FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY

FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
That branch of chemistry !hich "ea#s !ith the a$$#ication of chemica# $rinci$#es in the so#%tion
of $rob#ems that arise in connection !ith the a"ministration of &%stice' It is chemistry a$$#ie" in
the e#%ci"ation of #e(a# $rob#ems' It is chemistry %se" in co%rts of #a!' Chemistry be#on(in( to the
co%rt of #a!'
)HYSIC*L E+I,ENCE
*re artic#es an" materia#s !hich are fo%n" in connection !ith an in-esti(ation an" !hich ai" in
estab#ishin( the i"entity of the $er$etrator of the circ%mstances %n"er !hich the crime !as
committe" or !hich in (enera# assist in the $rosec%tion of the crimina#'
OR,IN*RY .ITNESS
State facts an" may not e/$ress his o$inions or conc#%sions' He may testify to im$ressions of
common e/$eriments s%ch as the s$ee" of a -ehic#e !hether a -oice !as that of a man !oman
or chi#"' 0eyon" this he is c#ose#y #imite"'
EX)ERT .ITNESS
One !ho $osses a s$ecia# s1i## be it in art tra"e or science or one !ho has s$ecia# 1no!#e"(e in
!aters not (enera##y 1no!n to men or or"inary e"%cation an" e/$eriments' * $erson s1i##e" in
some art tra"e or science to the e/tent that he $ossesses information not !ithin the common
1no!#e"(e of man'
EYE .ITNESS
)erson !ho sa! the fata# act'
0LOO,
Has been ca##e" the circ%#atin( tiss%e of the bo"y' It is referee" to as a hi(h#y com$#e/ mi/t%re of
ce##s en2ymes $roteins an" inor(anic s%bstances' It is the re" 3%i" of the b#oo" -esse#s' 0#oo" is
o$a4%e' On the treatment !ith either !ater or other rea(ents becomes trans$arent #a1e co#or' It
is 5na##y a#1a#ine' Norma##y $H is 6'78 9 6':8'
)L*SM*
The ye##o!ish 3%i" of b#oo" in !hich n%mero%s b#oo" cor$%sc#es are s%s$en"e"' * stra!;ye##o!
#i4%i" forme" !hen b#oo" to !hich o/a#ate has been a""e" to $re-ent c#ottin( is a##o!e" to
stran"'
SER<M
* stra! 9 ye##o! #i4%i" forme" !hen c#otte" b#oo" is a##o!e" to stan" for sometime an" the c#ot
contracts'
0EN=I,INE TEST
*n e/treme#y sensiti-e test that can be a$$#ie" to min%te stain' For many years the most
common#y %se" $re#iminary test for b#oo"' The 0en2i"ine test ne-er fai#s to "etect b#oo" e-en
!hen -ery o#" "ecom$ose" stain !ith a## shorts of contamination is e/amine"' The $ositi-e
res%#t is on#y in"icati-e that the b#oo" maybe $resent'
)HENOL)HTH*LEIN TEST
*n a#ternati-e test to ben2i"ine test' It can "etect b#oo" in a "i#%tion of >?@AAAAAAA $arts' *
$ositi-e res%#ts !ith this test is hi(h#y in"icati-e of b#oo"' The ne(ati-e res%#t is therefore
-a#%ab#e an" is conc#%si-e as to the absence of b#oo"'
SEMEN *N, SEMIN*L FL<I,
Is a -isci" !hitish 3%i" of the ma#e re$ro"%cti-e trac1 containin( s$ermato2oa s%s$en"e" in
seerission of accessory (#an"s'
,I)HENYL*MINE;)*R*FFIN TEST B test to be "etermine the $resence of nitrates a test to
"etermine !hether a $erson 5re" a (%n or not'
>' )araCn test B Test $erforme" to e/tract the nitrates embe""e" in the s1in'
D' ,i$heny#amine Test or ,)* Test B test that "etermines the $resence an" #ocation of nitrate
chemica# nee"e" "i$heny#amine rea(ent ' $roce"%re to be ta1en %$ in the #aboratory +'S' b#%e
s$ec1s if nitrates are $resent'
E/$#osi-e
Is any s%bstance that may ca%se an e/$#osion by its s%""en "ecom$osition or comb%stion' *
materia# either a $%re sin(#e s%bstance or mi/t%re of s%bstances !hich is ca$ab#e of $ro"%cin( an
e/$#osion by its o!n ener(y'
Hair
Is a s$ecia#i2e" e$ithe#ia# o%t(ro!th of the s1in !hich occ%r e-ery!here on the h%man bo"y
e/ce$t on the $a#m of the han"s an" the so#e of the feet' Hair is not com$#ete#y ro%n" b%t maybe
o-a# 3attene"' Its !i"th is not a#!ays the same a#on( its #en(th' It start o%t $ointe" an" narro!
