~ f

i ~ "
- " . . . . . ' CRa~ r/~ I V . .
'"THECALCULATION. OF THE T U R B U L E N T . .
BUU/ q DAKI " LAYP . ~
o : .
. . . . " " .
117. The Pr o bl e m of Bo undar y Layer Ca l c u l a t i o n . i +
The f inal goal of boundary layer theory is to be able t o predict in
q u a n f l ~ way the development of the boundary ]~ yer which f oram
on ~ 1 1 i n given environment. This problem ean, in the preach state
.inveme problem ; i t is ooneerned with t h e w s t he behaViour',d'
turbulent boundary layers . , whichhave not 13een obmn-ved,-but which
will develop when the pressure distribution and surf aee ..spu~ hnem an,
TI~ , chapter will be devoted t o these Froblem, and will give review.
of " the known metheds designed f or approximate ealoulation ~ f the
bvlent boundary layer.
17.1 Bo undar y l ayer equat i o ns. . "
Appro:sdmate methods f or boundary layer ~ ]oulation f irst f ound
application to laminar l ayer The desire f or simple methods arose, J n
this case, f rom ~ he di~ culties which are eonnected ~ t h the aolutios~ o f
non-linear partial dif f erentia] equations f or boundary layer f low. ~ e
t r al ~ f o r mat i o n o f t he equat ions t o a ~ s t e m o f a f inite number o f ordin-
ar y di f f e~ nt i a] equat ions and ~ he . ~ nu] t aueous use o f a f ami l y o f
vel ocit y proK]es depending on one or mor e l~ rA,~ eters, of f ers t he p o l i -
bility of ace, ompli~ h~ g su~ c~ ently exact solutiom with a ~ uo ns bl e.
expenditure of labour.
The particular f orms of the boundary layer equation being oonsidered
f or such a treatment may be divided into two ca~ -gorie~ ~ theTe are
the integral f orms, which can be derived f rmn the boundary laycr
]~ q. (4.9) in a quite general manner by multiplying each .*~ rm of t h e
zs 1~
of know]edp, be a ~ only by semi~ -mpirioa] met hod~ This f ~ t
brings about s dual ' d i ~ t i o n of t he problem. My , an ~ y m of
experhnent~ data .is t o be made in order t o develop the required empi.
r i ~ relatiom. Thi. implies t hst f or experimental bo undt ~ l ayen ~
sometimes ~ quantities which h~ ve no t been ~ am to. be
c~ cu~ ted f rom the boun~ ry ~ yer equsa. s~ Ao ~ Ung to Co ~ e ~ ,
problem rosy be ~l i s d the dimot problem. The ~ problem-is the
154, - J . ( 3 . Ro r r a : . : " :
distance o f t he ~ ~" ~, and t h e i n ~ ove~ y. I f the , best.
~ -according to ~ q. (4.6).is/ntroduced into Eq. (~ .9), t he f ollowing equs-
tion is obtained .
'
f dy f d ,. -' . .
o o
1 o
o 1
f or s clkogete layer,f or ~ n e e 9 - Oor y - 8. ~ _ e ~ u ~ o n f o r y - 0
repreNntl whab is called the wall. const~ int, whi~ . is a n - h n p o r t a u t
f eature of the Pohlhaumn method f or calculation of ~ b o ~
layerL The equations which have f ound &ppHcaMon in t hekno wn
methock f or turbulent boundary layer ealoula~ on are oompiled" in
Table & .
' TABLE "
e~ , ~ , ~ ~ o! ~ ~
f q, (l?.l)
|
A someWha~ dif f eren~ f orm of the energy i n t e ~ equation is obtained
by i n t e g r a t i n g Eq. ( 8 . 1 0 )
l d I d ~ ~ "
@ " 0 8
0 Q "' . 0
. - a
of t he continuity equation. A detailed development of tkia eq~ __tion h ~
been given by Tetervtn and l " . i n s a and ~ , h , . l ~ 9 . e d f orma hawJ b e e n
discussed by Truekenbrodt tat. For some combinations of exponentu,
given inTabl e 4, this equsti0n can be interpreted in terms of physield
qusngiUee. ~.
I n the Noond ~ t , egow the bo unda~ layer equs~ ion is a~ tually ~ tiaf led
I ~ : ~ l "
I
, . . .
. .
r
. o " . " "
~ -
| :
,~- -2 ,.
_ ~ 1- ~ ~ l ~
. I
i .
. , ~ , , , T ~ J
~ ~
0
@
: . . , - - ,
' " ' t a . _ ,
. % - .
i""
' ~ l "
, ! " .
' I
~ ~ -
lID
-
~. . . , i
..~Z .
I
I
~ J
I
z , - - . q I
I s 6 " , L C . l ~: a ' r x
" " U I U ~ s - ,
i : g . " "
( 17 . 3 )
In. thi equ ion, . - hi w u used- or Z u tion znethod. r, t t bY
the present writer s, t. 7, 99, the work done by the mean stresses is re-
placed by the i n t e ~ o~ the total r ~ . of viscous energy cUsaipa~ ion E,
Where E is given b y Eq . ( 7 . ! ) .
While f or laminar boundary layers &ppro~ ,-~ t~ methods are used
only to alleriate the ms~ emaCical ~m~uttie~ i n the i ~ t i a l ~ eVerentif f il
equations, the 0i t u~ o n is entirely dif f erent in the turbu/ent case. The
cironmatam, oe t hst the turbulent motion is not acce~ ible to & ms t h~
mf i ~ treatment, rend em the exact solutiof f i impossible. The extent
to-which the genend system of Eqs. (2.2) t o (2.4) is to be -[mplif ied de,
pends on how f ar i t appears possible to derive, in an empirical manne~ ;
general :~ l~ .f ions f urtlie nn]mown quantitiee f rom available experimenta
which.in turn depends on how many det ~ l s of tlie f low are experL-
mentally determined. I t is not Surprising thr.', the T~iOUS invest, i~pLtom
h~ ve very~ diverging opinions with, regard to the question aa to how ~ Lr
t h e equations should be simplif ied or how compl icat ~ the system rosy
be. This state of :af f airs has r~ u/ t ed in great var/ety of proposed
methods. Very.crude -implif icationa of the problem require only simple
. empirie.al relation- and give equations which e.an eui l y be solved, but
the actual beh~ viour of the f low ia only insu~ ciently taken into aoeoun~
Very complicated methodJ, on the other hand, require, s compMenaive
knowledge of turbulent quantitiee, and the reliability of such m ~
supers of ten f rom inoorreot hypotheses on which t heempi r i cal relation-.
sre based. ~ o m t he theoretical point of view it is important to know
to what degree of ex~ t~ e~ _ and reliability the turbulent boundary
layer can be c a l ~ with preeent knowledge, without regard tO
the time necessary f or practical calculstion. The subsequent review of
the existing methods will be m a d e f rom such standpo/nt.
All equations will be given here f or st: ictly two-dimensional mean
f low, s/though it is not d~ m~ ult to derive the e qus ~ ns f or laterally
convergent or divergent f low.and f or a body of revolution in symm~ tri-
eal f low. ~
18. Descript ion of t he Mean VelociW Prof il es
One of the earliest experimental obeer~ tions, which has, again and
again., f ound surprisingly good conf irmstion by various investigators, is
the already mentioned possibility of rep ~ r~ enting the mean velocity
- + . . . . - . + . . . / . .
" ~ mm o f t u r bu l e l i t . b o ~ + e r s . & p p m~ t e | y b y o n ~ . ~ l ~ !-
me t e r f ami l y o f .cu..rvesin non-,4i,,,,e-+otm, l,~:~:n.dinates. In+the+ inves~i- +-
ga, ttorm on ~, ~-bulent bounds, x 7 l , . yen, ma de befm' o 1 9 ~ , t he mo mm-
t u n, t hi e l mm. ~ , + e o r ~ g t o Eq. ( + . t S) and t he vel + o~i ~/ 3 . s t ' t he o u t =
o f t he b. yez ' wex.e Genend/y. adopt ed ~ leng' -.+, m~d ve! oeit y s o l m.
Aa ~ shJ,.pe ~ . , ' ~ e t e r t he t, SJ, , -~, m n,.tio i . "
. . . . " ~ P ~ / O " " ' " : " " H ~ + - .
i m
+-. " -- ~ . ( x s , ~ }
prome, t he n ~I] poi nt s o f 17117. f rom meaamummon~ o f vaziou s soux, o m +
pl ot t ed ~ H t o o u t ~ t ~ o f ~vl ~ shou l d f a a o n ,~u~le o u x ~
. ' +
. ? .
- ~ 1 . ~ .
. ' .
0 . ' . - T - - - , " "

-
. . . . o ,
~ . + - ~ _ ~ .
. " " . "
"" I ~ " 1 4 l - I I , I 2 - 0 I , I . I - l . . I - I 2 4
" " " " " X * - " " , " " . . :
t o o . ILL C ~ . o . o S ~ , A~ + ~ +t m~ m.
. ~ ~ym~ ~mm v . . Doenho~ m~d ~ m~ n " with powm~sw
~ ~o mm { . s ~ o n mv m~ . . .
P . x ~ n e n ~ d pogrom: o W~ - e Ay e - z . .
V 4 , x 1~
Cm~' : ~ , + mq . 0 s-+~ "
Ao o t ~ i o n Of . u ~ mn.vm for vm.iou* v,,.tum o f ~/8, as g i ven b y v.
D o e nho f f and Tet ervi nl t , is F t es ent ed i n Fir,. 181, whi c h s hows t h a t
U/ U. ~- in f aet , ~part &-ore some s c s ~ funation o f H l one for
g i ven val u e o f y]O. ~ o theoret.iea] supP or~ for t hi s obs ervat i on mm b e
~iven. The p o n r . l ~ w
Pl U. - ~ , to+ 0 < ~ < s , ~ , s . 2 )
i rri t at ed by l ~nmdt ] f or pr e s e nt s t i on o f t he +,+,elocit;y . distribUtion o f
t u r bu l e nt pi pe f l ow and fl ~t pl at e bou ndary lay~ wi t h an e x pone nt
n .-. 1/ 7 , wa+ g eneral i zed by P ret s ch s4 t o t he profiles o f t u rbu l ent bou n-
dar T l ayers i n a r b i ~ r y pressure di st ri bu t i on, ~dml t t i ng a var~dng
l SS ~ : C , ~ . r , r x
ex ponent . Usiag t ~ power-18w, Pret~cb; derived the fol l ow/ rig ml s t / o ns
ml B mm ,
8 ~ + I - H + I '
# ' ~ , ' B - 1
- ~ " C, , + l ) ( ~ / + 1) = s ( z / + l ) '
== 2 n- t . l : . :
Os.s)
IS
/
tO
i ,
I
- 3 "S - 3 " 0 - ~ ' S
- .
\
- 2 " 0 " - I . $ - I . , 0 . $
l oq ~ : . "
F Xo. 18 . 2 . ~. ~el oci t y d e f e c t p r o f l 1~ 1"or & t u r b u l e nt b o , . , , ] A. 7 " I s y e r hz
a d v e r s e p r e s s u r e g r s d i e nt a s c o o t ~l i ng t o me ~ mr e me n t 4 by, Lu d w i e g a n d
T ~ f l I S d ~ S T .
@ I , , , 7 . 5 H , - 1- 3 T U , ~ ' / r m 1 . 1 . 104
X 12. 0 1- 53 3 - 1 . 1 0 4
0 IS. S 1.64 4 . e . 104
4- 2 0 - 0 1- 7 0 6 . 6 . 10 4 '
0
2 0
0
" 4 " 0
: 35

3O
;BS
T hem t h e power-law f or the velocity l ~ o~ dea m a y be e x p ~ ia the
.~om.
O' ( I s. 4]
1
" HI l l +I f
clr~wn f r om t i ck e q u s ~ o n / n ~ . 18.1 shOW al oee agx~ement w i t ~
t he ex pof i ment ~! d s t s of v. D o e n h o ~ a u d Tet ervin. Th~ powe r l ~ w i ,
f ou nd mn 7 um~ul f o r t he p u a ~0 ~ o f m&t hemst i csl s ns l y s i s and i s o f t e n
appl i ed e ve = no w . . . . - : " -
.. - ......-. :...-.. . .':' . " /.... -.. "~ . . . . ':'~ ..
TI ~ __m~ e__ntia3def ect of t he power-law ;.s t he poor agreement' wi t h t he
ac-tual b e ~v i o u r i n t he p r o ~ t y o f t he wi l l . After t he experimen tAl
~ -erif i~ t.ion of t he u n i ~ . l a w of t he wall, i t was a l o gi ~ l ~ , p t o spp!..y ..I
t.he oonoept of sing]e-parameter vdo ci t y prof iles t o t he ~ -elocity def ect-
prof ilm, def ined b y . . . " ..- . . ' . . . . . :: '
. ... ~ , . o . . - , ' ( ~ ' - ~ " ' . ( lS.5~
" " ' ~ a* l T . . / " " .. . " " ~ ' , v " - "
velocity pro~ ies f rom ~ e n t a by Ludwieg ~ d ~ "
are pre~ ___nted i . t his ms =n = in Fig. IS~ . . The val ue o f ! def ined by
Eq. (15.10) may be oonsidered as t h e ~ g , h~ pe 1~ r~ metmr.
I f tlaeae def ect prof iles f orm in f a~ , s one-pa~ anet er f amily, t he n t he
oonsta=t E o f t h e .a~3mptotie rel at i on( l l ; . ~) is a f u n~aon o f l . ~ l o n e /
Furt hermore, any higher m~ ler, mo ment of veloci' ty ~ u t i o n i s
uni quel y relsted, t o I , f or example t he taiird order momem~ . ' . :
" ' " ' " I 2 - " |( U, o - U. ) / ~ - ) S d , " " ( 15 . 6)
. d ~ . , I K I . '
'" ~ " " I ) . . " ..~ .
, <. . " , , . - . - . .
, , ~ is ~ for the " a ~ t a o n of ~ e , , e ~ . ~ " S m
point of view o f boun . ~ . l ayer e~ Ic~ lsf ion, it is neoemsry .bo know
t h ~ r e l a ' d o ~ q u a u t ~ y , : . . . . . . . . ..
r el at ao~, a. , dmple appro-;-~ ation f or .the ~ l o e i ~ prof ile ]~ s. been pro-
posed .by Rott~ es, ~ 7. which was independently also r~gge, ~l by Rom
and l~ )bertamn ~ 2. The t ent at ive appr o~ mat i on ~ of t he l ~ -
mie l aw of t he wall, Eq . ( 11. 4 0 ) , t o which a linear t er m is added,
t , -~ , , , ~ - ~ + o . .fo, o ,~ .~ ,= a, (~ .~ )
where A denotes free.parameter.-The thie~ eu of t h e . ] ~ ~ layer"
is def ined by t he c~ ndition U - U.o f or s ~ . Then Eq . ( 18. 7 ) ean .be
rewrit t en in t he f orm of a def e~ law -
- - - ( : s . s )
Nog]e~d ng t h e d epart ure o f t he vd ocd t~ d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t he s u b l a ~ "
f r om t he log~a-it~,,~;e l a ~ , t he i n t e g ~ t i o n ove~ y/~ gi ve~ t he d iq)laoe-
ment t hi ckness
b ~ U . I + A
- , . ( ~ s . ~ )
l e O " " J . C . R o ' r r . , L
With t he use of t~his V~lue t he qu~ntitiee K, I t n d 1~ e~m be
from Eq. ( 18.8) ~ t function of t he lumm~eter A: .
X- _ x + . a +
/ I f K K -
2 + 3 A q , , t A Z
~ l ~ )
e +~A - Fx~AZ+2 A=
I s - . . . . ~ ( I + A)
( I s . x o )
1
2 o
j l
K to
i . ! .
JJ L ~ , .
I
Fx o. l S. 3 . ~ t . ~ ofF, q. ( 15. 7 ) ~ a fi m~ [ on of m. ~ pe ~ t m . f
.. ~ I f r o m l ~q. ( 18 . 10 ) , K f r o m Eq . ( l & I I ) , ~ - - 0 - 4 .
. . . . I a n d K f r o m Eq . ( 18. 14) , ~ - 0. 4. . . . .
ExpertmentAd datJ.
x S e h u ] t z - Gr u no wU * ( dP . , / dm . 0 )
" . O + } L~ i wi e ~ Ti l l ma a n . ' d . P . l d z > 0
Ludwi e g- T' d] mm~ *T d . ~. o/d . . ~ < 0
8imflar.btr~ more retined appro~mat i on to the defec~ prome ha4 been
T h e e o ml mz ~n of these r e l at i on s Wi t h e x pe r i me n . t, ~ l r e n l t , s u g p ~ z
a l ittl e modification. of t he equation for ~-. T h e r e l at i on " [
- + - - . ( x s . u )
. . ; ~ - . - . . ' . - " '
. , - .
iog, tu-ithmio t s w is described by t ~ m. . i v ' e mv a , l function to( ylS) , whi r . hi s
e.tlled t he l t w o f t he wt2 :e. The : eMon f ar t~,; , ~ o i o e o f t e r ~ ; , , o l o ~
. . .
. , . ' . o . , ,
. . " " . - o " . . .
.,.: ,, ) r -
. o
- 6 0 0 " "
r
. o .
, . . . . , " " .
l , _ _ / q
: 3 0 0 - . " "
s'O0 . ~ . / . "
~ . - ,~

: . , o , , f
- . , . . . ,, , , -" . . -
" . 4 I t , $ t O "MF M .
o "" . ,
. " , . .
. from ~q. -l Z Sa. o) , - o . ~
v . .
. . . . frnm ~q. ( n L t ~ ) . . = o ~
~ a l ~ r t v N n t a d d ~ m i , "
x ~ u l t ~ n o , , u , ( ( w . / ~ . oi
+ o } Lu d , . , ~ - ~ . , d ~ . / ~ O . ~ e
. ?
vel ocit y profiles in a plane hal f . rake or hal f-j et. The vel ocity defect
profile may then be wri t t m u . .
I I 4, r . K 0 K
The wake f rmet i on ,-' ,, ~, = 0 for ~l~ - 0 , tt,( vlS) = 2 for S1/~ = 1, s nd
~t i s f i es t he normalizing eonditio~
1
- ~ , , , - l C v / S ) - x . ( x s . x s )
Equation ( IS.9) is valid also for the vel ocit y profile of Y~I, ( 18.12 ) , i f
A is replaced by B. A tentative determination of t he wake function is
W ' r
l e 2 " ' 3' O. ~ : .
t
t . , b , ~ t , , d i n the p , , ~ r by OoZe, " . A ~om~. -' k,o,, ,,,-it~ t he . , q , ~ , ' ~ , . ~
d at a, of . v a r i ou s sou, toes i s s h o w n i n F i g . l & & T h e s e i n c l u d e me a m= e -
merits i n t he turbul ent mix iug zoneof, , : freepl r, . ue j e t by L iepmainn L ud
L - - u, t'er a. , t h e pl at e bo u nda r y l aye~ a nd b o u nd m7 l~.vers i n ad v e r s e :
preesure g radi ent s f rom ' various ps pers . A m; - o r d e f e ~ wh i c h t hi s v e l o -
c i t y profil e h a s i n e o mmo n w i t h t~he t wo pr e vi ou s l y me nt i one d repre-
senta~tionm i s . t hAt t he de r i vat i ve ~U/~ is no t e x a c t l y zero. at y - &
V e l oc i t y profil es cz l cu l at ed by . t hi s me t h o d f or a s eparat i ng t u rbu l ent .
bou ndar y l ayer ~ pl o t t e d as s ol i d cu rves i n Fig.. 15 . 1.
. . _.....,Llelmmam~ : " "
. . . .
. , / - - . .
I" ~ . . . J , ~ ' ~ e ' ' ' ~ ~ ewme~ . " "
eeOI P e* d
-
, ' o
, o. | o
o " - " o - t 0 " 4 - 0 . 6 O ' e " t ' O

