2011 The 6th International Forum on Strategic Technology

The Research of OFDM Modulation and

Demodulation Technology Based on Wavelet Packet
Chuntao Man, Wei Wang, Yantao Chi and Shun Wang
Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, China
wang_wei 1985@yeah.net
Abstract-With the development and improvement of wireless
communication technology, the technology of orthogonal
frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) has caused wide
attention. In the system of OFDM, with the deserializing, high
speed data string increases the lasting time of data symbol on
each subcarrier, reduces inter-symbol interference effectively
which comes from time dispersion of radio channel, and provides
the possibility for future high-speed wireless data business.
However, the interference existing in actual power lines signal
channel, especially of multipath effect, is further intensify the leI
and meanwhile causes the lSI. In this paper, the OFDM system
based on wavelet packet not only decreases the complexity, but
also improves anti-jamming ability.
Keywords-component; wavelet packet; OFDM; modulation and
demodulation ; fler bank
I. INTRODUCTION
It is a goal for scientists to make use of the existing low
voltage power lines to realize high-speed digital
communication effectively. However, the inherent high noise,
multipath effect and fequency decline of power line causes
great difculty to achieve the goal. Therefore, people make
research on kinds of signal modulation technologies. At present,
OFOM can not only guarantee the high-speed digital
communications [1], but also can adapt to the bad
communication environment of low voltage power lines.
Essentially, OFDM is a parallel digital modulation
technology by extending the cycle of tansmitting symbol to
overcome multipath interference, and it decomposes high
speed serial data into multiple parallel low-speed data [2]. Thus,
lengthening the width of each route data code element reduces
the inter-symbol interference (lSI) to code element .OFOM is
able to realize parallel tansmission of information, because
with orthogonality of each inter-caier (carrier set is a group of
orthogonal fnction sets) it can effectively avoid inter-ca ier
interference (lCI).
However, spectum of each OFDM signal inter carier is
not strictly limited sampling fnction which means that there is
a side-lobe leakage for each inter caier in the fequency
domain as a result of the tuncation effect of rectangular
window or other windows. Therefore, there is more or less the
ICI, when the signal is generated, then the interference existing
in actual power lines channel, especially of multipath effect, is
frther intensif the ICI and causes the lSI. In order to protect
the orthogonality between inter caiers effectively, it usually
978-1-4577-0399-7111/$26.00 2011lEEE 902
inserts guard interval between OF OM signal code elements and
makes guard interval is larger than the maximum multipath
delay, but it will reduce the effciency of system transmission.
The taditional OFDM system adopts complex exponential
subcarier based on Fourier tansform which is actually
comprised of a series of orthogonal cosine fnction bases. The
study in this paper shows that using new orthogonal bases to
replace these subcariers reduces ICI and lSI without guard
interval and improves the perfonnance of OFOM. Since ICI
can be thought as the interference of the fequency domain and
lSI can be thought as the interference of time domain, but they
are interelated and can not be completely separated. The signal
analysis based on wavelet is a time-fequency analysis [3], so
using of appropriate orthogonal wavelet basis instead of
traditional cosine fnction basis can simultaneously make a
comprehensive consideration of the signal in the fequency
domain and time domain.
II. THE TRADITIONAL OFDM MODULATION AND
DEMODULATION
In wireless communication system, the delay of multipath
effect causes lSI in the receiver. While the OFDM divides the
data stream into a number of sub-data steams, so that the sub
data steam has a lower bit transfer rate. And we can use these
data to modulate several cariers respectively, then it makes the
data tansfer rate lower and the cycle of code element longer.
And as long as the ratio of the delay expansion and the cycle of
code element is less than a certain value, it will not cause lSI.
In the OFDM system of sampling at the rate
of f = 1/ T, = N / T , is symbol interval. And the receipt
signal of nth signal SI
(k) passed the discrete channel with the
impulse response length of LT, is expressed as:
f
Yn (k)=
>(zn (k-l) k=O,I,"', N-l (1)
1=0
For the length of the sequence h is L + 1 and the length of
sn is N , the length of Y 1 is N + L .In order to prevent the lSI
between the before and afer symbols, it is necessary to add the
Guard Interval (GI) also called prefx with the length of L at
August 22-24,2011
least into each OFDM symbols, and the length of GI is more
than maximum delay spread of wireless channel.
It is known that it requires a lot of carier generators, flter,
modems and so on to generate OFOM signal, so its system
structure is complex. The traditional OFDM (DFT - OFDM)
uses N point 10FT/OFT to realize modulation and
demodulation.
If we sample the baseband signal of OFOM in the
fequency off = / T ,T, = i / f in symbolic cycle, the result
of that is:
s,/)= s,kT, ,= s,/T / )
N-I
(
2 /
= td;exp )

