u"*e% one %*ou w'% is co#in, neAJ W'ile 'us'ed voices. !uie or,%n noes. %nd % slow
visu%l "%ce c%n "rovide % revereni%l %#os"'ere. 'e di6erence *eween % re,%l or
,%#es'ow o"enin, f%nf%re %d9uss our eA"ec%ions in o'er direcionsJ
Surroundin,s c%n %lso direcl( %6ec 'ow convincin,l( we conve( infor#%ionJ Cer%in
environ#ens. for eA%#"le. "rovide % coneA of %u'ori( or sc'ol%rs'i"3 cl%ssroo#.
l%*or%or(. #useu#. or o'er sein,J A "low s'own % wor4 on 'e f%r# is *eer
undersood '%n if i were 9us s'own s%ndin, %lone in % sudio wi' so#eone r(in, o
eA"l%in w'% i doesJ
EDi%lo,ue s'ould si#"l( *e % sound %#on, o'er sounds. 9us so#e'in, '% co#es ou of
'e #ou's of "eo"le w'ose e(es ell 'e sor( in visu%l er#sJF
Alfred Hitchcoc-
The 2llusion of Truth
As (ou)ve seen. even w'en r(in, o "resen evens EeA%cl( %s 'e( %re.F 'e c%#er%)s
%n,les. lens %n,les. i#%,e co#"osiion. 'e c'oice %nd se!uence of s'os. %nd o'er f%cors
will %ll inBuence 'ow our %udience iner"res w'% 'e( %re seein,J Kee" in #ind '% 'e
w%( % "ro,r%# is direced %nd s'o '%s % si,ni?c%n i#"%c on 'e ?n%l s'owJ W'ere we l%(
e#"'%sis. w'% we le%ve ou. even 'e we%'er condiions ;,loo#(. sor#(. or sunli,'< will
%ll #odif( 'e "roducion)s i#"%cJ
In % docu#en%r( "ro,r%#. 'e %udience usu%ll( %ssu#es '% 'e( %re seein, % f%ir %nd
infor#%ive sor(J $owever. '% will %lw%(s de"end on 'ow 'e direcor %c4les 'e su*9ec3
T'ere is 'e 'o"eful %""ro%c'S%n E%dvenureF in w'ic' 'e direcor "oins 'e c%#er%
%round. ,ivin, % Eouris)s viewF of 'e evensJ T'is inv%ri%*l( resuls in % se of dis9oined
%nd unrel%ed s'osJ So#ei#es. *( %ddin, co##en%r(. ,r%"'ics. #usic. %nd e6ecs. i is
"ossi*le o develo" % co'eren "ro,r%# 'e#eJ $owever. i c%n %lso *e % dis%serJ
Usu%ll( 'e direcor *e,ins *( rese%rc'in, 'e su*9ec %nd 'en #%4in, % "l%n of %""ro%c'J
As discussed e%rlier. 'ere %re ,re% %dv%n%,es in %nici"%in, %nd %dv%nce "l%nnin,J &(
?ndin, ou %*ou "oeni%l loc%ions %nd loc%l eA"ers. 'e direcor c%n develo" % sc'edule.
%rr%n,e r%ns"or %nd %cco##od%ions. o*%in "er#is. %nd so onJ $owever. 'ere is %lso
'e d%n,er '% "reconceived ide%s will do#in%e. so '% (ou develo" % conce" *efore (ou
%rrive on loc%ion. %nd 'en re9ec w'%ever does no see# o ? in wi' 'e conce" w'en
(ou %cu%ll( ,e 'ereJ
Occ%sion%ll(. we encouner 'e conrived %""ro%c'. in w'ic' 'e direcor '%s s%,ed w'%
we %re seein,S%rr%n,ed 'e %cion %nd edied selecivel(J Dressed in 'eir *es. 'e
"%rici"%ns "u on % s'ow for 'e c%#er%. (e 'e elevision %udience %ssu#es '% 'e(
%re loo4in, % re%li(J
Le%vin, %side e'ics. even 'ese *rief ;*u re%l< eA%#"les %re % re#inder of 'e "ower of 'e
i#%,e. %nd 'e direcor)s res"onsi*iliies re,%rdin, 'e w%( in w'ic' i is usedJ
Pictorial Function
Mos elevision i#%,es %re f%cu%l. s'owin, su*9ecs in % f%#ili%r w%(J $owever. *( c%refull(
%rr%n,in, 'ese s%#e su*9ecs. wi' c%reful co#"osiion %nd % selecive view"oin. (ou c%n
#odif( 'e su*9ec)s enire i#"%c %nd ,ive i % !uie di6eren i#"lied si,ni?c%nceJ +ou c%n
iner"re 'e scene for 'e %udienceJ +ou c%n deli*er%el( disor %nd selec re%li( so '%
(our "resen%ion *e%rs lile direc rel%ions'i" o 'e %cu%l siu%ionS%nd (ou #i,' do
'is o cre%e % dr%#%ic illusion. or o "roduce %n inBueni%l force ;%dverisin,.
"ro"%,%nd%<J
A*sr%cin, fur'er. (ou c%n si#ul%e e#oions %nd ide%s si#"l( *( 'e use of #ove#en.
line. %nd for#. w'ic' 'e viewer "erson%ll( iner"resJ T'ere %re occ%sions w'en we see4 o
si#ul%e 'e %udience)s i#%,in%ionSo evo4e ide%s '% %re no conve(ed direcl( *( 'e
c%#er% %nd #icro"'oneJ In 'is c'%"er. we eA%#ine 'ese conce"s %nd 'ow 'e( c%n *e
usedJ
Picture Applications
&ec%use so #uc' elevision "ro,r%# #%eri%l is eA"lici. i is e%s( o for,e 'ow "owerful i
c%n *eJ I#%,es c%n *e used for % nu#*er of di6eren "ur"oses3
To conve( infor#%ion direcl( ;nor#%l convers%ion<
To "rovide coneA ;es%*lis'in, 'e loc%ion<. suc' %s &i, &en. o i#"l( '% 'e loc%ion is
London ;0i,ure =KJ><
To iner"re % siu%ion. conve(in, %*sr%c conce"s ;ide%s. 'ou,'s. feelin,s< 'rou,'
%ssoci%ive visu%ls. suc' %s "loddin, fee su,,esin, 'e we%riness of % r%il of refu,ees
To s(#*oli-eSwe %ssoci%e cer%in i#%,es wi' s"eci?c "eo"le. "l%ces. %nd evens
To i#i%eS"icures %""e%r o i#i%e % condiion ;eJ,J. 'e c%#er% s%,,ers %s % drun4
reels. defocusin, o conve( loss of consciousness<
To idenif(. s'owin, fe%ures suc' %s icons. lo,os. or r%de#%r4s %ssoci%ed wi' s"eci?c
or,%ni-%ions or evens
To cou"le ide%sSusin, "icures o lin4 evens or 'e#es ;eJ,J. "%nnin, fro# % *o()s o(
*o% o % s'i" % se%. on w'ic' 'e *eco#es 'e c%"%in<
To cre%e % visu%l #on%,eS% succession of i#%,es iner"l%( o conve( %n over%ll
i#"ression ;eJ,J. e"io#i-in, w%r<
Production Rhetoric
Rheto)ic is 'e %r of "ersu%sive or i#"ressive s"eec' %nd wriin,J Unli4e ever(d%(
convers%ion. i si#ul%es our i#%,in%ion 'rou,' s(le %nd ec'ni!ue. *( inference %nd
%llusion. inse%d of 9us direc "ronounce#enJ T'e r'eoric of 'e screen '%s si#il%r roos
'% direcors suc' %s Alfred $ic'coc4 '%ve eA"lored over 'e (e%rs o ,re% e6ecJ
I is %#%-in, w'% 'e c%#er% c%n co##unic%e3 wi'ou % word of di%lo,ue. i c%n conve(
'e w'ole ,%#u of 'u#%n res"onsesJ 0or eA%#"le. % veer%n "erfor#er ends 'is *r%ve *u
"%'eic v%udeville %c %#id 'ec4lin, fro# 'e crowdJ $e *ows. defe%edJ We 'e%r '%nds
cl%""in,N 'e c%#er% urns fro# 'e s%d lone ?,ure. "%s derisive f%ces. o w'ere 'is %,ed
wife sis %""l%udin,J
F21?RE 2*@3
Providin, coneA for 'e %udience 'el"s 'e# unders%nd w'% is *ein, s%id *( 'e s"e%4erJ ;P'oo coures( of 'e UJSJ
N%v(<
A?/2; STB+E
29a$inative Sound
T'e e%r is ,ener%ll( #ore i#%,in%ive '%n 'e e(eJ We %re #ore "erce"ive %nd
discri#in%in, ow%rd w'% we seeJ Conse!uenl(. our e%rs %cce" 'e unf%#ili%r %nd
unre%lisic #ore re%dil( '%n our e(es. %nd %re #ore oler%n of re"eiionJ A sound e6ecs
recordin, c%n *e reused #%n( i#es. *u % cosu#e or cur%in !uic4l( *eco#es oo f%#ili%r
%fer *ein, seen 9us % cou"le of i#esJ
In #%n( elevision s'ows. 'e %udio is %4en for ,r%ned. w'ile %enion is concenr%ed on
'e visu%l re%#enJ +e wi'ou %udio. 'e "resen%ions c%n *eco#e #e%nin,less ;eJ,J.
%l4s. discussions. inerviews. newsc%ss. #usic. ,%#e s'ows<. w'ere%s wi'ou video. 'e
"roducion c%n sill co##unic%eJ
Audio c%n eA"l%in or su""or 'e i#%,e. enric'in, is i#"%c or %""e%lJ Music or e6ecs c%n
su,,es loc%le ;se%s'ore sounds<. or % siu%ion ;"ursuin, "olice siren 'e%rd<. or con9ure %
#ood ;eAcie#en. fore*odin,. co#ed(. 'orror<J
A nons"eci?c "icure c%n *e ,iven % de?nie si,ni?c%nce 'rou,' %ssoci%ed soundJ
De"endin, on %cco#"%n(in, #usic. % dis"l%( of Bowers #%( su,,es s"rin,i#e. % funer%l.
% weddin,. or % *%llroo#J
Sound Ele9ents
VOICE
T'e #os o*vious sound ele#en. 'e 'u#%n voice. c%n *e inroduced ino 'e "roducion in
sever%l di6eren w%(s3
A sin,le "erson %ddressin, 'e c%#er%. for#%ll( or infor#%ll(
An o6screen co##en%or ;voiceover< "rovidin, % n%rr%ive ;docu#en%r(<. or 'e
s"on%neous co##en%r( used for % elevised s"ors even
We #%( E'e%r 'e 'ou,'sF of % c'%r%cer w'ile w%c'in, 'e %len)s silen f%ce. or
w%c'in, 'e su*9ec of 'e 'ou,'s
Di%lo,ueSfor#%l discussion or 'e infor#%l n%ur%l %l4 *eween "eo"le. wi' %ll is
"%uses. inerru"ions. %nd overl%"
EFFECTS
T'e c'%r%cerisic sound i#%,e '% con9ures % s"eci?c "l%ce or %#os"'ere co#es fro# %
*lend of si#uli3 fro# %cion sounds ;foose"s. ,un?re<. fro# environ#en%l noises ;wind.
crowd. r%Oc<. %nd fro# 'e su*le w%(s in w'ic' sound !u%li( is #odi?ed *( is
surroundin,s ;rever*er%ion. disorion<J
MSIC
&%c4,round #usic '%s *eco#e Ere!uiredF for #%n( "ro,r%#sJ I c%n r%n,e fro# "urel(
#elodic %cco#"%ni#en o #usic '% i#i%es. or ,ives evoc%ive or %*sr%c su""orJ
SILENCE
T'e "owerful dr%#%ic v%lue of silence s'ould never *e underesi#%edJ $owever. silence
#us *e used wi' c%re. %s 'e %udience could e%sil( "erceive i o 9us *e % loss of %udioJ
Coninued silence c%n su,,es suc' diverse conce"s %s desol%ion. des"%ir. sillness. 'o"e.
"e%ce. or eAre#e ension ;we lisen inenl( o 'e%r w'e'er "ursuin, foose"s c%n sill *e
'e%rd<J
Sudden silence %fer noise c%n *e %l#os un*e%r%*le3 A fesiv%l in %n Al"ine vill%,e. '%""(
l%u,'er %nd #usic. 'e u#uluous noise of %n uneA"eced %v%l%nc'e en,ul?n, 'e 'olid%(
#%4ersW'en silenceJ
Sudden noise durin, silence cre%es %n i##edi%e "e%4 of ension3 T'e silenl( esc%"in,
"risoner 4noc4s over % c'%ir %nd %w%4ens 'e ,u%rdsSor did 'e( 'e%r 'i# %fer %ll1
Silen srees % ni,' W 'en % sudden scre%#J
T'e eA"losive c'%r,e '%s *een se. 'e deon%or is swic'edSno'in, '%""ens W silenceJ
Sound E9phasis
+ou c%n #%ni"ul%e 'e volu#es of sounds for dr%#%ic e6ec3 e#"'%si-in, s"eci?c sources.
c'e%in, loudness o sui 'e siu%ionJ A w'is"er #%( *e %#"li?ed o #%4e i cle%rl(
%udi*le. % loud sound 'eld in c'ec4J
+ou #%( es%*lis' 'e *%c4,round noise of % ve'icle %nd 'en ,r%du%ll( reduce i. %4in, i
under o i#"rove %udi*ili( of convers%ionJ Or (ou could deli*er%el( incre%se is loudness
so '% 'e noise drowns 'e voicesJ Occ%sion%ll(. (ou #i,' %4e ou %ll environ#en%l
sounds o "rovide % silen *%c4,round. "er'%"s for % 'ou,' se!uenceJ
+ou c%n #odif( 'e %es'eic %""e%l %nd si,ni?c%nce of sound in % nu#*er of w%(sJ 0or
f%cu%l sound. (ou c%n use3
R%ndo# n%ur%l sound "ic4u" ;over'e%rd sree convers%ions<
Selecive "ic4u" of s"eci?c %udio sources
0or %#os"'eric sound3
&( c'oosin, cer%in n%ur%l %ssoci%ed sounds. (ou c%n develo" % re%lisic illusionJ ;A
rooser crowin, su,,ess '% i is d%wnJ<
&( deli*er%el( disorin, re%li(. (ou cre%e f%n%s( o si#ul%e 'e i#%,in%ionJ ;A Bue)s
sound c%n su,,es 'e Bi,' of % *uerB(J<
Sound Applications
As wi' visu%l i#%,es. sound c%n *e used for % nu#*er of di6eren "ur"oses3
To conve% infor9ation directl%< Nor#%l convers%ion
To esta0lish a location< Tr%Oc noises '% i#"l( % *us( sree scene ne%r*(
To interpret a situation< Conve(in, %*sr%c conce"s ;ide%s. 'ou,'s. feelin,s< 'rou,'
%ssoci%ive sounds ;suc' %s #usic%l insru#ens used o conve( feelin,s<
To s%90oli#e< Sounds '% we %ssoci%e wi' s"eci?c "l%ces. evens. #oods ;suc' %s %
?re ruc4)s siren<
To identif%< Sounds %ssoci%ed wi' s"eci?c "eo"le or evens ;suc' %s si,n%ure unes<
To couple ideas< Usin, #usic or sound e6ecs o lin4 evens %nd 'e#es. suc' %s %
#usic%l *rid,e *eween scenes. or %ircr%f noise c%rried over *eween % series of i#%,es
s'owin, 'e "l%ne)s v%rious so"s %lon, 'e roue
To create a sound 9onta$e< A succession or #iAure of sounds %rr%n,ed for co#ic or
dr%#%ic e6ecJ 0or eA%#"le. se"%r%e sound e6ecs of eA"losions. ,un?re. %ircr%f. sirens.
%nd w'isles cre%e 'e illusion of % *%le scene
;Kscreen Sound
W'en so#eone s"e%4s or so#e'in, #%4es % sound. i #i,' see# lo,ic%l o s'ow 'e
sourceJ &u i c%n *e sin,ul%rl( dull if we do 'is re"e%edl(3 S'e s%rs %l4in,. so we cu %nd
w%c' 'erJ
+ou c%n use o6screen sound in #%n( w%(s o en'%nce % "ro,r%#)s i#"%c3
Once (ou '%ve es%*lis'ed % s'o of so#eone %l4in,. (ou #i,' cu o see 'e "erson 'e
or s'e is s"e%4in, o %nd w%c' 'eir re%cions. or cu o s'ow w'% 'e( %re %l4in, %*ouJ
T'e ori,in%l di%lo,ue coninues. even 'ou,' we no lon,er see 'e s"e%4erJ As (ou c%n see.