1~o. l&& T h e law of t h e wake ~ e e Cole~*:
Rel atiO ns very si mi l ar t o t hos e o f Eq. ( 18. 10 ) a ~ obt ai ne d f or t h e
qu s nt i t i e s l~' , I , I s :
1 I + B 2 B
K - - - I n + .... ,
R K K
I : - , ~( I+ B) " ~ Os. 14)
6 + 1 I . 13 9 B + 8 . 5 ~ + 2 . 5 8 3 ~
~ 3 = ' . . . . .
~ ( l + a )
Cu r v e s e s l e u l a t e d f r o m t h e s e e q u a t i on s a r e d r a w n i n F i g . 18 . 3 a n d 18 . 4
e , .
~d -hOw g ~ ~ . t ~t h ~ ~ , ~ a ~ t h ~ Cisi~O) - ~
By t h e d e f i n i t i . ' o m o f I a n d I z t h e ' f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s b 0 1 d b e t w e m
~ e ~ t t h / c k n e s s ~ . mo me n t . mn t b J e ] me s s O,. s n ~ ~ t h i o k - .
n ~ s ~ , . : - " . . . ' . . ; " " ' . .
" ~ " , i ' " " ' ' " " " ' S "
- " / 7 . 17 " : " . . ~, . ~ , "
+ ' - + , -
J ' ~ . ~ , ~ , . , ~ * ~ . , ~ . , ~
. , . - , , , ,
n
. ~ , . .
n
o , + .
A e . . | - , i . a , n , i " "
14
" I,?
,. + . ~ . . . , . . ~ . .
~ _ _ . . ~ . .,
, ~ _ . . ~ . , ~ j
~
- - 1 , , ~ ? - -
t - o o- z o- 6 ~ - ~ 14 ~ 2" 4 a 4 ~ ' 8 ~ , 0
H
1 ~o . 1 $. 6 . . l t e l s t i o n b e t w e e ~ v e l o c l t y - p r o f i l e s h a p e p a r a me t e r s B" m. r ' / O , .
r.f m ~' / e . a nd l o c a l e ki n i~riction e o e ~ e . i e n t t e z c o r d i ng t o F.xps. ( I S . 1 0 )
a nd ( 18 . 15 ) a f t e r R o t t a t %
.
Aco~ xling t o t hem ~ o n s and those of Seet ion 11 t he mean velocity
f ield including t he f low in t he r sublaye~ , is. det ermined whenever the.
kinema~ io viscosity v, t he surf see r o u = h - ~ . ~ l~ A,~ -terized by. t he scale
"krand t bzeeo f t he f our parameters ~ 'm; 1,,, ~ iand B are known. Beeaum
of t he relations Eq. (18.14J and (18.15) t he parametem 8 and B may be
replaced by t wo ot her boundary layer thieknees parameters, e.g. ~ * and
8. This means, t hat t he velocity prof ile is completely det er mined by
v, . ~ ~ ,o, 0 and t he s ha pe pe ~ me t e r H. As an example t he rela~ on be-
t ween t he th/ckneea ratio~ He - ~ * I 0 , a n d local skin f~ietion eoeffleien~
c~ is represented in Fig. 18.6, This dis4Fsm is baaed on vMues of I ~ nd.
Izaeeording t o Eqs. (l&10), which are not ~ ery dif f erent f rom t hroe o f
Eq& (18.14). ..
When u, spproaehes zero (i~ e. l hn ~ -* 0), t he paramet er A or B in
Eq& (l&8)' and (18.12) t e nds t o inf inity. From t he boundary condition
U. , 0 f o r y - 0 we have .
, . . .
' " .
lira ~ ,~ v, , . 1 ~ d .lira ~ ,B- u, ..=. i .. ( l $. l e)
. . . . ~ - e ~ 17,, . vv~ e ~ . 17,,
. , . . . ". - . , - " . .
" U r n / 7 ~ / B a n d I / m U " .w~IS ) 1 8 . i7 )
. , ' U . . , - 0 U -
respectively. FAther of t hese equaf iormprovidee t he _~ __~ pe of t he prof ile
s t point o f separation or r e - ~ t . " .
Whereaa t he ~ / ~ ; l ~ it y l&wa f or t he wall f low and also f or t he vel ocit y
def ect of t he f iat plate and equilibrium .boundary layers, are based on
clear physical ideas, t he s/mf larity concept mvnl ved in Eq. (18.12) goes
f ar beyond t he ]imlta of ~ ime.nsional -a,~ lysi~ Theref ore these ~ o n s
eLn be applied t o conditions ~ ut~ ide t he mn p of o ~ o n a only wit h
some reservstions. A special esution is in order when t he boundary l ayer
is subject t o extraordinary conditi0ns as in t he neighbourhood of tranai-
t ion L~ om laminar t o t urbul ent f low, near sepa~ t ion, re-at t achment
behind obst ~ l es, and sudden t r adi t i o n f rom smooth t o rough sur.~ ce
or vice versa, Also high level o f f ree stream turbulence may have a
strong inf luence on t he shapeof t he velocity prof ile as has experimentally
been shown by Wieghsrd~ U.
The exeellen~ co n~ n&t i o n f or s large number of measurements u
e.ddueed by Coles, calls-direc~ y f or s.phyaical explanation. Coles bug-
gest, ed an intuitive, interpretation which may. help t o understand t he
phenomenon. A hypothetieM velocity prof ile composed of t he law of t he
wall and t he law of t he wake is shown in Fig. 18.7. The dsahed l ine
represents t he law of t he wMl a~ cordlng to Eq. (11.3). The dMh-point
":" "i " " . . . . . . . . .
~ ( 2 - w ) / ~ , aud t he intercept at y m0 of the equivalent wake profile..
t3~re~bre di~e~) from t he velocity in the ~ stream by an a mo u ~
~ / ~ . Since t he ~ l e n t motion in the outer p ~ of a be u nda ~ l ~y e r
is e~ectivel y, u nr m~e t e d and the proee~ of entraiurmmt of -nan-"
t ~bu l e nt flaid ~ k m plaoe by pmoe ~m very ~ t o those obeerved
in Wakm and | e ~ , t he boundary l~yer may be viewed as a wake flow.,
i nt o which a ~olid t ~ , pkt e h plse~d at the central p l a u e , - ~ v e l 0 ( ~"
de f e ~ o f ~ e wake being 17 , ) - U - ~u ~) / ~ a t ~e centre. At ~ ) ~
of the pl st~ the bo u nda ~ oondi~om of v--~-~ing velo~iW ~ d mo l e -
o u ~ friction are t o be ~ t ~ e d . These oond~ion~ impose an ~ddit~n~l
constraint on t h e flow, whose e f e ~ k t o modify t ~e menu , v e i o ~i ~
dism~b~ion as shown by ~e. ~ol id line in Fig. 18.7 . Near the pl a~, where
t H I
. o .
I ~ / / "" " " "" " "
I ~ " " / / '
- - - " ' ( ~ ' } - - - - - ~ ' , ) ' ( ~ ) " / t . . .
/
/ , / / . " .
- . - . . . . . i t . . J / .
. U
~ a . 1 8 . % l ~ p o ~ , h e f i o s ~ v e l . ~ t y p r o f i l e o f u ) r b u l e n t b o l md l ~ l S : nw.
- - - - - - v e l o o i ~ , c t i ~ . - i b u U o n ~ t o t h e l a w o f t h e
Eq. (n3).
v e l o c i t y d i s t r l b ~ t i o n o f w a k e ~t o w. .
1 6 6 3 . C. F , OT' r . a .
"the mean wake vel ocit y is nearly constant, t he constraint provided by
. v i a c o ~ t y produces ~ f low pat t ern . a s d e mn ' i b e d by t he similarity l~ w of
wa l l f low~ "
T h= e. e= ~ i, , ome other e m p i ~ methods o~ ~ ~ ~
:velocity ln'of ile. Of turbulent; boundary' Isyem,. which w e . ment ion here
f or t he ~ e o f completenem. H;_,d;moto~ t a' o po ~ l a one paramet er. re.
of prof ilm c o mp ~ e d o f two univemal f imctions. Very recent l y an a n ~
Iytical rel&tion c o n t ~ ; ~ t hr ee parameter~ has been given by , . ~ md-
. ~ ~ 0 l . . - : . . . . . . -. ..
. . . . .
19. Local Ski n Fr i ct i o n Coattlct~ nt
~ The e~ l.lC, ul at ion of t he leeal akin f i-iction coef f icient de/ ~ ed as
" ' , ,
. ~ 1 , w
cf - ( ] 9 . 1)
p ~ . ,
-
" . . :
' becomes necessary m connection wit h two di~ erenb problems. The ~ h~ st
one is t he det er ~ , , - ~ i o n of t he s ki n f ziction in t he f i~ mework of . a
boundary layer predicting caloulaf ion. The second problem is t he de t e r -
ml n~ t i o n. o f - ~ - f i ' i e t h m i n a boundary layer, f or which"the mean vole-
city f ield is experiment al l y determln,~ d, but no direst me~ ur ement of ,
' ~ e wa l l shear i ng otreas h , , - been ram, d e. :.
19.1 Ski n f r i ct i o n f o r mu l a e '
: S e ~ w Of' the Sener~ y" ob~ , r~ ed i ' ~ that the mw v e l o ~t y p r o f i l .
f orm nearly a one paramet er f Lm]ly, t he local akin f ~ iction coemcien6
c a n a p p r o , ~ , ~ t e l y 1)o c o r r e l a t e d wi t h l ocal quanti' d es l i k e b o u n d a r y
l ayer thirknesa, velocity Um outside, t he layer, vi~ wsity v, rouslmeas
10arzmeters, and prof ile Shape parameter. A number of empirical rely-
tions have been proposed f or t he - ~ n f riction of t he f iat plate heunclaz T
layer on smoot h surf aces. The ol de~ lmown relation is,. -
' / 1 7, o 0 ~ , - u 4 - '
.
~ m
which was deduced f rom measuren~ nta of t he pressure .drop in f l ow
t hrough & pipe. A comparison of various f ormulae has been given by
Granville ~ . The ef f ect of t he shape parameter was d i ~ u t ~ U, Is7 f or a
long t ime until elee~ r experhnental evidence was achieved by ~ huba ue r
and Klebanof l ~ a and Ludwieg and T~ II,,~ A,~ ,s7 t hat t he skin f riction
coe~ cient decreases when t he shape parameter H increases.
The physical basis f or t he calculation of t he wall shearing stress is
provided by t he post ul at ion of t he universal law f or t he mean velocity
distribution near t he wall. I f a mean velocity prowls compoNd of t he
. . . . .
o f t he wan ono
adopted, the local ~ zin'L-iction co ~ ci ent can be ~ omputed f rom Eq .
, , ,
(is.s) t o give . . . . . . . . . . . . : : . . . . :
~ noe, with t ~ e ~ . ppo s i t i o ~ , ~ is a f unction of'the a h a ~ pa ra m e t e r
I a ~ z r d i n g t o i ~ . 18.3, a n d t he m o m e n t u m t hi ckn e ~ e is related to.
t h e ~ , m e n t t ~ e m ~* ~ y Eq . (XS.;~). th~ ; o ~ ~ ~ o .
coefficient c a n o o n v e m e n t l y b e e x p r e m m d ,,, a function of R e yn old ~
number U~ 8/~ , slmpe Im~ meter H and ratio of r0ughne~ ~ .ale t o me-
mentum ~ ]ti~ me~ ~ v~ e, in the f orm : . - .
- - , . : .
~ - ~( s , t , / s) . (z~,4)
cient f rom t h e propertim of .the velocity prof ile, which const~ tutee t he
~ ; " advantage of dividing the underlying velocity pro~ !e into two
Inufiles at t w o diffenmt k y e r a . : '.
F c ~ m m o o t h m f r f a ~ ; Eq. (19.3) ~ u be rewritten wi t h ~ t he m e : o f
Eq. ( 18.15) ~o give . . . . "
.. ~ - 11 1
;- I n - - --.'- . 1 - + . (19. . 5)
- K % ) * i ~ - ,
Eq; (lg.S) w~ th the ai d of EqL (18.10), (lS.ll}, and (IS:lb'} is ~ in
Fig. 19.1. The ~ o y of t his re~ ttion relies on the empirical ~ "
x and 0(0) of the law of the wall. I n order to &void the unoertatnti~
which may ~ eventu&lly be ~ uJed by inacour~ .iel i n these co n~ ut s ,
Ludwieg and T~ , , ~ . e 7 departed f rom the ~ e n t &l .f ziotion law
of the constant preemlre layer. These authors derived on the barn of
their experimen~ in combination with the su~ -position of simultancow
ezistenoe of a universal law of the wall and lingle tin--meter velo~ T
profilm t he approximate f ormula
c , - o.2 4s. 10~ - o. , = ~ n ( U. 8 / , ) - o. m, ( 19 . 6)
w b ~ ~elds f or U.~8/v > 1 0 0 0 a n d H < 9. e me ~ ; , ~ . y t h e s a me r e s u l ~
. Eq . (19 .5 ) . T h e recent m e a m z m m e n t ~ m a d e b y S m i t h a n d W a l k e e Izz
in addition to Schultz-Grunow'e ns data give g o o d mr p l x ) r t t o t h e f z i o -
tion Isw of ]~ q. (13.13), aa seen f zom Fig. 13.5. Since ~ .q. (19.$) sgrees
f ormally with Eq. (13.13), it ia to be expeeted t hs t Eq. (19.~ ) will yield
correct resutte f or the same range of Reynolds n-mbera.
Th e typical belmviour of turbulent f low on rough surf aces, as dee-
cribed in Section 11 is t hat f or very small roughness the value of C' ;,,
1 6 8 : . ". ~ J . . G . ~ . ""
constant:such t h s t ~ f r o m Eq. (19.4) is independent of the r ~ o / ~ / 8.
The s u r t ' ~ . i s hydmu~ e.~ ly ~ anoo~ in t h i s l~ m~ t, ing ~ With inca~ u-
ing heights of roughness the ratio. ~/8 ~ n ~ more and more inf luence
relative to the Reynolds number/7.~ /v, until f inally the skin f riction
coe~ cient is-s f unction of ~ /~ and ~ v only. This.is the other llm~ ting
case of &completely rough surf ace.The value of ~ obeys the asymptotio
f orm given by Eq. (II.4~ ). l l ' t his relation is introduced in Eq, (19.3),
the local skin f riction coef f icient can be c s l ~ f rom " ...
" l l n
c, , . , ,
The result is given in Fig. 19~ f or 1 T~ l s e ' s sand ~ rou~ mesL
This d i a ~ m has s general siguif icanco sinco, i n t he completely rough
regime, any t ype of roushne~ can beexprewed by an equivalent sand
rou4~ hneea, as.outlined i n Sect/on 11, . .. ..
+,
,o , I t
t . '
o . I
0 , ~ ~ 2 ~ - ~ ' ~ . ~ - - . ~ , . s
0 - ! ,
1 S~ * O 6 I 0
~"~o. 19.1. Local ~ in f l-lethm coemclent ot turbulent ~ und~ F l~ ye~
prof iles o~ smooth sur/'scu f rom .Eqs. (19-6), (18.10}, (IS.II), and
( 1 8 . 1 . 5 ) . ,r - , 0 - 4 ~ C( O ) - , 6 - 2 .
For t he transient r e ~ e between hydrsulically smooth, and com-
pletely ro. gh surf aces the repreeent~ tio~ is more complex,.sinco seoord-
ing to Eq. (19.4) c~ ia s f unction of three independent v&ri~ bles, which
cannot be given explicitly. Apart f rom this dit~ cnlty there is not s un/que
. . - . . . .
. , . . . ' , .
, ion, . i f . f or b the. grain ~ of t h e e q u b ~ l e n t sand ~ r ou gh u e ~ : k
i nt r o d u a ~ This is dearl y de mons t nt e d by t he e x l ~ e n ' ~ d resul t~ "
oompiled in l~i~; 11.14. The deviations from t he straight lines t end t o :
different d i r e c t i o n s for t he va~ou s t ypes of rou ~hne~. Mostly, i t
t o b e j ~ to. u s u me for b o ~ l ayer ~a/1 ~u! atiom ~ .
compl et el y rough or a hydraulically smoot h marface d e l ~. ~i ~e o n
- . . .
! " ' I . " I : I : I ' t , , ~ t < , " - "
I . ~ ". I ~ , / ~ ' * . ~ ~
.
1, 0 I ; 0 "
l i ~ ' ~ 1 0 " ; , l J l O ' i . I ~ D "~ . I
l ~ n
. ,
~ a. I0. ~ . Loe~ , kin ~o'.~oB eoem~ ent of ~ b u l mt ~ ~
prol l k, s on eomplewly rough ~ u~ ra~ wit~ mud ~ - t ~ 3 p e of ~
cal cu l at ed. f rom Eqe, ( 19. 7 ) , ( 15, 10 ) , ( 15. 11) a nd ( l g. 15) . .
, ( - 0 ~ 4 , C , - , 8 " 4 . "
F or ~. O l , < (U. ~l , ), the ~ is to be oon~dmX] - . beb~
whi ch of t he t wo -~ases gives a higher val u e for t he ~ friction c0efli-
e i e nt . F or this reason, i n ~' 2 g. 19.2 dot t ed cnrves are drawn in for con-
st ~nt Reynol ds h u mo r s ( U~/ v) s , for ~hi c h ~q . ( 19.5) for mnooth mn ~
face g i ves t he same va]ue of "skin friction e oe ~c i e nt as ~ l . ( 19.7 ) . ~Them
t he actual Reynol ds number U ~ / v is l ower t han (U~/ v) , the s u z f a ~
is t o be considered as being hydraul i~11y smootl ~ ~ e s e e u r v ~ are
o b t a i n e d b y equating the right-hand sides of Fxls. ( 19.b~ and ( 19.Y~
Thi s g i res
~ " " ~ , ~ ~ .e / , CXl~( ,,[ C,- 0 ( o ) ] ) . ( z g . s )
17 .0 J ' . C. R ~ T A -
19-1 D e t e r mi na t i o n o f s k i n f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e nt f or. e x p e r i me nt a l
. bou ndary l ayers
T h e computstion o f t he local skin fi~ction i' or ~ n t a l velocity
pro~des is s problem of grest practical si gni fi c anc e, si nc e t h e e x pe r i -
me n t a l determ;,~*~ion o f t he w a l l s h e a r s t r e e a i s a a l l . c u l t t a ~ whi c h
requires the use oC special devicm. Such deviom are very o t ~n e~ther
not &vzil~ble or not appUcsblec The method o f calcuIsting the ' veal]
s h ~ stress from Newton' s relstdon
1 ~ , aO'
i
( 19.9)
f . n . i n most casee ai n e e i t k . a l m o n i mpo ~bl e to make ralisble velocity
me u u z e me nt l cl ose enou g h t o t he wi l l t o be t bl e to" determine f ~e
~o c i t y gradien~ aU l ~. wi th ~e n t ~ ~t t h e . ~] L Ap~
~ o m thk~ t he met hod ~ no~ sppl ieabl e in t h e e m o f roug h
. 0 . 0 1 2 5 . . "
/ , ,
' ' . " 0 . 0 1 4 0
' ) /
. . . . .
0 . 0 0 ! I , , "
" I ' " '
O . O 0 : L q ~ ' . . e , , d , ~
- w u . _ - .
: I 1 . s 4 S
~ m
Fz e . 19.3. C41eubsted local akin ~ i e t i c m eoegk, h mt o r s t u r b u l e n t h ou r i .
~r y Lsye~ in r h ~ pro.urn ~ e r w i e s ~ V ' .
~ u t h e t ~ U m e ~ o m d momeuu~ m i n t e e ml e q u al ; on
o ~ r ~ . 19. 1.
For s l ons t i me it was not possible at all t o measure t he local , I t ; , 1 f r i c -
t i on in 6 turbul ent boundary l~yer wi t h srbitrar~ pressure distn~bution.
The onl y possibil ity t hen was t o cs l cu l s t e t he sign fi-iction c oe ~e i e nt
from yon I ~ r m~ ' s moment u m integral equation ( 4.11) , or No. 1 o f
Tabl e 5. This method, i f cozeful l y carried out, gives qu it e reasonable
results for boundary layers in constant or fal l ing pressure. However,
wi t h boundary ! ~yers in rising pressure t he di ~c u l t y is t hat t he t wo
. . . . " .
, " . ' . " . : ~ .
opposi t e ~ so t h ~ r4 i s t o be e.~ lculated as s small dif l'erenoe between"
t wo large values, which in their t urn must be computed f rom measured
quantities by numerical or graphical dif f erentiation. Consequent l yt he
results of t his met hod are extremely sensitive t o small -~ Lv0idsble
er r o r s i n t he measurements and ealeulationa. I n addition, any Small
devist ion f rom t wo-db, *ml onal it y of t he mean f low, mpeciaHy lateral
convergenoe o r dive/ genee o f t h e ~ e t m- l i n m, pr 0duew co nddembl e
errors. This is demonstrated in Fig. 19.$ by comparing, f or.& boundsa 7
layer i~ rising pressure, t he loeal skin f riction coef f icients ~ d ~
f rom t he t wo~ imensions] moment um integral equt t i o n wi t h t h o ~
. . . . ' . . . . . .
. . . , . - . ; . .
" I - O . , "
. Ue Y . . " ".
e x l ~ n ~ . ~ v e l ~ . ' ~ I ~ a t ' ~ ~ t ~ , ' , . . .
o
o ~ e d f rom Fig. 19,1; The results f rom "the moment um equation
s i mu l s t e ~ s u dden rise o f t he - ~ - friction coemoient, whi c h does no t
actually ooour. I n f act i'. is sl most impossible t o estLblish s eompletely
two~ f imen=ional mean f low wit h ]Lbomtory experiments. The secondary
f low in s b o ~ d a r y ]syer wind t - , . ~ ] h u been ~ t ~ d by Till-
ma~ rt14~ . Theref ore, t ] ~ met hod of calculating t he skin f riction f rom
measured velocity distributions has not proved t o be adequate f or
t urbul ent boundary kyer s in a d ~ s e premmre gradients. The simplest
manner h of Course t o eetimste c4 f rom t he zeintions Eqs. (19.5), (19.6)
or (19.7). Anot her met hod supposee only t he - - i vema] inw of t he wall,
and is not bound t o t he validity of a universal one parameter def ect
law. The measured velocity prof ile is pl ot t ed in a sem~ log~ ri~ m~ e dis-
gram. The f riction velocity, f rom which t he local skin f riction eoe~ cient
de ;--d or the
- by t he relat/on
- ( : 9 . : 0 )
j f
' Thi s met ho di s applicsble t o smoot h as weLl as rough surf aces, but
t he resulf relies on t he accuracy with which t he aiopecan be det erml -od
f rom' t he measurement s and o f t he constant x. The u~ eerta~ ties are
reduced ~ t he met hod proposed by ClsnserD is applied U illustrated i n
Fig. 19.4. The law of t he waU aeeordin" g t o l r~ : 11.1 is replottsd as a
universal f amily wit h variotm pammet em ~ t, The actual u, is determined
by selecting t he appropriate member of t he f amily which best f its t he
measurements. This met hod requires t he surf ace t o bes mo o t h or t he
e~ ' ective mug]mesa scale t o be kno w~ A ~ mpli~ eation o f Clauser'a
- et hod is suggeeted byBradshaw7 according t o which s curve U(.V) .
is t o be pl ot t ed f rom t he law of t he wall a~ - m; ng a f l r ~ value of y t t , /~,
- a n d vsxTing u,. The intersection of this curve with t he exper:.mental
curve/7(.V) determines t he e~ ,tusl value of ~ ,, a n d thus ~ .
. . . . : , .
20' De t e r mi na t i o n of Shemr i n~ St r es s Di s t r i but i o n
The interest in tim e h e a ~ s t r e s s distribution of turbulent boundary
layers has.its origin in t he f act t ha t o n t he r/ght-hand aides of all bo un-
dary layer equations of : Table 5, except f or the. moment um integral
equation, t hem occurs ~ t erm containing t he ~ g st~' ,,,~,~.~____..Henee..
kn owle d g e is req uired of t he shearing ~ distribution as well as t he
me ~ veloeity pro~ le and t he local ~ i n f riction e0emelent; otherwise
t he equations cannot be used f or numerical ealeulation of t he boundary,
layer. This proble m does n o t exist for laminar b o u n d a r y layers, be-
cause here the shearing st r eu ~ be caleulzted f i'om Newton' s relation.
Once t h a velocity prof de is amumed, t he shear stress is determined by
8/ 7
t . 2 o . l )
I f f or instance, ~ he boundary layer prof iles are assumed t o be ~ one
parameter f amily, t hen t he shearing stress prof iles also f orm a one para- -
met er f amily. The search f or an adequate relation between shearing
strees distribution and mean velocity prof ile and ot her h a r ~ t ~ i n g
parameters is t he central problem in t he appr ~ ; ~ - ~ t e ealeulation of
general turbulent boundary layers, f or which a satisf actory solution
has not yet b~ e n found. T h e difficulty is that the shearing stress distri-
bution m u s t be k n o w n wi t h a remarkable degree of aecursey, as will
be s h o w n later in this chapter.
. . - - - , - , - - _ _ ,
: . / , , , ~ . , ~ , . a Bo ~ . , ~ , . . . , r ~ , . _ . . ' ' . .
i n ~ .l=Z .
, "~ ~ , ~ , . . ~ ~ . . .
20~. 1 Th e d t . r e ~ I p r ' o b l ~ . } . " i ' : " ~ i " . i : : . " ' . i.. "
- O : I . ~' / r ~ - I
: ~ . ~ - l e ~ - d e l ~
. s. e = , - l ~ - o
~ / . - - , ~ : 4 . ~ ' " - 0
ahearing st.rea di s ~ uut i o n requires, Of eo m~ , t he dat a of n mn ~ .
probably a great n u mb e r - o f t urbul ent bcundary layers,f or whi~ t h e
mean vel ocit y f ield.is e ~ t a l l y known; The experimental det er - .
- ; ~ - t ion o f t he shearing st rem is posdbl e byus i ng t he ho t wire t eeh-
nique~ But such ~ e n t a are , : ; ~ oul t t o mak~ and. t he neo mar y
e ~ me n t i s not always available. 0~ l y a f ew eg~ npl m am f ound hr t he
literature and these hsve been ment ioned above. Theref ore great ~
e ~ ex i s t , i n oomput~ug t he .hea.-iu s ~ from t he e~' t~ex~.m~i]ly
d e t ~ i n e d me~ n ve l o c i ~ dism~ out~ on wit h t he me e f t he boundsry
layer F~ t. (4.9). This Fzoblem ~ be called t he direct problem. Such .
calculations were made many y e a n ago by G z ~ r . h wi t ~ , ]~ hul t s--
.OrUnowUS and others, They ~ very t ime-eomuming and t he Mocraoy
is o ~ en poor ~ o f t he need t o di~ erentiate experhnental f gnet i m~
A simplif ication Of t he probl em is t hus very deeirab!~
.Very probably t he f irst at t empt t o der ive .an auLlyticS]
for t he ~ . h e a r i ~ . t i n= diztribution was made by F ~ .
~ F o ~ , .the Pohlhausem met hod f or ~ ow,. he .tried t o t l t L
pol ynomi nsl f or t he shearing s/ram prof ile , .:
. . . " ' .
. " . ~ .
- . .. - - - ~ + ~ . / ~ ) . , f o~ o < ~ < ~ ( ~0.~1
q ' ~ ' ~ - I - . ' . .
which m, tisf ies a num~ )er of boundary oondit ions"~ t t he wail and t he
out er edgeo f t he l~ yer. The f ollowing boundary conditions ~ -e i mpo ~ d
by d e ~nmo ~
f rom t he boundary Isyer F.Xl.-(~ '5),.
f rom t he derivative of t he boundary k y w
Eq. (4~ ) and continuity Eq. (~ .~ ;),
f rom t he def inition of t he boundary layer
t hickness ~ , -.
~ . ~ 1 ~ - 0 f rom t he continuity of t he derivative of
t he t ot al head on t he streamlines at t he
: " outer edge of t he layer.
From t he condit ions 2 t o ~ t he f wst f our eoef llcient~ of Eq. (20.~ )ea~
be evaluated..
A comparison of shear ~ g stress distributions caleu| ~ ted in this way
with measurements made. by Schub&uer and I~ ebanof l "-~ displayed
very disapl~ inting results. I t is not a;mcult to lhow why these auump-
t~ons.lesd t o = u e h p o o r a g r e e m e n t wit h experimental zesult4. The mean
velocity' i n turbulent bounck=3r ~ .layer= increamm even within t he sub-.
l=yer to high .values. w k ~ . h a re no longer ne~ l~ ible in ~ bomzd~ i
lsyer equatiom Consequently t h e condition at y - 0 a/ onei s n o t r e -
sponaible f or t he shear s t r eu near t he wall. This f ollows f zom Fi ~ Uo12,
in which t he sheazing m distributions near t he wall w~ c a I ~ .
with t he ammmption of a conl t ant skin f riotion ~ e n t . A simple but
more generally valid eetimate can be made f rom t he relation Eq. (l l . ~ q)
given b y Cole~ t=, if t he variation o f akin f riction ooe~ c~ ent is t aken int o
