ICFO Slides Part 2

Copyright Pro Laser 2005
Module 1
Establishing safety in the workplace
Laser safety for safety supervisors
Mike Green
Directives
Product
Directives
Product
Regulations
User Guidelines Product Standards
Workplace
Directives
Workplace
Regulations
(legal)
The New Approach
Directives
Workplace
safety
EN 60825-1: 1994
Safety of laser products
Part 1 - Equipment
classification,
requirements and users
guide
TR 60825-14: 2004
Safety of laser products
Part 14 - A users guide
LEGAL
National
implementation
Directives
Product
Directives
Product
Regulations
User Guidelines Product Standards
Workplace
Directives
Workplace
Regulations
(legal)
The New Approach
Directives
LEGAL
National
implementation
L
a
s
e
r

h
a
z
a
r
d

a
n
d

c
o
m
p
l
e
x
i
t
y
Degree of control
Specific
working
code
shall
General
user
guidance
should
Workplace
safety
Administration of safety
TR 60825-14
Safety responsibilities of
employers and employees
All users and supervisors have a role to play
Employers responsible for assessing risks
and reducing them to an acceptably low level
Employer should establish a laser safety
policy
TR 60825-14
All users and supervisors have a role to play
Employers responsible for assessing risks
and reducing them to an acceptably low level
Employer should establish a laser safety
policy
Laser Safety Officer
Delegation
Laser Safety Officer
Employers must ensure LSO is competent
Responsible for:
Day-to-day management
Monitoring compliance
Taking action where there is
non-compliance
Approving procedures
Maintaining records
Responsibilities and
authority, in writing
Director
Division head
LSO
Laser User
LSO
Documentation Records of location and applications of all class
3B and 4 lasers and control measures in place
Written procedures
Risk assessments and audit reports
Laser safety training records (and plan for
refresher training)
Copies of standards and guidance documents
General site safety policy statement
Laser safety policy statement
LSO Documents to hand
All records kept up to
date and reviewed
regularly
Maintenance of a safe
working environment
Inspection of
laser areas
Regular inspection of
laser facilities
Check list
Testing of controls
Key points to look for:
a) modifications, relocation or replacement of laser
equipment;
b) changed conditions of use;
c) changes to the environment in which the laser
equipment is used;
d) changes of personnel;
e) indications of any reduction in compliance with
safety procedures.
Incidents and accidents
Key information
Location of medical
centre
Information on laser
wavelength (grab bag)
Treat for shock
Laser users:
in the event of an accident or incident terminate
laser emission and report to management;
Seek medical attention in the event of a real or
suspected laser injury.
LSO:
Possible eye-injured persons must be seen by a
qualified ophthalmologist within 24 hours of the
potential exposure;
Investigate the circumstances and assess likely
exposure, document the conclusions of the
investigation and review system of control before
laser is permitted to be used.
Screening of laser workers
Eye tests
T
AS B T V
S P F T L C K C
gf e v bpm k l m nopo
Registered Class 3B and 4
laser users should have:
Effective use of both
eyes.
No visual defects that
cannot be corrected
with spectacles
No untreated glaucoma.
routine ophthalmic examinations of
employees have no value as part of a health
surveillance programme
Eye tests only make sense
for persons at risk of
exposure to Class 3B and
Class 4 laser beams at
wavelengths within the
retinal hazard range.
Such persons would
normally be issued with
laser protective eyewear.
Procedures for laser use in
the research environment
Structure
Elements of procedures:
1. Essential general
information
2. Procedures for
emergencies
3. Procedures for
normal operation
4. Procedures for
alignment
5. Procedures for
external contractors
Procedures should be written by the laser supervisor
and approved by the LSO.
Copies may be issued to laser users, who should sign
to acknowledge receipt and that the procedures are
understood.
Procedures should be reviewed regularly to ensure
their continued relevance to requirements
Structure
information
2. Procedures for
emergencies
3. Procedures for
normal operation
4. Procedures for
alignment
5. Procedures for
Description and purpose of the equipment/process.
Type, approximate power and classification of lasers.
Drawing identifying the laser hazard area(s).
Listing of other hazards present with references to
safety codes.
Basic engineering and administrative controls.
PPE provided and storage point(s).
Contact details of LSO and responsible person.
Names of authorised laser users.
Structure
information
2. Procedures for
emergencies
3. Procedures for
normal operation
4. Procedures for
alignment
5. Procedures for