(ou c%n es%*lis' rel%ions'i"s. even w'ere 'e wo su*9ecs '%ve no *een seen o,e'er in
'e s%#e s'oJ
&%c4,round sounds c%n 'el" o es%*lis' loc%ionJ Al'ou,' % #ediu# s'o of wo "eo"le
#i,' ?ll 'e screen. if 'e *%c4,round sounds '%ve *een used %""ro"ri%el(. 'e %udience
will iner"re w'e'er 'e( %re ne%r 'e se%s'ore. % 'i,'w%(. or % s%w#illJ
O6screen sounds #%( *e c'osen o %rouse our curiosi(J
A *%c4,round sound #%( inroduce us o % su*9ec *efore we %cu%ll( see i. infor#in, us
%*ou w'% is ,oin, on ne%r*( or w'% is ,oin, o %""e%r ;'e %""ro%c'in, sound of % diesel
ruc4<J
T'e *%c4,round sound #%( cre%e %udio coninui(. %l'ou,' 'e s'os swic' r%"idl(J Two
"eo"le w%l4 'rou,' *uildin,s. down % sreeS*u 'eir voices %re 'e%rd cle%rl( 'rou,'ou
% % cons%n levelJ
Su0stituted Sound
I is ofen diOcul o ?nd % source for % s"eci?c sound. re!uirin, us o cre%e % su*siueJ
T'ere %re sever%l "ossi*le re%sons for 'is %""ro%c'3
No sound eAiss. %s wi' scul"ure. "%inin,. %rc'iecure. in%udi*le insecs. %nd "re'isoric
#onsersJ
So#ei#es 'e %cu%l sounds %re no %v%il%*le. no recorded ;#ue s'ooin,<. or no
sui%*leJ 0or eA%#"le. 'e %*sence of *ird sounds w'en s'ooin, % counr( sceneN loc%ion
sounds were o*rusive. uni#"ressive. or in%""ro"ri%e o useN or 'e c%#er% used %
ele"'oo lens o c%"ure % close5u" s'o of % su*9ec '% is oo dis%n for e6ecive sound
"ic4u"J
T'e sounds (ou inroduce #%( *e 9us re"l%ce#ens ;usin, %no'er lion)s voice inse%d of
'e #issin, ro%r<. or %ri?ci%l su*siues in 'e for# of e6ecs or #usicJ
&%c4,round #usic %nd e6ecs s'ould *e %dded c%uiousl(J T'e( c%n e%sil( *eco#e3
Too loud or sof
Too f%#ili%r
Disr%cin,
In%""ro"ri%e ;'%ve wron, or #isle%din, %ssoci%ions<
Controllin$ Sound Treat9ent
/%rious wor4in, "rinci"les %re ,ener%ll( %cce"ed in sound re%#en3
T'e sc%le %nd !u%li( of %udio s'ould #%c' 'e "icure ;%""ro"ri%e volu#es. *%l%nce.
%udio "ers"ecive. %cousics. ecJ<J
W'ere %udio direcl( rel%es o "icure %cion. i s'ould *e s(nc'roni-ed ;li4e #ove#ens.
foose"s. '%##erin,. o'er r%nsien sounds<J
/ideo %nd %udio s'ould nor#%ll( *e swic'ed o,e'erJ No %udio %dv%nce or '%n,over
s'ould occur on % cuJ
/ideo cuin, s'ould *e on 'e *e% of 'e #usic. r%'er '%n %,%ins i. %nd "refer%*l( %
'e end of % "'r%seJ Coninu%l cuin, in i#e wi' #usic *eco#es ediousJ
/ideo %nd %udio s'ould usu%ll( *e,in o,e'er % 'e s%r of % s'ow. ?nis'in, o,e'er %
is conclusion. f%din, ou %s % #usic%l "'r%se endsJ
The EKect of Co90inin$ Sounds
W'en we 'e%r wo or #ore sounds o,e'er. we ofen ?nd '% 'e( inerrel%e o "rovide %n
e#oion%l e6ec '% c'%n,es %ccordin, o 'eir rel%ive loudness. s"eed. co#"leAi(. %nd
so on3
Over%ll '%r#on( conve(s uni(. *e%u(. or or,%ni-%ionJ
Over%ll discord conve(s i#*%l%nce. uncer%in(. inco#"leion. unres. u,liness. or
irri%ionJ
M%r4ed di6erences in rel%ive volu#e %nd r'('# cre%e v%rie( or co#"lic%ionJ
M%r4ed si#il%riies resul in s%#eness. 'o#o,enei(. #%ss. or sren,' of e6ecJ
Selective Sound
In recre%in, 'e %#os"'ere of % s"eci?c environ#en. 'e ric4 is o use sound selecivel(
if (ou w%n 'e scene o c%rr( %u'enici(. r%'er '%n r( o include %ll ("ic%l *%c4,round
noisesJ +ou #%( deli*er%el( e#"'%si-e. reduce. #odif(. or o#i sounds '% would nor#%ll(
*e "resen. or inroduce o'ers o conve( % convincin, sense of loc%ionJ
T'e selecion %nd *lend of environ#en%l sounds c%n sron,l( inBuence 'e iner"re%ion of
% sceneJ I#%,ine. for eA%#"le. 'e slow. even oll of % c%'edr%l *ell %cco#"%nied *( 'e
r%"id foose"s of %""ro%c'in, c'urc',oersJ In develo"in, 'is scene. (ou could re"roduce
r%ndo# ("ic%l soundsJ Or. #ore "ersu%sivel(. (ou #i,' deli*er%el( use %udio e#"'%sis3
Loud *us( foose"s wi' % !uie insi,ni?c%n *ell in 'e *%c4,round
T'e *ell)s slow di,ni( conr%sed wi' resless foose"s
T'e *oo#in, *ell overw'el#in, %ll o'er sounds
So (ou c%n use 'e s%#e sounds o su,,es 'o"e. di,ni(. co##uni(. or do#in%ionS
si#"l( 'rou,' selecion. *%l%nce. %nd !u%li( %d9us#enJ
Inse%d of #odif(in, % scene)s n%ur%l sounds. (ou #i,' %u,#en 'e# or re"l%ce 'e# *(
enirel( fres' onesJ
A?/2;C"2/E; RE+AT2;8SH2PS
T'e "icure %nd is %udio c%n inerrel%e in sever%l disinc w%(s3
T'e "icure)s i#"%c #%( *e due o is %cco#"%n(in, %udioJ A close s'o of % #%n crossin,
% *us( 'i,'w%(3
C'eerful #usic su,,ess '% 'e is in % li,''e%red #oodJ
&u %uo#o*ile 'orns %nd s!ue%lin, ires su,,es '% 'e is 9%(w%l4in, d%n,erousl(J
T'e %udio i#"%c #%( *e due o 'e "icure3
A lon, s'o of % w%,on *u#"in, over % rou,' ro%dN 'e %cco#"%n(in, sound is %cce"ed
%s % n%ur%l %udio e6ecJ
&u %4e coninuous close5u"s of % w'eel. %nd ever( 9ol su,,ess i#"endin, *re%4downY
T'e e6ec of "icure %nd %udio #%( *e cu#ul%ive3 A w%ve cr%s'es %,%ins roc4s %lon,
wi' % loud crescendo in 'e #usicJ
Sound %nd "icure o,e'er #%( i#"l( % fur'er ide%3 Wind5*lown d%6odils %lon, wi' *irds
sin,in, %nd l%#*s *le%in, c%n su,,es s"rin,J
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ $ow is E%""ro"ri%enessF deer#ined wi' visu%l s(le1
2@ Descri*e 'ree of 'e v%rious sound ele#ensJ
3@ W'% %re so#e of 'e e6ecs of co#*inin, sounds1
@ $ow c%n %udio #%4e 'e video #ore "owerful1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< /A"E 1RE2/ER
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I wor4 #osl( wi' s'or5for# conen li4e co##erci%ls. "ro#os.
r%ilers. ecJ I #osl( edi. *u %lso "roduce %nd s'ooJ
6hat do %ou li-e 0est a0out %our Ho07 No !uesion3 wor4in, wi' world5cl%ss "eo"leJ I)d
r%'er wor4 on % "u*lic rel%ions video wi' 4nowled,e%*le "ros '%n % 'i,'l( cre%ive #usic
video wi' "eo"le w'o '%ve no clue w'% 'e()re doin,J I %lso love co#in, u" wi' cre%ive
soluions for % clien %nd 'en 4noc4in, i ou of 'e "%r4J
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 I is diOcul o 4now
w'ic' "ro9ecs o %4e onJ Do (ou %cce" 'e 'i,'es "%(in, or 'e #os ful?llin,1 Do (ou
%4e one for lower "%( in % ?eld (ou w%n o wor4 in 'o"in, is ,oin, o o"en 'e door for
so#e'in, *eer1 If (ou)re eAcellen % w'% (ou do. ?ndin, wor4 won) *e % "ro*le#.
decidin, w'% o do willJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 I l%( ou %ll 'e s(les. references. s'o lis for 'e
c%# o" or DP lon, *efore we se foo on se so 'e( 4now eA%cl( w'% I)# loo4in, forJ S%#e
for 'e "roducerSwe s'ould '%ve %lre%d( ,one over %ll 'e de%ils. 'e c%ll s'ee s'ould
%lre%d( *e sen. sc'edule ?n%li-ed. ecJ T'en on se. if ever(one does 'eir 9o*. (ou ,e o
seer 'e s'i" %s 'e direcorJ T'ere)s no'in, #ore *e%uiful w'en % "l%n co#es o,e'erJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 &e %*soluel( eAcellen % % s"eci?c funcionJ I decided "os"roducion. so I le%rned
ever('in, I "ossi*l( could %*ou ediin, ;di,i%l %sse #%n%,e#en. "os wor4Bows. codecs.
ec<J T'en I surrounded #(self wi' "eo"le w%( s#%rer '%n #e %nd le%rned fro# 'e#J I)#
%lw%(s le%rnin,. %lw%(s re%din,. %lw%(s wor4in, on so#e'in,. w'ic' '%s led #e *e(ond
'e world of "osJ I)s %ll %*ou *uildin, rel%ions'i"sJ In su##%r(. ?,ure ou w'% (ou w%n
o do %nd le%rn %s #uc' %s (ou "ossi*l( c%n. *eco#e % #%ser % e%c'in, (ourself %nd
le%rnin, fro# o'ersJ
F21?RE 2*@
D%ve Greider. 0reel%nce Edior. Direcor %nd Producer
D*&e G)eide) f)eel*nce' in ()oduction *nd (o't fo) * &*)iety of co,(*nie' in Lo' Angele'8
Hi' ,*in client' include A''oci*ted P)e'' "Co)(o)*te Se)&ice' de(*)t,ent%1 =>th Centu)y
Fo9 "Ne0 Medi* P)o,otion%1 O()*h #inf)ey Net0o)/1 Sony Pictu)e'1 *nd &*)iou' othe)
()oduction co,(*nie' 5ig *nd ',*ll8 He 0o)/' ,*inly 0ith 'ho)t2fo), content 'uch *'
co,,e)ci*l'1 ()o,o'1 *nd t)*ile)'8 D*&e u'u*lly edit'1 5ut *l'o ()oduce' *nd 'hoot'J
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< :ERE4B RA?CH
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I re"or:s'oo re,ion%l s"ors. "u o,e'er sories. %nd
%nc'or:"roduce s'ows on 'e ni,'l( newsc%sJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 I #ee % lo of new "eo"le %nd encouner #%n( uni!ue
sories coverin, d%il( evens. 'en I ,e o ell 'ose sories wi' #( own B%vor %nd wriin,.
w'ic' #%4es 'e 9o* ver( rew%rdin,J
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 &( f%r. w'%
conen o include in % s'ow %nd w'% o le%ve ouJ +ou %re f%ced d%il( wi' w'%
sories:'i,'li,'s %4e 'e "receden w'en ?in, ino % newsc%sJ Inevi%*l(. so#eone
w%c'in, will *e o6ended '% 'eir sor( w%sn) fe%uredJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 T'% v%ries de"endin, on 'e "roducion3
re"orin, or %nc'orin,J I)ll ,ive *o' sidesJ ;8< Re"orin, on % sor(3 le%rn %s #uc' %s I c%n
%*ou 'e "erson;s< I %# doin, % sor( on. r( o '%ve % visu%l #%" of w'% s'os I)# loo4in,
for. %nd deer#ine w'% #%eri%ls ;c%#er%. #ic. li,'in,. ri"od. %"e. ecJ< I will need o
eAecue 'e sor(J ;=< Anc'orin, 'e news3 C'ec4 %ll #edi% oules for u"5o5d%e sories
;%nd refres'. refres'. refres'<. ,%'er %ll of 'e sories I need o "u ino 'e newsc%s. %nd
wrie 'e s'ow in 'e newsc%s3 rundown. edi video. "rin scri"s. "u on #%4eu". %nd 'i
'e seJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 Don) ever le %n(one discour%,e (ou *( s%(in, 'in,s li4e. ET'e 9o* #%r4e is
ou,'.F ET'is is % d(in, *usiness.F or EI)s i#"ossi*le o #%4e i in 'is *i-JF &e con?den
*u ne&e) coc4(J &e "re"%red o wor4 '%rd wi'ou '%vin, % sense of enile#enJ &e
"ersisen %nd "osiive ;9o* se%rc'in,<J $%ve funY
F21?RE 2*@!
7ere#( R%uc'. Anc'or:Re"orer
<e)e,y R*uch i' *n *ncho)1 )e(o)te)1 *nd ()oduce) *t #ICS2TV in S()ing+eld1 llinoi'J
CHAPTER 21
Remote Production
ELive re#oe evens %re 'e core of elevisionJ T'e( %re 'e one 'in, elevision c%n do '%
no o'er #ediu# c%n #%c'J T'ere %re 'in,s #ovies c%n do *eer. 'ere %re 'in,s r%dio
c%n do *eer. *u no o'er #ediu# c%n *rin, (ou % visu%l re"or of %n even %s i)s
'%""enin,JF
Ton% "erna, /irector
Ter9s
Coordination 9eetin$s< T'ese #eein,s "rovide % foru# for %ll "%ries involved in 'e
"roducion o s'%re ide%s. co##unic%e issues '% #%( %6ec o'er %re%s. %nd ensure '%
%ll de%ils %re re%d( for 'e "roducionJ
Re9ote surve% =recce>< T'is sie surve( %ssesses 'e venue %nd deer#ines 'ow. w'ere.
'ow #%n(. w'o. w'%. %nd 'ow #uc'J

Tod%()s elevision "roducion e!ui"#en is 'i,'l( #o*ile. %nd %*le o %ccess %n( loc%ionJ
T'ere %re i#es w'en 'e onl( w%( % s'ow will *e %u'enic is o ,e ou o 'e evenJ Mos
re#oes %re live "roducions. wi' 'e direcor '%vin, lile or no conrol over i. re!uirin,
'e crew o cover w'%ever '%""ensJ $owever. o'er re#oe "roducions. suc' %s dr%#%s.
'%ve scri"ed ;conrolled< "roducionsJ Re#oe "roducions. o'er '%n news. usu%ll( uili-e
#uli"le c%#er%sJ As #enioned in e%rlier c'%"ers. sin,le5c%#er% re#oe "roducions %re
,ener%ll( referred o %s ENG ;elecronic news "roducion< or E0P ;elecronic ?eld
"roducion<J In 'is c'%"er. we will use re#oe "roducions o refer o *o' #ulic%#er% %nd
sin,le5c%#er% "roducionsJ
6HAT 2S A RE4;TE PR;/?CT2;87
An( "roducion '% occurs ouside of 'e sudio is considered o *e % re#oe "roducion or
%n ouside *ro%dc%s ;O&<J Re#oe "roducions include %ll 4inds of evens3
News evens
S"ors evens
P%r%des
Concers
Aw%rd s'ows
Tele'ons
T%l4 or v%rie( s'ows '% %re Eon 'e ro%dF
Re9ote Production versus Studio Production
&o' of 'ese ("es of "roducions '%ve "ros %nd consJ Sudio "roducions "rovide 'e
#%Ai#u# %#oun of conrol over 'e su*9ecJ T'e li,'in, %nd %udio c%n *e #inuel(
conrolled. "rovidin, 'e "erfec levels for 'e "roducionJ Sudios "rovide % cle%n loc%ion
'% is usu%ll( i#"ervious o we%'er condiions %nd '%s full cli#%e conrolJ
$owever. 'ere %re i#es w'en 'e crew '%s o *e on loc%ionJ Re#oe loc%ions c%n "rovide
coneA %nd %n eAciin, %#os"'ere ;c'eerin, crowdsN see 0i,ure =8J8<J W'ile we%'er c%n
disru" or even c%ncel % re#oe "roducion. w'en 'e we%'er is nice. n%ur%l li,'in, %nd
oudoor scener( c%n "rovide sunnin, i#%,esJ T'ere %re %lso i#es w'en i is %cu%ll( less
eA"ensive o s'oo in 'e ?eld '%n o ren %nd sc'edule sudio i#eJ
F21?RE 21@1
N&C decided o inerview Mic'%el P'el"s %fer 'e '%d won 'is ei,' Ol(#"ic ,old #ed%ls. ouside %nd wi' % crowd %s 'e
*%c4dro" o "rovide %n eAciin, %#os"'ereJ
Shootin$ on +ocation
Re#oe "roducions re!uire %nici"%in, w'% #%( '%""enJ I is esseni%l o %sse#*le %
e%# '% c%n %nici"%e w'% is ,oin, o '%""en %nd 4now 'ow o de%l wi' iJ T'e crew
#us *e %*le o wor4 well o,e'er %nd "l%n for conin,encies in c%se so#e'in, ,oes
wron,J
T'e #ore f%#ili%r 'e crew is wi' %n evenSes"eci%ll( % news or s"ors evenS'e *eer
'e( c%n cover iJ Unders%ndin, 'e inric%cies of 'e even %llows 'e direcor %nd %len o
cle%rl( co##unic%e w'% is '%""enin,J
THE S281+E CA4ERA ;8 +;CAT2;8
T'e sin,le5c%#er% "roducion '%s so#e i#"or%n %dv%n%,esJ I is eAre#el( #o*ile. %nd
'us e%sil( reloc%edJ I c%n *e sur"risin,l( uno*rusiveJ I is l%r,el( inde"enden of is
surroundin,s. %nd i is econo#ic%l ;0i,ure =8J=<J
F21?RE 21@2
ENG c%#er% crews cover % "ress conference wi' % ,overn#en oOci%lJ ;P'oo coures( of 'e UJSJ De"%r#en of Defense.