a~ ount . Dif l'erentistion o f ]~ q. (19,3) wit h reapeet t o = ~
F r o m ~ l . (18. 15) t he va lue of f c a n .be expressed as = f unction o f
B = ~ / e z m d ~ , i = t h e . f o r m " "
. . , o ;
t he di~ erentiation of which gives. . . . . . . . .
. d Z 1 d U / d = ~ H' t d ~ ( c , / ~ ) " "
-. - - - , , - - .. ( s o . ~
d=" m ~ ( = ~ t s ) c~ s d =
" ~ d/ 7 . . . a ( = , i = ) .
" ( = ~ = = ~ + - " d = ; ( s o. e )
i
~ t r o d u a n S : E q . ( = 0 . 3 ) = r i d ( SO. S) si ' , ' = . . .
I d= ,. I d O ' , ,
~, , d = / 7 , , d s
d E' ~ / ~ c :
+ / ( ~ ) ~ ( 1 / ~ ) dl n(/ 7. ~ ' / , )/ dx+dO/ d, z]
t
- u - ( ~ - x ~ / d Z . . . ( s o . ~
= p p r o ~ y e q u a l t o , , ~ t y , M seen f r o m Fi g . 1S. 3. ~ t h t h e s e s @-
positions Eq. (.~ 0.?) reducm t o .. "
I d = r 1 d U= , I d H..
=~ d = = u . d = U d = " ( ~ 0. s )
Then with t he use of lZ, q. (11.36) t he shearing stress distribution in t he
- - . . +-- . . , . ,
~ n j us t o ut . de the . ubkyer can be ekpl em~ ~ :? ' "
. c ~ . r , O, i , ' - 0:. ( ~ ' a S O) ] -
= ' - -
, . , , , ,
t h e ft. -st, t h ~ b o u n d ~ 0ond it, io,' ,, mentioned ~,bove, Eq . (~0. 9)
r es~ t ~ remmrka~ ,bly diffenmt, fr om those of t he , dmpl e. re. l ~ tion ev en for
w ~ d i s ~ o e . . The Eq . ( ~0. 9) m, . y ~ ~ s u a i d . t 0 e z t ~p o l . , t , e
, m . e , u U~ ahea, ~g d i s t r i b u t i o n t o ~, - 0, i n ord er t o f i nd t h e . vl i u e o f
t he wal l . shear s t z e ~ ' " . ~~ - , '
Tho o ~ l o . l ~ o n o f t he e u t a e ~ h ~ ~ dism"ou~io= b mu oh
,dmpli~ ed by i ~ o ~ uci n~ s me~ u velocity pro~ le de pe nd~ o . i
paramet er, as given in SeCtion 18, int o t he boundaz 7 l syer ]~ ,q.
(4.~ ). The deriva.t, ive of the bounclsz~ layer t hi dmeu is ~ b 7
me a ns o f t he mo me nt u m int eg ral e qu s t i on. The mms f mm~ o n o f t he
. ,. : . . ~ --~ -f (~ /~ ;~ ) . . ~ o . ~ o ! .
h ~ been treated b y T e t e : ~ .rod Li nx o. The ~ e a r ~ ~ -
f or ~ e,h velocity promm eau be r e - - t e d ~ ~ mm of ~ tmmm
whiah ~ I ~ I ~ i o n ~ l t o t he ~ hear ~ , t h e ~ S n Kl i mt , ~ 1
t h e r r a 4 i mt o f t h e d ~ a ~ ~ ~ v e ] y . Thi s z ~ d o . re~c~
where g . ylO. T he effect o f the P, eynol ck nor mal ~ k n e g l e e t ~
The f ~ o , , , o f Eq . (10. 11) osn r e a d ~ be e o mp u t ~ i t " t h e t o n ~ o ~ I
o f ~Cq. ( l o. l o) ~ . , r ~ :
~(~:. ~ - l + ] , d [ ' - / ( C ) ] , d ~ .
~ c . ~ - ~ ; - , - . ~ / . , " , t ~ - ~ - + , ) s C) l Sd ~ . " ~o. i , )
O' r , , , . - . " "
0 t
1 7 6 ' - J; C. ROTT~
~ t h e . p ~ a l + c a . Of power ~ , , p r o m. +, mor d~ t o ~ . (m. , ) the f -.,o-
tions r edum t o -
++ H- I / x O t
+ ~ <+ . ~ - , - ++++, > t ~ _ j +.+ ,-- - - - -
++" , , 0, +,
i ~ 2 O - s
. . . . . j ." . . . ..
The f unctions ar e pl ot t ed in Figs. 20.1 t o 20~ 3. A f ew examples have
been cal cul at ed and compared .with experimental results f z0m Schu-
bauer and Klebanof l'L~ ; these are shown in Eg. . 20. 4, I n a U t hree e, tees
. . . .
, . , . . .
b II I,~
0.4~
' " , !
t~ f f ib.,t-, bound,~ L, rm h . v ~ pow~ ~ w p e ~ , ~ F~ . (2au}.
t he calculated curve is remarkabl y l o wer t han t he f aired ~ .urve t hr o ugh
t he measured points; i~ must be a~ tmltted however, t hs t t he scat t er of
t he meMuremonts is considerable and t he values are, On t he &vemp,
t oo high. l~ 'ear t he wall t he experimental shear stresses are about 40%
t oo high*. Under these circumstances t he agreement bet ween experi-
ment and calculLtion appears t o be quite satisf sctory. I~ may be noticed
wit h regard t o t he erroneous results of t he wall shear s t r e~ calculated
f rom t he moment um inte~ -al equation t hat t he ef t'oct o f lateral con-
vergence or divergence of t he mean streamlines is e;iminA'.~ d t o a f irst
order in ~ .qs. (20.11) t o (20.13). Thus t he calculation o f t he shearing
stress distribution on t he basis of Eq. (20.11) may become a usef ul tool
* Avc o r di ng t o a pr z~ - a~ o vamur ~ cat i o n o f Dr.. G. B. Sc hut mue r t o t h e wr i t er .
- . . ~ . . . . , ~ . . .
f u r t he r e x a mi na t i o n i s very. desirabl e before t h i s me t h o d e a ~ g eneral l y '
i i ~ . r ~ . ~ d ~ L ~ l l y i t ~ l S be not i ced t l ~ t he ~ l e u l ~ t ~ l ~ l ~ h ~ l [
pt,,ofi]e, do no t u,t&r,~y t ~e: boundax T .ooi.~dition ~ q . ~ , , 0 wb
. ~ . . . .
. ~ k. 4
~ k "" I ' !
I / "
: i o
. - |
. . . i~11.~i...i. i ,
~ . . " ~ . ~ , . , . , - ~ - ~ . -
I ~ l , Q . 1 3
. . . .
. . , . . ' . ~ , . - 7 - * . . . . , .
~ , ~ .
t S
I - I
/
iX
. \
. I
\
\
m m m m m m
\
t . m' b u l e n t b o u n ~ A ~ I s . T i n h a v i n g pow e r ] a ~ l ~ o 1e 6, f r om iP.,c 1. ( ~ 10, 11) .
0 i ~ 3 4 $ $ ? I I o l i 12
Y
t
- s ; ~ ~ou o. . ~o m ~xo ~ u ~ a m~ v ~ ~ m. . ~h o . . ~ ~ ~ , a ~
do not mn, t , i ~ f 3 v 'P, ~ :l e b o u n d a r y condition ~/ 7 1~ -- 0 at ~/ - - &
~ envea b e t ~ ~ ~ . i ~ e m s ~ ~ . t ~ is
i f a, me e , n " r e l o ~ ! ~ ! z m~ , l o oomlmeed Of t h o u ni ve x . ~, I s w o f t h e w ' s l l amd
th~ ~ ~ m ~ , ~ , x . ~ . , ~ , a ' ~ a . . m ~ , e a ~ 'o~ ~ ~ o ~ , ~ ~ . .
o
O~ Ol [
. . . . ~
' , . . o
/
\ \
J
/
"row
- [ ~, I , ~/ ( c d2 ) ] d In x, ( cd2 ) %[ ~,
. a~ ! , VCcd=)],
( .~o.x4)
O . ~
. . . . ~ Ira, " . . . .
. d v ~ o Xmmm SmU. u~
a d cu l , , t e d ~ ~ (~0,1X) and ( ~ 0 . 1 3 )
- , , - - , , - - e A Lk u d s t e d ~ F, qan, ( 2 0 ~ ) md ( ~ 1 8 )
a; m, 17 "5 ft H m 1.3 11
" , , 2 5 " 0 t ~ " , 2 " ~ 1
x~-quired relation can be derived by" integrating t he non-dimensional
equation o f turbulent boundary layers, Eq . ( 15.8) , i f ~Pl a~ - ( ~PI ~I )
dXldg is introduced a~d t he val ue I , defined by Eq. ( 15.10 ) , is the.
e h a me t e t ~ng parameter. This relation wil l now be gluten. I t is
1.
~ Z , = - - - - = * X [ ' l , l , ~ / ( C r / 2 ) ] r ; %[ , I , I, V ' ( C t p - ) ] - -
~ . . . . . . ' . . - , . " . . . ' -
r u n. i o ns o f th. k equ at i on an, dermed- M . . . . . " "
" " " " " B ' - " * : " " " " "
" . . . . . ' - . " , " . " . ' " . , , . ' . " / . " . " . . , . " " . . . . , "
" ~ " " e . , : " : i " " " : o - " . " ' :
" " . . . : " ' I I " ; . - . . ' ~ . " " . " ' . - - "
0 O " ~ - . . .
, , ! . , . , , , , , , m , , ,
. . . . . . . V' ( c . . . .
" ' : . . . . " " t " , " ~ .
~ ' - c ; - : . . . -
" " O . . "
: " i , "
~'+~~i-~~,!.~
. . . . i . e . S . - , , . . ~ - . . . :
. . . .
' ' ~ . ~ ( , , , / , ) z ~ " '
. , . ,
- : . . . . . . . " " ' . ( ~o . ! ~) -
' ~' hem = ( U--- 17 ) ]1,, is , , . function o f 9 a.nd I . Wi t h t he u me s i mp l ~
catio~ which l e d t o Eq~ ( 2 0 ,8) , Eq. ( 1~.9) g ives . . . . - '
" d h ~ l c d 2 ) : . : ( 2 0 . 1 e l
. c ~ = ~ " .
. . . . .
Fa: l . ( 18.12 ) . s i n g Co]e' s wa~ e . f~ motio= .
. 20. 2 T h e i n v e r s e pr o bl , ~m ; .
The preceding e q u ~i o ns cannot serve t h e purpose o f r e du e h~ t he
boundary l ayer equations o f Tabl e 8 t o a sol vabl e s.vstem o f e q u L t l om, ,
since t he y onl y mi ke a s t at ement abou~ t he shea.-ing stress whioh is
required by t he equil ibrium o f forces, i f a certain mean vel oci t y d i s t ~
bu f i on i s b~iven. ~rJ~at is required is t he answer t o t he qu est ion, ' rWhat
is t he ahearing stress i f t he d l s ~b u t i o n o f mean vel oci t y has a wel l .
defined f orm wi t h respect t o t he =- and ~/.eo-ordLnatest." A relation is
t hu s t o b e f ou nd which provides an equ ival ent t o Newt on' s relation,
Eq . ( 2 0.1) for l a, ~; - *- fl ow.
i s o ' , l . c .
. . , . .
The applieation of -such hypot het ical r e l a t i o n s a s Prandt1' s-mixing
l engt h theorem and yon K~ m~ a~ 's dmiian' ty hyl mt heak d o not lead
directly t o results wh/ ch are quant it at ivel y usef ul, but it f ollows qual/o
tativety t ha t t he distribution of apparent shear Stress - ph-~ outside t he
subl~ yer is 8~ iet l y relstedlto t he mean v~ .locit 7 prof ile, j ust as t he shear
stress of ]aminar hLyers is rehtted t o t he ~ velocity pro~ le~ This suggeeta
t hat t he shear stress distribution might be e x p ~ by
. . . ,
. . . . 5 " a
An at t empt t 0 ~ t he t urbul ent ~ strem distribution with
tliose usumpt ions has been made by t hepr esent . w ~ i ~ o . Fediaevaky' s
, power series Eq. ( 2 0 .2 ) and t h e me a n velocity prof ile according t o
.Eq. (IS.7) are t aken aa basis, and, ~ of . t he boundary condit ion
a l ~ - dP,,Id=., & l ine~ . r el at ion between t he f irst eoe~ e/ ent of Eq.
(20.2) and t he Shape.p.aramete of Eq. (15.7) is introduced a s . "
: a x - 2 - At ) , . (2o. l s)
Where : i s ~ m empirical const aat . Ao(~ 0-45) is t he ~ 'alue of A f or t he
l ~ t plate.prof ile. The bo~ mdary condition ~ . l ~ z . 0 : a t . y m 0 is
dropped. A f irst estimate of t he constant : can be made by means of
Prandt l ' s mixing length. relation, Eq- (5.3). In. c0nnect ion wi t h yon
Kiamz/m's hypot hesk of similarity, a value of a - 4 is obtained, a nd
if t he mixing length is a ~ u me d t o be. l - 0.4y t he result is ~ - ~ This
approach t o t he problem was originally designett in order t o f ind an
amf lytieal relation between t he shape parameter of t he mean velocity
prof ile and t he integral of t he turbulent energy dissipation. From t he
investigation o.f f if teen bounda1-y layers in adverse pressure gradients
i t was f o undt hat , on t he average, t h e energy integral equation Eq.
(17.9-) was satisf ied best, if s value of = - 2.57 was chosen. Two shear-
ing stress prof iles are ealeulated f rom these relations and. plotted in Fig.
20.4, For H - 1.6 agreement wit h t he shear st r e~ distribution calen-
l at ed f rom Eq. (20.11) is good, f or H - 2.22 t he agreement in poor.
Apart f rom t he special assumptions underlying these calculations t he
question of f undamental interest is how f ar t he notion tlutt t he shear
stress prof iles are related t o t he mean velocity prof iles alone can actually
be ~ f or approximate boundary layer calculation. From t he results
of t h e direct problem, this um~ mption may appe~ t o be incompatible
with t he relations Eqs. (20.11), and (20.14)..This argument is however
not~ quite coneluaive. Since t he f unctions f z and ~ , f or t he same pars-
met er H, are approximately similar, it is conceivable t hat , f or a f i x e d
- . - ' . . . . .
: ~ " " " ' " ' - " . / . : : ~ " i ~ ' . " " ' " " . .
always in a eertain combination, such t hat the shearing stre~ diltribu-:
tion remains msentially unchanged. The argument is not f a~ , un]em it "
is raised also f or !-midst boundary layer calculation methods. Any
.objections t o . t he .ammmption in questio n must. there f ~ e rely upon.-
other argument~ ~. '
I t is very probable t hat t he Re3molds shear h af f ected by upstream
conditions. The reason f or this behaviour, which has already been dis-
cussed in Section 15, 2. k t hat t he eddies are n ~ p t downstream with
t he mean f low. as is seen f rom "space time correlation measurement&
~ 'rom t he balance of the turbulent energy f or the f iat phLte boundary
layer it is concluded t hat t he convection terms ar c negligibly mnall
nearly everywhere across the layer except f or the outer 15~ /o. An/nf lu-
enee Of tbe u p ~ history on t he shear stress is theref ore to be ex-
. p e c ted f or the outer part of the layer. Although it is generally
t hat this ef f ect must t ake pla~ e in the development o f t he turbulent
boundary lsyor, no e=Perimenta! proof is available t o .demonstrate it
quant it at ivel y. . . -
The onl y k nown at t empt t o make ul e o f t h e pr evi O~ ~ i n s
qmmt~t~tive manner h u been mad e b y ~ and ~ m . l ~ e d ~ -
e~ky' m boundary condition ( 5) is altered to ~ 1 ~ - - T . ~ , i t y - S,
in order to o bt ai ns c o n s ~ t slope at ~ the outer edge of the boundary
l ay~ f or Iz:mitions downstream f rom z - z,, the initial position of t h e
dveree pressure 8nLdient. ~ ~ t mLkes the shearing s t nm
d ~ ; b u t i o n depend on conditions upstream. Using a.mo~ i~ wd.poly-
n o ~ - I expression f or and incorpomt/ng t he2~ ised boundsry eoadi-.
tion (b'), together with the other f our ~ conditions, ~ sad
Robertemn.derived t he f ollowing ~ m:
. / ~ . - ~ l - ~v/ ~) ]- ( , + ~ ) [ 1 - ~v/8) F+ ( , + 1) t~" ( W~) ~s, ' ( ~O.xt)
whm
.,8-1
,e "~ ~ ~ (de. /dz)
- - - , ~ - . ( S O . 2 0 )
q'm ~ )~ q'w
A eoraparison between this relation, which is to be e]aesif ied as belong-
ing partly to the direct problem and partly to theinveme problem, and
t he exper~ nental resulte of ~ .J~ ubsuer a~ d Kleb~ nof f ahows s som~ ' h~ t
better agreement than Fediaevsk-y's relstions, but it contains the short-
eo,-ings i~ herent in the boundary conditions at y -- O.
2 0 . 3 Th e ~ t e ~ ' al of t h e e ne r g y , d t s ~ t mt t o n "
The i nt e ~- t l o f t he e n e q y d~Wl St i on ~ t he b o ~ d a r y f ryer
r, h i ~ w h i ~ o ~u r s i n t he ene,..,gy int~.,,~za~ F.,q. ( 17 ~) , ~. c l c e c l y r e -
k t e d t o. t he s he ar i ng stress dist, ribu' ~ion. The int eg ral o f ~ e mrbulen' ~
energ y d; , , ~pe. tion i s o b t a i ne d in term-' o f t he work done by t he me e a
~ow on t he R e ynol ds ~ ~ad ~he ~ o f t, he turbu.lent ~ex"87 f l u x
Q .
o
f-,
, d y - . g ~ - - - - d y - ( u - v ' ) ~ . ~ d y - U ~/ t d ~. ( 2 0 . 2 1)
T hen by Eq. ( 7 , 1) ~ d ( 4.6) , t he i nt e ~s l o f t he t ~t s l e n e r ~ dI ~/ ps t i on
be c omm
E' d ~ - a +- - .- |~ - ~ _d ~ -
p ~ .o 7
O @
Th e I~.-~ two term. on the r/ sh~hand J/de . re merely c o ~ n t e nD .
The mai n cont ~- i bu ~m t o t he i n ~ s l o f t he di mi ps t i on t hu s comec
f rom t he wi nk o f t he shear strew, ~nd i t xn~y be concl u ded t ha t bo t h
energy dL~ipation snd shear stress obey easent/a]ly the same l sws.
I t was poi nt ed o u t i n Sect i on 13. 4 t hat mos t o f t h e energ y k d i ~ .
pared i n t he t hi n l ayer near t he wsl l , where t he u niversal l s w is val i d.
An a t t e mpt t o derive rel s t i on f or t he dissipation integ ral , therefore,
makes u ~ o f t he . ~na . - i t y : e kt i o n8 o f t he wal l 6o ~. Si nce ~
ctksipstion contributes unly wi~h/n the 8ub]syer r e , o n, the di~p&t ion
i n t e ~ can be wx:tten as
( 2 o.2 ~) .
E dy - E dy + , dy . ( 2 o , ~)
0 0 y
where y' denot es t he di st ance o f an arbitrary poi nt out eide t he sub-
. ~ , ] , ~ , m. , , , . . ~ . ~ F / ~ . Z SS :
l , ~ z ~ ~= ~.!~e~= ~U~:~,:.--.... . .
: " ':
" . ," : " - . . . * " . . "
. . .. . - - a ~ " u . - . . . . -
m
w. jth~ - the f ol l y ' t u rbu l ent pm~ of.the wall layer, tlze I ~ i n t e ~ o f
]F.,q, ( 2 0 . 2 4 ) is i nde pe nde nt o f It' as l ong as ~/" denot es t he dists, noe o f a
~o. int s t w h ic h t he ~ o ~ t h n ~ e ~e ~o ~t y l a w ho~d, . IS t hen Eq. ( Z X.SZ )
. . . . "i 2 :
~ 1 ~ ~
: "" Z~ ,, / '
Z l - " ' ' i . .
/ . o"
. . . . l | : . ,.
/
l i p " /
1~ 1 1 -"~. 1 4 - i ~ t ' I I l ? . D
. ~ 1 I "
. I l l
. o
, f ' .
* . , " o
- " . . " : .
. .
o .
w h e n
l , y e r - - a ~ d U m/ , ~ "
r ~ q . ( s o . z e ) ~ t - - 4 . r .
Ez peri me=~ potuw a , z o u ~ z ~ ~ ' ~ . --
Sohultz-Orunowm.
i t u s e d f or t he t t rst i nt e g ~ l on t he zig ht~z~nd , i de o f Eq. ( 2 0 3 a ) and
t he i n t e ~ o f t he first part on t he rl g ht - hmid ~ide o f Fat. ( 2 0 J4 )
earned ou t . t he i nt e g nd o f e ~e r g y di mi l ~t i on o~n be ex pressed . . . -
l i t J ' . C: Ro' i ' : . i . : . .-: "
. - . . . . . .
- . . . . . , - . " -
T i= . , iUe l p] rQ preeeaci t he h i e ot'
o f energ y t o t he subhiyer by t u : bu / ent dil t u s/ on pr o c e s s e i Eq. ( 2 o~e ) -
&ppl i el t o. bo~ h' i i , oot h a nd r o u g h sur fac es. Th e val u e- of . l V, hi i~ , r! '_ - , , <i, ', ! y
i ndependent Of.v/seosity i n d sur/ ace mu g hne i L F o r e q u i l ~ l i u m h ou r i - .
d a r y l ay e r s ~ ' , i s e x pe c t e d t o b e s ol e l y a, f u n c t i on of t h e s h ape ~ e t e r
2 ' . F i g . 2 0 . 5 s hows t h e v i r i t t i o n o f the. di ssi pat i on integ ral . ~ / 7 , / l i t .
f o r t h e pl a ~e b o u n d a r y k y e r . T a e e x p e r i me n t a l p o i a t a ar e c a l c u l a t e d
lq
R
r
. . . .
: I C I
/ i
. . . . .
j . .
" ~
/
. . . -
. t " ' I" z . ~"
I / / "
: : . . " . J . "
. I " 1 i / / / "
/ . / I /
" " f t i l O' i l . . ' "
; t / / [ . l I
/ i t z l G ~ l
-' - t , O . 1 - 4 I - o z . t ~ 8 . 0 "
Ym. ~ 0. e. Ratio of d h n l l ~ t i ou ooe~ el ent t o ak i n MoUon eoemcim~ ct
u a funetton of shape pi mnl t e r H and l ooil skin frktion eoei~ieu i,
from F ~ a ( z ) . s s ) , - , d 110 . 2 0 ) . .
f rom Schu l t z- Gru now' s u s meas u rement s by t he u se o f t he energ y i nt e -
g ral equ at i on. The ag reement wi t h Eq. ( 2 0 . 2 6) is g ood whe n P is as-
s u med t o be P = - 4 . 5 . The beh&viour o f t he d ~ i p s t i o n int eg ral o f
bou ndary l a y e r s i n arbitrary pre~mm di st ri bu t i ons haa b e e n inventi-
g s t e d by t he present writeriS, 97 , i s on t he basis t ha t t he val u e o f f is &
f u nct i on o f t he ahape paramet er f onl y. Thi s as s u mpt i on is, o f course,
subj ec~ t o t he mime cont roversy as t he corresponding as s u mpt i on f or
. , . . ' , . , . .
resulted in a relation between. F and the p a x a me t ~ J o f Eq. ( IS.V) of
."'--,,.,~,o ~ oz- ~ "~ - ~ : " - . '
~ . - ~ . . + 1 . . ~ + 1 . ~ . ~ ( so= s)
!me dis~ pation i n ~ ~ n be ~ in terms of a n o n ~ , , , ~
d i , u i p a t i m~ eoe~ eient z~ by . ,. ; . . : " : . . . . . .
. , , : . . . . , . , -
. . " " ,
" g D " . ' t -
: . .
- . . . " ,
and' so Eq . ( S 0 . =6) ~ . '- ~ : : - . ....
Using Eq , . (S0~ 8), (18.10) and (18.15),. t he . d J ~ l ~ t i o n ~ e i mt esn.
be r e l ~ t ~ t e d u a f u n c t i o n o f t he aha])e pazamete~ . H and, skin f xiotiozz
. . . eoe~ f ieient z; u s h o w n ' ; , " . : FL I ~ . ~o, e. ' . . .
- . - ' - . . . . - . . .
Sz . T h e " Z " o ~ u . t a ~ t B~ d ~ ? L a y e r o n a Zq mz P l a t o .
~ - o
: Z Z . l I nt e~ z~ t i o a of t he mo , - e n ~ e q ~ t i ~ z ~ ' .. ' "
.
skin f ~ o t i o n ~ d t h e t h i c k n e n o f t h e kye~ a s , v f u u o t i o n of the k n l Oh .
= . T h k ~ b e a~ omp~ ;-~ ,,.,~ with the aid of t he r e l ~ f or.
t he 1o~ 1 ~ givm in ~ . i o n IS --,d t ~ mo mmt u mi n ~ l
equat ion of Table 5. Sinoe the veloci~ 3 U, out~ ide the kye r k o o n ~
. . , . . , . . - - . _ , , ~ - ~ _ ~
d #
. " . ~ ' ~ ~, . ~1 z z , , ~ ' . . - ( sz. z)
~ he~ e the l a~ term o~ the right-hand aide of this equation k unua]ly
neglected. According to the ~ u ~ zi t y relations of Seef ion 15 the
t, ltios I and E t' ,-ve f ixed v~ uee so t hat t h e l ocal akin f rict ion e o e ~ t ~
can be ex pres s ed ~ a~u n~t i on o f U~, e, ~ , and kr. I f ~ i ~ zero or o o n ~ mt
Eq . ( ~1. 1) can be i nt e ~- s t e d t o ~ e
f ~ d~
= " ~ e . e, , , ~, ) : " - - C - z = ) :
On ~ basi s, t he ea~cal atl on has been earned out f or t he lawyer on
smooth surf ace by ColeslS. Unf ortunately, c~ cannot be written expli-
citly in terms of 8, This makcs direct integration A~ W~ cult. For this t e a -
s ou a ne w vL,' iablo of integration ~ - ~ ( 2 / ~ ) i s s u b s t i t u t ~. Then
s3
. . . : , . . . . . ,
186 J . C. t t 0 v ~
can be ia rstai lsivi .
. . . . . f - . f
The moment um t~ h/ckness can now be expressed in t e s t s o f {~,
which is obtained f irom Eqs. (13;13) and (13.15), The magnitudes x, X ,
sacl I s r e uai ve. , ~ co ns t ~ t s and t he vsl ue of C( ~,,] ~/v) - C ( U , , ~ [ ~ )
is s f unotion, of t he surf sm r oughne~ distr/bution.
The proper choice of t he T~ ,,~ o f / nt egr ~ i o a in Eq. f f -1.3) requires
c o n s i d e n ~ - - The usual ~ ondi~ ion is ~ t t he boundazy l ayer
t hi o kne u ;- .zero. a t t he leading edge, Le. 0 - 0 at = = 0. However, ~ ho
~ - subje~ , t o ~ r y dif f erentoouditions near t he f ron~ o f the. plsta.
l a mo ~ eases t he bo u~ da~ l s yer / J ~ f or s ~ l engt h f rom
t he leading e dge . . h o~ h~ oases, s eps r ~ i o n ~ t t he leading edge or s t
an obst a~ e and subsequent reattachmen~ o f t he f low produces s lwla-
tively thick. turbulent l~ yer near t he leading edge, such t h ~ t he boun-
d a r / k y e r is turbulen~ sl mo~ f rom the. leading edge d o ~ The
~ t y concept introduced in .Section 13aasumes ths~ t he e~ ect of
conditions near t he leading edge on t he local f low ~ c s f ar
. d ~ will vanish. Tn other,wordm, downstream of s l~ '~ lar
po~ /tJon s ' - t~ b. boundary Isyer will develop u l =ed i ~ced by EqL.
(~ 1.3) s ad (21.6) ~ v e l y i ~ t , he initial oondi~ /on is properl y chosen;
I n order t o be &ble t o a~ eoun~ oonven/ent]y f or t he d/f l'ere=t boundary.
conditions, i~ h ~ beeome st ~ udsni practice t o consider an ideal tu~ bu-
len~ boundary kye r o r i ~ a ~ wit h zc~ o moment um t hickmm, ~ - O,
a~ s point ~ - zo. This po i : t , called t he virtual origin of t he hyer , will
genem1y not coincide with t he leading edge. of t he pla~ e. The ideal
boundary Isyer n~ y be ealculsted f rom Eq. (~ 1.3) and (~ 1.~ ) al t hough
near ~ - ~ t he condition~ are beyond t he l ~ml t ~ w i ~ h ~ - which, t he
under!yins Msumption~ are valid.
The conditions s t t he virtual origin are ~ - s c t e r i ze d by s
value of ~ --~ o, wh;ch ;- obtained f rom Eq. (~ 1.4), I mt t ~ ~ = 0, t hs t
is
~ o - I f or = - ~ o. (~ 1.~ )
Wi~ h t his initial condition ~ q. (~ 1.3) ~ e.kes t he f o~ n
~ f Eq. (21.4) is introduced into Eq. (21.6), t he int~ .gmtion can be ~ r r i e d
out ansly~ i~ d/y in spec-;x! oaaes. Thus s relstion is eet~ blkhed
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . " " I ~ . ~ : . ~ ' ~ , = ~ ~ / ~ , i S ~ " . : ~sT
The corresponding momentum, t hiel mess is t he n readily cal cul ated f r om
' Eq . {2 1.4) . I t m&y be ment i oned for t he sake o f e ompl e t e me l t l mt
according t o t he init ial condit ion ~q . ( 2 1. b' ) the displ acement t hir_knel
i s not ex act l y .zero s t = - =~ F r om Eq. ( 13.13) i t is f ou nd t hat ..-
~ o e pe ol a] o= = ee w f l ] b e t r e a ~ , i n mor o d e t a i l ~
." i o -
~ L_ ~
~ , i o .
I " '
t O s
B' .
%
"" I
"I
b
, , i ( i + , ) ] =
. _ . . I k _ ( _ , + , ) . +
on s smooth surr~os. Loesl skin f r i ~ ~ ~ sooowU~ to ~i -
( s1. 8) 8ri d m~ o of m = = e n ~ ~ e ~ t o ~ 1 . {= I . @ t o
dtsmma~ R - m . . - ~ or l ~ T n o] d s number U. ( ~ - m, ) / , . .
= - 0.4, X+ O ( 0 ) - 3. 8, . I - e-~-
2 1. 2 Bo u nd a r y l a y e r o n s mo o t h s u r f a c e '
The -~mptest and =~o t he mos t i mport z nt ease is t he boundary l a y e r
on s s mo o t h surface. The ~s ) u e o f 0 i s o o n ~ mt . Then b y s o l v i ~ Eq.
( 9-1.6) and reintrodu-.~ng ~/( 2 /c~) for ~, t he friction l aw o f t he turbul ent
fiat pl s t e boundary l ayer on s s moot h ~ becomee
1 8 8 " . ~ ~ : " : q ~ o , " .
: : . . . 7
r os y w e l l b e n e gl e c t e d . T h e l o c ~ s k i n f i i c t ~ on c m~ t i c i e n t , ~ n d t h e oox z ~ -
pon d i ng . mo me nt u m- t ~c kne m f r om Eq. ( 2 LQ i s sho' w~ i n F i g . 2 1.L
' - . . . , . . .
240C ' '
=o ~ J
I . , / / j , ~ "
I
R~ , IrPOC
P~ of Z ~
.