.a/i
(2)
Where s,/)is the 10FT of d; . To keep the energy of signal
before and afer 10FT/OFT constant, the energy of signal IS
N-J
_
d;

before tansformation, and afer tansformation it is

;=0
N-J
2
N-J N-J N-J
2
k;
2
km
_
'
s(/)

=
___
d;d.
1
i e
-J 1
/
k=O K =0 ;=0 m=O

* J2
1

;-

'
k

2
-

d;d

e

d;
;=0 m=O k=O ;=0
So weight the signal by . :
s,/)= s,kT, ,= s,kT / )
= . d; exp(j
2
:
i
}a /i
(3)
(4)
On the receiver, the raw data d; is recovered by using
DFT tos,k) :
N-J
d; =
_
S,k,exp(- )
-/

i (5)

k=O

In practical application of OFDM communication system,

we can adopt more convenient Fast Fourier Transfor
(FFT/IFFT). IFFT can signifcantly reduce the computational
complexity. With IFFT/FFT, the cyclic extension with OFOM
symbols is added irto guard irterval not blank guard interval.
Sirce the irtroduction of cyclic prefx, when the delay of signal
does not exceed the length of cyclic prefx, the signal in the
second subcaier withir the width of FFT wirdow is still
903
irtegrated. Thus it maintains the orthogonality of OFDM signal
between each subcarrier and resists the ICI [4, 5], as shown in
Fig. I.
.
The frst subcarrier demodulation interrre caused by the second subcarrier time delay
I
I
I
Guard I
Interval I
-:
.
First subcarrier
Second subcarrier with time delay
FFT window width
Figure 1. Inter-carrier interference
III. THE OFDM SYSTEM THEORY BASED ON WAVELET
PACKET
A. The Realizabilit of OFDM System Based on Wavelet
Packet
Compared with the traditional OFDM system, the OFDM
system based on wavelet packet takes each subspace of wavelet
packet as a carier of the system and replaces IFFT / FFT
module by IWPT/WPT. Wavelet packet tansform can provide
the orthogonality of fnction itself on the timelire tanslation
and mutual orthogonality of each fnction basis in orthogonal
subspace, and it is easy to realize by multirate flter bank. The
signal is decomposed and synthesized by fast wavelet
transform and its inverter tansforms [6-8]. Then the WPT /
IWPT is realized by cosine modulation flter banks, and main
lobe of the flter spectal response is 45 d higher than the
maximal side lobe in the same sub-channel number, while the
DFT only gets 13 dB main / side-lobe gair. And it greatly
improves the fequency spectrum separation characteristic
between the sub-channels and ensures the orthogonality
between each flter. OWMT system has the better robustness
with serious lSI, and it can obtair satisfactory transmission
performance without cycle expansion of OFT modulation
system.
The implementation theoretical basis for the system is: the
decomposition and synthesis of wavelet transform are
generally implemented by Mallat algorithm, which is called by
the frst generation wavelet. Takirg irto account the
characteristics of flter bank, we can use the flter bank to
implement wavelet tansform. In wavelet decomposition, the
input signal is decomposed into (for positive fequency) the
low-fequency Ho ,n, part of a-/ 2 and the high-
fequency H
I
,n,part of -/ 2 - by ideal low-pass flter and
high-pass flter, and refects the profle and detail of signal
respectively. Afer that the two outputs must be orthogonal
(because the bands do not overlap.), as shown in Fig.2.
Figure 2. The wavelet transform by flter
The signal through analytic flter is:
The sampled signal is:
The interpolated signal is:
Uk (Z
2
)=