*( C'erie AJ T'url*(<
T%pical Setups
Sin,le5c%#er% crews co#e in %ll di6eren si-es. de"endin, on 'e ,o%ls %nd 'e si-e of 'e
"roducion *ud,e3
One5"erson sin,le5c%#er% crews %re incre%sin,l( *ein, used *( #%n( news s%ions.
s"ors s'ows. %nd docu#en%riesJ T'ese o"er%ors run 'e c%#er%. % #icro"'one. %nd even
%n on5c%#er% li,'J So#e #%( even %c %s 'e re"orer ;0i,ure =8J><J
Two5"erson sin,le5c%#er% crews %re ofen #%de u" of % c%#er% o"er%or w'o is
res"onsi*le for 'e c%#er% %nd % second "erson w'o is 'e re"orer:direcor %nd #%( *e
res"onsi*le for 'e %udioJ
T'ree5"erson sin,le5c%#er% crews %re usu%ll( #%de u" of % c%#er% o"er%or. %n %udio
"erson. %nd % direcor:re"orer ;0i,ure =8JI<J
Po5er Supplies
Profession%l video c%#er%s nor#%ll( re!uire % DC "ower su""l(. w'ic' c%n *e o*%ined *(
usin, %n AC "ower %d%"er or *%eries. or even *( "lu,,in, ino % c%r)s ci,%ree li,'er
or DC ouleJ &%eries co#e in %ll di6eren con?,ur%ionsJ So#e *%eries ? on 'e c%#er%.
o'ers ? in % co#"%r#en under 'e c%#er%. %nd so#e %re desi,ned o *e worn on % *el
o s"re%d 'e wei,' %round ;0i,ure =8JP<J
F21?RE 21@3
T'is one5"erson ENG crew wries 'e sories. does 'e re"orin,. %nd runs 'e c%#er%. #icro"'one. %nd on5c%#er% li,'J
F21?RE 21@
T'is 'ree5"erson sin,le5c%#er% crew is #%de u" of % c%#er% o"er%or. % *oo# #ic o"er%or:%udio "erson. %nd %
re"orer:direcorJ ;P'oo coures( of And( Peers<
&%eries c%nno *e %4en for ,r%nedJ C%relessl( used. 'e( c%n *eco#e unreli%*leJ
Correcl( used. 'e( will ,ive eAcellen serviceJ Alw%(s c%rr( s"%re *%eries wi' (ouJ $ow
#%n( de"ends on 'e n%ure %nd dur%ion of (our "ro9ec %nd (our o""oruniies o rec'%r,e
eA'%used cellsJ
S281+EICA4ERA SH;;T281
Handlin$ the Ca9era
If (ou %re usin, 'e c%#er% s'oulder5#ouned. #%4e sure '% i is co#for%*l( *%l%nced
*efore (ou *e,in s'ooin,J Tr( o use 'e c%#er% %s %n eAension of (our *od(3 urnin, wi'
% "%n. *endin, wi' % ilJ Wi' (our le,s co#for%*l( *r%ced %"%r. urn o follow #ove#en
S"refer%*l( fro# % #idw%( "osiion *eween 'e s%r %nd end of 'e "%nJ Le%rn o s'oo
wi' one e(e loo4in, 'rou,' 'e view?nder %nd 'e o'er o(en. seein, 'e ,ener%l sceneJ
;Wi' "r%cice. i)s no %s diOcul %s i soundsJ< +ou s%nd % *eer c'%nce of w%l4in, %round
wi'ou %n %cciden 'is w%( '%n if (our %enion is ,lued o (our view?nder)s "icure
%loneJ
Even 'ou,' is i#%,e is #%,ni?ed. (ou #us loo4 c%refull( % 'e view?nder "icure o
deec eA%c eA"osure %d9us#ensJ +ou c%n overloo4 so#e'in, inrudin, ino 'e fr%#e
'% will *e ver( o*vious on % l%r,e5screen elevision #oniorJ Disr%cin,. *ri,'l( colored
ie#s c%n e%sil( "%ss unnoiced in % *l%c45%nd5w'ie view?nderJ
F21?RE 21@!
Left 3 Mos "rofession%l c%#er%s use % *%er( '% %%c'es o 'e *%c4 of 'e c%#er%J Right 3 T'e news "'oo,r%"'er is
usin, % *%er( *el o "ower 'is c%#er%J &els 'el" disri*ue 'e wei,' of 'e *%er( %round 'e *od(J ;P'oos coures(
of M% Gi*lin %nd T'o# Mo(n%'%n<
W%l4in, s'ould *e 4e" o % #ini#u# w'ile s'ooin,J If (ou #us #ove. sli,'l( *en le,s
"roduce s#oo'er resuls '%n nor#%l w%l4in,J ;Pr%cice o see w'% (ou ?nd co#for%*le
%nd e6eciveS%nd criic%ll( eA%#ine 'e resulsJ<
T%*le =8J8 is c'ec4lis '% is 'el"ful w'en wor4in, wi' video e!ui"#enJ
+ens An$les
Gener%ll( s"e%4in,. %void eAre#e lens %n,lesJ A wide%n,le lens #%4es c%#er%5wor4 e%sier.
%nd sli,' 9ols %re #uc' less noice%*leJ $owever. ever('in, loo4s so f%r %w%(J Movin, %n
eAre#e wide5%n,le lens closer #%( seriousl( disor 'e su*9ec. w'ic' #i,' %cu%ll( *e
o4%( unless 'e su*9ec is % "ersonJ Wi' %n eAre#el( wide %n,le. (ou i#%,ine '% (ou
'%ve #uc' #ore s"%ce o #%neuver '%n (ou %cu%ll( '%ve. %nd %re li%*le o ri" or w%l4
ino 'in,s in 'e fore,roundJ
Lon, ele"'oo lenses "roduce unse%d( s'os. %nd focusin, c%n *e diOculJ On '%nd'eld
c%#er%s. 'e( %re ofen sui%*le onl( for *rief s%ion%r( s'os w'ile 'oldin, (our *re%'J A
lile wider '%n nor#%l is "ro*%*l( 'e *es co#"ro#iseJ
If (ou '%ve % c%#er% %ssis%n. w'ile w%l4in, %round %nd s'ooin, (ou c%n *e ,uided *( %
'%nd on (our s'oulder. "%ricul%rl( w'en #ovin, *%c4w%rdsJ W%l4in, *%c4w%rds un,uided is
% *es '%-%rdous. %nd % wors foolis'. unless (ou %re on %n o"en B% %re% wi'ou %n(
o*srucionsJ Peo"le c%n #ove ow%rd (ou % lo f%ser '%n (ou c%n 'o"e o w%l4 *%c4w%rdsJ
F21?RE 21@&
C%#er% covers c%n "roec 'e c%#er%s fro# dus. r%in. %nd snowJ ;P'oo *( 7os' T%*er<
Auto9atic Controls
Auo#%ic conrols suc' %s %uofocus %nd %uo5iris "rovide % s%fe( ne w'en (ou do no
'%ve 'e o""oruni( o conrol (our c%#er% %ccur%el( *( '%nd %d9us#ensJ &u re#e#*er
'% %uo#%ic conrols %re f%r fro# fool"roof %nd s'ould *e used onl( in cer%in siu%ionsJ
Audio
+ou c%n %d9us 'e %udio s(se# #%nu%ll(. or swic' i o AGC ;*uto,*tic g*in cont)ol<J In
'e ,*nu*l ,ode. w%c' 'e volu#e indic%or for sound "e%4sJ If 'e( %re f%r *elow 'e
u""er level ;8KK "ercen #odul%ion:K /U<. incre%se 'e %udio ,%in unil 'e "e%4s re%c'
'is li#iJ &u re#e#*er. if %n('in, louder co#es %lon,. i will "ro*%*l( disorJ Swic'in, o
AGC inse%d will "roec %,%ins uneA"eced overlo%ds. *u #%( *rin, u" *%c4,round
sounds %nd s#oo' ou 'e %udio d(n%#ics. %s #enioned in C'%"er 8IJ
Storin$ the 1ear
&efore "uin, 'e c%#er% %w%( % 'e end of % s'oo. c%#er% c%re s'ould *e % "riori(3
1@ Cover 'e lens usin, % lens c%" or ?ler w'eel or 9us close 'e irisJ
2@ M%4e sure '% %ll e!ui"#en is swic'ed o6J
3@ Re#ove %ll c%#er% %ccessories ;li,'. #ic. c%*les. ecJ<J
@ Re#ove %ll recordin, #edi% %nd re"l%ce wi' fres' ones if %""ro"ri%eJ
!@ Cle%n %nd c'ec4 %ll ie#s *efore sorin,J
&@ M%4e sure '% 'e c%#er% is s%fel( sored in is c%seJ
'@ Re"l%ce %n( worn or d%#%,ed ie#sJ
(@ C'ec4 %nd rec'%r,e *%eriesJ
,atter% Care
T'ere %re % lo of dos %nd don)s 'ere. *u re#e#*er. w'en *%eries f%il. 'e s'ooin, #%(
co#e o % '%l3
&%eries "ower (our c%#er% view?nder. 'e recorder. on5c%#er% li,'s. %nd %n('in, else
%%c'ed o 'e c%#er%J So swic' o6 ;or use 'e s%nd*( #ode< %nd conserve "ower
w'enever "ossi*leJ If (ou %re no c%reful. i#e %4en reviewin, %"es %nd li,'in, c%n le%ve
(ou wi' low "ower for 'e %4eJ
$%ndle *%eries c%refull(J Dro""in, c%n c%use % *%er( *re%4downJ
Alw%(s c'ec4 % *%er()s vol%,e w'ile i is %cu%ll( wor4in,J
Rec'%r,e *%eries %s soon %s "ossi*leJ
Sored *%eries end o disc'%r,e 'e#selves o % noice%*le eAenJ
In %ddiion o 'e #%in *%er( '% "owers 'e c%#er%. 'ere #%( *e E4ee"5%liveF
*%eries for #e#or( circuis wi'in 'e c%#er% '% s'ould *e c'ec4ed re,ul%rl(J
4?+T2CA4ERA RE4;TE PR;/?CT2;8
Al'ou,' % sin,le5c%#er% "roducion '%s is %dv%n%,es. 'ere %re #%n( "roducion
siu%ions in w'ic' % sin,le c%#er% '%s lile 'o"e of c%"urin, #uc' #ore '%n % ,li#"se of
'e even. %nd #ulic%#er% cover%,e is 'e onl( %nswer3
W'en cover%,e fro# di6eren view"oins is o *e coninuous %nd co#"re'ensive
W'en %cion is s"re%d over % l%r,e %re% ;% ,olf course<
A %n even w'ere 'ere is no i#e or o""oruni( o #ove c%#er%s %round o di6eren
view"oins
A % Eone5i#e5onl(F even ;de#oliion of % *rid,e<
F21?RE21@'
S%#"le of % s#%ll even re#oe surve( for#J
W'en 'e loc%ion of %cion coninu%ll( c'%n,es ;s"ors ?eld of "l%(<
W'en c%#er%s c%n no #ove o new %n,les or loc%ions ;*ec%use of o*srucions<
If c%#er%s #us *e conce%led. or loc%ed in ?Aed "l%ces
W'en (ou c%nno %ccur%el( %nici"%e w'ere 'e %cion is o %4e "l%ce
4ultica9era Plannin$ and Preparation
Mulic%#er% "roducions '%ve % nu#*er of %s"ecs '% #%4e 'e# !uie di6eren fro#
5
sudio "roducions or sin,le5c%#er% "roducionsJ &ec%use 'e( %re l%r,er "roducions.
re!uirin, #ore e!ui"#en %nd "ersonnel. 'e( need #uc' #ore "l%nnin, %nd "re"%r%ion
re,%rdin, 'e *%sics. suc' %s w'e'er 'ere is "ower. 'ow lon, 'e c%*les need o *e.
w'e'er 'ere is enou,' li,'S'in,s (ou don) need o 'in4 %*ou in 'e sudioJ T'e
followin, %re discussions of so#e of 'ese uni!ue issuesJ
PRODCTION MEETINGS
Producion #eein,s. %lso 4nown %s coordin%ion #eein,s. %re esseni%l o 'e "l%nnin,
"'%se of % #ulic%#er% "roducionJ T'ese #eein,s "rovide % foru# for %ll "%ries involved
in 'e "roducion o s'%re ide%s. co##unic%e issues '% #%( %6ec o'er %re%s. %nd
ensure '% %ll de%ils %re re%d( for 'e "roducionJ Producion #eein,s usu%ll( include
even oOci%ls. venue #%n%,e#en. %nd "roducion "ersonnelJ
REMOTE SRVE. "RECCE%
Once 'e "roducion e%# '%s % ,ood ,ener%l ide% of 'ow 'e even will *e covered. %
surve( e%# s'ould visi 'e s'oo loc%ionJ T'is visi #us %ssess 'e venue %nd deer#ine
'ow. w'ere. 'ow #%n(. w'o. w'%. %nd 'ow #uc'J T'e %nswers o 'ese !uesions will
"rovide 'e found%ion for 'e "roducion)s "l%nnin,J T'e "ur"oses of 'e re#oe surve( %re
o3
Deer#ine 'e loc%ion for 'e "roducion
Deer#ine w'ere %ll "roducion e!ui"#en %nd "ersonnel will *e "osiioned
Deer#ine w'e'er %ll of 'e "roducion)s needs %nd re!uire#ens c%n *e '%ndled % 'e
loc%ion
Are%s '% #us *e deer#ined %nd %ssessed include3 con%cs. loc%ion %ccess. elecric%l
"ower. loc%ion coss. c%erin,:food. securi(. ele"'ones:Inerne %ccess. "%r4in,. %nd
lod,in,J 0i,ure =8JQ s'ows % s%#"le re#oe surve( for#J
Re9ote Production< The Ro%al 6eddin$
One of 'e l%r,es non5s"ors re#oe "roducions in recen 'isor( w%s 'e weddin, of
&ri%in)s Prince Willi%# %nd C%'erine MiddleonJ Inside Wes#inser A**e(. w'ere 'e
weddin, oo4 "l%ce. 'ere were over IK *ro%dc%s c%#er%s c%"urin, ever( %n,le of 'e
evenJ Ouside. *ro%dc%sers '%d se u" #ore '%n >P elevision sudiosJ Over 8KK di6eren
*ro%dc%s or,%ni-%ions. wi' rou,'l( 8IK O& re#oe ruc4s. fro# %round 'e world
conver,ed on London for 'e fesiviiesJ
F21?RE 21@(
Over IK c%#er%s were se u" in London)s Wes#inser A**e( o cover 'e =K88 ro(%l weddin,J T'is 'i,' "oin5of5view
c%#er% ,%ve % uni!ue view of 'e cere#on(J
CAMERAS
T'ere %re #%n( decisions '% '%ve o *e #%de w'en i co#es o c%#er%s in re#oe
loc%ionsJ T'ese c%n include3
$ow #%n( c%#er%s %re re!uired o cover 'e even1
W'% ("e of c%#er% s'ould *e used ;doll(. 9i*. '%nd'eld. PO/<1
W'ere %re 'e *es loc%ions o "l%ce 'e c%#er%s1 Does %n('in, o*scure % c%#er%)s
view"oin1
Are s"eci%l c%#er% #ouns re!uired ;sc%6oldin,. 9i*s. ecJ<1
Are s"eci%l lenses re!uired ;suc' %s lon, ele"'oo lenses<1
W'ere c%n c%#er% c%*les *e run1
ADIO
Al'ou,' %udio #%( *e one of 'e le%s5%""reci%ed %s"ecs of % elevision "roducion. i is
one of 'e #os i#"or%n %re%s of % "roducionJ So#e of 'e issues for consider%ion
include3
W'% does 'e %udience need o 'e%r1 $ow #%n( #ics %re needed o cover 'e even1
W'% ("e of #icro"'one wor4s *es in e%c' siu%ion ;'%nd'eld. l%"el #ic. 5s'o,un.