ct s,O s"
c, , , J o 3
\
I\
Wi l I I
!
Fxa. 2 1.2 . Developmmst of the boundm7 lsym. oa ~
( a) T h l e k n m
( b) ~ ~ r i at ~ n a ~ u a m .
L ~ ~ e ( t p
T ~ position of tz' m~t/on
"V'.O. V' irtusl o~gln of turbulent l syer
P ~ e - U ~ / , , R o S - U , a ' / ,
~b s t l o m for t h o ~ ~ y ~ l ,
P, o# - 0- t ~ 64 V P , ~ , P ~ e . - 1 . 7 2 ~ / l ~ , . c t - 0 . e S 4 1 V ~ , . a , -
vsluee according t o c,,/culstion. ( ! uddm tnms/tlou)
- - . - - . . - - - melm vslue,, of ~ t u t l boundary 1 8 ~. ( tz' uaition prooem.
extends t o s fin/re region) .
. . . . . . . . : . , . ~ .
: . ' . . . . .
. . " , ,
Fro= t ~ a ~ the ~ oot h ~ p ~ boone. 3 ~ y ~ n ~ m ly ~ d ~
termined, i f t he i n i t i a l eonditions are def i ned, . : . . :
~ order ~ mu s t r ~ e t h e metning of t ~ ~ , - ~ u a l origin of t het urbdl e= S
layer, t he development of the boundary layer on a s mo o t h. ~ t pl t t e ,
w h e r e t he f low is laminar f or a eestain le~ ,th f rom t he leading edge,.ia.
shown in Fig. 21~ , .The ealcul~ tidn is usually baaed on the amump6on -
t l ~ t t h e f low c ha ~ m suddenly f rom t h e l a n ~ t o t he f ully turbulent :
state at l x ~ition T. The virtual origin is chosen s u ~ that t he l a mi m~
and.turbulent layer ]~ ve the same momentum thickness ar T. ~ d i s - .
plaoement t, h i ~ me m a n d I ooal . l d. . f riction shOW sudden ~ , mgm a t
r a n ~ t i o n . I n a n e~-tual f low, t h e chan. ee f rom laminar t o turbulent
f l0w ~ not take plaee suddenly. The turbulent Oecum f nut in small "
spot., which move d o ~ growing in ~ and ~ rrmber until t h e . -
suremce is entirely covered with a turbulent kye~ . This process extends "
over .a f inite region. All mean value= of f low quantities Var~ 3 g r a d~_ ~y
through the region of m~ i ~ i o n =8 i ndi ct ed in 1~ 8. S! ~..
Sometimes t he t urbule n t b o u n d a r y l~ ve ~ transition = initis~ ed "by
obstacles or b y laminar flOW separation n e a r t he ' leading .edge. Thi s
is E enerally a ~ o m p a n i e d b y a thieken~ - g of the' l~ 3er. I t is t he n
lm~ sible f or t he vir t ~ d ~ o f the .turbulent layer t o be lee~ ted uP- i
~d zeam o f ~ ] e a d i ~ ed Ca.
o " " t ,
. . . . .
21.~ Boundary. l ayer on uni f o r ml y roup, h. mn~ t e~ -
. If t he s u r f ~e is covered uniformly with r o n g h n e mm of m e h = me e a
,~ t, t ~ t the e 0n ~ s o n of ~ ] ~ d y rongh .urfaee ~- ~ v e ~ t he v ~u e '
of o( , , . J ~ / , ) obeys t h e ~ = a =
. . . : . .
g i ve n b y E q. (ll.4~) ,~na ] ~ 1. { $ 1A) then t a ke s t h e |o ~ m
( SL g)
(=uo)
which k i n d ~ d e n t of viseosity: Introduction in F_~ 1. (21.6} and inte-
g r at i on gives
(SLn)
J' ; C. . R o ' t ~ -
" ' v~.#
. p ~ I
- . . . . - '
q
; = : t h e l ogazith, , n; ' , =-integml , w h l c h i s f o u nd i n J ' ~ . au d"l ~J~de' =
T - h i m of Fu n e t i oos f or / m' t a , o~ , Fo~ ' v ' s . ] u~ , c . ' V ' ( ~ ) > , I t h e fol l ow' i n S
m n ~ , . . ~ Y e r 1 [ ~ ~ e d ~ ~ b e u s e d :
. = q ~ p : . . . . .

