Neural Network MPPT Control Scheme With

Hysteresis Current Controlled Inverter For

Photovoltaic System
Rahul Dubey
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Shivalik College of Engineering, Dehradun
India
rdubey018@gmail.com


AbstractThese days photovoltaic panel are the one of the
main source of renewable power. This panel gives the dc power
which can be directly used in dc power application. In our
daily life we generally work with ac load. Hence an inverter is
proposed in this paper which will provide a robust operation
and very simple to implement. A hysteresis current controlled
inverter is proposed with fixed band and the value of the load
variation is determined with output current THD lower than
5%. Inverter is developed with three level techniques.
Maximum power tracking of panel power is done by
constructing artificial neural network. System performance is
measured in terms of the efficiency of the MPPT controller and
flexibility in the inverter operation for standalone load.
Keywords PV module; Hysteresis controlled inverter;
neural network; dc-dc converter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaic engineering is now became an important
issue when topic of fresh power is arise. [1]. Researchers till
now tries best to make an efficient photovoltaic system by
increasing their efficiency and using the power in most
efficient manner. The future of this stream is well depend
upon their compatibility with users, industries. These
photovoltaic modules are combination of solar cell which is
nothing but a PN junction diode. Solar cell acts as dc source
so it can be used in DC power system directly. Complete
system analysis of solar power system directly coupled with
dc load such as dc motor for water pumping is discussed in
paper [2]. However if we wish to use it with AC system then
an inverter should be used to convert dc into ac. For this
many researchers suggest different kind of inverter based
upon their application on single and three phase load [3],
Inverter using pulse width modulation is discussed in paper
[4]. However in [5] control strategy are developed using
hysteresis band control. In [6], [7] and [8] PI control,
Average Current Mode Control (ACMC), Sliding Mode
Control (SMC) technique is used. This paper presents a
photovoltaic system with three level hysteresis band current
controlled inverter. The mathematical modeling of all
components is done by MATLAB code. This paper is
consists of following sections : section 1, introduction,
section 2, mathematical modeling of PV module, section 3,
dc-dc converter, section4, MPPT Controller, section 5,
hysteresis current controller, section 6, results and discussion
and finally section7 gives the conclusion.
II. PV MATH MODEL
A photovoltaic cell is basically a PN semiconductor
junction diode and this cell converts solar light energy into
electricity. The complete system block diagram is shown in
Fig. 1. And equivalent circuit of a cell is shown Fig. 2. PV
module is composed of Np parallel modules each including
Ns cell connected in series. The fundamental equation for
PV model is given by (1), [9].

Fig. 1. Block Diagram Representation of the Complete System

Fig. 2. Equivalent circuit of a solar cell

(1)
where and are the PV module output current and
voltage, the generated photocurrent (A), and the
serial and the parallel resistances of the PV cell, q is the
electron charge, the Boltzmanns constant, A is the pn
junction ideality factor, T is the cell temperature and is
the cell reverse saturation current, is no of cell connected
in series and no of cell connected in parallel. Cell reverse
saturation current is given by

(2)
Where is the cell reference temperature, is the
reverse saturation current at and is the band-gap
energy of the semiconductor. Similarly, the photocurrent
depends on the solar irradiance.

(3)
Where is short-circuit current (unit is Amp. for all
currents) at reference temperature and radiation, G is the
solar irradiance and , the temperature coefficient for short-
circuit current. Using the equations 1 to 3 the PV panel can
be modeled. In this work the equation of solar module is
solved with the help of Newton- Raphson method. A
program of solar module is developed in MATLAB software
and the different characteristics of solar module are obtained.
A. Characteristics of Solar Panel
With the increment in the temperature short circuit
currents increases but the open circuit voltage of cell
decreases. So the I-V characteristics shift to the left to
previous curve. Power output of cell is also decreased. Figs.
3 and 4 show the variation in the characteristics curves at
different temperature when the irradiance is kept constant at
1kw/m2.Temperature varies from 0 to 75, where is
in degree Celsius.


Fig. 3. I-V characteristics of solar module for different temperature



Fig. 4. P-V characteristics of solar module for different temperature
As the irradiance increases the short circuit current
increases rapidly but the open circuit voltage increases
slowly and hence the I-V characteristics shifted upwards
from previous curve. The power output of the cell increases
rapidly. Figs. 5 and 6 show the variation in characteristics
curve, in this case T=25 and G varies from 0.4kw/m
2
to
1kw/m
2
. Cell parameters are shown in Table I. PV module is
made by BP solar company and product name is bpsx150.