[Xk (Z)
+
Xk (-
z
)]
2
=

[Hk (
z
)X(
z
)
+
Hk (-
z
)X(-
z
)]
2
Then the rebuilt signal is expressed as:
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
The last equal sign represents the modulation matrix of
two-channel flter. The term with factor
X(-
z
)
is the aliasing
component. To avoid aliasing, it is usually to select the
synthetic flter meet:
This aliasing is counteracted by synthetic flter. It analyses
the stucture of flter bank used in WT-OFDM system and
deduces the realizability of this stucture, as shown in the
following:
Figure 3. The flter structure ofWPT-OFDM
The interpolated signal is:
904
The signal through synthetic flter is:
Then r
(
z
)
is:
The sampled signal through analytic flter is:
The outut is:
X =X
o(z)
[
Gk
/
2
po
(
z
1l2 )
+
G
(
-
z
1l2 P
o
(
_
z
1l2 )
]
+
...
X
I
(z)
[G (
z
l12 )(
z
l12 )
+G (_
z
I/2 )(
-
z
I/
2)
]
(11)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
According to (15) and (16), the perfect reconstuction of xo
(
n
)
and x
l
(n) needs to satisf the following conditions:
(17)
The deduced G land G1 is:
(19)
The chosen Gl and Gl must meet (19), then the wavelet
modulation system can be realized.
B. The Functional Block Diagram ofOFDM System Based
on Wavelet Packet
Assuming (19) set up, we can build OFDM system based
on wavelet packet, and the basic fow diagram is shown in
FigA.
Figure 4. The block diagram ofOFDM system Based on wavelet packet
The process of WT-OFOM system is: at the tansmitter,
frst it modulates the input signal by 16 points QAM, then
inserts pilot sequences and makes modulation of wavelet
packet which is the integrated process of wavelet packet, then
the signal modulated by wavelet packet is sent into the channel;
on the receiver, it is frst to demodulate the input signal, which
is decomposition of wavelet packet ,then estimate channel and
remove pilot fequency, afer QAM demodulation, oututs the
decision. This is the whole process ofWT-OFDM system.
L The Modulation-demodulation Process ofOFDM System
Based on Wavelet Packet
The key difference between OFDM system based on
wavelet packet and taditional OFOM system is modulation
demodulation process. Traditional OFDM system takes sine
wave as carier wave and modulation-demodulation based on
DFT is realized by convolution; while WT-OFDM system
takes wavelet as carier wave and modulation-demodulation
based on WT is realized by multistage flters group.
Figure . The block diagram ofWPT-OFDM system modulation
Figure o. The block diagram ofWPT -OFDM system demodulation
v0
Fig.S and Fig.6 show that the modulation-demodulation
process of WT-OFOM system, modulation changes multi
channel parallel signal into serial signal, while demodulation
changes serial signal into multi-channel parallel signal.
. THE SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF OFDM SYSTEM BASED
ON WAVELET PACKET
The pivotal part of WT-OFDM system MATLAB
simulation is the modulation which is the comprehensive and
decomposition of wavelet packet by multistage flter bank.
Simulation is carried out in MA TLAB environment, and
the paper chooses symS of Symlets wavelet as wavelet basis
and the length of flter is ten. This is because Symlets wavelet
posses many properties such as short support of high vanishing
moment, compactly support and the better orthogonality. The
number of subcarier is 128 means that the decomposition level
is seven. Compared to the traditional OFDM system, the
OFOM system based on wavelet packet is simulated by two
methods of channel estimation, as shown in Fig.7 and Fig.8.
Fig.7 is the curve of the bit eror rate of channel estimation
based on LS algorithm, and Fig.8 is the curve of the bit eror
rate of channel estimation based on MMSE algorithm.

0
1.5
d.
1.5
llLlLM/ML
YLILM/LL
_ d.
w
I
15
d
115
LNl/dH
Figure 1. The chanel estimation bit error rate curve based on LS algorithm

'
w
[
U.b
ll-LlLh/|NhLL
\l-LlL N/LhNLL
(2
( 6
(

-

(



L/dL
Figure b. The channel estimation bit error rate curve based on MMSE
algorithm
According to simulation fgures, OFDM system based on
wavelet packet is indeed better than the traditional OFDM
system. And it is obviously to see that channel estimation
based on MMSE algorithm is better than one based on LS
algorithm. And because of the reduction of fequency spectral
overlap between low and high fequency, the selecting
fequency capacity of flter is enhanced, which decreases the
overlap of fequency spectum between neighboring sub
channels and reduces ICI caused by fading channel. Therefore,
the performance ofWT-OFDM system is improved.
V. CONCLUSION
This paper presents a new method of modulation and
demodulation based on orthogonal wavelet, and shows that the
OFDM based on wavelet packet reduces the integrated
interference rate of lSI and ICI compared with traditional
OFDM. And it discusses the implementation scheme ofOFDM
modulation and demodulation based on wavelet packet, and the
result of simulation proves that its performance is better than
the taditional OFDM system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was supported by Harbin Technology Innovation
Talents Special Foundation of China (2008RFXXG009),
Heilongiang Province Science Foundation of China (F2007-
906
09),and the 2008 Science Research Project of Heilongiang
Department of Education (11531058).
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