Action to be taken in the event of specified equipment
failure or other emergencies
Incident reporting procedure and the action to be taken
in the event of a suspected accident
A plan drawing of the laser area indicating the positions
of electrical isolation switches, fire extinguishers etc.
A list of hazards (especially for emergency services)
Structure
information
2. Procedures for
emergencies
3. Procedures for
normal operation
4. Procedures for
alignment
5. Procedures for
Point out basic good practice (e.g. terminating beams,
secure fixing of turning mirrors)
Identify administrative controls and use of PPE.
Highlight any deviations from best practice.
The normal shut-down procedure should be described.
Include requirements for safety checks (interlocks etc.).
Servicing procedures should address the establishment
of temporary hazard areas, administrative controls,
PPE and who should carry out the work. It should
include procedures for controlling the work of outside
service engineers e.g. permits to work.
Structure
Best practice
information
2. Procedures for
emergencies
3. Procedures for
normal operation
4. Procedures for
alignment
5. Procedures for
Risk assessment
Procedures
Best practice in the research
environment
General user
guidance
Engineering
controls
Administrative
controls
Personal
protective
equipment
Installed Engineering Controls
Install interlocks on access points to
(3B or 4) laser areas and connect to laser
Enclose the beam path (and terminate)
Make the laser beam path stable
Minimise exposed shiny surfaces
Beam at waist height and no chairs
environment
General user
guidance
Engineering
controls
Administrative
controls
Personal
protective
equipment
Installed aids to Administrative Control
Check for appropriate knowledge and
attitude of personnel and provide training
Develop and document procedures
addressing normal operation,
maintenance and service activities
Install warning lights and labels
Provide beam visualisation equipment for
use with safety eyewear
Control use of laser key switch
environment
General user
guidance
Engineering
controls
Administrative
controls
Personal
protective
equipment
Installed aids to PPE use
Strict enforcement
Suitable style(s) of eyewear
Proper storage and labelling
Regular inspection and maintenance
Risk Assessment
All hazards
Hazard
Risk
Injury
= S x A x E where :
S Severity of harm
A Probability of human access to
the hazard
E Probability of exposure when
hazard is accessible
potential to cause harm
likelihood of harm
LEGAL
Laser radiation
Electricity
Fire
Fume
High pressure gases
Mechanical
Solvents
Etc.
Risk Assessment
All hazards
Hazard
Risk
Injury
= S x A x E where :
S Severity of harm
the hazard
likelihood of harm
LEGAL
Laser radiation
Electricity
Fire
Fume
High pressure gases
Mechanical
Solvents
Etc.
Risk Assessment
Laser radiation
Hazard
Risk
Injury
likelihood of harm
LEGAL
Output
Wavelength
Access to beam
Application
Environment
Personnel at risk
Etc.
= S x A x E where :
S Severity of harm
the hazard
Laser Radiation Risk
Assessment: Wavelength
Laser radiation
Output
Wavelength
Access to beam
Application
Environment
Personnel at risk
Etc.
CO
2
laser
Nd:YAG laser
Laser Radiation Risk
Assessment: Wavelength
1
Near -IR
High
No
indication
Large
hazard
range
(low MPE)
S
E
A
3
UV
Low to
moderate
No
indication
Integrated
exposure
- scatter
plus
beam
2
Visible
High
Visible
radiation
Large
hazard
range
(low MPE)
4
Mid/far-IR
Low to
moderate
Heat
sensation
Small
hazard
range
Laser radiation
Output
Wavelength
Access to beam
Application
Environment
Personnel at risk
Etc.
Step-by-step
Risk Assessment
Identify potentially injurious situations
(all operations, all hazards)
Benefits
Involving users in
identifying hazardous
activities encourages
participation and
ownership of safety
RISK
ASSESS
Step 1
Step-by-step
Risk Assessment
Benefits
RISK
ASSESS
Step 1
Assess the risk for each situation
(severity of injury, likelihood of exposure; then refer to
risk tables)
Step 2
Involving users in
participation and
ownership of safety
Highlights the key
problem areas
Step-by-step
Risk Assessment
Benefits
RISK
ASSESS
Step 1
risk tables)
Step 2
Review controls for each situations where the risk
is intolerable
(compare with current best practice and state whether
or not you consider existing controls to be satisfactory)
Step 3
Involving users in
participation and
ownership of safety
Highlights the key
problem areas
Documents deviations
from Laboratory Code
Step-by-step
Risk Assessment
Benefits
RISK
ASSESS
Step 1
risk tables)
Step 2
Review controls for each situations where the risk
is intolerable
(compare with current best practice and state whether
or not you consider existing controls to be satisfactory)
Step 3
Review the new situation (repeat steps 2 and 3)
Step 4
Review the risk
assessment
periodically
Involving users in
participation and