. . . , - . - .
( =LI~
. . . .
o ~ . - - ; r ~ 7 , , , u g h ~ ~
= - ~ , - - - , + ~ 1 " ~ t~ "- q + ~ z - - + = ~ . , . . 1 . .
. . : x L ~ / ~ , = / 2x a x a~ ; = / . 7 j
( ~ I ] s ) : . . ' ; . . . - -
h , 0 4 , i . ' . . " " .
JO" ' -'
- - , < . . . . . . , .
. . "
. . : . .
a= l O "1 , ~ , ,
t . - ~
IV

a u a / f o md 7 r ou g h r ~ r [ ~ Loc al sk~= f r b t i o n e o e ~ t " ~ s e o o ~ ; , , ~
t o Eq . ( 2 1. 13) s a d r s t l o o f mo me nt u m t hi c ] me m ~ mx x ~md ~ t o ~ q .
( = 1 . 1 0 ) t o d J B t e , m ~ ~ . - - ~ cut & f u J B ~ o n o f n ~ t . i o ( = - - = ~ ) / / r ~ ~ , k t h e ===de
ot the e q u / v s l ~t ~ [ ~ ~ , ~ .
= - - 0"4, X + C ' r = ~' I , Z - - 6"2 -
. , ; ; : ; - " : i . ; ' '-
~ t ~ = ~ t ~ ~ . ~ ~ t , is o t ~ e , ~ o - ~ a ~ , 7 ~ , ~ ' .
Fig. ~ I.~ - ~ w s t h e I ~ ~ c ~ o ~ ~ ~ t ~ , , , ~ ~ . . .
~ e o ~ to *.~, I s w, " ~ ~ ' " . - ;..
. . . .
.|
- . , . . . "
-I ~ "-~" I I _. . . . . . . . . " -,".i.~ - - . " '
, , , ~ f ~ ~
is de~. ~ @ - . - .
" Dr( z) .
- . . . . . o ~ , - . . e , N ) ~ . s ~ z 6 . , . . ~ ( 2 z , z , ~ )
where 2 ) ~( =) is t he fric~on drag of one side o f t he pl~t~ of ~ Z ~ d
width b. This total skin friotion ~ t ~ i o i ~ is obtained from ]~q. ( 2 1.1)
b y i n ~ . . .
where t e turbulent fluctuation term is again suppressed. This :~ I~ Uo~
applies to both ! A,~inar and turbulent boundary l syer~ The 'v'a=isL'llon
of the total . ~ n frictior, coe~cient aoc~rding ~ ~ , ( ~1.I~) is p ~ e d
in Fig. 2 1.2 for the exsmp}e repreeente&
- 6f / S
. ; I ,
| I
. . . . . . ; ...~
. . . " . . : " ~ . . . . . ; ' . ' . . . . . ' .
.o . . .
o .. . . .. " o . . . . .
~ , = .. = ~ ., . T ~, 1 ! i . ~ ~ : ~ t ~. i ~ ~Q, ~ . .
, ~ . ~ , , ~ . ~ . v ~, . , ~ i ~ u = i l poi nt . . : "
- .. . ~ , , ~ ~
. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . " .:. ..
. . . . . ( l ) ~ t ~ , ~ , = . - ~ , o , - . , . .
1 . . ( s ) ~ ~ . . . . . -.
- " . . o .
2 1. 4 T h e t o t a l ' s k i n h - l e t i o n c o d ~ d ~ " , "
z g s J.' C. :
' The total . ~ - ~ c t i o n oe~ ieient of t he smoot h ~ t : p l s t e with d i ~ ' e r -
ent positions of transition f i~ m.lAm~ -ar t o t urbul ent f low can be repre-
" sented t oget her wit h t he "skin ~ iction coef f icient o f t he rough plate on a
singl e. diagram, as' given in Fig. 21.4. The virtual ori~ ,m., of t he rough
plate-is assmned t o coincide with i he leading edge (ze . - 0).. "
~ o at t empt ~ made here ..to t~ riew t he older f ~ ict~ on htws. I t may
only be not ed t hat t he af orementioned skin f riction law has its predeces-
sor in Prandtl-Schlichting' aes f riction law o~ smoot h and rough plates.
This law is baaed on a:logan' thmie Velocity diJtribution t hroughout t he
layer, in ot her worda t he deviation of t be def ect law f rom t he logariehm~ e
l aw as seen in Fig, 13..* is s u p p ~ I nconsequence t he . ~ - f riction
coe~ cients of Pmndt l - SehI i cht i ~ ' l f i-iction law are all t oo h i ~ - b y an.
amounf; o f S t o 10% .. " .. :
: : , ' , . - . . " f ' , , . . .
. " . ' . . . . . . . .
: : 2 2 . T h e Shape Pa r a me t e r ' Eq u a t i o n ' .
I n t he case of tI~ e ,generaJ boundary layer t he ~ locity-prof ile is not
. Only af l ' ect ~ by t he local Reynolds number and suraco roughness dis.
tn' bution, but aim by t he external pressure gradient. I f t he calculation
is based on mean velocity prof ilesdepending on a s ~ . l e f ree sh~ pe.pam-
met er iike thoN. described in Section 18, t hen t wo unknown-f unetions
o ccur i n t he calenlation. These are the. boundary layer thicknees a n d
t he ah~ pe, parameter. When these two f unetiorm, are determined, al l
ot her quantities of interest can easil" y be. calcu]a, t e d f rom t he relstiona
given in t he preceding sections.
I n nt o~ cases t he ~ oundary l a y~ t hi ekne~ is calculated f rom .the
moment um integral equatiou. The determ~ -Ation of t he ah~ pe parae
me t e r requires s second equation, t he so-called stutpe .paZameter equa-
t ion or s n ,r i I i e . r y equation, Because of t he incomplete st at e of know!edge
on t urbul ent f l0w t he shape parameter equation relies ent' trelyor.partly
on empirical observations.
The problem h ~ s t i muht t ~ many investigators and a considerable
number of dif f erent f orms of t he shape paramet er equation l m been
proposed. To begin with, there is more t han one ehoico f or t he e h~ t c t e r -
izing shape parameter itselL I f t he Gbape paramet er is generally denot ed
by P, no mat t er how it is def ined, all known shape parameter equations
e~ n be rearranged t o f it int o t he scheme

" , i = - _ , v ,
where L assumes t he Value Z or O. The symbols ~ and ~ denote rune-
tions of 1' . and- - i n tt. e ca e of rough surfaees--k, / e.
The dat~ f or a number of met hoda are collected in Table 6. The met hod
. . . . ; - . . - . . . .
. . . . . . . . " . . . . .
. . . . . :
. * " : . . . . - . ' : . , . . - * - . . . / - - . . .
, . . ,
p opo by appn to bo t h- - o o t h ro Sh
surf soes. A|] other met hodsof Table 6 are o o ~ ned t o smooth 'surf aces. "
-Bud's met.hod neglects any history ef l' e~ on t he development of t he
pr o~ e shape. I t is demonstrated in Fig. I~ .3 t hat ~ , supposit3aa is
.insumcient~ The. other methods ate based on t he ide~ t hat a r i dden ~ '
change in the exter~ __~ ! ~ will produee a change m alP/d= rather
than in P itself . Although some of the earlier methods, m~ l l y t]ao~
of Buds and GmsehwiU~ ,.seem now t o be m~ y o f ~ c a l t nf er e~
t he ~ iversity O f ~ is o o n f ~ g . Thls diversity inevitably al ~ eS~
sinoe a multiplicity of obviously plausible hypo t he ~ of f er themmlw~ .
" Indeed, t he development hasnot yet come t o a u t i s f s o t ~ oonelusion
up t o t he pre~ ent day. This state of af t'airs makes it appear asef ul t o
disct ~ t he theoretival an d empi d~ l barn f rom a general point of view.
Some .a~ q~ ts conoerning the variation of t he shape parameter haVe
already been di~ -u~ ed in Section 14. This shows t hat it k i mpo~ el e " "
~ o lay down a plain principle f or t he shape pammeterequatien, which"
takes properly into account the ~ ynamical and non-linear eharsoter
of t he turbulent motion. The pr e~ nt disenssion'will therof cn.-start
f rom an equation of the .type . . . . . .
. ' . . : . . - - . . * . . . . .
.
. . . . . : . . . ' . .
I t is a~ umed t hat the relation b e t wm t he f iVe'VL'iLbles iS not
af l'eeted by t he upstream history o f t he boundary layer. I f the oeneept
. of t he law of th~ wall and def ect law k introduced, Re w and kv/8 e ~ Be
replaeed by ~ .and p. An a l ~ version of .Eq. (.~ .e.) is t he-
, e d U ' p , 0 . . 1 ~ 1
. 0 U . d= . " "
which il equival ent to ~ / s. (16.11) or (15A$). ~ e shape
equation c=n t heoret i~ l l y be 0 1 ~ i ~ d by oomb/ning any two of t he
equations of Table 5. Usually the momentum i n ~ l equ~ tien is o o ~ .
binedwit h (me of the other equationA of Table ~ . Additional relations
are n e e e ~ r y ooncer~ i~ g t he shear stress di s m' o ut i ~ The Re y~ i &
normal ~ treues may be ~ e g l ~ in the f ollowing dis~ ssio~ Itowev~ ,
Tetervin and LinU0 pointed out the f act t hat the development of the
. ~ l e shape k very sensitive tO. the particular auumptions made about
t he shearing stress distribution. Some equations f or the shape parameter
P - H ~ rhich are derived f rom the equations of Table 5 on the basis of
the power lair proxies of Eq. (1S.4) are col]erred in Table 7. I t is easy
t~ show t hat the shape parameter equation of t he type Eq. (22.3) is
reconciled with the bom~ dary l s ~ r equations of Table 4, if the shearing
~
v
i
M
OI
Q
I ~ ' s
' " - " 1 : - " i ~ . ~ ~ .
~i I I ~ Ii i
. i
" i
~ ~ " ~ l ~ " ~ ' " ~ . ~ " I
." ] ~ ~ t " ~.'.. '~L..['It '!' ~-'.~
"" I I I ~ ~ . ~ ' I ' ~ " I I " ~
I
" " ' " : ! " "
" ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ I ~
, ~ |
i i '
i
~ . = ' .
i i i
i i i ii i i
i
l . i = !
I D
i =
J
~ I ] ~ ~ I ~ ~" ~ " ' ~ ~ I ] "
196 " J . C. R o s a '

