Crane Runway Girder

Dr. Ibrahim Fahdah

Damascus University
2012-2013
https://sites.google.com/site/ifahdah/home/lectures

2012-2013
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Components of Crane system
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Crane Beam Loads
Vertical Loads
Horizontal Lateral Loads
Horizontal Longitudinal Loads

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Vertical Load Transformation
Vertical Load Transformation
The support method of the crane
runway girder depends on the
magnitude of the reactions being
transmitted. Some typical
arrangements ranging from the lightest
to the heaviest are shown
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Transverse Load Transformation
Dangerous details for lateral
forces
The Wrong Way:
Figure (b) illustrates the reversible strain
to which the girder web is subjected - an
action leading to the result shown in
Figure (c)

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Transverse Load Transformation
The Right Way:
The problems mentioned in the previous
slide could easily be prevented by simply
connecting the top flange directly to the
column, as shown. The top flange acts as
a horizontal beam delivering its reaction
to the column.

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Typical Section of Crane Girders
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Rail and Fastenings
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Design Procedure (BS5950 Code)
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Classification of Cranes
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Step1: Calculate the maximum vertical
Loads
The weight of the trolley (carriage) + Lifted
Load (Rh)
The weight of the crane bridge (Rs)
The self weight of the crane girder & Rails (Rg)

Note: The load to the crane girder will be maximum
when trolley wheels are closest to the girder.


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Step1: Calculate the maximum vertical
Loads (cont.)
For Warehouse or workshop F=1.3 => the load combinations below
Conservatively we can simplify the calculation , a factor of 1.3 can be applied
simultaneously to both the lifted load and to the self-weight of the crane.
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Step1: Calculate the maximum vertical
Loads (cont.)
So the maximum unfactored static point load per wheel, assuming there are
two wheels on each side, is:
Rw=1.3*0.5*(Rs/2+Rh*(Lc-ah)/Lc)
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Step2: Calculate the Horizontal Loads
Plan View
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Step2: Calculate the Horizontal Loads
Inertia forces produced by the motion drives
or brakes. Referred to as the surge load.
(clause 3.1.5.1 of BS 2573-1:1983[4]).

Skew loads due to travelling referred to as the
crabbing force. (clause 3.1.5.2, BS 2573: Part
1:1983 [4])


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Step2: Calculate the Horizontal Loads
Transverse Surge load is taken as 10% of the combined
weight of the crab and the lifted load.

Longitudinal Surge load of 5% of the static vertical
reactions. (i.e. from the weight of the crab, crane
bridge and lifted load).

Crabbing forces are obtained from clause 4.11.2 (BS
5950-1:2000). If the crane is class Q1 or Q2, then the
crabbing forces would not need to be considered.

Note : Horizontal loads need not to be combined together.


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Step3: Load Combinations
Wv
Wh2
Wh1 FR Wheel
Rail
Load combination according to BS 5950-1:2000 (Table 2) are:
LC1 =1.4 DL + 1.6 Wv
LC2 =1.4 DL + 1.6 (Wh1 or Wh2 or FR)
LC3 =1.4 DL + 1.4 Wv + 1.4 (Wh1 or Wh2 or FR)

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Step4: Design Checks
1. Major axis bending
2. Lateral-torsional buckling
3. Horizontal moment capacity
4. Consider combined vertical and horizontal
moments
5. Web shear at supports
6. Local compression under wheels
7. Web bearing and buckling under the wheel
8. Deflection
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Major Axis Bending
For plastic section:
Note : Sx is for the whole section
BS 5950-1-2000
4.2.5
Check limit to avoid irreversible deformation under serviceability
loads.
BS 5950-1-2000
4.2.5.1
Note: for section classification of compound I- or H-sections, see BS
5950-1-2000 : 3.5.3 & Table 11.
Note: Moment capacity should be reduced in case of high shear
according to BS 5950-1-2000 : 4.2.5.3