ownership of safety
Highlights the key
problem areas
Documents deviations
from Laboratory Code
Tick list for open beams
(Class 3B and 4)
Beam path
control
Are:
All beam paths are enclosed as much as is
reasonably practicable?
All beam path components that generate errant
beams locally enclosed?
All beam paths properly terminated?
All upwardly directed beams shielded to prevent
human exposure?
All unprotected open horizontal laser beams lying
above or below normal eye level?
All lasers and optical components on the beam line
securely mounted?
Shiny surfaces (including jewellery) prohibited
around laser beam paths?
Laser sources and beam paths are kept under the
control of competent persons?
Tick list for open beams
(Class 3B and 4)
Beam path
control
Is:
Information of the current laser hazard clearly
displayed at point of access to the laser area?
Low level lighting used for lights-out operation?
A safe method of beam alignment provided?
A visible or audible warning of the potential laser
hazard provided?
Laser safety eyewear provided?
Are:
Persons at risk of exposure to the laser radiation
adequately trained and instructed?
Precautions in place to safeguard visitors entering
the laser area?
Unauthorised persons prevented from gaining
access to the laser area?
Multiple exposed wavelengths present?
Learning lessons from
accidents
Laser accidents in French research laboratories
56% visible lasers
35% Nd:YAG (IR-A)
7% CO
2
Of 55 accident reports in
11 years, 27 resulted in
permanent eye injury
EU643 Report 'Cl i ni nal and epi demi ol ogi cal
research'
Commi ssari at Energi e Atomi que 1990
Accident
statistics
accidents
Lessons
learned
Arrange for a fire
assessment wherever
Class 4 lasers are used
Carry a fire extinguisher
and fit a smoke detector
__________________
A Class 4 dye laser ignited the methanol solvent
used in the laser.
A small explosion and fire occurred in a laser dye
(dioxane) mixture pump. Arcing in the pump motor,
which ignited the flammable air/dioxane mixture,
apparently caused the fire.
A Class 4 CO
2
laser beam was reflected upwards
and ignited ceiling tiles in a laser laboratory. The
researcher had left the room to examine samples
and returned a few minutes later when a smoke
detector sounded.
accidents
Lessons
learned
A technician was replacing a flashlamp on a Nd:YAG
laser. The unit was electrically isolated, shut down
and locked out. After 5 minutes wait for the
capacitor to discharge the worker touched the
negative terminal and was shocked. This was
identified as a bleed circuit malfunction. No serious
harm.
A service engineer was electrocuted while installing
a copper vapour laser. An interlocked protective
panel had been manually bypassed during the
installation to make adjustments. Despite CPR the
serviceman expired.
Electrical hazards in
lasers can be lethal
Proper HV training is
essential
Provide earthing sticks
Consider secondary
screening of internal HV
__________________
accidents
Lessons
learned
An untrained summer research assistant was
carrying out alignment on his first day at work using
a 150 mW argon/dye laser. The laser was slung in
a laser holder located under optical bench and the
beam was directed upwards through a beam
channel in the optical bench. The student chose to
stand on top of the table and look downward while
attempting to align a turning mirror. No protective
eyewear was used. The turning mirror slipped and
the beam was directed into his eye causing an
immediate retinal burn on the edge of the macula.
During an experiment, a student climbed onto a
stool to adjust a periscope with a visible laser. The
student noticed a bright flash in her right eye. No
eyewear was worn since she needed to observe the
spot on a card. No pain or bleeding, but an
examination the next day revealed a parafoveal
lesion.
Fully guard upward-
travelling beams
Provide alignment
procedures that facilitate
the use of protective
eyewear
Provide proper training
__________________
accidents
Lessons
learned
A student received a reflected Ti-Sapphire laser
beam from the plastic lid of a toolbox while he was
installing a laser beam safety tube. No eye
protection was worn. The student had not received
laser safety training.
During optics alignment involving a 30 mJ pulsed
Nd:YAG laser (10 Hz) on a target using a prism, the
beam exceeded the prisms critical angle and struck
the scientist in the eye resulting in a permanent
retinal burn. No protective eyewear was worn.
A scientist bumped a mirror mount in a complex
optical array, causing a stray beam to move out of
the horizontal plane. When leaning over the table, he
was struck in his left eye. An examination confirmed
a macular lesion. No eyewear worn and safety
knowledge was limited.
Require the use of safety
eyewear wherever there
are exposed Class 3B
and 4 laser beams