Fig. 5. I-V characteristics of solar module for different irradiance level



Fig. 6. P-V characteristics of solar module for different irradiance
level
TABLE I. CELL PARAMETERS
Parameters Values
Number of Cell 72
Maximum power (Pmax) 150Watt
Voltage at Pmax(Vmp) 34.5Volt
Open Circuit Voltage(Voc) 43.5Volt
Current at Pmax(Imp) 4.35Amp
Short Circuit Current(Isc) 4.75Amp

III. DC-DC CONVERTER
DC-DC converters are used to transfer power of solar
panel to load side ensuring that maximum power has been
transferred [10]. In this proposed system a buck converter is
used because the voltage at input to the inverter is kept fixed
at 30 volts. As from the characteristics of the panel it is clear
that with variation in weather condition the voltage at which
maximum power is available is changed. So to keep output
voltage at constant level a variable conducting switch is
required. The switching process of converter is analyzed by
constructing an artificial neural network. Panel is considered
to operate within standard weather condition that is
irradiance is 1kW/m
2
and temperature is 25
0
C. The relation
between inputs, output of such converter is
(4)
Where and is output and input voltage to
converter and is gate signal to switch.
IV. MPPT CONTROLLER
Maximum power point tracking is a technique to extract
maximum available power from PV module. This is done
with the help of dc-dc converter which operate is such way
that the output of converter is always give the maximum
power that is produced by module in specific environment.
Here switch of converter is to be controlled in such manner
that MPPT should be achieved. ANN is a soft computing
tool which is best suits for solving the non linear problem
which are very complex and find difficult to solve with the
conventional techniques. In paper [11], [12, 21] the neural
network is discussed for control, pattern recognition,
classification etc. One of the main factors for choosing this
technique is its generalization ability in nonlinear problems
that are complex in nature and/or calculation intensive [13].
Other soft computing technique for MPPT can also be used
such as fuzzy logic based controller [14, 20]. There are some
conventional MPPT control method is discussed in papers
[15], [16] and [17] but in this work ANN is used due to its
advantage over other methods.
A. ANN Training
The network has been trained with data generated by the
modeling of the PV module. For training gradient decent rule
has been adopted. The two input (irradiance and
temperature) and one output (delta) data is taken into
consideration. First initialization is completed by intiff
function
[W1,b1,W2,b2]=initff(ip_data,S1,'tansig',op_data,'purelin')
The training parameter of the network architecture is shown
in Table II. The trainlm function is used to train the network,
which has three hidden layer. After training the testing is
started, first the test data is defined and then trained network
output is tested with simff function. The output of the
function will give the output of the network. This algorithm
updates the network weights so as to minimize the SSE (sum
square error) function. Fig. 7 shows the block diagram
representation of ANN system.
TABLE II. NEURAL NETWORK PARAMETER FOR SIMULATIO
Parameter Values
Error Goal 0.00001
Display Frequency 1
Epoch 1000


Table III show the variation of parameters with irradiance
and temperature. The job of controller is to keep output
voltage at 30 volt with traction of maximum power. By
observation of Table III this can be said that MPPT
controller has done its job accurately. In Table III Vpv and
Ipv is voltage and current at maximum power point and V
and I is voltage and current at inverter input or dc-dc
converter output terminal.



Fig. 7. ANN Block Diagram
TABLE III. DELTA VALUE BY NN
G T Vpv Ipv Delta(D) V I
0.45 20 33.76 1.95 0.8900 30.0 2.19
0.52 22 33.75 2.26 0.8970 30.2 2.51
0.65 33 32.55 2.82 0.9291 30.2 3.03
0.78 25 34.00 3.26 0.8939 30.3 3.64
0.84 28 33.75 3.65 0.8967 30.2 4.07
0.92 30 33.60 4.00 0.8978 30.1 4.45
1.00 25 34.50 4.35 0.8708 30.0 5.00

V. HYSTERESIS CURRENT CONTROLLED INVERTER
In paper [18] a three level inverter is achieved by two
comparators. They are arrange in a manner that their
hysteresis bands overlap but are displaced by a small offset.
In this paper same strategy has been adopted to implement
the inverter. Active positive or negative state of the inverter
switching will be set if the current error reaches the outer
boundary of hysteresis band. The states position is defined
by boundary which is being crossed by error current and this
will force to reverse the direction of the error current. Zero
output condition will be set if the current error crosses the
inner boundary of the hysteresis band. In this case voltage
source is not connected across the load and hence the load
current is drawn by energy stored in the load inductance via
diode and current direction gets reversed. If the selection of a
zero output does not reverse the current trajectory, it will
continue through the inner hysteresis boundary to the next
outer boundary, at which point an opposite polarity active
inverter output will be commanded and the current will
reverse anyway. Switching scheme is shown in Figs. 8 and 9.
For positive inverter output the error current is limited
between upper 1 and lower hysteresis as shown in Fig.8 and
for negative inverter output the error current is limited
between band lower 1 and upper hysteresis band shown in
Fig.9. The positive or negative dc offset error introduces in
average output voltage depends upon the polarity of the
output voltage; can be seen in Figs. 8 &9. However, this
error can be corrected by adding a compensation factor of
half the hysteresis band offset magnitude to the phase current
reference. When positive inverter output is in use then the
polarity compensation factor is positive and when negative
inverter output is used then compensation factor is negative.