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Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Check gantry girder as an unrestrained member for vertical loads.
Due to interaction between crane wheels and crane rails, crane
loads need not be treated as destabilizing, assuming that the rails
are not mounted on resilient pads.
BS 5950-2000
4.11.3
No account should be taken of the effect of moment gradient i.e.
mLT (lateral-torsional buckling factor) should be taken as 1.0.
BS 5950-2000
4.11.3
BS 5950-2000
4.3.6.3 ,4.3.6.2, and
4.3.6.4
Pb is the bending strength and is dependent on the design strength
py and the equivalent slenderness LT.
BS 5950-2000
4.3.6.7(a)
For compound section (Rolled section + plate ), use I and H with
unequal flanges to calculate LT.
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Horizontal Moment Capacity
Horizontal loads are assumed to be carried by the top flange plate only.
Moment capacity of the top flange plate, Mc,plate is equal to the
lesser of 1.2py Zplate and py*Splate.
BS 5950-1-2000
4.2.5
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Consider Combined Vertical and
Horizontal Moments
BS 5950-1-2000
4.8.3.2
1-Section Capacity:
2-Buckling Capacity: simplified method
BS 5950-1-2000
4.8.3.3.1
For simplicity take maximum M x and M y (rather than coexistent M x
and M y) and assume that the minor axis loads are carried by the plate
only.
M LT is the maximum major axis moment in the segment.
Note : mx, my factors can be taken as 1.0 for simplicity.
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Web Shear at Supports
BS 5950-1-2000
4.8.3
Note: It is ok to assume that the sear is resisted by the UB section =>
Av = tD (for rolled I-sections, load parallel to web)
BS 5950-1-2000
4.8.3 (a)
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Local Compression under Wheels
BS 5950-1-2000
4.11.1
The local compressive stress in the web due to a crane wheel load
may be obtained by distributing it over
a length xR given by:
The stress (fw) obtained by dispersing the wheel load over the length
xR should not be greater than py for the web.
2(HR+T)
HR
Tplate
Tflange
45
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Web bearing and buckling under the
wheel/supports
BS 5950-1-2000
4.5.2.1
Bearing capacity of web for unstiffened web
Buckling resistance of the unstiffened web
BS 5950-1-2000
4.5.31.
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Deflections
BS 5950-1-2000
2.5.2 Table 8(c)
Vertical deflection due to static vertical wheel loads from overhead
travelling cranes
Horizontal deflection (calculated on the top flange properties
alone) due to horizontal crane loads
Note : The deflection of crane beams can be important and the exact
calculations can be complex with a system of rolling loads. However,
For two equal loads, a useful assumption is that the maximum
deflection occurs at the centre of the span when the loads are
positioned equidistant about the centre.
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Columns for Industrial Steel
Buildings
Dr. Ibrahim Fahdah
Damascus University
2012-2013 1
https://sites.google.com/site/ifahdah/home/lectures
2012-2013 2
The column is assumed to be fixed at the base.
The column is assumed to be pinned at the base
The top of the column is held in the longitudinal
direction by the eaves member and bracing, as shown
on the side elevation
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Structural Representation of Columns in
Industrial Buildings
Truss is modelled as simply supported structure to
find internal forces.
Load P is transmitted through the bottom chord.
P and can be found using structural analysis methods
(e.g. Virtual Work, Stiffness Matrix, or Finite Element)

P
Analysis
Truss is a stiff structure compared to column
and assuming that column connection to truss
is flexible and so it is modelled as pinned.
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Structural Representation of Columns in
Industrial Buildings
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P1 and P2 are wind pressure on each wall.
Different values of P1 and P2 lead to P force in the bottom cord of the truss.
The value of P may be found by equating deflections at the top of each column.
If p1>p2 => compression force in the bottom cord.
H is the resultant horizontal load at the top of the column.