. s ~ distribution is expressible u a function o f y/e , a n d t he local

metexs P , .O'd~/cl~ and ~ , viz.. " ....
" o .
. . 1- = P, . (22.4 I
' . . . . -
T h e e ffe ~ of. t he p a r a m e t e r O ctP /da: m a y eventually b e interpreted as.
a kind of upstream history ef f ect . Thu~ it is seen f i~ om this consideration
that a shape parameter equation of the f orm Eq . ( 2 2 . ~) or ( 2 2 . 3) can.
take into account-~ -to some exte~ tr--the u p ~ history e~ eet on the
shear i n~ stress through the derivative of shape paramete r O d~ / d~
. - . . .
~ . 1 Emp l r i ~ sl~ ape p a r a me t e r ~ e q u a t ! o n s
Th e ma j o r d i ~ cu l t i e s l i e i n t h e qu~ t i t at i ve evMuations of the shape
parameter equation. If , f or a pertieu~ r boundary layer, t he velocity:.
prof iles are measured at a suf f icient number o f ' stations and the s h a p e
parameter is def ined, all quantities of F-~ b (22.2) can be computed; But i
it appears almost impossible to correlate the value of 8 dF/d= to the/.
three or f our remaining parameters of Eq. (22..~ ) in a purely empirical
ma n n e r , Th i s k p a r t i ~ l a z l y t r u e si nce 8 d ~ /d = a n d (8/Um)(dU~/d=) are
to be computed f rom the measurements by numeric~ dif l~ erentistion,
which causes an additional scatter of the dat~ . From t hispoint of view
t he ngn-~ ;memdonal representation o f ~ ct i o n 1~ of f erJ t he advantage
that, a cco r d i n g to Eq. (15.13), the di~ erential quotient of the shat)e
parameter is to be correlated with only two pammeter~ The practical
methods, with the purpose of reducing t he dif f iculties, e a ~ n e arbi-
trarily a linear relation between e dP/d= and (8/0'.) dU./d=, and in
most cMes rather arbitrary suppositions concerning the e~ eet of the
Reynolde number are used in addition t o t hk. Th e Reynolds number
vario~ on of the ava0abla exper~ ent 4 is generally too small to make
its e~ ecta detectable f rom t h e scattered data. The f irst method of this
type wu given by Grmsehwit~ , who introduced the shape parameter
~ i s method was modif ied by Kehi ~ so a~ to include the e~ eet of
Reynolds number. An extension of Gruschwitz's equation t o mush sur-
f aces has been proposed by Scholam. The later empirical shape par~ -
meter equations, starting with the method of yon Do~ nbof f and Teter-
vinZg, rose the thickness ratio H - ~ */0 as charac~ rizing shape para-
meter. Von Dr~ ;hotr and Tetervin based their analysis on the assump-
tion that the change of H depends on t he ratio of the external pressure
. . . . . . . . - : .
" . .
. . ' - . " . " " , " " ~ " " . , . " . t , " . " - -
~o o, e ~ u s h ~ = , , = , ~ . p , e u ~ . , o. . ~, , - , . , , , , ~o~ay b Y (ed e. ,/e=)l~. ,~
and o n H itself ; the Squir e and Young f ormulslU : . . ' .
. . ~ V w ' " " . . - . / . . : . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . : -
: ~ . ' ' , - [ 5 . s g o z o g ( ~ . o z ~ ) ~ . ( ~ ~) . : i . 7 5 . . . : .
" . - " P ~ " ' " " i . . . . " . " "
used to ~i o nl . ~ the ~ U shearing ~ ~ i ~ Sivm an erprem~"
f or Eq. (2~ .I), i n which ~ lf turns out to be a f unction o f H and Re~ ,"
wh i l e ,N' k a f unction of H only. On the o t h e r hand an eTam;~ -~ o4a of
t he i . u t e ~ equationz of Table 5 suggegr~ t h St ' the f unotion ~ k
strongly dependent o nt he shearing stress wh ~ t ~ f depend~ only ~ t h e
shape of t h e velocity prof ile~ This observation led Garner% Z ~ . u ,
b~ aake]i~ , and Sehuh~ t o attempt t o improve the v..D0enhof f and.
Tetervin equationa in which Jt" is a f unction of H only and N depends
o n H and Re e. In other respects " the equations of Garner, ~ and
Schuh remain b ~ d l y t h e same, ~ i s the only investigator who
abaudone d the linear dependenc~ .of dH/ dz on ( BiD, o) dU,,Jd= in ~ far.
as he def ined two resimm f or which dif f erent relatiens f or J r and ~ a r e
~ sl id. The.two regimm .are separated by a critical value.of the non-
a ~, , , ~, ~oz~l p r e z z z ~ m ' ~ e n t . ( e i U. d /7. /d =) . , , w h i ~ t . f un~ o n of
H andRe~ . HOwever, i t may.be stated t hat no ne of the ~ empizt-
cal shape parameter equations.of Table 6 have even.half -wayl.e~ !oRed
"the adaptabllE 7 of F, c/. (~ , ~ ) or (~ ,~ 3).. ~ . .
~ . 2 Shape par amet er ec/uatlons based on t he b o u n d m~ . l l y e r
e qua t l o B .- . . -
I n order to avoid the ,limonl~ ies involved in the empizieal d e t e r - ~ ' -
tion ef t he shape parameter equation, some investigators attempted to
derive t he equL~ on theoretically f rom Table 5 or 7. I f the ~
distribution iSrelated to the shape of the velocity prof ile, which bs non-
/- . , - ' ~ v / e . P , . ~ ; . ( ~ . ~ )
t h e n ' t h e f u n o t l o n . /, and . af o f Eq . (2 . ~;1) . z e e n t i r o l y d e' r. er' ~"ed . by
the shape of the velocity prof ile and onl y ~ ' is to be eorrelated to P and
or Re e in an empirical ~ ay. TI ~ problem is aimplea- t han t h e zd ' oz' e-
mentioned one, es~ cia~ ly ~ &n a~ ditional ~ tst~ nnent can be made
about the w~ iation of akin f riction. The equations proposed by Gran-
~ il l e~ Hua~ ,~ oto4:, and Ro t t an are based on such ~ l ~ o si t i o na The
two f irst-mentioned authors used the moment of momentum i n t e ~
equation and the momentum integral equation to derive an equation
f or the shape parameter. Granville used exactly Eq. No. 2 o Table 7.
Rot t s' s equation, which detecmi~ es the variation of the thickness ratio
L
qD
~. ~ . 1
t
J
N * - . e,ie,.ia based on the ener[y i n ~ equstion (17. 2)anathe t oo, "
ment um i n t e ~ e q u ~ o n and uses Y~ o~ t y prof iles ~ t o 3~ q.i'i
' ( 18.7 ~.The parameter B* k related to H and ~ u ah0wn in Fig. 18.
The integral of dissipation is assumed aeoordingto I ~ . 2 0 J . " "
Rubert and Pemhl0~ and S p e n ~ s uppo , ~ the shear s t n m~ .
but ion t o be a f m~ 'tion o f t he shape parameter as well ms the n o n -
A~ , -e~ onal p r e s s ~ ~ / e n t . I n t hk c ue ~ d e l l & on how t ha
shewing s t r ~ dist~bution varies wi t h t he p mmnz gmdient~ Rubezt.
and Pend~ derived the shape. parameter equation bom, ' , he emrj T"
i n ~ equstion in..omht~ tion with t he momentum i n t q ~ equatioa.
The equstion is t w, ~ ' ormed to an equation f or the shspe psmmeter H
On t he basis of power law prof iles accor~ % ~ to No. I of Table "L.lu t ] ~
oonneetion also Rashis ' u ~ rozk should be mentioned,.in which the shear-
i ~ s ' . r w is ~ t e d by the we of ~ ed~ v~ ky' s t ' ~ o ~ Spenes uJed
. - . I . / , - "
.as . . _ 1 . . . ~ ~ shLl~ pL' me t or ~ d t he ~ g ~ d , ~
layer equation of Table 5 f o r . I / - 0, where i t is ammmed t hat 17(I/- 0)
is obtained.f rom t he law of t he wall, Eq. (11.7) f or S/ - "# ,
.. There ht ve been t w o ~ s u ~ attempts to avoid the ,a# sumption
of an emp' n~ s! expr ~ i o n f or the f unction ~ with the s h e ~
i n ~ stressdist~ oUf ion. Tet e~ i n and T. ~. ~40 depe.-ted f z~ m therequire- '
merit t hat both .the energy equation and the moment ~ f mcmmatmn"
equation f rom Table 7 should bedmultaneomdy satkf md, whi kt power
la w velocity profiles and shes: ing st ress terms d e ~ n g On t h e shspe
p s r s m e t ~ Only are a m u m e d . I t is not mn ~ d n g that the shslm pars-.
met er equation b M on these result~ yieldJ only a poor agreement with
experimental observations..Them are indeed two basic t~ nmdary layer
equ~ f iOM, viz. the momentum equation (4.9) and the continuity equ~
tion ( 2 .~) , and three m~ o w n varkbl es, vir. /7 , ~, and v, Hence s
t hird equation is mi s s y . This mat t er of f act cannot be e x p i s h ~ away
b y a n y manipulation ~ the available equ~ tiom~ M the zonditions
t hat the velocity prof iles f orm a , l m~ e d single perzmeter f amily and
t hat the sheming strem.is rekt ed t o these velocity prof iles, are in any
ease no t ~m~ei ent t o det ermine A ShApe paramet er equ at i on. The s ame
is true f or.a .~ ..~ -," Attempt by Tam ~ *z/to derive a usef ul relation f or t h e
disaipAtion integral Mm the eonditione of the ( u n ] mo wn ) e-,. ,. l,,;h' bd um
layers.
22~ Exami nat i o n of t he shape pa r a me t e r equat ion
The usual way to examine t he shape parameter equation is to ealou-
late the variation of the shape parameter f or some examples, f or whish
~ e n t a ] mul t s are av~ i}~ ble. In some cues good 8~ reement i s
- . , + . .
+f ound with the m~ me n t 8 ; i n other ca4es the s4F~ ,,emenl+ is nob I ~
good. Such c o m ~ valuable as they are in themselves, do not
mit any reFmbleinf erence with respect to a univemal validity of the
equati'on. I t ; - t hus desirable to have some eritecis which givemore
SenenI inf or,-l .+on.
Them is the possibility of comparing the ~ t equations directly
with each other, in other words, of comparing the f unctions ~ f and ~ .
Such.a compsrkon is reasonable only if all equations are tnmaf ormed t o
t h e same shape parameter. The tmn.~ 0nnation can i m- , edi s ~ y be
~ =omplished f or single parameter prof iles. Since mol t methods use the
parameter H, a comparison will be m a d e o n the be a k of the eq uation
. , . "
' ' ~+ ~ ]f ++"P~ " U,,0 dU',d= - N+/ Ma" .. + (22.9)
Table 8 gives the original shape pa r a me ~ expressed in terms of H a nd
the exprmsion of 3f s - 1 f or the method of Gruschwitz, Kehl, and Spence
on the.bas k of pO.We~ ~ w p=of iles.When+the veloeityprof il e is obJ=lued
by combining the law of the wall and the def ect ~ w, tho trsnef ormstion
of parameters may lead to more complicated relations. ""
" A comparison of the quantities ~ lf s and bru, as was made f or example'.
by Granvi!l ~ and SchuhUS,reveala considerable quant i~ t ive dif f erences
between the various + methods. The question arkes as to how it can be
judged which of the equations comes closest +to the actual behaviour
of the b o u n d ~ layer. First of all one would expect the ah~ pe p~ mmeter
equatioa to give a f air solution f or equilibrium boundm 7 Isyem, whi ch
are approxima~ e!y ~ h~ ,~ terized by dPld= - 0. From Eq. (22.1) f ollows.
then f or the eq-mbzium, solution
0 d U, , N
iT. d = "- ( 2 me ) .
Solutions f or dH/d= = 0 were f irst used by Fage and Rsymer "-4 f or a
comparison of the various shape parameter equations. The shape pars-
meter H according to t his condition is plotted versus ( 8[U,,) dU,,[dz,
f or the equations of Table 6 in Fig. 2 2 .1. The Reynolds n,-,,_ber is
assume~ to be UrnS/, -- 104. The eorresponding valUes o f the f ist plate
boundary layer and Clauser's equf libr/um layers are ~ plotted, The
equilibrium layer with zero wall stress according t o Townsend 1~ s is also
shown, Not.hLng better th~ n the tremendous d/f f erences of the various
equations could be f ound to demonstrate how unsatisf 6c.tory is the
present status of t~ ,rbulent boundary layer calculation. All equations
except Buri's yield, f or a given value of (O/U,Q) dU,,/d.=, ~ 'alues of tbe
ehape parameter higher than expected f rom Clauser's ~ p e ~ e n t s .
. .
. - ,
! ~ ~ .~ .
,~ '~ ~ .
. . ~ z
' I~ ~ ' ~
. . .
'I .._
2 O2 - 3 . C. R o ' r ~
C/osest:to these measurements comes K~ eh/,s and Hua;r. ot o' s equati~. ~
Buf Fs equation gives H values which are below C/anser's r esul t ~ Thk
is t o be erx~ ected since 3uri did not t ake t he upstream hist ory int o s~ -
count at al l (L - 0), but obtained hi s curve f rom measu.wd boundazy
layers, where t he s]mpe paramet er H g rows in t he d o ~ direction.
. - ~ k 0
H
1 " 5
' !<1
- i ' - . I ! I . . . . g i G , , , , ~ , ~ , - I 0
, . - / - -
- - ~ s z , o . . z ~ "
. L ~ x l O s
- t l l U
FEG. ~,.1. T he ~ i ~u~meter H vet o ( el U . ) ( d U . / d z ) a~o e, z i - - to
t h e c o n d i t i o n d . P ~ l . ~ , , 0 0 F,q. ( ~ . . l ) ~ or the eq~ t ~ o~ ot T ~ ] e
17..'i , - ZO'.
s,d.
mss~n.emeats.
E q u ~u r a ~y ee f oe z er o wal l st r e~ ~ T o wr . ~1 ~
H - . 2 - 2 8 , - . - 4 , 9 . I 0 - ~.
A second criterion is t he response of t he shape paramet er H t o any
deviations f rom an equilibrium boundary layer. This response i j det er -
m;nc~ d by t he valuee o ~ s -1 of Eq. (22.9), provided t hat t he ratio
~ /~ It" has a value which corresponds t o t he correct equilibrium solution.
The greater t he value of ~ S- I t he weaker is t he response of t he shape
paramet er t o sudden changes of (8//7=) dT/=/cL% in ot her words a high
value of ~ r s - I indicates a strong ef f ect o t he upstream h/ st cry on t he
development of t he velocity, prof ile shape. The f ollowing consideration
may help t o decide which val u~ o i l s "I might reasonably be expected.
. , - - .
. . . . -
" i i : :
S u p p o ~ thLt the ,hea.,~ng ~ di~n'bution e o ~ a . ~ tO t ~
~ u ~ i b ~ kyer ~ ~ y known and is introduced into the e ~ "
.aions o f Tabl e 7 ..' When, i n addition, t he d ~ - ~ g , t ress distn' bution .i s
as s u me d t o depend on t he lore3 mean vel oci t y profile onl y, t he n any
o f t he first three equ at i on, o f Ta bl e ' / wou l d prem,,,' ,*b! y ~ t e
. . .
, . .
.. . , . , '
. . . . . "I " . ?
: , - . . . . . .
, , . . " .
; :
~ . " , . " .
. ; - .
" . " " .
, " . ' . . -
. . . . " '
i . O "
l ~o. ~. . . ~ ~ . ~' r~ defined by 1~ . ( ' ~.~1 ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ -"
t he hist ory effect on t he devel opment o f ~r, wh e r e u t he l as t equation
woul d no~ regard t he history at all. Al thoug h t he ~' ~- ~ val u es o f t he
first three equ at ions o f Tabl e ~ do not differ serious]y from each other,
: t he equ at ion b a s e d on t he moment o f mo~ne~t ~n integ ral ~ives t he
l, Jg he ~ val u es o f .M' n -~..
Thu s t he ~al u e o f .,]J' ,e -1, obtained from t he mome nt o f mo~nentum
equ at i on rosy be eonaidered, in some sense, as an uFper } ~, ~t for 2 f a -z.
Any shape psramet er equ at ion which has s ~' alue o f ~ - ~ higher t han
t he said one f rom t he : noment o f moment equation, ~ very probabl y
. ' . , . .
valuv x ~ q ~ f or c o ~ equilibrium f low. o n t he ot her hand a aome*
what smaller value of J / s -x eventually lesck t o a bet t er agreement wit h
t he actual behaviour. However, t here is also t he possibility of under-
est imat ing t he history ef f ect in such a caae. The Value of A/'g-x of t he
2 - - The various equations of Table 6 are pl ot t ed versus H in Fig, o o
values of 2~ '~ -1 ~ ccordLng t o t he expressions of Table 7 and 8 respectively
are also represented in this dLagram. Al t hough all curves have t he same
t rend t o deer es ~ wit h H, there am again marked d i r e n e s s in magni-
t ude of t he e o - O~
The f act t ha t t he various invest igat oraar: ived at so widely dif f erent
r e s e t s may have several causes. I n t he f irst piece t he available e~ --peri-
ment al dat a on t he who l e eYhlbit a consider~ l~ le scatter and many
inco-~ i-t eneies. I n particular, many measurements seem t o suf f er f rom
t he lack of two:~ iimenatonality of mean f low. Secondly, t he methods of
analysis used are rat her sensitive t o irregularities.in t he measurements.
Thirdly, t he Linear f o r mo f t he shape paramet er equation as given by
Eq. (22.1) is very probably inadequate. I t can be t aken f or gr ant ed
tha*~ each investigator t r i e dt o bring his shape paramet er equat ion as
close as possible in e~ reement wi t ht he experiment al dat a available t o
him. Thus a limited region is e x i s t e d t o exist f or each eqmttion, wit hin
which t he equat ion des.cribes t he actual behavi0ur wit h sUf f icient accur-
s~ T. Bu t it appears impossible t o recommend one equation' as being
particu/arly ~ suited f or engineering calculations. Indeed, most of t he
equations give f air agreement wit h experiment in f ~ l!~ ng lnessure and:
also f or a certain length in t he f low direotion rom t he position where
t he pressure starts, t o dins. When t he position o f s ei ~ r ~ i o n is approached
ho wever / t he varioua.methods show very divergent mul t s . I n order t o
come closer t o a satisf actory solution f or thb shape pmmmeter equation,
it s e e m t o be necessary t o make f urt her caref ul measurements wit h
systematically varying pressu~ , and equilibrium layera should be
included. Great care should be t aken t o ensure a very nearly two-dlmen-
sional mean f low. The experiments should include measurements of *trln
f riction, shearing stress distributions and ot her turbulence quantities.
23. So me Re ma r ks o n t he Nu me r i c a l Bo unda r y Layer
Cal cul at i o n
Very little remains t o be said about t he numerical calculation of t he
t urbul ent boundary layer. The integration of t he moment um integral
equation in t he case of t he constant pressure layer has been t reat ed in
Section 21. I n t he general ca~ e of a given arbitrary pressure distribution,
two ordinary f irst order dif f erential equations have t o be integrated
. . . . .
' . ~ " . . . . - . ~ . ' . " ~ - . . " - i . ' . ' . . . ' . . - .
"simtdtaneonalyl by numerical methodJ. Usual l y, there are the momea;
t u r n i n ~ equation sad the shape parameter e q ~t i o ~ ~ .
c.~ leulation methods.f or step.by-step integration of a. ~ . t of t wo a;~ re~ ..
ential .equations are. available. Such f f ileulstions are rather. ~ . ' , ~ o n- .
' suming. Sometimes an iterative.procedure can be conveniently applied,
a~ eording T~owhich at f irst an appro~ rn~ tion to the thickness is.deter-.
m;~ ed f or.the vhol e boundary layer and then an aypro=imation to t h e
distribution of *.he ahape parameter is computed, which in turn is us e d
t o Calculate a hi~hor order approximation to the thicknemaud ao
This method does not, h o we ~ , converge when t h e r e , o n o f ~ l ~ t i o i ?
:.is approached. The choies of a partiou]ar method is of ten much af f ected
by t he time required f or the calculation. This point of view loses, .how-
ever, its importance f f an electronic computing ma~ h;,w is available.
The whole-method can be programmed .and results a~ e Very quie.kly
3 3 . 1 I n i t i a l " " " - - " -~
I n ord t o t he sol ut ion o r t h e t wo
e ~ s t i o m, two init~ l boundary eonditious have to be ]mown. Thus . t ~
certain position two dif l~ erent thie.knem p a n me t m or o,;e ~ . .
parameter and a shape parameter must be ehoson in ~ oeordanve With
the actual f low eondition~ Generally val id rules, . aoc0r~ . ~ t0 vhich
the initial eonditious rosy ]~ rif f led, san har dl y be given f or such os~ s
whe re the tUrbulentboundary l ayer st ar t s b ~ b ~ d h e a v y di. - turbea~
or af ter r e a g e n t of a ~ r a t e d laminar boundary layer. More in-
f ormation is available with ~ t o the natural transition f ~ nn the
unst abl e laminar layer to the t urbul ent one. The main f eatUres.of the
development in this c a ~ have been briettydescn~ ed in Section ~ 1~ .
.The variation of the momentum,-displaoement, and energy thicknemes
along t he =-axis in the transient ~ of the f iat plate boundary layer
according to measurements mad e b y Schubauer and ]~ ebanof f TM k
shown i n Fig.. ~ . 1 , tollether with the intennittoncy f. ~ - , l ~ , whioh
the f r a c t i o n of time t hat the boundary layer k turbulent at position ~ .
Calculated curves f or the laminar and turbul~ nt h~ yer ar e also plotted.
The virtual orion of the turbulent boundary l ayer is assumed to be at
: 0 - - 6 " 3 4 ~ .
Boundary layer calculations are usually based en the notion, of a
sudden transition f rom laminar to turbukmt f low, whereas the t r~ , ~ t ion
proceu actually extends over ~ r e , on of several hun~ ,~ d momentum
thicknesses. I t is taken f or granted t hat t hemoment um t h i o k n m o f
the laminar and the turbulent I~ yer are equal at the ammmed mean
Thi s i n t ~ , l t t e n T f ~ e~ or k observed a t & s u . ~ | e n t l y smal l dist anoe f r o m
t he ~ urf ace, a nd mus t n ~ t b e co nf i ned wi t h t h a t one def ined i n Seet km 11.
. . . . . , ' . - ,
20e , J . C . Rcn,t.~t . .
poe i t ~ on o f t z az u 6t i on : ~ 8 ~ 23 . 1 ~ h ow s ~ h ae t h e e a~ e e I , ~ t ~ t c u r v e ~ f or
i n t e r e e e t , i n i ' ~ e ~ , ~ e , , p oe i ~ on , . w h e r e t h e . i n ~ e r mi t t e n e y f a~ , t or y i s v e x 7
n e ar l y 0- ~ . T h e c al e a] e J ~ t . c ~ : v e a f or ehe d~ E pl aeemen~ ~ kieIa~ eee i n t e r -
sec t t t t. cozu~ de, zabl e. cti~ t~ uee d o w ~ ~ of Ux is poi n e , wh e r e as

@o l
o . t c
l i o ' ~
. @e
G~
"!_J
b
v.o.
I ' C
O' G
~ o - t
O, 4
o
4 . 8 S"
. I t / .
.[
i
i t
/ i
i .
i t . 4 4 4 7 . 2 T - 4- I F@
: " n~ . f l
F ro. 2 &l . Devel opmene o f t he bou ndary Iaye~ on a e , t p l ~ i n t he
r e , on o f nat ural t rami t i on f i ~m ~ t o t urbul ent fl ow.
( a) Vazi at l on o f t hi ckness l m~ - - .met4~ m . .
Z x perl ment al val u es f rom Se hu i x me e - Kl e bs no~S*T
0 M ome n t u m t h k k n e m e
Di spl acement t hi eknem 8"
A ~ t J L i e i ~ J * .
C~ deul ated ear v eu:
f l o w. 0 - - 0 . 6 6 4 ~ / ( z / U . ) , 8" - - 2 - 69 10 , g * . l ~ S T ~
Tu rbu l ent ~ow. Ae e or di - ~ t o Eq: , ( 2 1.10 ) . ( .~1.I1) . ( 18.15)
V. O . V' wtusl origin o f t urbul ent l ayer a t : e - 8-34 f~
T M e s a po s / t i O n o f t r s ns / t / o n a t ~ - - 6- 2 5 f t .
~ - - - - Faired e~ r v ee t hroug h ex peri ment al point&
( b) Int enn. i ~t ency f act or f rom ex per/ ment e by Sc hu bau e ~Kl e bs aof f u * .
- . o - . " : ~ ' . * . . / , . ' ,
, , - . . . . .
i n~r ~t i o " o~ t h e e ~ t me knm enrve~ i s . m~i l ~ o e u ~ m.
Wi t h regard t o bou ndary l a y e r c a l c u l s t i o n~ i t a ppe a ~s t hu s pl s u s i bl e '
o a x ~ me t ha t t he cu rves o f 8 and . ~ o f t h e l aminar and t he t u r bu l e nt
layer int enec t a t the u m e p o r t io n = ~ , may. Then with t he : e b . t ~w
S i g n in Section Is the shape pa,rsmeter of the ~dmlesrC ve.lociCS p:orde .
can be d e t e r ~; - e d s t t h e pos i t i on f rom ~h i c h t he eLl cul ation o f t he "
turbulent layer starta. I t is expected t h ~ this rule wm be sppl iwbl e
,dso' in ~ where trsusit/on oemn= i n s region of non-zero premam
l ~di e nt . The mean l~_'_~_~_on itself k, of. oour~e, a~ected by a F e ~ t n ~ m- .
bet of p, nanet em ~ o u o~ t ~ probkan ~-, howev~, beyond t h e
oope of the p m~ t . ~ .
. . . . . , . . ,
Xpp . . . . . " " "
. ~L2 rote me ~Jx o d s ~ . "
s o, t h e
equations is very troubl___--mne, and since sp. x t from this a high e ~ '
of t h e resul t, , _ , , - , , , or be. Suar, , . . . nteed i n " : v ~ b e ~ u , e of the emptriml
: e kt i o n~ int rodu oed, ma ny au t hors ha v e at t e mpt e d t o derive mo ~ oon-
venient method~ for c a l o u l ~ o n . . B e ~ k n o w n i s the , a ~ formuk
for t h e e a ] ~ t i o ~ of t he momentum t h l ~ne a , given f ~ . b y Bun~,
The u nderl yi ng i de s k ~ t he a l ~ flier, i on eoef~cien~ f or e, ~ .
mzrfao e ma y be a p p r o ~ . b y
. ~ . [ l ~ - u , -. : ( ~ z ) .
. . : ' , :
( eompx ~ E q. (19.; ?, )), wh e ~ "IRe, - - U. ~ / , , and the. ah~ pe parmeb~ .
ma y be repl aced by a ~ t me an val u e H. The mo me nt u m i n t e ~ "
e qu at i on can t h i n be rewri t t en - -
wh e n

d - " d U ] d s
+a,
- ,
I S Sl
. " o"
( ~ )
( n . s )
B
and t he normal st ress t erm is ne ~l e c t e ~ Eq. ( 2 3. 2 ) is a l inear first order
di~erentied equ at i on, whi ch can be i nt e ~a t e d in cl osed f orm. I f t he
t u rbu l ent boundarT l ayer beg ins s t z - =~, whe r e t he mo me nt u m t hi c k-
heSS 8 . . e, i s kno wn and t he ext~rnx3 ~e l o c i t y i s U m- U e p t he i nt eg ral
l + . L ( 2s . 4)
o
2 0 s J . C . :
. , , , . .
o f Eq. ( 2 3 ~ ) can. oonven/ ent ]y be e x p r e ~ u .
- - = ~ - . ~ - ) " I +a , (23.5)
8t 81 t ~ . x. "U=l
which sppl im t o tm. hu]ent boundar y l'Lye~ on mmoo~ h suremeea.
integral can be evaI uat ed numerically. S~ ml]n. at t empt s, which l ead tO
t he same result, have been made by & number o f aut ho r ~ Tr ucken-
brodtl~ o, xsl st art ed f r0,~ t he energy integral equat ion ~ nd int r oduced
number o f simplif ications deduced f rom t h e results by Rotta~ a, os,
Tr uckenbr odt obt ained f inally a relation which has. t he same f orm as
Eq. (23.5). Ross and RoberCson ~ a proposed, a relation, which corresponds
t o Eq. (~ 3.5) i f t h e second t er m i n t he brackets is neglected. The empiri-
cal const ant s used. by t he various aut hors are compiled in Tsbl e 9.
" TABLE 0 -. "
Author
4
1
0.2188
6 ~ k e n ~ x l t ~
Sp e n e ~ '
"i i' m
0~ }lT.
J " o . Wl s
0 - 0 4 ) 7 6
0
0 - 0 1 0 6
!
f
" , " " , d , + l .
b
m+l
4 . 1 6 3 . 5 2 '
4 . 2 3 - ~
3 . 3 3 3
4 . 8
4 . 0 3 - S
The second t er m in t he bracket s o f Eq. (23.5) represents t he cont ri-
but ion o f t he skin f riction. I n & sharpl y rising pressure gradient t J ~
cont ribut ion is relatively small. The convenien~ relation given by Roas
~ nd Robert son,
" '
may t hen yield f air resul t ~ I n mi l dl yi ner es~ ng pr e~ ur e and in f ~ 1!ing
pressure, t he ef f ect of t he skin f riction is no t negl i~ bl e and t he f ull
equat ion (23.5) has t o be used.

