Sarah Gonzalez

Period 4
Hundred Years War and the Plague

Hundred Years' War: 1337- 1453 was the war between France and England that was on and off which
Edward III launched. Victory assed back and forth between the two countries. 1421- 1453, the French
rallied and drove the English out of France entirely, except for the port city of Calais.

Key People:
John Wycliffe:
- said that Jesus Christ was the true head of the Church
- He didnt like that the worldliness and wealth the clergy displayed
- he believed the clergy should own no land/wealth.
- Bible alone was the final authority for Christian life
- he inspired an English translation of the New testament of the Bible
Jan Hus:
- professor in Bohemia
- taught that the authority of the Bible was higher than pope
- he was excommunicated in 1412
- 1414, he was seized by Church leaders, tired as a heretic
- burned in 1415
Joan of Arc:
- French peasant who felt moved by God to rescue France
- 13 yrs old, she had visions from voices of the saints
- urged her to drive English out of France
- Give Charles VII crown


Notes:
-A Church Divided-
1300's Church and pope were in trouble

Pope and King Collide
People Boniface VIII attempted to enforce papal authority on kings and when King Philip IV of France had power
over French bishops, Boniface made a document stating that the kings must always obey popes.
Philip had held Boniface in prison in September 1303 - king planned to bring him to France for trial. The pope died
after being rescued and a pope could never force monarchs to obey him.

Avignon and the Great Schism
1305 Philip IV convinced the College of Cardinals to choose Clement V as the new pope so he moved from Rome
to Avignon.
1378, Pope Gregory Xi died while visiting Rome, where the College of Cardinals then met in Rome to choose a
successor- chants outside made them choose an Italian pope named Pope Urban VI. Few months later a new pope
was chosen, Robert of Geneva (Clement VII)
French pope lived in Avignon, Italian pope lived in Rome. Great Schism started.
1414, Council of Constance tried to end the Great Schism by choosing a single pope. Then there was 3 popes
(Avignon, Roman, pope chosen at Pisa) All three popes resigned with the help of Holy Roman Emperor. 1417, Martin
V was chosen- ending Great Schism

Origins and Impact of the Plague
Plague began in Asia. 1347, a fleet of Genoese merchant ships arrived in Sicily carrying bubonic plague
(Black Death- because of spots produced on skin) The disease went through Italy, Spain, France,
Germany, England, some part of Europe/ North Africa.
2/3 - 3/4 died after getting the disease.
Plague returned every few years, but not like the first outbreak-- this reduced population

Effects of the Plague
- town populations fell
- trade declined, prices rose
- serfs left manors
- peasants revolted in England, France, Italy, Belgium
- Jews were blamed for Plague and driven from their homes/massacred
- church suffered a loss of prestige - priests left
Century of war began between England and France

-The Hundred Years' War-
1300's England and France battled with each other on French soil for just over a century - Medieval
period ended
England's Edward III (grandson of Philip IV) claimed throne. 1337-1453 Hundred Years' War started.
1421- 1453 French drove English out
The war brought change in the style of warfare in Europe -- longbow changed warfare.

The Longbow Changes Warfare
English introduced the longbow in 3 battles: Crcy, Poitiers, Agincourt.
August 26, 1346 in the battle of Crcy the English the longbows at the French (that had three times as
many men) which then made them weak, so the English would use long knives to slaughter the French.
In the end, 1/3 of the French lay dead. The longbow had won over chivalry.
Battle of Agincourt in 1415 and the battle of Poiters also demonstrated the longbow's importance for the
English

Joan of Arc
1420 - French and English signed a treaty stating that Henry V would inherit the French crown upon the
death of Charles VI. 1429, Joan of Arc had visions to drive the English from France and give the crown to
true French kings, Charles VII, son of Charles VI.
May 7, 1429 Joan led the French army into battle at a fort near Orlans. French retreated in despair.
Joan and a few soldiers charged back toward the fight and won.
Charles was crowned king on July 17, 1429. In 1430, The Burgundians, England's allies, captured Joan
in battle. English turned her over to the Church but Charles did not rescue her. Joan was burned at stake
on May 30, 1431 for being a heretic.

The Impact of the Hundred Years' War
war ends in 1453
Changes:
- A feeling of nationalism emerged in England and France. King was now known as a national leader, not
just a feudal lord.
- Power and prestige of the French monarch increased.
- English suffered a period of internal turmoil known as the War of Roses, in which 2 noble houses fought
for the throne.
Middle Age ended around 1453- the end of Hundred Years' war