ecJ<1
Sereo or surround sound1
C%n #icro"'ones %""e%r in 'e s'o1
Wired or wireless #icro"'ones1
Is 'e n%ur%l sound of 'e loc%ion % "ro*le# ;r%Oc. crowds. %ir"l%nes<1
Addiion%l infor#%ion %*ou 'e re#oe surve( is covered in C'%"er IJ
RE4;TE PR;/?CT2;8 "EH2C+ES
T'e f%ciliies needed o cover % re#oe "roducion will de"end "%rl( on 'e sc%le of
cover%,e %nd "%rl( on 'e n%ure of 'e evenJ Producion ruc4s v%r( in si-e fro# ver(
s#%ll o ver( l%r,eJ O'er ve'icles could include c%rs. #oorc(cles. ,olf c%rs. *o%s. %nd
'elico"ersJ 0or eA%#"le. #%r%'on cover%,e #i,' include % few s%ion%r( c%#er%s. %
cou"le of '%nd'eld c%#er%s. % #oorc(cle wi' % c%#er% o s%( wi' 'e le%d runner. %nd %
'elico"er or wo o ,e 'e lon,5s'o:E*i, "icureF i#%,es '% es%*lis' 'e sceneJ I
%lw%(s co#es down o 'e even %nd w'% (ou w%n o %cco#"lis'J
Re9ote Production< The ;l%9pics
T'e l%r,es *ro%dc%s even in 'e world is % Su##er Ol(#"ic G%#esJ T'e video feed of 'e
Ol(#"ics. cre%ed *( Ol(#"ic &ro%dc%s Services ;O&S<. is used *( newor4s in over =KK
counries %round 'e worldJ O&S uses over 8KKK c%#er%s. CK O& re#oe ruc4s. %nd % crew
of over PKKKJ
F21?RE 21@)
Over 8KKK c%#er%s %re used in 'e cover%,e of 'e Su##er Ol(#"ic G%#esJ
Re9ote Production Truc-C;, "an
T'e #os co##on uni for re#oe "roducions is 'e re#oe "roducion ruc4. o'erwise
4nown %s %n ouside *ro%dc%s ;O&< ruc4 or v%nJ T'ese unis v%r( in si-e fro# % s#%ll v%n
wi' wo or 'ree c%#er%s o % l%r,e ruc4 wi' #ore '%n =K c%#er%s ;0i,ures
=8J8K %nd =8J88<J T'e( "rovide % full *ro%dc%s s%nd%rd "roducion conrol cener wi'
co#"lee video %nd %udio f%ciliiesJ T'e ruc4s include ever('in, needed o "roduce %
elevision "ro,r%#3 #onior w%ll. video "roducion swic'er. %udio. recordin, %nd "l%(*%c4
dec4s. ,r%"'ics. inerco#. %nd %n('in, else (ou #i,' need for % re#oe "roducionJ
See C'%"er > for #ore de%ils %*ou re#oe "roducion ruc4sJ
T'e uni #%( *e used in sever%l w%(s3
P%r4ed wi'in 'e %cion %re% ;in % "u*lic s!u%re or % % s"ors venue< wi' c%*les
eAendin, o c%#er%s % v%rious v%n%,e "oinsJ
As % drive5in conrol roo# "%r4ed ouside % "er#%nen or e#"or%r( sudioJ T'is could
include % "u*lic '%ll. % 'e%er. or even % sounds%,e ;usu%ll( used for ?l#<J
T'e "ro,r%# #%( *e recorded ;%nd edied< on*o%rd 'e re#oe ruc4. or i #%( *e rel%(ed
*%c4 o *%se *( % #icrow%ve lin4. d%% line. or so#e o'er r%ns#ission "%'J
F21?RE 21@1*
S#%ll "roducion ruc4s %re e%sier o drive ino so#e loc%ions *u usu%ll( o6er li#ied f%ciliiesJ
+2"E TRA8S42SS2;8
If %n even is *ein, "roduced for % live %udience. 'e "roducion)s si,n%l #us *e sen *%c4
o % loc%ion in order o *e *ro%dc%s. c%*lec%s. or c(*erc%sJ T'ere %re % v%rie( of
r%ns#ission #e'ods. discussed in C'%"er ==J
Tr%ns#ission ruc4s "rovide unis '% c%n *e !uic4l( reloc%ed %nd "rovide *ro%dc%s5
!u%li( i#%,es %nd soundJ Mos s(se#s "rovide % wo5w%( co##unic%ion lin4 *eween 'e
uni %nd *%se or sudio ;0i,ure =8J8=<J
Event Covera$e
As in ever( o'er ("e of even. direcors s'ooin, re#oe "roducions #us 4ee" 'e %Ais of
%cion in #ind ;C'%"er 8Q<. "l%cin, %ll c%#er%s on one side of '% line ;0i,ures
8QJD. =8J8>. =8J8I. %nd =8J8P<J
F21?RE 21@11
L%r,e re#oe ruc4s o6er #ore s"%ce %nd %ddiion%l f%ciliies *u %re diOcul o #%neuver wi'in so#e venuesJ
F21?RE 21@12
Tr%ns#ission ruc4s co#e in %ll si-es. de"endin, on w'% is neededJ T'is uni is % co#*in%ion s%ellie u"lin4 %nd
#icrow%ve v%nJ
F21?RE 21@13
In % #eein, in w'ic' % s"e%4er is s"e%4in, o % ,rou" of "eo"le. 'e %Ais of %cion is *eween 'e woJ T'% #e%ns '% %ll
of 'e c%#er%s #us *e on one side of 'e lineJ
F21?RE 21@1
&%s4e*%ll is % 'ori-on%l s"or. one '% is direced *( "l%cin, %ll of 'e c%#er%s on one side of 'e 'ori-on%l %Ais of %cion
;*lue %re%< on 'e ?eld of "l%(J
F21?RE 21@1!
Tennis is % veric%l s"orJ In order o #%4e 'e s'os #ore ineresin,. 'e %Ais of %cion line runs %cross 'e cour
'ori-on%ll(J Kee" %ll of 'e c%#er%s on one side in 'e *lue %re%J
Preparin$ to Cover Sports
Adapted fro9 Pedro Ro#as, Television Producer
$ow o "re"%re o cover s"ors3
Know 'e rules of 'e s"or
Know 'e "%rici"%ns ;%'lees. co%c'es. oOci%ls<
Know 'e venue:?eld of "l%(
Are%s for w'ic' s"eci%l decisions need o *e #%de3
C%#er%s:lenses
C%#er% #ouns:"l%for#s
Gr%"'ics desi,n
Audio "l%n
Li,'in,
Aw%rd cere#onies
S%r %nd ?nis' "roocols
$ow 'e "roducion "l%n is cre%ed3
Producion "l%nnin, #eein,s wi' 'e ,rou" w'o will *e "roducin, 'e even
Review "revious recordin,s of evens
Re'e%rs%ls
F21?RE 21@1&
&%se*%ll is % round %cion s"orJ T'ere is no %Ais of %cion line. %llowin, 'e c%#er%s o *e "l%ced %n(w'ereJ $owever. 'e
direcor ofen needs o ,o o % lon, s'o. re5es%*lis'in, 'e loc%ion for 'e %udienceJ
Sports Action
S"ors "roducions %re % *i uni!ue. *ec%use 'e "%rici"%ns c%n *e ,oin, %ll over 'e
venueJ So#e venues %re l%r,e ;% c%r r%cer%c4 or ,olf<N o'er venues %re ver( s#%ll ;%
wreslin, #%c'<J Evens 'ere %re c%e,ori-ed *( di6eren ("es of %cion3 'ori-on%l.
veric%l. %nd roundJ
HORI?ONTAL ACTION
$ori-on%l s"ors include *%s4e*%ll. soccer. A#eric%n foo*%ll. %#on, o'ersJ T'e c%#er%s
%re "l%ced on % lon, side of 'e venue. "%nnin, ri,' o lef o c%"ure 'e %'lees) %cion
;0i,ure =8J8I<J
VERTICAL ACTION
One veric%l s"or is ennisJ Al'ou,' i is % s"or '% %4es "l%ce on % rec%n,ul%r venue.
li4e *%s4e*%ll %nd soccer. 'e %cion is diOcul o follow *( 'e %udience wi' wo "l%(ers
'iin, % s#%ll *%ll *%c4 %nd for'J Inse%d. 'e c%#er%s %re "l%ced *e'ind one of 'e
%'lees. loo4in, over 'is or 'er s'oulder % 'e o'er %'leeJ So 'e %Ais of %cion is loc%ed
% 'e ne ;0i,ure =8J8P<J
ROND ACTION
Round s"ors include %uo r%cin, %nd *%se*%llJ &ec%use c%#er%s %re needed o cover 'e
%cion 'e w'ole w%( %round 'e circle or ov%l. %n %Ais of %cion is no c'osenJ Inse%d. 'e
direcor '%s o cons%nl( re5es%*lis' 'e scene in order o %void confusin, 'e viewersJ T'is
#e%ns '% if % c%#er% '%s % close5u" s'o of % c%r %s i drives %round 'e r%c4. ever( once
in w'ile % lon, s'o #us *e s'own o es%*lis' 'e curren loc%ion of 'e c%r %nd w'ere i
is in rel%ion o 'e o'er c%rs ;0i,ure =8J8C<J
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ De?ne % re#oe "roducionJ
2@ W'% %re 'e %dv%n%,es %nd dis%dv%n%,es of sudio "roducions %nd re#oe
"roducions1
3@ W'% %re so#e of 'e su,,esions for '%ndlin, % sin,le c%#er%1
@ W'% %re so#e of 'e c'%llen,es wi' eAre#e wide5%n,le %nd ele"'oo lenses1
!@ W'% %re so#e of 'e siu%ions in w'ic' #ulic%#er% "roducions %re esseni%l1
&@ Descri*e 'e 'ree "ri#%r( ("es of s"ors %cion %nd ,ive eA%#"les of e%c' ("eJ
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< T;4 CA"A8A?1H
To9 Cavanau$h, "ice President Production, 8ASCAR
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I %# res"onsi*le for conen in %ll NASCAR on SPEED
"ro,r%##in,J
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 Cre%in, %nd "%rici"%in, in % coll%*or%ive
environ#en '% "ro#oes cre%ivi( %nd co##unic%ion %nd %c4nowled,es 'e *re%d' of
%len %nd eA"erience of 'e "eo"le I wor4 wi'J 0ocusin, on 'e %*ili( o f%il %nd 'en
recover r%'er '%n "l%(in, i s%fe or %voidin, #is%4es !uie ofen delivers % ver(
successful o"er%ionJ In 'e *ro%dc%s *usiness 'e uli#%e ,o%l is o '%ve '% successful
o"er%ion s'ow u" on 'e screen in 'e for# of co#"ellin, conenJ
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 $%*is %re 'e
ou,'es 'in, o *re%4 %nd 'e( %re even #ore diOcul o c'%n,e w'en "eo"le don) even
re%li-e 'e( '%ve for#ed % '%*iJ So. c'%n,e c%n *e % *i, c'%llen,e *u if (ou focus on
,ivin, feed*%c4 %nd develo"in, % coll%*or%ive environ#en. su*s%ni%l c'%n,e will %4e
c%re of iselfJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 I is i#"or%n o #%4e sure 'e o*vious
!uesions %re %s4ed %nd '% ("ic%l %ssu#"ions %re %ddressedJ Se""in, *%c4 %nd
idenif(in, 'e *i, "icure sor(ellin, ele#ens 'el"s o se u"Wever('in,J
W'% is 'e sor(line1
W'o %re 'e s%rs1
W'o is 'e underdo,1
W'ere is 'e rooin, ineres co#in, fro# for 'e f%ns1
Producions re%ll( end u" *ein, !uie si#"le *ec%use ,ood sories %re usu%ll( f%irl( si#"leW
*u we c%n ,e oo EinsideF %nd for,e o ell 'e *%sic %s"ecs of 'e sor(J
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7 0ollow (our "%ssion %nd le (our %*ili( develo" *ec%use (ou will usu%ll( *e
sur"rised *( 'e "oeni%l (ou '%ve w'en (ou ?nd (ourself in (our ele#enJ +ou will 4now
w'en (ou ?nd i %nd *%sic%ll( (ou s'ould never so" loo4in, for iJ
To, C*&*n*ugh i' the Vice P)e'ident of P)oduction of NASCAR *t S(eed *nd the o0ne) of TC
P)oduction'8 He ()e&iou'ly 'e)&ed *' the Vice P)e'ident of P)oduction *t #heele) Tele&i'ion1
the Coo)din*ting P)oduce) *t #o)ld S(o)t' Ente)()i'e'1 *nd * ()oduce) *t ESPNJ
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< C28/B PE88281T;8
,rieF% deGne %our Ho0< I coordin%e %ll %s"ecs of "re"roducion "l%nnin,. ec'nic%l crew
#%n%,e#en. %nd re#oe o"er%ions includin,3 #o*ile uni loc%ion:"%r4in,. u"lin4 %nd
,ener%or orders. c%#er% loc%ions. c%*lin,. "ower. "'ones %nd Inerne. credeni%lin,.
%len "ic45u"s:escors. s'i""in,. *ud,es. surve(s. %nd re"orsJ
6hat do %ou li-e a0out %our Ho07 M( 9o* %llows #e o r%vel %cross 'e counr( %nd o
*e "%r of so#e of 'e *i,,es evens in 'e world of s"orsJ I '%ve 'e o""oruni( o #ee
%nd wor4 wi' so#e of 'e *es fol4s in 'e indusr(J
6hat are the t%pes of challen$es that %ou face in %our position7 $ow #uc' i#e do
(ou '%ve1 T'% is % ric4( !uesion o %nswer *ec%use e%c' s"or %nd e%c' venue "resen
'eir own c'%llen,esJ W'e'er i *e diOcul c%*le runs. no enou,' s"%ce for our #o*ile
unis. or si#"l( % ,ru#"( %'leic direcor w'o is no '%""( '% we %re onsie. 'ere %re
%lw%(s o*s%cles o overco#eJ T'% *ein, s%id. i is #( 9o* o solve 'ese issues %nd i is
ver( rew%rdin, o w%l4 %w%( fro# % s'ow '% '%s *een successfulJ
Ho5 do %ou prepare for a production7 I s%r wi' 'e *%sics. w'ic' is deer#inin, w'%
'e s"ecs %re for 'e s'ow '% I %# wor4in,J $ow #%n( c%#er%s. %"e #%c'ines.