Control the use of
reflecting objects near
open beam paths
Locally enclose prisms
and other sources of
secondary beams
Protect optics from
knocks
__________________
accidents
Lessons
learned
A field service engineer was working on an argon
laser photocoagulator. During the inspection, the
engineer was looking down the tube bore when the
laser spontaneously fired. He received an intrabeam
ocular exposure causing a permanent retinal lesion.
A Ti-sapphire accidentally discharged during beam
alignment. The graduate student undertaking the
alignment sustained a left eye injury. At 4 days, a
300 !m hole and sub- retinal haemorrhage was
observed.
He suffers central vision loss and floaters.
A new frequency doubler didn't have A/R coatings
as requested. As the student left the room, beam hit
him in the corner of his eye and caused inter-ocular
bleeding. He still complains at 8 yrs of floaters and
vision that looks "like looking through a dirty
window".
Do not rely solely on
control circuits: add a
beam stop or power down
Do not rely on coating
specification for safety
__________________
accidents
Lessons
learned
A technician received a 60 mW exposure from the
Brewster window of an argon laser. Laser protective
eyewear was available, but was not used they
apparently fogged easily and were annoying to use.
A blind spot has persisted in the area of the lesion.
A frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser beam (532 nm)
was Raman shifted to 770 nm in a methane cell. The
laser protective eyewear provided protection at 532
nm but did not protect for 770 nm and the technician
suffered a retinal burn from a 0.8 !J, 770 nm pulse.
During an alignment of a Nd:YAG laser, a production
worker looked through an opening in the top of a
chamber and his eyewear slid up as he leaned over.
The beam reflection from a target paper went into
his eye causing a bright afterimage lasting 20
minutes, which led to a permanent central retinal
burn.
Nd:YAG reflection
from a surface coated
filter. Safety goggles
misted so he took them
off to get a better view of
the display .
accidents
Lessons
learned
A technician received a 60 mW exposure from the
Brewster window of an argon laser. Laser protective
eyewear was available, but was not used they
apparently fogged easily and were annoying to use.
A blind spot has persisted in the area of the lesion.
A frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser beam (532 nm)
was Raman shifted to 770 nm in a methane cell. The
laser protective eyewear provided protection at 532
nm but did not protect for 770 nm and the technician
suffered a retinal burn from a 0.8 !J, 770 nm pulse.
During an alignment of a Nd:YAG laser, a production
worker looked through an opening in the top of a
chamber and his eyewear slid up as he leaned over.
The beam reflection from a target paper went into
his eye causing a bright afterimage lasting 20
minutes, which led to a permanent central retinal
burn.
Select eyewear that is
comfortable to wear,
secure and does not fog
up
Isolate wavelengths if the
eyewear cant provide
adequate protection at all
__________________
Module 2
Laser safety assessment
Laser safety for safety supervisors
Mike Green
Guarding
Standards for
protective equipment
LEGAL
Continuous inspection
How Long?
Regular inspection
Suggested times
Continuous operator
observation
10 s
Short cycle operation
with intermittent
inspection
100 s
Automated machine
usage
30000 s
EN 12254 Screens for laser working
places - Safety requirements and testing
Standards for
protective equipment
Assessment
and testing
LEGAL
Applies up supervised
screens to Maximum
power of 100 W and pulse
energy 30 J.
100 s testing for stability to
laser radiation
! 1 mm
2
test area
Tests for mechanical
strength and resistance to
ignition
Marking code (similar to
eyewear)
Not a requirement:
painted metal or
other non-flammable
opaque materials can
be used
Use of PPE BEST
PRACTICE
Hazard mitigation
Laser
type *
Laser
wavelength
Filter
scale number
Manufacturer
ID mark Mechanical
strength
0l 1 O 6 4 L8 X 0lN 6
EN207 marking code
D CW
I 10
-4
- 10
-1
R 10
-9
- 10
-7
M < 10
-9
Laser safety
eyewear
Maximum
Permissible
Exposure
that level of radiation
to which,
under normal
circumstances,
persons may be
exposed without
suffering adverse
effects.
MPEs and
NOHDs
Definition
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
The factors effecting the MPE are
Wavelength (must be
within 180nm - 1mm)
Exposure duration (plus
pulse width and PRF for
pulsed lasers)
Exposure duration
MPEs and
NOHDs
Direct corneal
exposure
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
Values correspond to:
a single exposures of
the eye
a single wavelength
a value averaged over
a specific aperture
diameter
0.1ps 1 ns 10s 3.10
4
s
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
M
i
d