Fig. 8. Three level modulation, positive inverter output

Fig. 9. Three level modulation, negative inverter output
A. Math Model of Inverter
In this section, mathematical modeling of inverter is
done. The load consists of a resistance R and an inductance L
and is supplied by a solar panel. Panel output is kept fixed at
30 volt using a buck dc-dc converter. The inverter has three
switching states, namely positive, negative and zero state.
The output current equation is written for positive, negative
and zero state switching. All three switching state time
period is shown in Figs.8 and 9. Fig. 10 is from [19]. Now
the load current equation is to be established in terms of load
parameters. The load voltage can be written as
L R
Vdc V V = +
(5)
Where V
L
is Load inductance voltage, V
R
is Load
Resistance voltage, Vdc is Voltage Applied across Inverter.


Fig. 10. Single phase three-level inverter.

R L
V i R =
(6)
L
L
di
V L
dt
| |
=
|
\
(7)
Where I
L
is load current, R is load resistance and L is
load inductance. Now rearranging the equation
L
L
di R Vdc
i
dt L L
= +
(8)
The current equation can be written as follows:
0
0
( ) ( )
0
( ) ( )
t R t t R t
L L
L L
t
Vdc
i t e i t e d
L
t
t


= +
}
(9)
Further simplifying the above equation gives the output
current equation for positive state.
0 0
( ) ( )
0
( ) ( ) 1
R t t R t t
L L
L L
Vdc
i t e i t e
R

| |
= +
|
\
(10)
When another switch combination is ON then the output
current equation, which gives the negative state
0 0
( ) ( )
0
( ) ( ) 1
R t t R t t
L L
L L
Vdc
i t e i t e
R

| |
= +
|
\
(11)
For zero state output current equation is
0
( )
0
( ) ( )
R t t
L
L L
i t e i t

=
(12)
In this proposed method a matlab program of simple
hysteresis controlled three level inverter is made by using
above described equations in three level techniques.
VI. SIMULATION AND RESULTS
The results are obtained in MATLAB programming
environment. Table IV shows the variation of THD, average
frequency and maximum frequency with the load inductance.
The THD increases but frequencies decreases as the
inductance increases at constant H-band value of 0.1, load
resistance 6 ohms and input supply voltage is 30volts. This
analysis concluded that as the frequency decreases the THD
increases. Fig. 11 shows the load current with hysteresis
band current. Fig. 12 shows the frequency spectrum of
current error. Figs. 13 and 14 show the three level
modulations for positive and negative output as discussed in
previous section. This shows that current trajectory is exactly
same as discussed in theory. Figs. 15 and 16 show the
variation of frequency and THD to the inductance.


TABLE IV.
L(mH) THD(%)
Average
frequency(Hz)
Max
frequency(Hz)
6 2.438 1050 4960
7 2.52 850 4775
8 3.042 700 4577
9 3.268 650 4363
10 4 550 4123
11 6.048 500 3856
12 6.788 400 3555
13 7.844 300 3206
14 9.242 300 2788


Fig. 11. Load current and hysteresis band


Fig. 12. Frequency spectrum of error current



Fig. 13. Positive inverter output B1 and B2 are shown

Fig. 14. Negative inverter output B1 and B2 are shown


Fig. 15. Variation of Frequency with Load Inductance


Fig. 16. Variation of THD with Load Inductance

VII. CONCLUSION
The solar power fed to AC system in isolated mode is
analyzed and results are obtained. By observation of Table
III this can be concluded that MPPT using artificial neural
network gives very satisfactory results with efficiency of
99%. The hysteresis current controlled inverter operation is
performed under variable load inductance. By observation of
Table IV this can also be concluded that it gives the range of
inductance with current THD lower than 5% is 0 to 10-11
mH. The results have shown that as the inductance increases
for fixed H-band value, THD increases but frequency
decreases.
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