#icro"'ones. ecJ Once I ?nd ou w'ic' #o*ile uni '%s *een %ssi,ned for 'e s'ow. I
coordin%e "%r4in, %nd "ower i#es wi' 'e#J I c%ll 'e venue %nd se % #eein, wi' 'e
*ro%dc%s %nd %'leic direcors o discuss lo,isicsJ I 'en *uild % ec'nic%l surve( '% is
disri*ued o 'e crew on %rriv%l onsieJ
6hat su$$estions or advice do %ou have for so9eone interested in a position li-e
%ours7
S%r LOCALY So #%n( fol4s w%n o 9u#" direcl( o 'e newor4 %nd I sron,l( encour%,e
"eo"le o %4e % 9o* % % loc%l elevision s%ion in % s#%ller #%r4e w'ere (ou c%n rul(
le%rn %ll %s"ecs of T/ so '% (ou '%ve %n over%ll unders%ndin, of 'ow 'e enire "rocess
wor4sJ Inerns'i"s %re %lso f%n%sicY
&e "ersisen %nd newor4Y T'is *usiness is %*ou w'o (ou 4now no necess%ril( 'ow #uc'
(ou 4now. w'ic' c%n *e frusr%in, % i#esJ ESPN. in "%ricul%r. covers evens %ll over 'e
counr( %nd we %re cons%nl( loo4in, for sudens o wor4 %s runner %nd uiliies on our
*ro%dc%sJ I encour%,e sudens o wor4 %s #%n( evens %s "ossi*le o #%4e 'ose con%csJ
Wor4 '%rd %nd *e 9o(fulY
F21?RE 21@1'
Cind( Pennin,on. 0reel%nce O"er%ions Producer. ESPNJ
Cindy Pennington i' * f)eel*nce O(e)*tion' P)oduce) fo) ESPNJ
PART 8
0istri'ution
CHAPTER 22
0istri'utin- Gour Production
EOne cell "'one c%n now si#ul%neousl( feed re%l5i#e video o 'e enire worldJ T'is. !uie
'onesl(. *lows #( #indJ T'ere is re%l o""oruni( ou 'ere %nd i)s %v%il%*le nowJ /iru%ll(
%ll of 'e #edi% "l%(in, ?elds '%ve *een leveledJ T'% is now 'e re%li( for #%n( "ro,r%#sJ
I '%s "%( elevision o"er%ors. 'e newor4s. %nd o'er *ro%dc%sers runnin, sc%redJF
Fran- ,eacha9, Producer and 6riter
Ter9s
2PT"< Inerne Proocol Television ;IPT/< uili-es 'e Inerne o "rovide "ro,r%##in, o is
%udience inse%d of *ro%dc%s or c%*le elevisionJ
iT"< Iner%cive elevision. or iT/. refers o online "ro,r%##in, '% %llows viewers o #%4e
c'oices %*ou 'ow 'e( w%c' %n evenJ
Strea9in$< Pro,r%##in, '% is s'own live or r%ns#ied fro# % video5s'%rin, sie o %
co#"uerJ
"ideoIsharin$ sites< Online sies '% en%*le "roducers o u"lo%d "ro,r%##in, so '% i
c%n *e seen *( %n %udienceJ
E7us li4e 'e co#in, of di,i%l o "roducion. 'e co#in, of di,i%l o disri*uion '%s
e#"owered elevision %nd ?l##%4ers o do 'in,s '% weren) "reviousl( "ossi*leJ In 'e
old5sc'ool #odel. 'ere were %lw%(s "eo"le in5*eween 'e "roducer:direcor %nd 'is or 'er
%udienceJ Now for 'e ?rs i#e. "roducers %nd direcors '%ve 'e c'%nce o %ccess or re%c'
%n %udience direcl(. ,oin, %round 'e r%diion%l #iddle#en %nd ,%e4ee"ersJF
Peter ,roderic-, President, Paradi$9 Consultin$
Tr%diion%ll( disri*uion w%s no 'e 9o* of "roducion "ersonnelJ T'e( cre%ed 'e conen.
%nd so#eone else wor4ed o ,e i ou o 'e %udienceJ $owever. od%( disri*uion ofen
*eco#es "%r of 'e role of 'e "roducion "ersonJ Once 'e "roducion '%s *een co#"leed.
"roducion "ersonnel ofen need o *urn i o % D/D or &lu5r%( disc. "os i online. or sre%#
iJ Disri*uion de"ends on w'ere (ou %re sendin, i since 'e devices viewers w%c' 'eir
"ro,r%##in, on %re ver( v%ried3 r%diion%l elevisions. l%r,e screens. %*le co#"uers.
co#"uers. %nd cell "'onesJ
,R;A/CAST /2STR2,?T2;8
Tr%diion%ll( i cos 'ous%nds of doll%rs o *ro%dc%s (our "ro,r%#. 'rou,' % loc%l
elevision s%ion o (our loc%l co##uni(J If (ou w%ned o r%ns#i (our "ro,r%#
n%ion%ll(. i would *e ver( eA"ensiveJ Tr%ns#iin, i %round 'e world w%s %l#os un'e%rd
of unless i w%s %n inern%ion%l evenJ Tr%ns#iin, i li&e loc%ll(. n%ion%ll(. %nd
inern%ion%ll( w%s even #ore eA"ensiveJ
T'e e!ui"#en needed o cre%e live *ro%dc%ss c%n *e incredi*l( eA"ensiveJ Microw%ve or
s%ellie ruc4s %re used o send 'e si,n%l *%c4 o 'e s%ion or newor4 ;0i,ure ==J8<J
F21?RE 22@1
Tr%diion%ll(. #icrow%ve or s%ellie ruc4s were used o send % video "ro,r%# or live feed *%c4 o % s%ion or newor4J
31C1 Trans9ission
One of 'e l%es #e'ods of *ro%dc%s r%ns#ission is 'e use of >G:Wi0i %nd IG cellul%r
connecions o r%ns#i $DJ To o*%in % 'i,' !u%li(. 'ese unis '%ve o lever%,e #uli"le
>G:IG connecionsJ T'e %dv%n%,e o 'ese s(se#s is '% 'e( %re so incredi*l( s#%ll '%
so#e #%nuf%curers "u 'e# in % *%c4"%c4 ;0i,ure ==J=<J
TRA/2T2;8A+ 8;8,R;A/CAST /2STR2,?T2;8 =?S?A++B REFERRE/ T; AS "2/E;>
If (ou cre%ed % "roducion for non*ro%dc%s us%,e in 'e "%s. (ou '%d o use video %"e or
% D/D *( sn%il #%il or for s%le in soresJ T'ese #e'ods were i#e consu#in, %nd could *e
ver( cosl(J T'ere were no o'er w%(s o r%ns#i 'e "ro9ecJ Tod%( disri*uors '%ve #%n(
o"ions. %nd #%n( do no cos #one(J
F21?RE 22@2
$D video c%n *e r%ns#ied live uili-in, #uli"le connecions of >G:IGJ T'e r%ns#ision ,e%r is so s#%ll '% i c%n ? in %
*%c4"%c4J ;P'oo:illusr%ion coures( of vu"%c4Jco#<
/istri0utin$ Hard Copies of the Production
In C'%"er 8P we %l4ed %*ou recordin, %nd sorin, (our "ro,r%# on % c%#er% deviceJ
T'ere %re los of recordin, #edi% o do '%J $owever. once 'e "ro,r%# '%s *een edied. if
(ou w%n o %cu%ll( '%nd i o so#eone. (ou sill need o sore i on % #ediu#J W'ile video
%"e is !uic4l( ,oin, %w%(. D/Ds %nd &lu5r%( discs ;$D<. '%ve *eco#e 'e #edi% of c'oice
for sor%,e %nd e%s( '%rd co"( disri*uion. es"eci%ll( since #os "eo"le '%ve % D/D "l%(er
in 'eir 'o#e or co#"uerJ D/Ds %re % ver( econo#ic%l #e%ns of disri*uin, % '%rd co"(J
$owever. wi' 'e %*ili( o sore l%r,e %#ouns of d%% %nd 'e reducion of cos. US&
'u#* drives ;B%s' #e#or(< '%ve r%"idl( *eco#e one of 'e #os "o"ul%r #odes of
e#"or%r( sor%,eJ W'ile D/Ds %re li#ied o IJQ G&. &lu5R%( D/Ds c%n 'old % #%Ai#u# of
PK G&. %nd US& drives currenl( '%ve % #%Ai#u# c%"%ci( of u" o =PC G&J T'e US& 'u#*
drive c%n %llow (ou o sore enire video ?les ;0i,ure ==J><J W'en sorin, 'e video ?les
durin, "os"roducion or for lon,er# sor%,e. no disri*uion. '%rd drives %re 'e #os
co##on #ediu#J
Case Stud%< 1oo$le 8e5s 8ear Bou
As news s%6 fro# elevision s%ions %nd news"%"ers coninue o f%ce diOcul ?n%nci%l
i#es %nd reduce 'eir s%6 %nd cover%,e. %lern%ive news resources '%ve *e,un
%""e%rin,J Goo,le. usin, is free video disri*uion service +ouTu*e. l%unc'ed w'% 'e(
c%lled 'e E*i,,es news "l%for# in 'e worldJF
/isiors o EGoo,le News Ne%r +ouF si,n ino 'e sie %nd Goo,le. usin, 'e visior)s Inerne
%ddress. is %*le o deer#ine 'eir ,eo,r%"'ic%l loc%ionJ T'e viewers 'en '%ve 'e %*ili(
o loo4 'rou,' %ll of 'e news sories wi'in % 8KK5#ile r%dius '% '%ve *een u"lo%ded
ono +ouTu*eJ As #ore news oules "%rici"%e. Goo,le 'o"es o s'rin4 'e r%dius o #%4e
'e sories #uc' #ore loc%lJ
Goo,le '%s invied #ore '%n =P.KKK news sources o *eco#e conen "rovidersJ T'e er#
Enews sourceF is de?ned "re( loosel(J W'ile %n( news"%"er. r%dio s%ion. %nd elevision
c%n conri*ue sories. so c%n %*ou %n(one elseJ Providers include sc'ools. c'urc'es. %nd
%l#os %n(one else w'o w%ns o %4e 'e i#e o u"lo%d EnewsJF
Goo,le is wor4in, '%rd o #%4e 'is service "ro?%*le for iself %s well %s conen "roviders.
*( s"liin, 'e revenue fro# %ll %ds '% %""e%r wi' e%c' s"eci?c videoJ Al'ou,' 'e
revenue is s#%ll. Goo,le *elieves '%. %s i *uilds 'e %udience. 'e "%(ou will si,ni?c%nl(
incre%seJ Wi' %n %udience of over 8KK #illion viewers % #on'. conen "roviders '%ve %
c'%nce o '%ve 'eir #%eri%l seen *( %n %udience '% #%( no '%ve found 'e# o'erwiseJ
T'e !uesions '% re#%in include ;8< c%n 'is *e #onei-ed %nd ;=< will 'e %udience
%cu%ll( rus 'e conen "roviders1
F21?RE 22@3
L%r,e US& 'u#* drives %re ,re% for sorin, video ?lesJ
Al#os %n( su*9ec (ou c'oose will '%ve % n%ur%l Ef%nF *%se. w'e'er i *e science. e'nic.
reli,ious. 'e%l'. %nd #%n( o'ersJ All of 'ese ineres ,rou"s '%ve 'in,s li4e su""or
,rou"s. we*sies. "u*lic%ions. *lo,s. *usinesses. %nd or,%ni-%ions '% %re %lre%d( in
ouc' wi' 'eir core %udience on % d%il( *%sisJ 0indin, disri*uion ofen #e%ns e6ecivel(
re%c'in, %nd *uildin, % rus wi' 'ese or,%ni-%ionsJ
$ere %re so#e of 'e nonr%diion%l #e'ods of disri*uion3
;nline /istri0ution
Online disri*uion %llows "ro,r%##in, o *e disri*ued worldwideJ T'is '%s o"ened u"
%ccess o "eo"le %nd #%r4es '% were unre%c'%*le in 'e "%sJ Online sies "rovide %
v%rie( of o""oruniies for s'%rin, videoJ /ideos c%n *e disri*ued o %n(one. s"eci?c
,rou"s. or *eco#e "%r of % c'%nnelJ I is "ossi*le o view SD. $D. %nd even >D video on
#%n( 'ese we*siesJ I is "ossi*le o u"lo%d videos fro# % co#"uer %nd cell "'onesJ
/ideo5s'%rin, we*sies %llow users o u"lo%d. s'%re. %nd view "roducionsJ So#e of 'e sies
%llow co##erci%ls. o'ers don)J So#e video5s'%rin, sies %re "rovided *( "riv%e
co#"%nies %nd %re %i#ed % % s"eci?c %udienceJ O'ers. suc' %s +ouTu*e. /i#eo. %nd
0%ce*oo4. %re #%ss co##unic%ion we*sies. used *( #illions %round 'e world ;0i,ure
==JI<J 0%ce*oo4 '%s over PKK #illion %cive users %round 'e world. w'o c%n u"lo%d videos.
%nd +ouTu*e s%(s '% over 8I *illion videos were viewed on is sie in =K8KJ
We*sies di6er ,re%l( on 'ow 'e( #%n%,e 'eir conenJ So#e en%*le "roducers o u"lo%d
'eir "ro,r%#s for free %nd #%4e i %v%il%*le free o 'e %udienceJ O'er sies #%( c'%r,e %
fee o view 'e video. s"liin, 'e fees *eween 'e sie %nd 'e "roducer ;0i,ure ==JP<J
+ive ;nline /istri0ution
T'e Inerne %nd #o*ile "'ones '%ve c'%n,ed 'e live disri*uion of conen in o'er
incredi*le w%(sJ In 'e "%s 'ere were los of l%(ers of *e%urocr%c( ;,%e4ee"ers< *eween
'e "roducer %nd 'e %udienceJ As #enioned e%rlier. 'e cos of live r%ns#ission ,e%r w%s
%lso "ro'i*iiveJ Tod%( (ou c%n re%c' % live %udience direcl(. ,oin, %round 'e
r%diion%l,%e4ee"ers. *( usin, % co#"uer or so#e cell "'ones ;0i,ure ==JC %nd ==JQ<J
F21?RE 22@
Left3 /i#eo ;s'own< %nd +ouTu*e %re so#e of 'e l%r,es video5s'%rin, we*siesJ Right3 A "riv%e we*sie '% disri*ues
videos o % s"eci?c %udienceHin 'is c%se. s'or ?l#s o universi( sudensJ T'ese videos'%rin, sies en%*le "roducers o
disri*ue 'eir #%eri%l %round 'e worldJ
F21?RE 22@!
So#e we*sies "rovide videos for % fee. s"liin, 'e fees *eween 'e sie %nd 'e "ro,r%#)s "roducersJ
As wi' video5s'%rin, we*sies. live video sre%#in, of evens c%n *e "rovided o % s"eci?c
%udience or %v%il%*le o %n(one w'o would li4e o see iJ /ideo sre%#in, re!uires
su*s%ni%l co#"ression of 'e d%%. w'ic' ofen resuls in % lower5!u%li( i#%,eJ $owever.
'e !u%li( is r%"idl( i#"rovin,J So#e live sre%#in, sies %llow unli#ied viewers w'ile
o'ers. suc' %s A""le)s 0%ceTi#e. %re currenl( li#ied o one5on5one direc video
r%ns#issionsJ
T'ere %re o'er live online disri*uors w'o. li4e Slin,*oA. use % *oA conneced o 'e
Inerne o sre%# newor4s fro# c%*le or s%ellie elevision ;0i,ure ==JL<J Slin,*oA c%n %lso
*e used o sre%# "erson%l videos o % co#"uer or cell "'one ("e receiverJ
2PT"
Inerne Proocol Television ;IPT/< uili-es 'e Inerne o "rovide "ro,r%##in, o is
%udience inse%d of *ro%dc%s or c%*le elevisionJ
IPT/ is so#ew'% of % #iA of 'e services *( video5s'%rin, sies %nd live sre%#in, siesJ
Pro,r%##in, c%n *e sre%#ed live. video on de#%nd. or iner%cive elevision ;iT/<J M%n(
i#es 'ese s(se#s %re su*scri*er5*%sed. w'ic' re!uires 'e "%(#en of fees in order o
%ccess 'e conenJ
F21?RE 22@&
So#e co#"%nies. suc' %s Usre%#. "rovide cell "'one %""s '% en%*le live video r%ns#ission o 'eir we*sie. w'ic' 'en
#%4es 'e live feed %v%il%*le o %n %udienceJ T'is is % cell "'one screen s'o of % live video r%ns#issionJ
0or eA%#"le. M%9or Le%,ue &%se*%ll *e,%n 'eir own IPT/ c%lled ML&Jco#J I "rovides
*%se*%ll infor#%ion. news. s"ors colu#ns. %nd s%isicsJ ML&Jco# %lso "rovides ,%#es.
video. %nd %udio sre%#in, of *%se*%ll ,%#es. oOci%l *%se*%ll f%n "roducs. %nd ic4e s%les
;0i,ure ==JD<J So#e of 'eir infor#%ion is free. o'er #%eri%l is onl( %v%il%*le o
su*scri*ersJ T'ese sies "rovide %n iner%civi( '% ,ive #uc' #ore %ccess o 'e
infor#%ion 'e %udience w%nsS%llowin, 'e viewers o individu%li-e 'eir viewin,
eA"erience ;0i,ure ==J8K<J
F21?RE 22@'
A""s. suc' %s 'e one %*ove fro# 2i4. %llow "roducers o r%ns#i live or u"lo%d direcl( o 0%ce*oo4. Twier. or +ouTu*e
fro# % cell "'oneJ ;P'oo coures( of 2i4<
F21?RE 22@(
Slin,*oA connecs elevision newor4s %nd s%ions o co#"uers. %*les. %nd cell "'onesJ $owever. individu%l
"ro,r%##in, c%n *e r%ns#ied %s wellJ Slin,*oA is % one5o5one #ediu#J ;P'oos coures( of Slin,*oA<
F21?RE 22@)
IPT/ c'%nnels. suc' %s M%9or Le%,ue &%se*%ll. "rovide % wide r%n,e of services. ofen iner%cive. suc' %s live sre%#in, of
,%#es. *%se*%ll s%isics. #erc'%ndise. %nd *%se*%ll newsJ
F21?RE 22@1*
T'e Profession%l Golf Associ%ion ;PGA< "rovides %n %"" for cell "'ones '% %llow viewers o cuso#i-e 'eir viewin,J T'is
includes receivin, %lers w'en % s"eci?c "l%(er is % 'e eeJ T'e %""s en%*le (ou o follow % s"eci?c "erson wi'ou
w%c'in, ever('in,. %s well %s "rovide u"d%ed s%isics. s'ow 'e 'oles. or even w%c' % s"eci?c 'oleJ
Festivals and Co9petitions
/ideo co#"eiions %nd E?l#F fesiv%ls c%n %lso *e % ver( "roducive w%( of ,ein, (our
"ro9ec seenJ Producions %re ofen eA'i*ied in fron of % live %udience. "rovidin, % w%( for
,ener%l viewers %nd disri*uors o see 'e "roducionJ
Su99ar%
Television "roducion "ersonnel %re '%vin, o le%rn 'ow o use 'e new "roducion #edi% %s
'e( coninue o e#er,e %nd conver,eJ Producers need o 4now 'ow o %r%c %n online
%udience. includin, 'ow o use soci%l #edi% o ,e 'e word ouJ
RE"2E6 D?EST2;8S
1@ Lis 'ree w%(s of ,ein, (our video o %n %udienceJ
2@ W'% is 'e di6erence *eween live online video %nd IPT/1
3@ W'% %re 'e c'%llen,es wi' ,ein, (our "ro,r%# on *ro%dc%s elevision1
28TER"2E6 62TH A PR;FESS2;8A+< TR2PP CR;S,B
6hat -ind of thin$s do %ou put on the 2nternet7 Since =KKC I)ve '%d wo +ouTu*e
c'%nnels. #uli"le we*sies. *lo,s. %nd % "odc%sJ A "orion of #( "rofession%l success
relies on 'e res"onse I ,e o #( ori,in%l conen. so I "%( close %enion o 'e nu#*ersJ I
c%n ell (ou w'% i)s li4e o ,e %n('in, fro# % few 'is o % few #illion 'is3 On % *%d d%(. I
,e K *lo, co##ens %nd % see" di" on 'e line ,r%"' '% ells #e 'ow #%n( "eo"le '%ve
visiedJ On #( wors d%( ever I '%d o %4e down % "os *ec%use i w%s oo o6ensive or 9us
w%( o6 *r%ndJ On % ,ood d%(. I)ll "os % video. ,e ens of 'ous%nds of views on +ouTu*e.