. : , - .
A me t ho d for~the appr ox i mat e ealeulati.' on o f t h e s h a p e p a r ~ e t e r for:
bou ndary l ayers on amoot h surf aces h u been devel oped by Tr ne ke a-
bz~dt ssl. The s hape paramet er e qu at i on ( 2 2 . 9) can be i nt eg rat ed w h e n
t he . q u ~t i t ~ 2 ~jw i s u s u me d t o ~va~3 wi t h t h e l o c a l l ~ebmo| dl nu mbe r i n
t he s ame wa y as t he t t ~ . f ri ct i on coef f icient does,, t ha t k :
" ~ . : . ~ ' x l ~ n - - - ~ : ~ - v ' , : " " t ~ - 7 )
where :K i s a function of the ~bape parameter H. In addition to ~ .
ne w vari abl e .~, def i ned b y " . .
. . - , .
. : . . . . . . . J " + . . . ~ . . .
f
- " " z , ' - , - - - ( n . s )
. .
. - , . . , . . . , . .
. . - . . . . . . . ~ " . . . . . . . . - . , . . . . . . . .
f u not i ons o f L; H0 is t h e val u e o f t he s hape p~--ffimeter, whi c h corres-
ponds t o t ha t o f t he fl&t pl&te bou ndary ] ayet . These f u ne t i ons &s eslOU-
lZ tecl for the shzpe l ~r s me t ~ equations given by Oruschwitzu, Kehl ~,
. " " ' . " . , . , . . " . -
2 - 4