H1 H2
p1
p2
P
(H2-H1)/2 (H2-H1)/2
P P
H
Loads on Industrial Columns
1 Wind Vertical wind load from roof (truss)
2 Live Live load from roof (truss)
3 Dead Dead load from roof (truss)
4 Crane Vertical load from crane bridge + trolley +lifted load
5 Dead Self-weight of crane girder
6 Crane Horizontal transverse load (Wh1 or Fr) from crane
7 Dead Column self-weight + cladding
8 Wind Horizontal wind from the wall
9 Wind Horizontal wind from bottom cord of the truss
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Note : Longitudinal surge load from the crane (Wh2)is taken by
the bracing system.
Load combination according to BS 5950-1:2000 (Table 2) are:
LC1 =1.2 DL + 1.6 LL + 1.6 Wv
LC2 =1.4 DL + 1.4 WL
LC3 =1.2 (DL + LL +WL + (Wh1 or Fr) + Wv)
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9
Base Level
Ground Level
Simple Compression Members
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Build-up Compression Members
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Design Checks: Members with combined
moment and axial force
In order to perform satisfactorily design, the combined effects of axial load and bending
must not cause the member to fail due to:

1. Local buckling: This is ensured by section classification

2. Inadequate cross-section capacity (Simplified Method)




3. Overall member buckling
(Simplified Method)
BS 5950-1-2000
4.8.3.2
BS 5950-1-2000
4.8.3.3.1
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Battened Column Details
Main component
b
p
i

b
p
e

S

L
C
X
Y
B
S Vertical distance between adjacent battens
L Horizontal distance between the connections
tp Thickness of batten plate
bpi Width of intermediate battens
bpe Width of end batten
C Distance between centroids of main members
B Width of main component
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Battened Column Design
Main component
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.9 (c)
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.9 (c)
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.9 (e)
Slenderness of the main component.
Battens plate thickness not less than L/50
Slenderness of the battened strut (Column)
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.9 (e)
Bmin is the width of narrower main components
Battens slenderness should not exceed 180
b
p
i

b
p
e

S

L
C
X
Y
B
Myy
v
v
V
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Battened Column Design (cont.)
V/N
V/2N
V/2N
V/2N
V/2N
Mb
Qb
Mb =V*S/2N Qb = 2*Mb/L= V*S/(N*L) From the free body diagram
We assume that the main components behave as rigid frame.
Battens & Connections should be design to carry bending and shear arising from the
transverse shear which is 2.5 % of the axial force and any additional direct transverse shear
(BS 5950-1-2000 4.7.9 (f)).
The transverse shear is divided equally in all the parallel planes N in which there are
Battens.
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Laced Column Details
S

L
C
X
Y
B
Main component
Myy
v
v
V
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Lacing Types
S

L
B
S

L
B
Single Lacing System
Double Lacing System
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Laced Column Design
Main component
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.8 (g)
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.8 (g)
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.8 (e,h)
Slenderness of the main component
Lacings angle should be between 40 and 70 degree
Overall slenderness of the strut (Column)
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.8 (f)
bpe : the end batten width , Bmin : the width of
narrower main component
Lacings slenderness should not exceed 180
C
X
Y
S

L
B
40-70
Lacing
The effective length of a lacing is L for single lacing
systems and 0.7*L for double lacing systems.
BS 5950-1-2000
4.7.8 (h)
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Laced Column Design (cont.)
V = Transverse shear which is 2.5 % of the axial force and any additional direct transverse
shear (BS 5950-1-2000 4.7.8(i)).
The transverse shear is divided equally in all the parallel planes N in which there are
lacings. For single lacing (N=2) and for double (N=4)
V/N
V/N
Forces on bolt from lacing
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Effective Length
Effective Length:
It is the length of equivalent pin ended column with similar elastic buckling load
(Euler Load).
Or: It is the distance between points of inflection in the buckled shape.

Buckling strength depends on the slenderness of the section, defined as KL/r.