an" then strays more or #ess the same'
,OC<MENT
*n ori(ina# or oCcia# !ritten or $rinte" $a$er f%rnishin( information or %se" as $roof of
somethin( e#se'
.*TERM*RES 9 it is a "istincti-e mar1 or "esi(n $#ace" in the $a$er at the time of its
man%fact%re by a ro## %s%a##y a "an"y ro##'
.IREM*RES 9 mar1s $ro"%ce" on $a$er by the 3e/ib#e !ire so#"ere" to the s%rface of the "an"y
ro## that carries the !atermar1'
GL*SS
* s%$ercoo#e" #i4%i" that $ossess hi(h -iscosity an" ri(i"ity' It is a non;crysta##ine inor(anic
s%bstance'
MET*LL<RGY 9 the art of e/tractin( an" !or1in( on meta#s by the a$$#ication of chemica# an"
$hysica# 1no!#e"(e'
MET*LLOGR*)HY 9 branch of meta##%r(y that in-o#-es the st%"y of the microstr%ct%res of meta#s
an" a##oys'
)ETROGR*)HY 9 branch of (eo#o(y that "ea#s !ith the systematic c#assi5cation an" i"enti5cation
of roc1s roc1 formin( minera#s an" soi#' *#so inc#%"es st%"y of "%st "irt safe ins%#ation ceramics
an" other s%ch materia#s both nat%ra# an" arti5cia#'
CO<NTERFEIT COINS 9 coins ma"e to imitate the rea# thin( an" %se" for (ain'
)ETROGR*)HY 9 branch of (eo#o(y that "ea#s !ith the systematic c#assi5cation an" i"enti5cation
of roc1s roc1 formin( minera#s an" soi#' *#so inc#%"es st%"y of "%st "irt safe ins%#ation ceramics
an" other s%ch materia#s
both nat%ra# an" arti5cia#'
<N,ER THE RE+ISE, )EN*L CO,E ;*rson is the "estr%ction of $ro$erty by 5re an" the e/tent of
#iabi#ity "e$en"s on Ein" an" character of the b%i#"in( Its #ocation E/tent of "ama(e or -a#%e Its
state of bein( inhabitant or not
>' .i##f%#ness FF means intentiona# an" im$#ies that the act !as "one $%r$ose#y an"
intentiona##y'
D' Intent FF is the $%r$ose or "esi(n !ith !hich the act is "one an" in-o#-es the !i##' *n
essentia# e#ement of crime mo-ie moti-e is not'
7' Moti-e FF is the mo-in( ca%se !hich inc#%"es the commission of a crime' Somethin( that
#ea"s or in3%ence a $erson to "o somethin('
:' Ma#ice FF "enotes hatre" or !i## or a "esire for re-en(e' Is the intent to "o in&%ry to another'
)YROM*NI* FF an %ncontro##ab#e im$%#se to!ar" incen"iarism' * tern %se" to "escribe a
con"ition of min" #ea"in( to an act of arson'
)YROM*NI*C FF a ty$e of $erson !ho has $assion for 5re that can be satis5e" on#y by !atchin(
3ames' )eo$#e !ho (et $#eas%re in !atchin( 5reman $%t o%t 5re'