&

F
a
r

V
i
s
i
b
l
e

&

U
V

I
R

n
e
a
r

I
R
Exposure duration
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
Laser
pulses
Human
response
times
Prolonged
exposure
<1ns to 0.1s 10s to 30,000s
M
i
d

&

F
a
r

V
i
s
i
b
l
e

&

U
V

I
R

n
e
a
r

I
R
MPEs and
NOHDs
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
N
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r

e
f
f
e
c
t
s
retinal thermal
corneal thermal
corneal photochemical
Direct corneal
exposure
Values correspond to:
a single exposures of
the eye
a single wavelength
a value averaged over
a specific aperture
diameter
Exposure duration
W
a
v
e
l
e
n
g
t
h
Laser
pulses
Human
response
times
Prolonged
exposure
<1ns to 0.1s 10s to 30,000s
M
i
d

&

F
a
r

V
i
s
i
b
l
e

&

U
V

I
R

n
e
a
r

I
R
MPEs and
NOHDs
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
N
o
n
-
l
i
n
e
a
r

e
f
f
e
c
t
s
retinal thermal
corneal thermal
corneal photochemical
Limiting
aperture
The diameter of the circle
over which the MPE value
is to be averaged
Total power (or energy)
through limiting aperture
divided by the area of
aperture
LASER
HAZARD
Extended
sources
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
exposure duration
M
i
d

&

F
a
r

V
i
s
i
b
l
e

&

U
V

I
R

n
e
a
r

I
R
Thermal retinal injury only
Small sources [! " 1.5 mrad (!
min
)]
MPE applies
Medium sources [100 mrad # ! > !
min
]
MPE x ! /!
min
Large sources [! > 100 mrad (!
max
)]
MPE x !
max
/!
min
(=66.7)
17 mm
! !
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
Wavelength
Graph(s) of MPE vs. wavelength
M
P
E

(
W
m
-
2
)
1000 Wm
-2
10 Wm
-2
3 Wm
-2
Wavelength (nm)
10s exposure
400 700 1400 180
Thermal corneal
Focusing + absorption
depth effects
Photochemical
activity
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
Duration
Graph(s) of MPE vs. exposure duration
M
P
E

(
W
m
-
2
)
time (s)
600 nm
10ps 1ns 18!s 10s
10 Wm
-2
280 Wm
-2
25 Wm
-2
@ 0.25s
5 MWm
-2
Equilibrium temperature
Diffusion limited
temperature
Thermo-mechanical
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
Duration
Graph(s) of MPE vs. exposure duration
M
P
E