" 2 - 2
2 . 0
1 - 8
H
" 1 . 6
: i
\
: - 4
I - 2
t - O
- 0 - 2 0
~ . . " - :
, T
s .
. . .
- 0 - 1 5 - 0 - 1 0 - 0 " 0 5 L 0 0 " 0 5 0 " 1 0
L
i~o. ~. 2 . P, elsCion b~ween * ~ , * p e , ~ H and v m~bl e / ;
~ - e o ~ i n g t o Eq . ( 2 3. 8) a f t e r Tr u c ke nb r o d O i s .
, Tr u o ke nbr o dt ~s s
. . . . OL-.j[ ~2 4t
~ . - - . ~ ~-mcbwitzu.
m m
- . o
( ~=. , ~' , , , ~d . o o~; , , s to , n ~ t e by :rr,=T,~ab~odt. ~ ~ . ~ . , ; -
Figs,. ~ . 2 s, nd 2 3. 3. ]:I; i s seen ~ha,t K i a 6 furieS. on o f bot h B ~ 1: ~, .
. . . : . . ;
O - Z . ' L
/ . . , . . " .
. , o
. t o ~ , ~ ~ > < ~ j ; , . . ~ . ~
/
S-
> : ". . - ,
; ' I ~ ' q " " "
. . . . - I . o " ' " "
- O ? Z 5 - 0 - Z 0 . . . - 0 . , 5 . . - O . l O - 0 " 0 5 0 0 . 0 5 O . l O .
: . " " ; . . " - L
: " . . . , .
. . .
F I G. 2 3~3. Th e : f u nc t i o n J~. d o f i / wd by. F , q. ( $~k7 ) , M a f i me t i o n o f v a r i a b l e
" " . " . ' T" ~ ' r r - . a z k mb r o d P U , , , - 6 . . " . . "
- Tz , u e ke nbr odt x * t " . . ' . . .
. . . . A m = o ~ a Eq. ( = = , x o )
~ ~ G i m ~ u " . . . ,
< K e h l t * . ""
T he , h, pe p mme ~ e q . , ~ o . ~ now ~ e fo=~
. . . . . . ' ' .
I n order t o s ol ve t hi s equation, . Truekenbrodt proposed an approx i ma-
t i on t o ~ , l inear i n r~, namel y
= , , ( ~ - ~ ) ( ~ s. x o)
w h e r e
= 3 . 0 4 . I 0 "| , ( 2 3 . 1 1 )
/3 - 0.07 iog z. o, -( ~2 ~.
I n t hi s wa y t he s hape parameter equ at i on is transformed i nt o s l inear
differential equ at i on, whi ch ean be int eg rat ed when t he v s d a t i o n be-
t ween mo me nt u m t hickness # and = is assumed according t o Eq. ( 2 3. 2 ) .
. , , " . . . . . " , . . . . , . _ . " . , - . . " . . . . . . . , , ' .
. . . . . - ; . . . " : . . . . . . ; . , . - "
T h e n ' - : . " i . . . ' ' i . . . .
I
. ; "' il "; '" " 1 "' ."i
' , . O l I ~ l h l ~ l l l . . .
. ' . . . . - .
is ~ t= oduoed, Imd t he l ol ut i on of Eql ( i 3 . 9 ) I ml . t l e e x p l l l e d b y -
. . . . . . - . . .
. . . . . , - ~
. . . " . " " ' ' " 1 " " " " - ' ( i a l @.
. r . . , - + - ds~ ', - - . . ' . .
o . . 1 1
and thus s. f u net ion of ~ ' . Truekenbrodt found t hst his.method p v e
8ood , ~ e me n t with me , , ~e me n~ for an ~ p l e of ~
bulent beunda: y l l yer. The tolutioli for the oondition dried= - 0 at.
( IS.il) imd ( i3.111) ~' e~ults ~ n be obtained .whieh Ire; on tIw avi Bp. "
s , good or ~, bad u rosy be e z p c e ~ from ~i t e p by ~ l n ~
o f any Of the ~. al ~ parameter equatiom l i s ~ . in T a b l e e.. K ~ e me ~ .
h u dmiiined a ~ slide rule for bol mdl l 7 l l yer o i ! ~ t i o n .blled oa
the.Truckenbrodt formulae, llinldly, it may be.mentioned t l t t t h e n
are other ~ of s ~ a l i o n to t ; ~ r u n , o= . I t ( L) ~ to f o n i
of t he d/ fl' ele~tislequsiion ( ~. 9 ) , whioh ~u~ , I n y b e i nt e i ~t e d. S o n. ,
of the shape pJ~amet~ equt.Uona maybe ~ d l r e ~ .
. . . . , . - o . .
. , . o . " . . .
s
. , " . . .
" S Q
T.
S~
" . . Re f e r e n c e s "
L ~ - ~ - - , ~ . a . K . , ~ ot 4 o~ C- z . t u . - ~ z ~ l ~ ~ o, , , . , , e Z , t = K ~ , z ~ ' ~ t o
t h ~ t wo - d i me m/o n s l w ~ e , J . Ae~o. ScL 17, 441 : : 5 ( !9 8 0 ) .
2 . B, L~ - . c, , ~ k . . O. ~ . . . . 7' 7~. 2 ' ~ e ~ o. f ~ r o m, ~ , , ~ , , , . 2 " , , e , , Z, ~ . , C. mb r i d m
3 . B _ ~ ' ~ r ~ l , z , Q . ' K . a n d P s o ~ x ~ . ~ r . Z. , Th e effect, o f r s p k l d /s t o r t /mz o f s
~ u /d i n t u r b u l e n t mo t i o n . C~m' t . J' . . L"ech. ~ ' . , ~ [ . . Ma d , . 7, ~1--103" (1954).
E x p ~ i o n , w e u e n . z . ~ , ~ V ~ 7. ex- v3 ( 1 9 5 o ) .
Bm. ~ L, J ' . ] K . , Appl iest l oa o f t h e vasz K d ~ m~ mom~ mt u~ theorm~ t o
t ur bul e ~ b o u ~ layers, ~ ACA. ~ 25.71 (1951).
B. vo zo vL 0. . On. t he . t m~ y t u r b u ~ m ~ a l o ng . n i n6mt el y l o q , ~oom
and plane wall, ~ Vm'u.-w, ~ Nat 7, Univ. Bo r ge~ A.rbok 1981.
BItADmS~ w, P. , A simple method, f oe determ~ -~ -~ t~ zrbulmzt skin f rier/on
rom vel o ur 7 pro~.l~,,7 . ~ zm . . ~ , ~ . - ~ . 2 6, S4I (1989).
By e , A., EL~ ~ ~ m , ~ e . f l l ~ die t uHml ent e ~ bei-
b We . h / e ~ r und ves-z68mq~ sr Gruadst r6mun~ . Z)'~ s. 1931 ~ d p n . Te ~ h -
Hoehsohule ~ Available s/so u ~ LT.P. Tnms l s t / o n ~ ro. 2073, British
a . . ~ o , a ~ n , . 9 ~ - ~ 0 s ( ~ . ~ 4) . -
I - ~ I , 1~ ew York, N. Y. , 19~ N, . . .. .'
I I . ~ z , C. F. and Wm-: z, C. M. , Exper / men~ . . wit h ~ u/d f i~ otioa in
r o u ~ p/pea, P r ~ . ~. mj. ~ Lo n d o n ~ . 161, 367-381, (193T).
12. Co z, s , D., The probl em o f t he turbulen~ bo undar y l ayer, ~ .. an4N~ . ~ If a~ k.
P~ y~ S, 181-203, ( 19~ ) . "
13. Cor, z ~ D., The law o f t he ~ in turbulen~ ",hear ~ ow, 50 J ~ r ~ ~ ;renz..
~ / ~ u n ~ , . ' 16~1~, Bmun~ hwe ~ , 1988.
I~ . Cot.re,. D., Th e Isw o f t h e wa k e i n t h e t urbul ent boundar y l ayer, 3 . Affu,~
Mech. 1, 191-226 ( 1966) .
15. ~ oz~ s, D., l~ maz4cs on t be equih~ 0rlum t urbul ent bounclery layer. ,7. Aa ~
Sc~. 2 4. 496-,q06 ( 195T) ..
equation, J . Aem. ~ . 20, ~ (!953).
IT. Comur ~ , ~z' . e n d I Cur z ' z , . ~ A . L. , Th e f ree-st ream boundaries of " tu~ rbulenb
f low~ , ~ rACA Pep. 1 2 / 4 , i083-1064 (1955).
18. Dz: s s c z~ P . . O., . 4~nJT~ia of t ur bul ent hes t t rsnsf er, mare t r s a~ er , and
f i-Lction in smoot h t u b u at, high P r a n d U ~ Schrn/dt numbers, ~ ACA.
Rep. 1210, 69--82 (1955)..
19. ~ . Doz. ' no]n, , A. ~ -. and ~ v ~ , ~ . , Det erml nst ion of" gener al relations
f or t he behav/ our of t urbul ent boundary l~ )-ers, ,N'ACA Pep. T7 2 (!943).
20. v ~ D- ~ T, E. R. , On turb~ dent f lOW near a wall, J . A~ . ~ . 23, 1 ~ 7 - I 011
( 1956) .
21. E~ s r ~ - , H. . A. and I x, H. , Shear t ranamksion f rom a t urbul ent f low t o its
viscous boundsr y sublaye~ ', 1955 Hea~ T r a~ f e r and Fl ui d MeeA. I ns t . ,
Unl v. o f Cal~ . Lo s Angelea, 1 . 9 8 5 . .
u. ; . mmm. m, ; ~ . ~ . ~ X~ .-w.; 'Z~ + ~ o o , = , , , t ~ r ~ " , i o m; - , = o <~ + ~ , ~ ' + r .
Pro+..4m+r. S o c . O i l . . p ~ + . S 2 , p a p e r 1145 (1956). " . . . ' . .. ~+
I k ~ n . , I L O~ J r . . ~ o t e on the . ~ z b u! mt ~ s ~mm n e ~ "s ws l l . J. A ~ . ....
, ~ . ~ 4, 46s. - ~ 9 ( 1 9 ~ ) . . "
~ . l ' , a Z, ~ . , - . d l ~ x = m. W. O., ~ o ~ o , e mp i ~ ml , m0m ;t'm- ~ "
bo uo dmy i ~ y m/ , A] ~ O I t & ~ r ~ (t94S). . . . .
a nd s pect r s in s t ~ b u l - - t bo,~ dkury l sy~ r, J , F3 u ~ 3Lf m~ . 2, 311k-34~ {1957).
~ 6..~ P~ n~ c, A. J . , OA~ =az~ o, J' . ,i.. e,~ d Dmmm, 1~ J . . Fus . l h~ 8psoo. timo eoe.
z , e l , t i o m o f ~ , e l o ~ t n t u: bu. b~ b o u n d a ~ .Isy~ ,. J . ~ , 4 . Mer, k . S ,
: 3 4 4 - S S S ( l l l ~ s ~ . - "+
4 9 ~ - 4 9 ~ ( l t l : r ~ , . . . . . , , ' ""-
28. F z n ~ . ", C., ~ Vsll t urbul enee, ~ ARA' I ~ 2 . 8 . S 0 - W. -" . . . .
P . & M s x s 3 ( l ~ t 4 ) . .+ -
3o. Go ~ = ~ o . : l ~ . + o , , , m4 t m~ m. ~ ~ 2 2 mo , ~ &, . ~ ~
V e r ~ , . . Be r l i n . l e SS.
. . ooz- o=. I , . .or -
+ l ~ y e ~ under ~ dve~ e pmMsure I ~ e n t a . Z~ AP.J. T~ T S4Sl + ( 19 5 1) , " "
SS. Oo mm= ~ . m. O . ~ ~ ~ y e r + o w~ , ~ o t , mmmm~
j . ~ . o x . ~ t p ~ ~ ' a ~ 1 , 4 3 , . , , e e ( 1 m l . 8 ) . . . - " -
~( ; ; z u. - ~, ~ I , . , To e ~ e d d ~ o f . ~ t motion, .7. ~ ~ ec~ . 4,.
149-190 (1~ , 8). ".. . . . . . . '
~ I , t o m, , m i s mme - ~ . :t' + ,,,. ,~ . D ep+ . D, , , . Ts y ~ ~ ~ P e p . .
v s s ( 1 ~ 5 1 ) . . - . .+
: D r u o k . t b i ' t , n u n d ~ , . , l ' , , p. . . . , , d , , e ~ 2 , ~ I - . , S 4 S ( ] L g S X ) . . . .
3a. ~ I~ . R... On t h e - v e l o ~ d i s h ~ u t / ~ in t he l s mi n~ ,mbisym. md t mn l .
tim~ ~ gi o n in t urbul ent sbem" f low=, .7. Aa~ o. ~ . ~ 0, e4s-e4~ (195S).
~ %m, . ~ ' . l q mm~ A , ~ e ~ . ~ m' ~ E, ~7~' . 62 . ~ - ~ 8 0954).. "
~ . Ha mu ~ X). 1~ ,.. The m~ lut~ ou of " t he equal.tom of ' t h e ~ bousidm~
l s}~ r f or Schubauer' 8 obem-ved p~ t-mure ~ f or ~ m ellipt/o cTiindm' ,
11211-65+1 (1948)..A11o I l wl ~ i e Ill ~ AC. J. Y]d[ 1431 (19f dl).
40. ~ . x . ~ . ~ W+. n~ b. tmmddunkt+mm ~ Ok + c ~ p .
wie.h4~ t.u45ulenz, F o n ~ Geb. Inl~ . W~ . 23, 2 1 0 2 1 3 (1952).
41. . ~ rm" -~ ;,7:0, B. , On t bo t 3n' bul eat bo undm7 Isym., Prims. Jo pem ~ M~ :
~ nlT. 7 tiM41).
42.. :Hm+moTo, B. ~ f mnentum e q u a t l m or t h~ b o u n ~ l syer mSd t heir appli.
est ion t o t he t ur bul mt boundary isyer, ~ e ~ Far.. ~ n~ ng. KS~ o Un~ . 13,
163-173 (1951).
43. H ~ r v o ~ o , B. , A br i ef no t e o u t he ~ s u b . y e t o f t he t u r b ~ mt
~oundsx.y layer, , lfem. .Fat. , E~. ,Kp~to Univ. 13, -lV4-179 (1951); .
44. ~ [~ 'z~ moTo, B. , Pract ical roet ~ ods o f ~ t i n g t he bo~ , dmu7 l syer , T~ J~
q ~ . , , f . P. ~ . I , , ~ Ksmco Um;~ ,. 2. ~ ?, 1s-.36 -(195s).
45. JAcOlsS, ~ . , St r Smun 8 hi nt er el nem einzel nen P, Zuh~ ke i t ml e m~ t , Z~ . -
A, ~ . 9, 343-355 (I C3S).
+ .AP, CI ~ &- I I ~ (!sin0.}. " . .
n . ~ wqa~ s z~ , . . ~ Y. , Zur s t at ~ . bchen Theor l e' der ~ ,t5. J ~ p, .
2 1 4 ' ~ . C . R o ~ x + . . . .
, ~ . : , + o m, . w. , v,.~ 'o,-,,,,,,,- o r e , +t , ~ o, +. +t ~ a , , . ~ , m, ~ , , m, ~ + , , z .
. ~ Moth: Mech. 19. 8 7 - 1 0 0 ( . T . 9 3 9 ) .
~' .. vo~ ++ ~, , , +; . . . , ~r. . U e t ~Z . = i m, ~ m~d ++m~t,mt. z ~ . z . . , ~ . ~ r ~
Mech. I , . 33- 2~ (1921). Also svsil sbl e as I ~ TM 109L
4 a v o , ~ . ~ . T ~ . ~ , X o ~ ~ ~ d ~ , v ~ . , . ~ , .
rv, ~. ~ , ; ~ m,,,o,. P ~y, . x z. . m, . +s ( l ~0 } . ~rzc. ~ ~ 611.
+9. ~r - wz z z = ~ T . Th e o ~ o r t u s . b ~ ~ u a d m7 ~ym" md i t . ~ p U c , ~ .
.I. ~ AppL X , mb. J o ' p ~ 3, 1 4 (1960).
r~ . Emma, A;, Unt e nmc hu~ e n ~ k ~ n ~ t e und d/Verlloate, t u r b ~ m~
Rm~ m~ d3Lc ht e n, 2",~ p..Af x~ . 13, 293-329 (1943). Also s ~ e as I t . T. P .
Tmmdat / on No . 2 033. Br i t i s h ~ o f A/ ~ . ~ t P r ~ i u ~ .
61. Kz.ma~ owP, P. S. and D, - ~ : Z. W, Some f e ~ mm of s~ i~ m~ l l y t h/ o kms d
. f l dl y developed t urbul ent b ~ . - ~ m7 Isyers w/ t h zero p e mm~ I mdkmt ,
NACA Rep. 1110, 1902. . . . . . .
6~ . ~ o ~ , P. S., Ch a me t n t / ~ of t u r b u k n ~ in s b o u n d ~ IApe+ w/th
z e r o pre4mu~ ~ s d/ ent , ~ ]'ACA Pep. 1247, 113~ - 11~ (1956),
I r - - , , q, & ~ ., Some n~ w e mo e p t / o ~ oi" t he ~ o f stall in t ur bul mz
boundary layers. J . Ae~ o. ~ L 24, +70-+71 (19~ V).
54+ mmm=, s . : . o . t ~. ~ ot ~ ~E.Dqm.I S ~ t o , d u . i v mi t y , Pop.
z4 D. 4 0 ~ s } . . . -.
studies o f t he f low model o f t he waLl l syen, o f t h e t u r b n l ~ t ~ t s yer ,
56: Ko mmm, Y~ ~ f oasurementa o f ~ ~ l u~ ust / o~ ~ t.he ws k e o f oylinder,
J , 2"by+. Soo. J o p ~ 12+ 833-543 (1987). .
57. K O a ~ o o o ~ v , A. ~ . , The Ioosl st nsct um o f tu~ bulem~ in inoompmsaible
v/ ~ oua ~ u/d f o~ ver y largo P~ y ~ l d a number s. # . R. ,/cod. ~ U, ~ . ~ .
( ~ t ~ ) so, so~-~os Om+ ~ ) . m m m m t . m m , ~ o n , m , ~ , + . . m, * '. + ~ o.
: . R . A +~. ~ r; ..~aa. ( : ) o ~ , + ~ } + m. t e - zs ( t 94t ~ 0 mmm m t / o .
,-,o. ~ , r . . ~ ~ a t u r bu ~, ~mr u ny dmmk~d pi p. aow, ~+ x ca.
~ 4 . ~- t s ( ~9a4) . .
~ 1. ~ . K, W. . msd L , u , ~ . 3 . Invamigs~ mm of ~ ~ urbulent ,.-+,-;-_-,.
62. va.w Lz, ~ . , Th e vo~ ~ i n t ~ ml met ho d a!. sppUed t o t u: bul ent
bo undm7 Isyer, J . A~ o . ~ 19, 647-648 ( 191LY}.
63. Lzom-Jur.L, M. ,T~ Review. o f ' +/' he st ruct ure o f turbulen~ shear f low", by
A. A. T ~ J . F / , ~ ~ 4~ q. I , 554-560 ( 19~ ) .
~ 54. LI~ , C. C., On Tayl or ' s hypo t hesk and t he acceleration f er mi in t h e lq'av/e~ -
Stokes e q u a ~ n , <~ oPl App& ~ . 10, 295-304 ( 19~ ) .
65. I , ~ , C. C., S~ +at[It.ical theor/es o f t ur bul e nt . J ~ h Speed A~ odFn~ m~ .~ a ~
3 + t P ~ 5, 196-2 53, Princeton Un/~ ' ers/ty Press, Pr l n~ t o n, ~ . J . , 1959.
66. LornsL~ wlac~ , L. G., The hypotheels of iocalnem in the t ur buL~ t mot ion o f a
viscous f l,;+t; PPik/. ~ f al . ~ f e3~ . 22, 560-611 (1958). Engllah tawnslstion
J . Ap,p~ . MaO. M~ k
67. L~ r~ ,v,-o, ]EL and T~ a . ~ , W. , Untersuchungen f iber d ie Wand~ hub-
spannung in turbulenten P.e,' bm~ wehichten. I ~ . Arc.~ IT. 2~ 8-299 (1949).
Also svaf lsblo as NACA TM 1285.
. ' . . . o " . . . . .
. . w.
l l ~ t , , l ~ . . " i - " . :: . : "
in t wo-dimeasl o~ l i n o o m~ ' b k f low, ~ A~ ~ ~ m~ . ~ 4 ~ (19~ 1).
v0. M n . ~ J' . W. O n t l ~ wd o c ~ p m~ f or ~ ~ w nm~ ~ ms~ oo~ w~
J . ~L,ro. ~ 2 4. ~0~ (19~ 't)~ .
~ . ~ v ~ , B. o . , Sore. o ~ ~ ~ ~, e . u d: v o t ~, ~ ~ u ~ b u ~ ~ .
kym' nm, r ~ , dm' o. / ; ~ . m, m~ . Cmw~ . m' o . ,P,~ . Zo b . . M' ~ mm~
. av, ~ot . , P, ~ . . ACA-. ~ (~gSS).
~ 1, , 19 3 , 1. ".
~ s. >~ , ~ zs. L. S t , ~ Z ~ t r o ~ , a ~ , . ~ ' , mo ~ S u p ~ m~ e, ~ o . S,.
~ 7 9 - . ~ r / ~ 1 9 4 g ) .
. , .
tarbu,~ zs~ , J' . N .il, f e~ /I..5, ~ /&.,,~ ill (1989).
~ d l a s t , / ~ . ~ / J a t A. P/~ W~ . 10, 4"/8-.~ 01 (19~ ))..
/ e. ~ . o . ]z.. T ~ ~ mot i m ~ . , ~ ~ ' b o mc t , ~ , -
T~ . ~ L. . ~ U, ~ , . - ~ ~ u ~ ~ i ~ ~ , ~ = t
V ~ dm I l L I n t e m~ i o md m Mst,bem~ t, O m r - ~ l ~ d ~ -
be, z, ~ , 484.-49X. ~ in :L. P mat a- . . Bets. Y ~ ~ b ~ , , ~ m
m. ~ ~ ' ~ ~ , ~ . .
~ 8 . ~ L. , B~ l n ~ l ~ t U mms u e , h u n z m m~ m~ q ~ b a d ~ m
1 9 ~ ,
~ 8~ . ~ . ~ . n . , L.. V ~ . m ~ m ~ t ~ ~ . a , ~ ~ , u ~ ,
~ . ~ L., Ueber I~ Po ne der Zt ~ h~ k~ . i m ~ d~ ' ~ b l ~
detm~ Tm. bui mz, mpubl ~ bed psl wt 1945. P, evi ew~ in FI AT R, mdow d
Oennm~ SeiencL Germmc .ZCaZ~ 'Jm.~ I,. ,J/~ ,..~ ~ ~ i t , .4.
Bet ~ ~ r d ~ und Ae r o d y z ~ z ~ Ve r ~ C~ , , We ~ z ~ m/ Be q ~ . l ~
S3. ~ z z , La u d Sc z~ c z~ ma , I L, D~ W' Kkammd~ pm~ muber
W~ y~ ~ wd m~ Haym l S, Z-4 (19S4~
S4. :PmcmnC J . 7~ r Zbeore~ ameu ~ dm P r o mwi d mz t m~ . r L-
. ~ ,r.~J~'u.Cor.e~ X. t o - s t ( ~gu) .
(19.~ 1.
s6. ~ B., An - , , , . - ~ , 1 ~ t e, ~ i ~ t . i ~ a of ~ d ' ~ 0f me ~ e . ~
of t m~ ml mt kinetic me r l ~ in t he ~ di ~ - t i o n ~ t he ~ o1"
t m~ a i mt ~ l aye~ in ~ l v e r ~ prmmz~ ~ NACA TN ~ 9 ,
s's. P.mcz~ c~ .s:~ , l:t., "Vollst, rmdige Dm, s ~ l un~ der ~ ,~ -'-,,ulentm ~ wi n .
dlgk,,.itmve~ -teilun~ in glad-ten I , , e + .~ . o ~ t o . . Ma~ . . Mech. 31, 208--S19
(lOt, l).
2xe * . J . C . I R o ~
. . . . . ' .
8 8 ; . R~ c x ~ . ~ r ; H~ Die EnerKie, ~ ru~ gung dar Wand~ u~ ul onr. Z. m~ gew.
8 9 . o r
J . Aero. ~ . 24, 631-632 (1987). "
90. Ro n ~ s o ~ , J : ~ I. and C, , - ~ , ~ a , , G. L~ Turbulence in ai~ 1 e ~ ;
Turbulence hx a di f f u~ r boundary layer. J . H~ r md ~ DIc~ R~ o~ P r ~
Am,,-. ~ Cim~ En05",e~ v8 Pspee 1393 (1967}. - - "
91. Ro ss, D. and Ronl~ Tso. ~ , J . M., 3hemr ~ in s t urbul ent b o u ~ T layer.
J . AFpL Phym. 21. 557-561 (1980).
9~ _ ROSs, D. ~ - P; os~ Tso. ~ , J~ M., A superpmit ion e,~ dy~ /s o f t he t urbul ent
boundary layer in an.adveme presmzre grsdlent. 3. AppL MecA. 18, 95-100..
- ( 19Sl ) _ -
g& Ross, ~ . and Ro s z ~ s o ~ , J; M., An empirical met hod f or ~ l ~ ul st i on of . t h e
gr owt h o f a t urbul ent bom~ .dsry layer. J . Aeeo. Sc/. 21, 3,5,5-3,58 (1954).
~ . l l o r : z, J. , Des in Wandnahe g~ I t / ~ Ge wh w~ U~ k e i ~ mt z - t u r b u k a t ~
" 8 ~ un g o n , Zn~.,A~eA. IS, ~ - 2 S 0 (1950). Al so-avagsbl e m8
~ o . T 406 0T/1~ -17, Br i t ~ h H~ e s . Re s e s , - ~ h Assoolat/o~
g& Ro z ~ J~ , Ueber d i e Theori e d e~ turbulenton Or en~ ehi eht e~ Mitt, ~ I
St r6m. Forseh. ~ Tr, I (1950). Also a va f l ~ l e u ~ AOA TM 1344.
96. ~ J... St~ tigtischo Theori, n~ ht homogener .T~ -rbulen~ 1. Mit t . : Z~
~ # . 1291 647-57~ (1'961)..~ . Mitt. : a . - ~ # . 131, 5.1-77 (1961), .. " ' "
97. t ~ x , ~ , J. , Be i t r ~ zur Be . r mhnungd~ turbulentsm @ ,'mumchicbtem Xn.-
A~ Ja. 19, 31-41 (1951). Also &wulable es Dav/ d Tayl oe Model Basin Trans-
2 4 ~
l ent en Gr e nz s c hi c h~n, Xnf . - Ar ~. 2 0 , 19S-2 0 7 ( 198~) , . .
0o. ~ox-r~, ~. , N ~ h e ~ ~ r Be~ehnung t u rbu ~t er O n n ~ u m~ m
unt er B~ xutzung des Ener ~ i emt ~ , . Mit~ MI~ I Strewn. Forseh. l~ r. 8 (1963).
I00. ~ J. C., SLmilk~ solutions o f t urbul ent boundary ] ~ ym~ ~ r. A~ o. ~ .
2 3, $t 8- $16 (1955).
10L R ~ , K. F. and I ' = u ~ , J . , A ~ m, e f o r ~ d , ~ t ~ t ~ g t h e d e ve l o p me n t
Of t urbul ent ~ L~ yem under t he ~ e ~ o f adveme pt ~8t ~' ~
d/ ent s, ~ ACA T~ ~478 (1951).
toz. s s ~m~L~, v. +_, P ~U mi n. ~ expe~ment~ inve,,tisst.i~ of 1 o w ~ i
t urbul ent boundary l ayers i ns dvenm px~ mu~ gradients, ~ ACA T~ 3031
09,53).
103. Sk,,~ no],s~ r, V. A. , An appmx/ mat s equation f or-the mesh' velocity, distribu-
t ion in s ~ meo mpr em~ l e turbulen~ boundary laym., Prm~ P;.f~ Af ~we~. m
Con/. F~ t-~ McrA., 85-107, Univ. ~ I ~ T.
104. S ~ n n o ~ , V. . a_, Meaaurements o f l nt ermit t eney o f ~ & mot ion in a
boundary layer, J' . F / u / ~ Me da 6, 2 ~1- 2 4 0 , (1959).
105. Sz,,ron0p.~ r, V. A., An equat ion f oe t he mo~ n vel ocit y dkt ril pst l on of boun.
dar y layers, !~ 'ASA MEMO 2.5-69 E (1959).
~ 06. 8z=~ vozoz~ .,r, V. A. and B~ u ~ , W. H. , Turbul ent shear spect ra and local
isot ropy in t he low-speed boundary layer, }~ 'ACA ~ 3761 (1956).
107. S~ ..~ mnoL~ , V, A. and SLo e. a, R; J. , St udy of t he mo ment um dlstn' bution
of t urbul ent boundary layers in adverse pr e~ ur e gradients, ~ ACA T~
3=~t ( 19 ~) .
108. S~ .~ BOR.W, V. A. and SLOgan, 1t. J. , Longit~ disud t urbul ent spect rum
survey of boundary layers in adverse p ~ u r e gradients. ~AC,A. T' ~ 3453
(195e).
" : : + + . . . . +~i
2.V.-~ f s~ .. 7, 1-34 (1936). Also s v a ~ b l e aa ~ C A ~ [ ~ ~
~i0 . ~ . ~ ~ - ~ 7 z . ~ , ~ , Z o u r ~ E~ . ~ m, . ~ m.
NmF York. 1 9 6 0 . ~ " . + :~
m . sczo~ . ~ ,~ . ~ ~ ~ o m ~ Be re c k um Z a m s ~ ~
. ~ p . ~ a ~ ( 1 9 U ~
tb0 t ~ bul m~ boundsry.l~ yer~ ~ a C~ ~ 10S0 (Z~ S!~
11~ . S c r c ~ x n ~ O. B. s nd Ku u u ~ o r ~ , P. S, Contn' ouUom o~ t he mNb m~ m
or bo undmw~ yw ~ N A C A l~ p. ~ ,S~ 9 (19,56),
~ S ~ s~. - ~ . A~ O. ~ . ~ t ~ C a . . C ~ L T u r ~ m~ am, . ~ ~ m~ ~ .
1 9 ~ -
, ~ . s a m, . ~ . o~ ~ ~ , ~ p , . ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ , , , ~
8rbttt=qu7 pu~ mm~ dl s t n~ t i o n, KTH AF.KO TN 41 (IgM).
~ : sczuz.. ~ ou a.tm.-..~ ,-._- ~ .~ mlmT-~ y=' m,pm,,t,,+o.-r,,,,, Io,-"
oomln.omible and compmmible f low, J . . d u o . ~ . 22, ~ , . q4~ . ( 19~ ) .
+
~z~. ~ m ~ z ~ z . ~ o w , F . ~ eues R e s ~ ~ Z e m t z far ~ Pi, m, ms,
Z~ / ahr : ~ o r ~ c~ 17, ~ L~ 9.~ 46 (1940). Also &vsf lablo u NACA. TM 986. .
". i 19. S c s r u x ~ z m~ o w. F. . Zur F. nt6~ hunz vo~ ~ n p wk b e l n in ~ ~ e ~ . .
Z+ mWm. ~ a zi . ~ f ~ U, U.-gS (laSS).. ; . . . + .
~im., s mo z : = ~ , ' r., ; m~ t ~ ~ o . ~ , . , , ~p = . i. , +,,,,...~,,sm.t
+.,per involving mq:~'stioa, J . P+tpa ~:e. J !pa.n+ 12+ 183-190 ( 19~ ) .
+ i~ I. S,-.i~ ., D. W., Turbulent, akin.f i.iotim~ m~ mu, mn ~ m +on.s ms o o t h~ at pl a ~
in ~ . f low, ~ P ~ M~ Wom~ ,,m . 0o~ . F/+,~ , I f + 108-I ~1+
~ yni v. . ~ k, , . ~ ++v. . . . . . . . . ..
, : n. re,ms+ D. w . m, , , i + w ~ 0".' n.. m ~ ~ =~, ms, , , , a~t . ' - , . i, . , om. m"~
m'ble f low. NASA l~ ep I ~ 6 + (19~ 9). .,
1Z3. 8~ uan~ D. . 4 , The d~ velopmmt of tmo~ Smt b0undm7 ~ .V. ~ m.
23, 3-1~ (1956).
- lS4, Sq~ m~ B. B~ R~ u d d e a ~ n o~ t he ~ beoqv of bee tm4mlmm~ P; ~ .
M~ 7. 39, 1-14 (1948).
l~ llL 8 0 ~ z , ~. B. and Yom~ o, A.. D. , The m, iouii~ oa +~ P~ "peoS~ ~ o~
m~ o f m' ~ AR C . R & M No. IS,W ( 1 9 ~ S ) .
l~ S. 8 = ~ z - ~ , ~.. W ~ L- ro~ t~ on~ l m o t k m mooeis~ al with ~ - t m4 mi m mm,
J . i +' / ~ J~ e~ . I , 59S-60e (1OSe~ . -
127. S~ w~ arr, 1~ . W. , A new look at t h , ~ ' s stresses, r.maJ.P~ys: 34+
? ~ - ? ~ (1956).
Af ecA. A~ ol. . M a ~ . 11, 399-410 (1958~
1~ 9. S x l ~ r o l w, B. S~ The ps~ lietlon of mpm~ tio~ oF Lbe t urbul ent . boundm7
b s Xw , J..X'~ U~ ~ ec. ~ ~, 1 - 1 6 ( 1989) .
; so. S~ ,,--~ v,.,~ B. s . x u arperknen~ al ~ cm ~ c h zero akin f r i ~ u
it~ reL, io~ of p r e u u ~ r i s e , J..F/u~ d ~d e. ~. 5, 17..-~ ( 1969) .
1~ I. S r . ~ , W. , ]Bereclmung der turbule~ tmu Bt r ~ m4~ ~ d ~ ebemm
Pl at t e, Z. on~ ..~ . /d atA. ~d ~-. ~. 31, ~ 09-~ 24 ( 1061) .
I ~ . ~. S z . ~ z wma , W. . Wm~ -,,,~ e ~ i g k mu n mr t e Ou n g t~ rbulms~ r
G ~ c h t s t r ~ n u n g e n snit ~ , ~ + . . Arc&. 2 3, 2 96--~06 (19~b' ).
s$
133. SzazA' wsxz. W ~ . Z, ~ Th e o ~ der kmi nar en U n i t , t ur ~ , L, . , t ~
G~ h t 4 t r ~ u u n l r m. Z. aaf ew Macq. Mec~ L 3 8 , 77-40" ( 19~ ) .
l a T~ a. I . ~ di~ p, ~ ou ia turbule,~ bound,ry ~ ,y~ s..r..~ ,m. ~ a
60 ~ - 60 7 ( I 9 5 6) .
London A 151. 4~ 1-47S ( 19 38} .
136. Tz ' n, o L G. L, The stAtim~cat theory' o f iaotnopio t u rbu l enoe, J' . J x o .
4, 3 11- 3 15 ( 19 3 7 ) .
13 7 . T Ar c os , O, I . , T he spectrum Of t u r b u ~ . / ' m 6 . Xog. Soc. ~ ,4. 164,
4v6-.,9o ( 19 ~ ) ,
13S. Tcxz~ , C. b L. On t l ~ specUmn Of e n m~ i n t u r b , , : , , , , t t h e ~ f l o w, J ' . P ea.
. N' ~. ame . S ~ M , 5 1- 62 ( 1 9 ~ } .
139. Tm: xiw~ r, ~ ., Status o f t he t he o ~ of t he t urbul ent b o u n d e ~ t ays r with
. p ~ x ~ Pvoo..wirN U. ,. q. ~ a k C ~ A p p L Jd ' ~/t . J u n e 1981, J . W.
Ed ws. -d s, A n n A r b o r . ~ , ~ m (19SZ).
140. T~ . . . . r ~ , ~ ' . a n d Lu, C. C. . A general i n t e g r a l f o r m o f t h e bound m~. I s ym"
e q u a t i o n f o r incomprmm' ble f l o w wi t h ms a p p l i ca t i o n t o t h e ca l o u 1 ~ i o n or" t h e
l epamt , ion point of t m' b u ~ boundary' k, vera, 1,~ 'ACA Rep. I046 ( 1951) .
14I. ' r,,.,.~ ,,*, w. , u ~ ~ iiber ]~ m~ l erheit , m~ bei t ur buI e n~ . l be l ....
bungsmhichtms ms Plattm~ Ks~ r . W' dhet m. l nst i t ut f ew Stz~ mung~ or.
mflmngo U] K 66'27. Gl,6tt/a4lms. 194~ . A/so Sv'm,qsJ~ le ,m ~ and ~ "
t i o M 1~ '0. 46, Br i t i ~ M. a ~ . V~ mo d ~ "
14=. T, --, ---r. w. , Uebee die Wms d , ~ u ~ m= u ~ t u r b ~ t ~ R e ~u , ~, .
echicht~ m be, Drue.lrm~ t~ e~ . Fadmr. W' dhel m. Inst l t ut f ~ . St r 6mung~ o f
chuoZ, ( ~ t t i n g e f f i ~ t~ 7. ( Uu p u b U, h , d m po~ )
i 43. T ~ , A. A. , Local kota'opF in t he turbulen~ wa.ke Of & oylinder,
Aa ~ . 3 . ~ ~ A 1, 161- 17 4 ( 19 48 ) . "
144. T ~ , A. ,a.. The f ully developed t urbul ent wake of ~ cireulaz oyK~ :le~ o
Au~ e. J. ~c~. z - ~ . , A . 2 . 461--168. (1949).
145. To w~ s k ~ ; A. . 4. , The ~ zu~ ,u.-** of t he t,m*bule~ ~ I sye~, P~ e .
~ Tamb. Phz~ z~ . ~ oc. 47, 37 5. -39 6 ( 19 81) .
14,6. To w' m~ , A. A., The , , , , ; r m. m d i s t o r t i ~ o f homogeneou~ t,u~ buleno~
3. MwA Ap ~ Mat.~ 7, 104-12"/(1954).
14,~ . Towmz~ 'n, A. ,'..,The pmp erti~ of equ,'h'brium bo. . xla~ k, ~ m, J'. F~ .,~ i
,, .I-3 r ( x 9 . ) .
~ n d W ~ 1966.
14,9. Tow~ smro, .4. A., The t ur bul ~ t boundary l~ ye~ . ~ t f o r s e h u n ~ . ~
IUT, a. ~ Sympmium Fromu~ / Be. 1967. H ~ b e n yon YL" ~ .
1-16 ( 19 5 8) .
160. Tz ~ ; s . a ~ t o z ~ , E. ' An appr~ v~ mate met hod f or t he cedculatiou of t he
laminar a nd t urbul ent boundary layer by ~ npl e quadrat ure f or two d i -
- menslonsl and azially symmetrio f low, J . ~ ero. ~ -~ . i 9, 42S-.429 (196~ ).
161. T~ c c x~ ms o wr , E. , Ein Quadr~ urveKahren zur Berechnung der Isminsre~
und turbulenten Re~ ungmc~ ; cht be/ eb~ ner und rotatlonssymmetrischer
St r6mur~ , Inf ..Arr.A. 2 0 , 2 11- =2 8 ( 1952 } . A/so avsf lable ss ~ ACA TM
1379.
XS~ . U~ mox, M . S., F.quipartitioa o f e n e r ~ snd local ko t r o py in turbulen;f low=,
J . A p p /. P /ty#. 2 8, 1I ~51. 1170 (1957).
153. U~ , E. M., Skm-f i-ietion es~ cu~ tiou f or t urbul ent ~ o ~ layers in
ad verse pressure distn' but.io~ , J' . Awo. ~ ..s:~ sr.~ .~ c't~ 27, 75-76 (1960).
la~ e~ ~ ow, .]~ : : ,t,..Supply 8. De w Ae~ o. P,m. Li b . Zerod y. ,,. ~ote N . . ~ l d - .
. . " . +
"" bOmq~ 1949." " " ""
.. 3 t ~ w - - - .+-, ~, , a, W ,,,,. ~ +~ , , , +. , o, . , +~ + ~ , , , ~ ~ ~ ~ .
. Ira. , , . . w= = ~ = ~ C. +. . +r , ' s~ x+m,=' ~ , . =,+'~ ,.~ ,~ b,,.t ~ , . , , me , , , o m~
, , ~ m Zahl,m. ,~. P ~ , . ~ 4 , e I . , / - . 4 ~ ( I ~ , 8 ) . . ' " -. -
I+7. ~ o ~ - , , - ~ + , K. . UebaP d b ' ~ , , z, hehu~ mm. nUnl ~ : in t w. b ~ 4 ~ ~
b r ml ~ , . e h i ~ t ~ be/.Vm'+,.r, d m' ~ ~ ~ . W" ~ , ~ I m. ~ d t ~ . .
" / ' o r St r ~ u n ~ ' o n ~ u = Z Cmtls~eu, ~ ~ ( ~ 9 4 s ) . . ...
~ s . W~ z ~ , n ~ , ~ . . , Z u ml ~ e ~ n , u h ~ l ' k i t t ~ ~ b
h~ t ~ t ut f op ~ t r ~ u ~ ' o ~ . h u ~ g o ~ t t ~ , ~ ~ ( I ~ i , }.
I ~ 9 . W z z a ~ , K . ms d T , , - , + , , , , . ' , < , W. , Zur t ur b~ e nt e n P , e ~ t
D r u ~ . K, ~ . w~ , ~ t i t u t f o r S t r o mu ~ ' o m~ h m~
~ ~ M 6617 (1944). A]sosva/ ]abl ~ ~ ~ ACA T~ 1314.
] 60. w,,'~ o,,i-,,,',,r..:Ir.., Ueber P,.m"bmm~ ,,P.~ te,,, ~ i X >r' ue. k, , mm~ . ; , m: ~ O' , ~ , , . 2' .
-. Ira.. wm. u ~ z ~ w. w. ; S g . ~ t L- ~ . mm mini , . peet ~ of ' wan m
in t u r b u ] e ~ bo undar y lsyer, NA SA Memomndum..~ -l~ ' -~ 9 W ( 1 9 5 9 ) . . .
162. Z ~ , .4. ,T., P. ev/ md met bo ck f or r o mi ne e s l e u k t i o ~ o f ~ snd.
Lu e h t . Ls b. J ms ' , e t d s m Pa p. F 79 (1951).
io',+, t. =, z. ~ , o . ~ ~ ~ or. o, o~ , T. ~ , o n , , ~ . ~ ~ . . ~ ~ t k m Pa +
t ur bul m~ bo undm7 ~ .yes=, Tbo Col ~ go o/" A mw~ . u t i ~ (~ =n~ ekl Oo A
I~ ot e I01 ( 1 9 6 0 ) . . . + . . ." ' . : " ' ' . "-.
lint. s zxc J ~ VZz, O. B. s a d ~ , ~ mu a mmo , W. O. , Fm~ oed mtX lnZ i n ~ . .
l a } ~ s . J . ~ , , ~ ~ ecA. $, 1 0 - D ( 1 9 6 0 ) .
.16,~. ' ~' w,,,.rri=, z . . . t m, , , , . , , m", ~ .,+te,.o,i~,,,me..,,+ ~. . "z' ~ " ~ or: tlm,..
b o u n d m7 l~ yer. ( ~ mm eo~ t n' but / on by 8pmo e) , C~ i' md 1900.
1e6. To wxmua~ , A. A. , ~ devei opmm* o r ~ t bo undm7 l s y m With
.. aeSlig/ble ws l l ~ J . ~ '2u~ d . 3 ~ . 8, 14J1-1~ 5.(11160). - .