See BS 5950-1-2000 : 4.7.3 & Table 22 for effective lengths.
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Columns for Single Storey Buildings
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Bracing for Steel Buildings
Dr. Ibrahim Fahdah
Damascus University
https://sites.google.com/site/ifahdah/home/lectures
2012-2013
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Bracing Systems
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Bracing Systems (cont.)
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Bracing System Location
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Connection Classification
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Moment Connection
A
A
Shear Connection
Concentrically Braced Frames
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Concentrically Braced Frames
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Eccentrically Braced Frames
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Bracing sections
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Bracing in Industrial Buildings

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Bracing in Industrial Buildings
Bracing resists horizontal forces such as wind, crane longitudinal surge, and earthquake.
Every fourth or fifth bay may be braced. But no less than two should be provided.
The bracing can be single diagonal members or cross members.
Single bracing members must be designed to carry loads in tension and compression.
With cross-bracing, only the members in tension are assumed to be effective and
those in compression are ignored.
The internal frames resist the transverse wind load by bending in the cantilever columns.

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Roof Bracing Design for Industrial Buildings
PA PA PC PE PC
R R
Ai : Area related to each node
Nnode : Number of Nodes
nB : Number of bracings
WL:Wind on the building face
Fr: Fractional drag load on the roof
Fw: Fractional drag load on the walls



Nnode =4, nB =2

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AA
Ac
AE
Side/Wall Bracing
R WH2 Under tension
Under compression
Load Combinations:
For Roof :
LC =1.4 WL

For Walls :
LC1 =1.4 WL
LC2 =1.2 (WL + WH2)

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Column Bases
Dr. Ibrahim Fahdah
Damascus University

https://sites.google.com/site/ifahdah/home/lectures
2012-2013
Column Base
1. Base plate welded to the bottom of the column
Width
Length
Thickness
2. Bolts
Number
Diameter
Holding-down length
3. Stiffeners
4. Concrete foundation
1. Width
2. Length
3. Depth
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Column Bases
Column base plates are used to distribute the column forces to the concrete foundation.
Column bases can be modelled as pinned or fixed depending on the restraint against
angular rotation.
Angles sections may be attached to the column flanges to increase the connection
resistance to the bending.
Fixed bases are used primarily in low-rise construction (e.g. industrial steel buildings).

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Stiffened Bases
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Stress Distribution for Bases
No Tension, eL/6
Small Tension, e=L/6 to L/3
Large Tension , e>L/3
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P: Applied axial load
e: Load eccentricity
L:Base length
B:Base Width

Centrically Loaded Bases
See Effective area method in BS 5950-1:2000 for details.
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1. Calculate required area as Ae=P/0.6fcu : fcu is the
cube strength of either the concrete or the grout,
whichever is weaker.

2. Calculate outstand (C). Ae will be a function of C.
Ae=2(B+2C)(T+2C)+(D-2T-2C)(t+2C)

3. Check that there is no overlap of effective area
between flanges. I.e. (2c > the distance between
the inner faces of the flanges). If so, take Ae as
(B+2C)(D+2C) and recalculate C.

4. If Ae does not fit on the base plate (e.g. a<C),
modify Ae=f(C) to allow for the limitations of the
plate size and recalculate C, or select a larger base
plate. If C has been recalculated step 3 will need to
be repeated.

5. Calculate required plate thickness tpmin from
(BS 5950-1-2000 : 4.13.2.2)
Centrically Loaded Bases(cont.)
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Eccentrically Loaded Bases
1- No Tension under plate Case:
2- Tension under plate :
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a
tp
Check Algorithm
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Holding-down Bolts
Holding-down bolts should be provided where necessary to resist uplift forces and
any horizontal shear force applied to the bolts.
The tension capacity Ft of a holding-down bolt should be obtained from:
Ft=0.8ptAt (BS 5950-1-2000: 6.6). Ft is the tension strength of the bolt obtained
from Table 34 and At is the tensile stress area.
The embedded length of the anchor bolt is normally determined by the properties
of the concrete into which it is cast , and the bolt loading.
A simple method of determining the embedment length is to assume that the bolt
force is resisted by a conical surface of concrete.




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