'undreds of co##ens on #( *lo,. %nd los of wees wi' % forw%rded lin4J M( *es d%(
ever w%s w'en +ouTu*e fe%ured our s4ec' E'in,s (ou c%n) do w'en (ou)re no in % "oolF
on is 'o#e"%,e. %nd we ins%nl( ,o #illions of views. "'one c%lls fro# $oll(wood. %nd
evenu%ll( % rew%rd fro# iTunesJ
I)ve le%rned '% I c%n) "redic %n online %udience %s #uc' %s I)d li4e o *e %*le oJ T'ere
%re cer%inl( w%(s o incre%se 'e odds '% conen will *e so#ew'% vir%l ;suc' %s
fe%urin, % cele*ri(<J &u. 'e re%l w%( o incre%se views is o consisenl( %dd new conen
%nd *uild % slowl( *u se%dil( ,rowin, %udienceJ
Ho5 do %ou 0uild an audience for %our video7 T'e *es w%( I)ve found o %nnounce
new conen is 'rou,' Twier %nd 0%ce*oo4J Ide%ll( "eo"le will su*scri*e o #( "odc%s.
#( *lo,. %nd #( +ouTu*e c'%nnel. *u. o ,e new viewers I '%ve o 4ee" %nno(in, "eo"le
w'o '%ve decided o *e #( EfriendJF
6h% do %ou create for the 5e07 T'e we* is 'e fuure for conen cre%orsJ Sor ofJ I)s
re%ll( eAciin, o *e %*le o cre%e so#e'in, %nd ins%nl( #%4e i "u*licJ &u. i)s re%ll(
d%unin, o 'in4 %*ou 'ow #%n( o'er "eo"le %re doin, 'e s%#e 'in,J Even 'ou,'
%dverisers "%( for so#e of #( online #%eri%l. I sill #%4e #( livin, on conen '% I cre%e
for cliensJ I 4now 'ere %re so#e fol4s ou 'ere w'o %re rollin, in #one( '% 'e( #%4e
online. *u 'e( %re sill 'e eAce"ionJ So w'( do I "u #( conen online1 &ec%use for #e.
'is e!u%l credi*ili(J Le)s s%( I #%4e d8KK fro# AdSense for % video on +ouTu*e '% ,o
>KK.KKK viewsJ T'is '%rdl( "%(s for lunc' on % s'ooJ &u. 'e video ,o >KK.KKK viewsY Now
I '%ve % ,re% sellin, "oin for #( neA clien w'o needs o 4now 'is 8KKK5"erson even will
en9o( w'% I cre%eJ
One d%( I)d li4e o *e full( sus%ined *( %dverisin,J An(one would %,ree '% i)s #ore fun
o cre%e conen for %n %udience '%n % clienJ 0or now 'e Inerne is #( free #%r4ein,
c%#"%i,nJ
6hat chan$es do %ou see in the future7 I do no *elieve '% 'e Inerne will ever
re"l%ce elevisionJ Inse%d. I 'in4 'e( will *e one %nd 'e s%#eJ In 8K (e%rs. ever(one will
sill '%ve % rec%n,ul%r so#e'in, '%n,in, on 'eir w%ll. %nd 'e()ll '%ve so#e sor of
"or%*le '%nd'eld device wi' % 4e(*o%rdJ I)s 9us '% *o' will une ino conen 'rou,'
'e s%#e c'%nnelsJ In o'er words. (ou won) need %n ISP %nd % c%*le "roviderJ Did I s%( 8K
(e%rs1 I #e%n 8 (e%rJ
6hat -ind of challen$es do %ou face 5ith video and the 5e07 7us decidin, w'ere o
"u conen is c'%llen,in,J W'% *lo, e#"l%e wor4s *es for #( conen1 +ouTu*e or
/i#eo1 S'ould I '%ve #( own Esie1F $ow %# I ,oin, o r%c4 #( views1 M( su*scri*ers1
T'en co#es 'e #os c'%llen,in, %s"ec of "uin, conen onlineS#%4in, ,ood conen
'% "eo"le w%n o consu#eJ Or even #ore c'%llen,in,S#%4in, conen '% "eo"le w%n
o consu#e %nd 'en "%ss %lon,J I doesn) #%er if (our inii%l %udience is QP or QP.KKKJ If
one view e!u%ls #ore '%n one view (ou '%ve succeeded %nd (our %udience is ,rowin,J
L%sl(. one of 'e 4e(s o *uildin, %n online %udience is *ein, consisen wi' u"d%in, (our
conen onlineJ An Inerne %udience is li4e '%vin, % ,irlfriend '% doesn) li4e (ou %s #uc'
%s (ou li4e 'erJ As lon, %s (ou 4ee" (our conen u"d%ed 'e( will sic4 %round for #ore.
*u %s soon %s (ou so" conri*uin,. 'e( will #ove onJ Also. i %4es % lo of wor4 o ,e
'e# *%c4J
F21?RE 22@11
Tri"" Cros*(. Producer. Wrier. %nd DirecorJ
T)i(( C)o'5y i' the founde) of G)een T)icycle Studio'8 $e'ide' h*&ing &ideo' on MTV *nd on
.ouTu5e 0ith o&e) L ,illion hit'1 hi' client' h*&e included Chic/2+l2A1 AOL1 #*l,*)t1 *nd
InCo,,8
GLOSSARY
3D Images that appear to have three dimensions, height, width and depth.
3DTV Televisions that are designed specifically for showing 3D programming. Viewers
must watch the images through high-precision 3D glasses, which open and close the left
and right shutters in synchronization with the alternating images.
720p This HDTV format has !" scan lines and uses progressive scanning. The !"p
format is #est for fast-moving motion scenes.
1080i This HDTV format has $"%" scan lines and uses an interlaced scanning system.
The $"%"i format has a sharper image than the !"p format.
1080p This HDTV format has $"%" scan lines and uses a progressive scanning system.
It is often referred to as full HD.
Acoustics Higher-fre&uency sound waves travel in straight paths and are easily
deflected and reflected #y hard surfaces. They are also easily a#sor#ed #y porous fi#rous
materials. 'ower-fre&uency sound waves (#elow $"" Hz) spread widely, so they are not
impeded #y o#stacles and are less readily a#sor#ed. *s sound waves meet near#y
materials, they are selectively a#sor#ed and reflected+ the reflected sound,s &uality is
modified according to the surfaces, nature, structures, and shapes.
Action line (axis of action line/eye line) The imaginary line along the direction of
the action in the scene. -ameras should shoot from only one side of this line.
Ambient sound The #ac.ground sounds that are present when shooting a production.
Analo (analoue) !eco!din *nalog systems directly record the variations of the
video and audio signals. They have a tendency to deteriorate when du##ing copies and
can #e recorded only on tape.
Animation (imae composition) /efers to when video images give the audience the
same emotional response that you had while shooting.
Ape!tu!e The opening in the lens that lets light into the camera.
A!c * camera move that moves around the su#0ect in a circle, arc, or horseshoe path.
Aspect !atio *spect radio can #e defined as the proportion of width to height of the
screen. Televisions have an aspect ratio of 123 or $324. It is important to .eep the aspect
ratio in mind when designing sets so that they fit the screen.
Audio filte!s *udio filters may #e used to reduce #ac.ground noises (traffic, air-
conditioners, wind), or compensate for #oomy surroundings.
Audio mixe! * unit used to select, control, and intermi5 audio sources. It may include
filter circuits and rever#eration control. It is usually operated #y the audio mi5er (it,s a
0o# title as well as the name of the #oard), also .nown as *-$.
Audio s"eetenin The process of wor.ing on the program sound after the video
portion is completed+ also called a du##ing session or trac. laying.
Autofocus * process #y which some lenses automatically focus on the su#0ect.
Automatic ain cont!ol (A#$) -ircuitry in some cameras that automatically ad0usts
the audio level (higher or lower) to a preset average level.
Axis of action line 6ften also called the action line or eye line, this is an imaginary
line along the direction of the action in the scene. -ameras should shoot from only one
side of this line.
%ac&li't cont!ol 7hen there is more light in the #ac.ground than on the su#0ect,
some cameras use a #ac.light control #utton that opens up the iris an ar#itrary stop or
so a#ove the auto-iris setting to improve the su#0ect,s e5posure.
%a!n doo!s These metal flaps are usually attached to the top, #ottom, and sides of the
light to shape the #eam.
%ase li't The minimal amount of light that allows the camera to see the su#0ect.
%atten The #ar to which studio lights are connected.
%idi!ectional mic!op'one This microphone can hear e&ually well #oth in front and
#ac. #ut is deaf on either side of it.
%lac& le(el The intensity of #lac. in the video image.
%lac& st!etc' cont!ol -amera circuitry that ma.es shadow detail clearer and
improves tonal gradation in dar.er tones.
%oom pole * pole that is used to hold a microphone close to a su#0ect. 6ften referred
to as a mic #oom.
%!ea&do"n s'eet *n analysis of a script, listing all of the production elements in
order of the schedule.
$amco!de! * camera with a #uilt-in video recorder.
$ame!a bloc&in (stumble)t'!ou') The initial camera rehearsal, coordinating all
technical operations, and discovering and correcting pro#lems.
$ame!a cont!ol unit ($$*) 8&uipment that controls the camera from a remote
position. The --9 is part of the setup and ad0ustments of the camera2 luminance, color
correction, aperture.
$ame!a sc!ipt The camera script adds full details of the production treatment to the
left side of the :rehearsal script; and usually also includes the shot num#ers, cameras
used, positions of camera, #asic shot details, camera moves, and switcher instructions
(if used).
$ame!a setup *d0usting the controls within the camera,s circuitry.
$at'ode !ay tube ($+T) -/T televisions send an electron #eam through a vacuum
tu#e to a phosphor-coated screen. These :tu#e; televisions are large and #ul.y.
$'a!acte! ene!ato! ($#) * generic name for any type of television graphics
creation e&uipment.
$'a!acte! ma&eup The makeup emphasis is on the specific character or type that the
actor is playing. <y facial reshaping, remodeling, and changes in hair, the su#0ect may
even #e totally transformed.
$'a!e)coupled de(ice ($$D) *n image sensor used in most video cameras.
$'!oma)&ey 9sing a production switcher and this techni&ue, the director can replace
a specific color (usually #lue or green) with another image source (still image, live video,
prerecorded material).
$lapboa!d (clappe! o! slate) =hot at the #eginning of each ta.e to provide
information such as film title, names of director and director of photography, scene,
ta.e, date, and time. >rimarily used in dramatic productions.
$lip * video segment.
$lose)up s'ot ($*) The -9 shot encourages the viewer to concentrate on a specific
feature. 7hen shooting people, it is used to emphasize emotion.
$,-. =ee Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor.
$olo! ba! ene!ato! -olor #ars provide a consistent reference pattern that is used for
matching the video output of multiple cameras. They are also used to o#tain the #est-
&uality image on a video monitor. This test signal is composed of a series of vertical #ars
of standard colors (white, yellow, cyan ?#lue-green@, green, magenta ?red-purple@, red,
#lue, #lac.). * color #ar generator actually creates the pattern electronically. However, it
is possi#le to use a printed color chart, as long as it has #een cared for and is not faded.
$omplementa!y metal)oxide semiconducto! ($,-.) *n image sensor that
consumes less power, saving energy for longer shooting times.
$omposition The goal of composition is to create an image that is attractive or that
captures and .eeps the audience,s attention and effectively communicates the
production,s message.
$omp!esso!/expande! Deli#erately used to reduce or emphasize the audio dynamic
range (i.e., the difference #etween the &uietest and loudest sounds).
$ondense! mic!op'one * high-&uality microphone that can #e very small and is
generally powered #y an in#oard #attery, phantom power, or a power supply.
$ontext (imae composition) The content of the image should allow the viewer to
understand the su#0ect #etter. -ompose the shot in such a way that it includes a
#ac.ground, or foreground, that adds additional information or conte5t to the image.
$ontinuity Aa.ing sure that there is consistency from one shot to the ne5t in a scene
and from scene to scene. This continuity includes the talent, o#0ects, and sets. *n
e5ample of a continuity error in a production would #e when one shot shows the talent,s
hair com#ed one way and the ne5t shot shows it another way.
$ont!ast The difference #etween the relative #rightness of the lightest and dar.est
areas in the shot.
$ont!ol !oom =ometimes .nown as a gallery, an area in a studio where the director
controls the television production. *lthough the control room e&uipment may vary, they
all include video and audio monitors, intercoms, and a switcher.
$on(e!ence In 3D, when a human loo.s at two overlaid images, one image seen #y
the left eye and one seen with the right eye, and perceives one image with depth,
convergence is when the two images converge on a single point in space.
$on(e!tible came!a This type of camera generally starts out as a camera :head.; *
variety of attachments can then #e added onto the camera head, including different
.inds of lenses, viewfinders, and recorders, to suit a specific production re&uirement.
$oo!dination meetins * forum for all parties involved in the production to share
ideas, communicate issues that may affect other areas, and ensure that all details are
ready for the production.
$o!!ecti(e ma&eup /educes less-pleasing facial characteristics while enhancing more
attractive points.
$o(e! s'ot * video clip that is used to cover an edit so that the viewers do not .now
that the edit occurred.
$o(e!ae The term used #y filmma.ers that refers to repeating a scene from enough
different angles to ensure that a seamless performance can #e maintained throughout
multiple ta.es.
$!ab =ee Truck.
$!as' sta!t Ta.es us straight into the program, which appears to have #egun already.
$!a"l The movement of te5t horizontally across the television screen.
$!edit !oll -ontinuous information moving vertically into the frame, and passing out
at the top.
$!edits The te5t that lists and ac.nowledges those appearing in and contri#uting to the
program.
$* =ee Close-up shot.
$ue ca!d The talent may read &uestions or specific points from this card, which is
positioned near the camera. Benerally, it is held ne5t to the camera lens.
$ut The :cut; or :ta.e; is the most common transition when editing. It is an
instantaneous switch from one shot to the ne5t.
$uta"ay s'ot These shots are used to cover edits when any se&uence is shortened or
lengthened. Benerally, it is a shot of something outside of the current frame.
$yclo!ama (cyc) The cyclorama (or cyc, pronounced :si.e;) serves as a general
purpose detail-free #ac.ground. It can #e neutral, colored with lights, or have no light
(#lac.).
Dead su!!oundins 7hen area surfaces are very sound a#sor#ent, the direct sound
waves stri.e walls, floor, ceiling, and furnishings and are largely lost. 6nly a few wea.
reflections may #e pic.ed up #y the microphone.
Deep focus Deep focus, or large depth of field, is when everything in the shot is clearly
in focus.
Dept' of field (Do/) The distance #etween the nearest and farthest o#0ects in focus.
Dic'!oic filte!s These filters produce three color-filtered images corresponding to the
red, green, and #lue proportions in the scene.