(
W
m
-
2
)
time (s)
600 nm
10ps 1ns 18!s 10s
5 mJm
-2
0,15 mJm
-2
M
P
E

(
J
m
-
2
)
100 Jm
-2
Equilibrium temperature
Diffusion limited
temperature
Thermo-mechanical
Joule = Watt x time
Exposure duration
MPE value range
10
-13
s
30,000 s
Exposure to single
laser pulses
Duration of laser work
Exposure duration
Visible Radiation
light
Aversion response
to bright light
" 0.25s
10
-13
s
30,000 s
Exposure to single
laser pulses
0.25 s Accidental viewing
of visible laser radiation
Exposure duration
Saccadic eye
movement
10
-13
s
30,000 s
Exposure to single
laser pulses
10 s Accidental viewing
of invisible laser radiation
Exposure duration
Behavioural
movement
10
-13
s
30,000 s
Exposure to single
laser pulses
100 s fixation on laser
point source
Exposure duration
UV radiation
10
-13
s
30,000 s
Exposure to single
laser pulses
100 s fixation on laser
point source
30,000 s intentional viewing of
extended source
UV radiation.
Excimer (KrF) 0.25 1 10
-8
30
Rhodamine Dye 0.55 1 10
-7
5 10
-3
Ruby (normal mode) 0.69 1 10
-9
5 10
-3
Ruby (Q-switched) 0.69 2 10
-8
5 10
-3
Nd:YAG (normal mode) 1.06 1 10
-9
5 10
-2
Nd:YAG (Q-Switched) 1.06 1 10
-7
5 10
-2
Carbon Dioxide 10.6 1 10
-5
300
Typical Values of MPEs
for single pulse lasers
Laser Type ! Pulse MPE
(!m) (s) (Jm
-2
)
MPEs and
NOHDs
Single pulses
Exposure duration
=
pulse duration
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
MPEs for intrabeam viewing of CW lasers
Laser Type " MPE (Wm
-2
)
(!m) 0.25s 100s 30000s
Helium 0.32 N/A 100 10
-Cadmium 0.44 25 1.0 1.0
Argon Ion 0.49 25 6.3 6.3
0.51 25 10 10
He-Ne 0.63 25 10 10
Nd -YAG 1.06 N/A 50 50
CO2 10.6 N/A 1000 1000
MPEs and
NOHDs
CW lasers
Choice of MPE depends on
conditions of exposure.
Quoted values are for point
sources.
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
Assessed duration of exposure
MPEs and
NOHDs
Multiple pulses
MPE is the smallest of:
Assessing multiple pulses
Condition 1
Single pulse MPE for the
largest pulse
Assessed duration of exposure
Average
Power
MPEs and
NOHDs
Multiple pulses
Condition 2
MPE for equivalent CW laser
Condition 1
largest pulse
MPEs and
NOHDs
Multiple pulses
Condition 3 (excluding UV)
Reduced single pulse
(MPE
rsp
)
For a regular pulse train:
MPE
rsp
= MPE
sp
x N
-1/4
Total-on-time-pulse
TOTP
Sum of pulse energy
and duration
Condition 2
MPE for equivalent CW laser
(MPE
cw
)
Condition 1
largest pulse (MPE
sp
)
Summed over specified period (Generally 10s)
Assigned MPE is the smallest of
MPE
sp
, MPE
cw
, MPE
rsp
MPE values for repetitively pulsed lasers
Excimer
(0.25 !m, 10ns, 10 Hz)
(0.25 !m, 10ns, 100 Hz)
Dye
(0.55 !m, 100ns, 10 Hz)
(0.55 !m, 100ns, 100 Hz)
Nd:YAG
(1.06 !m, 100ns, 100 Hz)
(1.06 !m, 100ns, 100 kHz)
CO
2
(10.6 !m, 10!m, 1 Hz)
(10.6 !m, 10!m, 1 kHz)
Exp s
3 10
4
0.25
3 10
4
10
MPE Jm
-2
1 10
-4
1 10
-5
4 10
-3
1.3 10
-3
8.9 10
-3
5.0 10
-4
170
1
MPEs and
NOHDs
Repetitively
pulsed lasers
Average power MPE is the
smaller
Reduced single pulse
MPE is the smaller
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
MPE
NOHD
MPEs and
NOHDs
NOHD
NOHD Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance
is that distance at which the beam
irradiance equals the appropriate
ocular MPE.
Calculation assumes:
conical expansion
simple power
distribution:
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
Class 1
ENOHD
MPEs and
NOHDs
ENOHD
Extended Nominal Ocular Hazard Distance
is that distance at which the beam
irradiance equals the Class 1 AEL.
Maximum Permissible
Exposure
ENOHD
Calculation assumes:
conical expansion
simple power
distribution:
A laser beam has a
diffuse edge
The beam diameter is
commonly defined as that
which encloses 86% of the
beam energy
Hazard distance
BASICS
Beam cross
section
L
a
s
e
r
radius
Power
density
100%
beam diameter
1/e
2
beam diameter
1/e beam diameter
High divergence/long range
Class 4
CW visible
High
eye
and
skin
injury
Fire
Mid
eye
injury
(>5x
MPE)
Low
eye
injury
("5x
MPE)
Safe
acci-
dental
if NO
viewing
aids
(0.25s)
Safe
acci-
dental
(0.25s)
N
o

r
i
s
k
Question
Where does the
NOHD and the
ENOHD lie in
this figure
Variation of hazard
with distance

ICFO Slides Part 2

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