Diffusion mate!ial -an #e attached to the front of a light to reduce the intensity of
the light #eam.
Diital !eco!din * digital system regularly samples the waveforms and converts
them into numerical (#inary) data. This allows many generations of copies to #e made
without affecting the &uality of the image. Digital systems also allow the data to #e
recorded on forms of media other than tape, such as hard dis.s and flash memory.
Diital 0oom Cooming is achieved #y progressively reading out a smaller and smaller
area of the same digitally constructed image. The image progressively deteriorates as the
digital zoom is zoomed in.
Diital (ideo effect (DV1) Digital video effect e&uipment, wor.ing with the switcher,
is used to create special effects #etween video images. * DV8 could also refer to the
actual effect.
Diiti0in -onverting the audio and video signals into data files. This term is used
when transferring video footage from a camera (or other video source) to a computer.
Di!ectional mic!op'one This type of microphone can hear sounds directly in front
of it.
Dissol(e * gradual transition #etween two images. * dissolve usually signifies a change
in time or location.
Dolly (t!ac&) ($) The action of moving the whole camera and mount slowly toward or
away from the su#0ect. (!) * platform with wheels that is used to smoothly move a
camera during a shot.
D!a The varia#le friction controls located on a tripod head that steady the camera,s
movements.
D!ess !e'ea!sal (d!ess !un) The goal of the dress rehearsal is to time the wardro#e
and ma.eup changes.
D!y bloc&in ("al&)t'!ou') *ctors perform, familiarizing themselves with the
studio settings while the studio crew watch, learning the format, action, and production
treatment.
D.2+ * still camera (digital single-lens refle5 camera) that shoots video, allowing the
photographer to see the image through the lens that will capture the image.
Dutc' Tilting the camera is called a :dutch; or a :canted; shot. This movement
increases the dynamics of the shot.
DV1 =ee Digital video effect.
Dynamic !ane The range #etween the wea.est and loudest sounds that can #e
effectively recorded #y a recording device.
Dynamic mic!op'one * rugged, low-maintenance microphone that is not easily
distorted.
1$* =ee Extreme close-up shot.
1lect!onic field p!oduction (1/3) 8D> cameras are used for non-news productions
such as program inserts, documentaries, magazine features, and commercials. 8D>s can
also #e used for multicamera production.
1lect!onic ne"s at'e!in (14#) -amcorders generally used for news gathering.
Aany times, they are the cameras that are e&uipped with a microphone and camera
light and are used to shoot interviews and #rea.ing news.
1llipsoidal * sharply focusedEdefined spotlight.
12. 85treme long shot.
1mpi!ical p!oduction met'od The empirical method is where instinct and
opportunity are the guides.
15uali0e! *n audio filter that can #oost or reduce any segment of the audio spectrum.
16T The a##reviation used to signify an e5ternal location on a script.
1ye)le(el s'ots >rovide an image that is roughly at the eye level of the talent (in a
studio show) or the average viewing audience.
1ye line (line) 7here people appear to #e loo.ing, or line of sight.
/act s'eet/!un do"n s'eet =ummarizes information a#out a product or item for a
demonstration program+ or, details of a guest for an interviewer.
/ade * gradual change (dissolve) #etween #lac. and a video image. 9sually defines the
#eginning or end of a segment or program.
/ill li't * flood light that reduces the shadows made #y the .ey light.
/ilmic space Intercuts action that is concurrent at different places.
/ilmic time 8diting techni&ue that tightens up the pace of a production #y leaving out
potentially #oring portions of the scene when the audience interest could wane.
/ilte! "'eel 6ften fitted inside the video camera, 0ust #ehind the lens. The typical
wheel is fitted with a num#er of different correction filters and may include a F3"" G
(daylight), 3!"" G, and neutral-density filters.
/i!e7i!e *lso .nown as I888 $341 or i'in.+ a method for connecting different pieces
of e&uipment, such as cameras, drives, and computers, so that they can transfer large
amounts of data, such as video, &uic.ly and easily.
/is'pole =ee Boom pole.
/las' memo!y Dlash cards can store large amounts of digital data #ut have no moving
parts. This ma.es them dura#le and a#le to wor. in a variety of temperatures, and
allows data to #e easily transferred into a nonlinear editor.
/lats Dree-standing #ac.ground set panels.
/lood li'tin =catters in all directions, providing a #road, nondirectional light.
/loo! plan (stain plan o! set plan) * rough plan of the staging layout that usually
#egins with drawing potential scale outlines of settings, including their main featuresH
windows, doors, stairways. 8nsures that there is enough room for cameras, sound
#ooms, and lighting.
/ocal lent' *n optical measurement2 the distance #etween the optical center of the
lens and the image sensor, when you are focused at a great distance such as infinity. It is
measured in millimeters (mm) or inches.
/ocus pulle! The person responsi#le for .eeping the camera in focus using a follow-
focus device.
/ocus 0one =ee Depth of field.
/oley -reating sound effects that can #e used to replace the original sounds such as
hoof #eats or footsteps.
/ollo" focus This techni&ue re&uires the camera operator to continually change the
focus as the camera follows the action.
/o!mat The show format lists the items or program segments in a show in the order in
which they are to #e shot. The format generally shows the durations of each segment
and possi#ly the camera assignments.
/!esnel li't *n unfocused spotlight. It is lightweight, less e5pensive than an
ellipsoidal, and has an ad0usta#le #eam.
f)stop * setting that regulates how much light is allowed to pass through the camera
lens #y varying the size of the hole the light comes through.
/* D9 is the a##reviation used on scripts for a fade-up (from #lac. to a video signal).
/ull sc!ipt Includes detailed information on all aspects of the production. This
includes the precise words that the talentEactors are to use in the production.
#affe! The head of the electrical department, many times in charge of lighting on a
television set.
#ain ($) (video) *mplification of the camera video signal, usually resulting in some
video noise. (!) (audio) *mplification of the audio signal.
#amma *d0usts the tone and contrast of a video image.
#el -olored fle5i#le plastic filters used to ad0ust the color of the lights.
#enloc& *d0usting the timing of the local sync pulses to get them into step with a
remote (nonsync) source.
#oals <road concepts of what you want to accomplish with the program.
#!ap'ic e5uali0e! (s'apin filte!) Device with a series of slider controls+ allows
selected parts of the audio spectrum to #e #oosted or reduced.
#!ip clamps -lamps designed to allow a light to #e attached to almost anything.
#!oup s'ot (#.) * director,s command to frame the entire group into the shot.
#. =ee Group shot.
8and'eld came!a (88) * camera that is held #y a person and not supported #y any
type of camera mount.
8and'eld mic!op'one Benerally refers to any microphone held in the hand, used to
pic. up human speech.
8and p!ope!ties (p!ops) *ny items that are touched and handled #y the talent
during the production. These could include a pen, dishes, a cell phone, or silverware.
8a!d dis& d!i(e (8DD) 9sed for recording digital video images+ can #e #uilt into the
camera or attached to the outside of the camera.
8D.2+ * high definition (HD) version of a D='/ (=ee DSL.)
8ead!oom The space from the top of the head to the upper frame.
8i' anle 7hen the camera is positioned higher than the su#0ect.
8i')definition tele(ision (8DTV9 8D) Video formats that currently use a range
from !" to $"%" lines of resolution are considered to #e high definition.
8ue /efers to the predominant color2 for e5ample, #lue, green, or yellow.
:mae manification (:)ma) Video on large television screens ne5t to a stage to
help the viewers see the stage action.
:ncident li't (di!ect li'tin) The measurement of the amount of light falling on a
su#0ect.
:4T The a##reviation used on a script to signify an internal location.
:ntellectual p!ope!ty (:3) >roperty (music, video, etc.) whose owners have #een
granted certain legal e5clusive rights.
:nte!com * wired or wireless communication lin. #etween mem#ers of the production
crew.
:nte!laced scannin The television,s electron #eam scans the odd-num#ered lines
first and then goes #ac. and :paints; in the remaining even-num#ered lines.
:3TV (:nte!net 3!otocol Tele(ision) 9tilizes the Internet to provide programming
to its audience instead of #roadcast or ca#le television.
:!is The ad0usta#le diaphragm of the lens. This diaphragm is ad0usted to #e open or
closed #ased on the amount of light needed to capture a &uality image.
:solated (:.-) 7hen all the cameras are connected to the switcher as #efore, the I=6
(or isolated) camera is also continuously recorded on a separate recorder.
iTV (:nte!acti(e tele(ision) /efers to online programming that allows viewers to
ma.e choices a#out how they watch an event.
;ib * counter#alanced arm that fits onto a tripod which allows the camera to move up,
down, and around.
;o >laying the video on a recorderEplayer frame #y frame.
;ump cut -reated when the editor cuts #etween two similar shots (two close-ups) of
the same su#0ect.
<ey li't The main light, usually a spotlight, that reveals the shape and surface
features of the su#0ect.
2a(alie! mic!op'one * small microphones that clips on the clothing of the talent and
provides fairly consistent, hands-free audio pic.up of the talent,s voice.
2$D =ee Li!uid-crystal display.
21D The a##reviation for a light-emitting diode light#ul#.
21D li't panel * camera or studio light that is made from a series of small '8D
#ul#s.
2i'tin plot * lighting plot shows where each light will #e placed on the set.
2imite! * device for preventing loud audio from e5ceeding the system,s upper limit
(causing overload distortion), #y progressively reducing circuit amplification for louder
sounds.
2inea! editin The copying, or du##ing, of segments from the master tape to another
tape in se&uential order.
2ine le(el The audio signal generated #y a nonmicrophone device such as a -D player.
2i5uid)c!ystal display (2$D) * flat-screen display that wor.s #y sending varia#le
electrical currents through a li&uid crystal solution which crystallizes to form a &uality
image.
2i(e su!!oundins =ignifies an area, usually a room, that contains predominantly
hard surfaces, which strongly reflect sound, creating an echo.
2oin 'oggers view the footage and write down the sceneEta.e num#ers, the length
of each shot, time code, and descriptions of each shot.
2on s'ot (2. o! "ide)anle s'ot) The long shot is used to help esta#lish a scene
for the viewer.
2o" anle 7hen the camera is positioned lower than the su#0ect.
2o"e! t'i!d (2/3!d) * graphic that appears in the lower third of the television
screen. Traditionally, this contains #iographical information.
2. =ee Long shot.
2uminance The #rightness of the imageHhow dar. or light it appears.
,ac!o =ome lenses include a macro setting, a lens capa#le of e5treme close-ups.
,edium s'ot (,.) * shot close enough to show the emotion of the scene #ut far
enough away to show some of the relevant conte5t of the event.
,ic le(el The audio level of a signal generated #y a microphone.
,inimum focused distance (,/D) The closest distance a lens can get to the
su#0ect. 7ith some telephoto lenses, the ADD may #e a few yards. 6ther lenses may #e
I-inch.
,odula! set Designed in a num#er of components, these sets can #e easily assem#led,
dissassem#led, and stored.
,onau!al (mono) This single trac. of audio is limited+ its only clue to distance is
loudness, and direction cannot #e conveyed at all.
,onito!s Aonitors were designed to provide accurate, sta#le image &uality. They do
not include tuners and may not include audio spea.ers.
,onopod * one-legged camera support.
,. =ee "edium shot.
,ulticame!a p!oduction =ignifies that two or more cameras were used to create a
television production. 9sually the cameras are switched #y a production switcher.
4a!!o")anle lens =ee Telephoto lens.
4atu!al sound (4AT) The recording of am#ient or environmental sounds on
location.
4onlinea! editin The process where#y the recorded video is digitized (copied) onto a
computer. Then the footage can #e arranged, rearranged, and special effects added, and
the audio and graphics can #e ad0usted using editing software.
4o!mal lens The type of lens that portrays the scene appro5imately the same way a
human eye might see it.
4otc' filte! (pa!amet!ic amplifie!) * filter that produces a very steep pea. or dip
in a selected part of the audio spectrum, such as to suppress unavoida#le hum, whistle,
or rum#le.
4T.$ (4ational Tele(ision .ystem $ommittee) The television system
traditionally used #y the 9nited =tates and Japan. It has F!F scan lines.
-b=ecti(e came!a This role is that of an onloo.er, watching the action from the #est
possi#le position at each moment.
-b=ecti(es Aeasura#le goals+ something that can #e tested for to confirm that the
audience did understand and remem#er the .ey points of the program.
-mnidi!ectional mic!op'one This type of microphone can pic. up audio e&ually
well in all directions.
-penin titles Introduce the show to the audience.
-pen set -an #e created #y carefully grouping a few pieces of furniture in front of the
wall. 8ven as little as a couch, low ta#le, ta#le lamp, potted plants, a screen, chair, and
stand lamp can suggest a complete room.
-ptical 0oom 9ses a lens to maintain a high-&uality image throughout its zoom range.
-utline sc!ipt 9sually provides the prepared dialogue for the opening and closing and
then lists the order of topics that should #e covered. The talent will use the list as they
improvise throughout the production.
-utside b!oadcast (-%) *lso .nown as a remote production, an 6< ta.es place
outside of the studio.
3ace The rate of emotional progression. * slow pace suggests dignity, solemnity,
contemplation, and deep emotion+ a fast pace conveys energy, e5citement, confusion,
and #rashness.
3A2 (3'ase)alte!natin line) The color television system widely used in 8urope and
throughout the world. It was derived from the KT=- system #ut avoids the hue shift
caused #y phase errors in the transmission path #y reversing the phase of the reference
color #urst on alternate lines. It has 3!F lines of resolution.
3an 'ead (t!ipod 'ead) 8na#les the camera to tilt and pan smoothly. Varia#le
friction controls (drag) steady these movements. The head can also #e loc.ed off in a
fi5ed position. Tilt #alance ad0ustments position the camera horizontally to assist in
#alancing the camera on the mount.
3an s'ot 7hen the camera pivots to the left or right with the camera pivoting on a
camera mount.
3atc' panel/=ac&field /ows of soc.ets to which the inputs and outputs of a variety of
audio units are permanently wired. 9nits may #e interconnected with a series of
plugged ca#les (patch cords).
3edestal ($) *n ad0usta#le camera support that has wheels. These are normally used in
a studio. (!) -an refer to the #lac. level of a video image shown on a waveform monitor.
(3) *lso can refer to the action of raising a camera higher.
3e! diem /efers to a set amount of money paid per day, a#ove the normal pay, to a
wor.er to cover living e5penses when traveling.
3'oto!ap'ic li'tin =ee Three-point lighting.
3ic&up s'ot If an error is made during the shooting of a scene, this is created #y
changing the camera angle (or shot size) and reta.ing the action from 0ust #efore the
error was made.
3lanned p!oduction met'od 6rganizes and #uilds a program in carefully arranged
steps.
3lasma * high-&uality, thin, flat-panel screen that can #e viewed from a wide angle.
3oint)of)(ie" (3-V) came!a These small, sometimes ro#otic cameras can #e placed
in positions that give the audience a uni&ue viewpoint.
3ostp!oduction 8diting, additional treatment, and duplication of the pro0ect.
3!eamplifie! *n amplifier used to ad0ust the strength of audio from one or more audio
sources to a standard level (intensity). It may include source switching and #asic
filtering.
3!elimina!y sc!ipt/"!ite!>s sc!ipt Initial su#mitted full-page script (dialogue and
action) #efore script editing.
3!e(ie" monito! This video monitor, located in the control room,s monitor wall, is
used #y the director to preview video #efore it goes on air.
3!ime lens (p!ima!y lens) * fi5ed coverage, field of view, or focal length.
3!o!am monito! (on)ai! monito!) =hows the actual program that is #eing
#roadcast or recorded.
3!o!essi(e scannin This se&uential scanning system uses an electron #eam that
scans or paints all lines at once, displaying the total picture.
3!osume! e5uipment =ometimes .nown as industrial e&uipment+ a little heavier-
duty, sometimes employs a few professional features (such as interchangea#le lenses on
a camera), #ut may still have many of the automatic features that are included on the
consumer e&uipment.
3ublic domain Ausic and lyrics pu#lished in $4!! or earlier are in the pu#lic domain
in the 9nited =tates. Ko one can claim ownership of a song in the pu#lic domain+
therefore, pu#lic domain songs may #e used #y anyone. =ound recordings, however, are
protected separately from musical compositions. There are no sound recordings in the
pu#lic domain in the 9nited =tates.
?uic&)!elease mount *ttached to the camera and fits into a corresponding recessed
plate attached to the tripodEpan head. *llows the camera operator to &uic.ly remove or
attach the camera to the camera mount.
+A7 9ncompressed data from the sensor of a digital camera.
+eflected li't mete!in The light #ouncing off the su#0ect. * handheld light meter
or a camera,s #uilt-in meter is used to measure #y aiming directly at the su#0ect.
+e'ea!sal sc!ipt 9sually includes the castEcharacter list, production team details, and
rehearsal arrangements. There is generally a synopsis of the plot or storyline, location,
time of day, stageElocation instructions, the action, dialogue, effects cues, and audio
instructions.
+emote su!(ey (!ecce) * preliminary visit to a shooting location.
+emote t!uc& (-% (an) * mo#ile television control room which is used when away
from the studio.
+e(e!be!ation Device for increasing or ad0usting the amount of echo accompanying a
sound.
+#% (!ed9 !een9 blue) The three primary colors used in video processing.
+oll The movement of te5t up or down the video screen.
+unnin o!de! The order that the scenes or shots will #e shown in the final pro0ect,
which may differ greatly from the shooting order.
.afe title a!ea The center %" percent of the screen where it is safe to place graphics.
.amplin !ate Aeasures how often the values of the analog video signal are converted
into a digital code.
.atu!ation The chroma, purity, and intensity. It affects its richness or paleness.
.cene * complete continuous action se&uence.
.coop * simple floodlight. It is ine5pensive, usually not ad0usta#le, lightweight+ does
not have a sharp outline.
.1$A, (.@5uentiel $ouleu! A ,@moi!eB .e5uential $olo! "it'
,emo!y) Video system used #y Drance and many countries of the former 9==/.
.'ootin o!de! The order that the scenes or shots may #e shot using the video
camera, which may differ greatly from the running order.
.'otun mic!op'one * highly directional microphone used to pic. up sound from a
distance.
.'ot s'eet (s'ot ca!d) * list, created #y the director, of each shot needed from each
individual camera operator. The shots are listed in order so that the camera operator
can move from shot to shot with little direction from the director.
.'o" fo!mat The show format lists the items or program segments in a show, in the
order they are to #e shot. It may show durations, who is participating, or shot num#ers.
.inle)came!a p!oduction 6ne camera is used to shoot the entire segment or show.
.ite su!(ey * meeting of the .ey production personnel at the proposed shooting
location. * survey allows them to ma.e sure that the location will meet their production
needs.
.ituation comedy (sitcom) * television program that has a storyline plot (situation)
and is a humerous drama.
.,3T1 (.ociety of ,otion 3ictu!e and Tele(ision 1ninee!s) This
international professional organization has developed over 1"" standards, practices and
engineering guidelines for audio, television and the film industry.
.oft li't >rovides a large amount of diffused light.
.potli't * highly directional light.
.tae p!ops The furniture on the set2 news des.s, chairs, couches, ta#les.
.tanda!d)definition tele(ision (.DTV9 .D) =tandard definition signifies television
formats that have 1%"LF3 lines.
.tandby *lerting the talent to stand #y for a cue.
.te!eo!ap'e! * person who operates a stereo, 3D, camera.
.te!eo sound 9ses two audio trac.s to create an illusion of space and dimension.
.tic& mic =ee #andheld microphone.
.to!yboa!d * series of rough s.etches that help visualize and organize your camera
treatment.
.t!ai't ma&eup * #asic compensatory ma.eup treatment, affecting the talent,s
appearance to a minimum e5tent.
.t!eamin >rogramming that is shown live or transmitted from a video sharing site to
a computer.
.t!etc' Telling the talent to go more slowly (meaning that there is time to spare).
.tudio Indoor locations designed to handle a variety of productions, with a wide-open
space e&uipped with lights, sound control, and protection from the impact of weather.
.tudio plan The #asis for much of the organization, showing the studio,s permanent
staging area with such features and facilities as e5its, technical supplies, cycloramas, and
service and storage areas.
.ub=ecti(e came!a =ee $oint-of-vie% &$'() camera.
.ubtitles Identify people and places.
.upe!)ca!dioid mic!op'one * super-cardioid (or highly directional) pic.up pattern
that is used for e5tremely selective pic.up, to avoid environmental noises, or for
distance sources.
.u!!ound sound Instead of the one channel for mono or the two channels for stereo,
F.$ surround has si5 discrete (distinct, individual) channels. -an provide a sense of
envelopment when mi5ed correctly.
."itc'e! ((ision mixe!) * device used to switch #etween video inputs (cameras,
graphics, video players).
.ymbolism (imae composition) 9sing images that have hidden or
representational meaning to the viewer.
.ynopsis *n outline of the characters, action, and plot+ helps everyone involved in the
production understand what is going on.
Ta&e =ee Cut.
Tally li't * light usually found on the front of the camera and in the viewfinder. The
front tally light is to let the talent .now that the camera is recording. The #ac. tally light
lets the camera operator .now when his or her camera has #een chosen to #e recorded
#y the director.
Tease! =howing dramatic, provocative, intriguing highlights from the production
#efore the opening titles. The goal is to convince the audience to stay for the entire
production.
Telep'oto lens * narrow-angle lens that is used to give a magnified view of the scene,
ma.ing it appear closer. The lens magnifies the scene.
Telep!ompte! * device that usually pro0ects computer-generated te5t on a piece of
reflective glass over the lens of the camera. It is designed to allow talent to read a script
while loo.ing directly at the camera.
Tele(ision !ecei(e!s Aonitors that include a tuner so that they can display #roadcast
programs with their accompanying sound.
T'!ee)point li'tin * lighting techni&ue that utilizes three lights (.ey, fill, and #ac.
lights) to illuminate the su#0ect.
Ti'tenin a s'ot Cooming the lens in a little #it.
Tilt balance *d0ustments located on the pan head of a tripod to position the camera
horizontally and assist in #alancing the camera on the mount.
Tilt s'ot The camera moves up or down, pivoting on a camera mount.
Time)base co!!ecto! (T%$) 8&uipment that provides automatic compensation for
synchronizing inaccuracies on replay or imperfect sync pulses from mo#ile cameras.
Time code (T$) * continuous time-signal throughout the tape, showing the precise
moment of recording.
Timeline Includes multiple trac.s of video, audio, and graphics in a nonlinear editing
system.
T!ianle li'tin =ee Three-point lighting.
T!immin -utting frames from a shot to ma.e it shorter.
T!ipod * camera mount that is a three-legged stand with independently e5tenda#le
legs.
T!ipod a!ms (pan ba!s) These handles attach to the pan head on a tripod or other
camera mount to accurately pan, tilt, and control the camera.
T!uc& (c!ab9 t!ac&) The truc., truc.ing, or trac.ing shot is when the camera and
mount move sideways (left or right) with the su#0ect.
Vecto!scope *n oscilloscope that is used to chec. the color accuracy of each part of the
video system (cameras, switcher, recorder). Incorrect ad0ustments can create serious
pro#lems with the color &uality. Ideally, the color responses of all e&uipment should
match. -olor #ars are usually recorded at the #eginning of each videotape to chec. color
accuracy.
Video ain The amplification of the camera,s video signal, usually resulting in some
video noise.
Videotape Tape has #een the traditional means of recording video images. However, it
is slowly #eing replaced #y hard drives and flash cards.
Vie"finde! Aonitors the camera,s picture+ allows the camera operator to focus, zoom,
and frame the image.
Vi!tual set =et that uses a #lue or green seamless #ac.ground, chroma-.eying the
computer-generated set into the scene. Aost virtual sets employ sophisticated trac.ing
software that monitors the camera,s movements so that as the camera zooms, tilts, pans,
or moves in any other way, the #ac.ground moves in a corresponding way.
Video)s'a!in sites 6nline sites that ena#le producers to upload programming so
that it can #e seen #y an audience.
Voiceo(e! (V-) -ommentary over video.
7a(efo!m monito! *n oscilloscope designed to monitor a video signal. This ensures
that all colors will #e correctly recorded.
7'ite balance The process of cali#rating a camera so that the light source will #e
reproduced accurately as white+ the most common techni&ue of color-#alancing a
camera.
7ide)anle lens =hows us a greater area of the scene than is normal. The su#0ect
loo.s unusually distant.
7ide s'ot (7.) =ee Long shot &LS or %ide-angle shot).
7ild t!ac& Beneral #ac.ground noise.
7ild t!ac& inte!(ie"s * wild trac. interview usually means that while images are
#eing shown of a person doing something (sawing wood, for e5ample), the voice of the
person shown in the images is heard #eing interviewed, li.e a voiceover.
7ipe * special effect transition #etween two images. 9sually shows a change of time,
location, or su#0ect. The wipe adds a #it of novelty to the transition #ut can easily #e
overused.
6$* 85treme close-up.
62+ * professional audio connector. 9sually, #ut not limited to three pins.
62. 85treme long shot.
Ceb!a *n indicator included on some video cameras in the viewfinder. *llows camera
operators to evaluate the e5posure of the image in the viewfinder #y showing all over-
e5posed segments of the scene with stripes.
Cone focus -amera operators are focused on a portion of the scene. 7hen the su#0ect
comes into that area, the camera has #een prefocused to ma.e sure that the action is
sharp.
Coom lens * lens that has a varia#le focal length.
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Se%dic%#. 8>P. 8>Pf. 8P8
Sereo sound. =PL. =C8H=C=
Sereo,r%"'ers. =I
Sew%r. 7on. >Cf
Sic4 #icro"'ones. =CPH=CC. =CCf
Soc4 s'os. >IK. >IKf. >I=H>I>
So""in, #e'od. >P8
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Sor(*o%rds
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Sr%i,' #%4eu". =IQ. =ILf
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Sro*e e6ec. >KQ
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Sudio ceilin, li,'in, su""ors. =8LH=8D. =8Lf
Sudio en,ineers
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cuein,. >P>H>PQ
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re#oe "roducion versus. >LI
unre'e%rsed for#%s. >IPH>IC
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c%#er% *loc4in,. >PK
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dress re'e%rs%ls. >PK
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Sudio sof li,'s. =8P. =8Pf
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in %cion. >QH>D. >Lf
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services %nd su""or %re%s. I8
Su#*le5'rou,'s. >IP. >PK. >PKH>P8. >PKf. >PKH>P8
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"ro#inence of. 8L8H8L=. 8L8f. 8L=f
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Su*siued sound. >QD
Su*iles. 8D8. 8D>
Su"er5c%rdioid #icro"'ones. =PL. =CI. =CIf. =CCH=CD
Su""le#en%r( lenses. 88Q
Surround sound. =PL. =C=. =C=f
Surround5sound #icro"'ones. =QKH=Q=. =Q8f. =Q=f
Surve( "%ns. 8C=
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S(#*olis#. i#%,e. 8Q8. 8Q>
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TDsJ See ec'nic%l direcors
Te%#J See "roducion crew
Te%# rosers. DL. DLf
Te%#wor4
c%#er% o"er%ors. 8PK
overview. C. 8>H8I
"roducion #eein,s. CC
scri"wriers. LL. LLf
Te%sers. >=8. >>K
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de?ned. 8Q
direcors %s. =8f
insrucions in scri". LK
live ediin,. D
role of. ==. =>f. IK. I8f
Tec'nic%l #%n%,ers. =C
Tec'nic%l sor%,e s"%ce. I8
Tele"'oo ;n%rrow %n,le< lenses
c'%r%cerisics of. 88L
de?ned. 8KI. 88P
overview. 88PH88C
sin,le5c%#er% "roducion. >LQ
wide5%n,le versus. 88Pf. 88Cf. 8C8. 8C=f
Tele"ro#"ers. >IP. >PIH>PC. >PCf. >PQf
Television
de?ned. 88
%s line%r service. 8=
8KLKi for#%. =LD. =LDf
8KLK" for#%. =LD. =LDf
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T'or"e. L%rr(. 88I
>:I *%c4 li,'in,. =8K
>D. 8K>
c%#er%s. 8KQf
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"roducion. IP
>G r%ns#ission. IKK. IKKf
>K for#%. =LD
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Ti,'enin, s'os. >IL
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Ti#ecodes. >KI
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Ti#in,
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"roducion. >PC
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To#"4ins. Al. 8D=
Tone. 8QQH8QL. 8QLf
To" li,'in,. =88
To" s'os. CIf
Tr%c4 l%(in,. =PQ. =LIH=LP
Tr%c4in,. >>L
Tr%nsiions
cus. IP. =DQ. >KL. >KLf. >KDH>8K. >8If
dissolves. IP. =DQ. >KLH>KD. >KLf. >8KH>88
f%des. IP. =DQ. >KL. >KLf. >KD. >8K
#ulic%#er% ediin,. >KQH>KD
overview. IP
wi"es. IPHIQ. IQf. =DQ. >KD. >8KH>88
Tr%ns#ission #oniors. >>. >DHIK. I8f
Tr%ns#ission ruc4s. >D=. >D>f. IKK. IKKf
Tre%#en
*re%4down of. C>HCP
de?ned. >Q>
Tri%n,le li,'in,. =KI. =8KH=88. =8Kf
Tri"ods. 8>>. 8>>f
Truc4in,. >>L. >IL
Tun,sen li,'in,. =8=
Tun,senH'%lo,en li,'in,. =8=. =8=f
T/N@. P
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Two5colu#n scri" for#%. LI. LP
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Ulr%5'i,'5de?niion elevision s(se#. =LDH=DK
Unconrolled %cion. >=>
Under5eA"osure. 8=C. 8=Qf
Uni( ;order<. 8QL. 8QLf
Universi(:colle,e 'e%er "erfor#%nce sudens. >CQ
Uno*rusive ec'ni!ues. Q8
Un"l%nned video "roducion #e'od. PD. CK. CKf
Unre'e%rsed for#%s. >IPH>IC
Unscri"ed "roducion "l%ns. QC
Unscri"ed s'ooin,. >==
US& 'u#* drives. IKK. IK8f
USre%#. IK>f
Uiliies s%6. =C
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/eric%l s"ors %cion. >D>f. >DI
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/ideo ,%in %d9us#en. 88>. 8=L. >LL
/ideo o"er%ors. =I. =If. I8
/ideo "roducion consul%ns. ID
/ideo recordin,
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'i,'5de?niion elevision. =LLH=DK
isol%ed c%#er%s. >CK
live5on5%"e. >PD
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overview. L. =LL. >PQ
re%4es. >PD
sin,le5c%#er% "roducion. >CK
s%nd%rd5de?niion elevision. =LL
su,,esions for. =D>H=DI
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/ideo ec'nici%ns. =I. =If. I8
/ideo,r%"'ersJ See c%#er% o"er%ors
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"roducion. 88=f
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/i#eo. IK8. IK=f
/incie. Ar'ur. =Q
/inson. T%(lor. >KH>8. >Kf
/iru%l ses. ==Q. =>8. =>CH=>Q
/ision conrol. =I. =If. I8
/ision #iAersJ See "roducion swic'ersN ec'nic%l direcors
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confusin, %nd frusr%in, su*9ec re%#en. >>D
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re%cion s'os. >I=
recorded insers. >I=
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visu%l "ro*le#. >>DH>I8
/isu%l "%erns. 8QLH8QD. 8QLf
/isu%l sor(ellin,
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%""ro"ri%eness. >Q>H>QI
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"icori%l funcion. >QP
"icure %""lic%ions. >QC
"roducion r'eoric. >QC
rouines. >QI
/5li,'s. =8I. =8If
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/oice. >QQ
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Welles. Orson. 8P>
Wells. Orson. >IP
W'i" "%ns. 8C>
W'ie. N%'%n. 8>. 8>DH8IK. 8>Df
W'ie *%l%nce. 88>. =KI
W'ole #e'od. >P8
Wide s'osJ See lon, s'os
Wide5%n,le lenses
c'%r%cerisics of. 88L
de?ned. 8KI
disorion. 88CH88Q
disorion fro#. 88Cf. 88Qf
'%ndlin,. 88Q
overview. 88C
sin,le5c%#er% "roducion. >LQ
su""le#en%r(. 88Qf
ele"'oo versus. 88Pf. 88Cf. 8C8. 8C=f
Wild r%c4. =PL. =LI
Winds'ields. =CQ. =CQf
Wi"es
de?ned. IP. =DQ
eA%#"les of. IQf
overview. IPHIQ. >KD. >8K
s"li screen. >88
Wireless #icro"'ones. =Q>H=QI. =Q>f
#ithout A T)*ce. LI
Word cues. >PI
Wrier)s *loc4. LL
Wrier)s scri"s. QP. QCHQL. LK. LL. DK
WSJ See lon, s'os
M
4 G*,e'. =CDf
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GD c%# discs. =D>. =DIf
GLS ;eAre#e lon, s'os<. 8I=. 8I=f. 8PC. 8PCf
L
@e*r% indic%or. 88=. =KI. =KQ
@i" "%ns. 8C>
@oo# lenses
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*%c4 focus %d9us#en. 8=Pf
conrols. 88DH8=K
dis%dv%n%,es of. 8=KH8=8
doll( s'os versus. 8=8H8=>
eAender lenses. 8=8H8=>
focusin,. 8=IH8=P
overview. 88D. 8CQH8CL
"%rs of. 8=Kf
roc4er swic'. 8=K. 8=Kf
servo conrols. 88D. 8=K. 8=8f
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direcors) insrucions. >IL
doll( s'os versus. 8==f
eA%#"les of. 8=Kf
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