FST 649, Packaging Materials and Methodology Wednesday, April 1, 1998
T.H. Shellhammer Packaging Materials
Glass Containers for Food Packaging The goals for this lecture are for you to understand: (1) the chemical composition and manufacturing of glass, (1) the chemical composition and properties of glass, (2) terminology used to describe glass packages and their closures, (3) advantages and disadvantages of glass packaging materials. Reading Assignment: Chapter 9, pages 232 - 250 - Glass Packaging Materials Chapter 20, pages 658 - 659 - Safety Concerns of Glass Packaging A. What are glass containers made of? Main ingredient in glass is silica - derived from sand, flint, or quartz Silica is combined with other minerals to produce glass alkali salts (Na and K) - Ca and Mg - Alumina - Lead - Boron - Typical formula for soda-lime glass: Silica, SiO 2 68 - 73% Calcia, CaO 10 - 13% Soda, Na 2 O 12 - 15% Magnesia, MgO 0.3 - 3% Alumina, Al 2 O 1.5 - 2% Ferric oxide, Fe 2 O 3 0.05 - 0.25% Sulfur trioxide, SO 3 0.05 - 0.2% Physical Properties of Glass Material k(W/mC) r(kg/m 3 ) C p (kJ/kgC) a( 10 -7 m 2 /s) Tensile Strength (MPa) Glass
Steel 54 7830 0.465 1.474 350 Tin 64 7300 0.227 3.884 Aluminum 177 2700 0.892 7.311 90 Note, freshly drawn glass fibers have strength of 0.7 - 2.1 GPa. Handled fibers, strength = 350 - 700 MPa. Viscosity of Glass Operation Viscosity, Poise Melting 10 2 Gather when placed in mold 10 4.5 Ware removed from mold 10 7 Annealing 10 13 - 10 13.5 At max service temperature 10 14.6 - 10 15.5 INSERT Viscosity DIAGRAM FROM Varshenya, A.K. 1994. Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. Page 186. Brief discussion of the glassy state Glass definition 1: 1. A glass is an amorphous solid which exhibits a glass transition 2. A solid is a material whose shear viscosity exceeds 10 14.6 poise from Elliot, S.R. 1983. Physics of Amorphous Materials, London: Longman Group Ltd ISBN 0-582-44636-8. Glass definition 2: Although glass has many properties of a solid, it is really a highly viscous liquid . . . at ambient temperatures (glass) has the characteristics of a solid, it is a supercooled liquid and will flow even at ambient temperatures over long periods of time From Robertson, G.L. 1993. Food Packaging, Principles and Practice, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY. Page 234. Glass definition 3: A glass is a solid with liquid like structure, a noncrystalline solid, an amorphous solid. From Varshenya, A.K. 1994. Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. Page 14. Phenomena observed with cooling or heating materials so that they pass in and out of the glassy state: (1) There is no phase transition (2) Molecules exist in an amorphous state - non crystalline (3) In the range of the glass transition temperature there is a shift in: (i) thermal expansion - (ii) mechanical properties - (iii) permeability - INSERT V -T DIAGRAM FROM Varshenya, A.K. 1994. Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, Academic Press, Inc., New York, NY. Page 15. Structure of glass INSERT STRUCTURE DIAGRAM FROM Shand, E.B. 1958. Glass Engineering Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, NY. Page 16. Types of glass Soda - Lime Glass The least expensive, most popularly used type of glass. Soda, Na 2 O, and Potash, K 2 O, reduce viscosity greatly below that of the silica and permit use of lower melting temperatures and improve fining qualities of the glass. Good chemical durability. Broad spectral transmission in visible range. Borosilicate Glass Boron oxide, B 2 O 3 , produces a glass with very low thermal expansion coefficient and high resistance to chemical attack. But B 2 O 3 , does not lower viscosity as much as soda, thus furnace temps must be higher (higher cost). Lead Silicate Glass Contains PbO and SiO 2 as the principal components - PbO replaces lime (CaO) in the soda-lime glass. Lead increases brilliance, expands the working range (useful to make art objects and intricate shapes without frequently reheating), but decreases hardness. B. Glass container terminology Important components for discussing glass container design Finish - Neck - Shoulder - Heel - Body - Headspace - INSERT FIG 9-4 C. Properties of glass containers Mechanical Strength and Failure Stress - Tensile vs. compressive stress Affect of temperature change on material stress, thermal expansion Given a material, what happens to it when you heat it or cool it? If the ends of the material are fixed during heating, what happens? Heating the material results in material expansion and thus compressive stress The heated material would like to assume this position illustrated below; however, it can't since its ends are fixed in space. As a result, compressive stress is built up in a similar manner to compressing the length of the rod (in its heated state) to its original unheated length. If the ends of the material are fixed during cooling, what happens? Cooling the material results in material contraction and thus Tensile stress In an opposite fashion to the heated case, the cooled material would like to assume the position illustrated below; however, it can't since its ends are fixed in space - the material is in a state of tension. As a result, tensile stress is built up in a similar manner to stretching the length of the rod (in its heated state) to its original unheated length. Glass fails under tension, not under compression glass has tremendous compressive strength but poor tensile strength. Failure is Stress Concentrators small crack, scratch, bruise. Four factors leading to failure to consider when designing/selecting a glass container: 1. Internal pressure resistance 2. Vertical load strength 3. Resistance to impact 4. Resistance to scratches and abrasions Surface treatments help - such as tin compounds to increase scuff resistance Lubricant coatings to help containers slip against each other Side wall design to address point of contact. INSERT FIG 9-1 CROSS SECTION OF CONTAINER - STRESSES Optical Properties - Can you see the product? Do you want to see the product? Optical properties of glass containers Silica absorbs below 150 nm (UV) and above 6000 nm (IR) Determined by transition metal oxides added to glass mixture. Refresh your memory on the electromagnetic spectrum from UV to IR Far-Ultraviolet = Near-Ultraviolet = OR UV-C= UV-B= UV-A = Visible spectrum = Infrared = What part of the spectrum should we be concerned with in food packaging? (1) stimulate singlet oxygen production - oxidation (2) break covalent bonds - off flavor production INSERT FIG 9-2 RADIATION TRANSMISSION Closures for glass packaging. Nomenclature Panel - Radius or shoulder - Skirt - Lug - Liner - (1) Those designed for internal pressure Crown cap - steel Twist-off crown cap - steel Roll-on or spun-on aluminum closure Internal components consist of cap/compressible layer/food contact-seal layer (2) Those designed for vacuum seal Lug-type Twist cap Press-on twist-off cap Pry off (3) Those designed to contain materials in package Screw top with minimum thread engagement. D. How is glass manufactured? 1. Combined materials Silica Cullet - scrap or recycled glass - less energy to melt, economical Other components 2. Heat in furnace at 1500C until mixture fuses together Viscosity decreases Mixtures degasses and clarifies - fining 3. Molten glass is formed into container Blow and Blow (B&B) Press and Blow (P&B) Narrow Neck Press and Blow (NNPB) 4. Containers are annealed to reduce internal stresses from nonuniform cooling Annealing lehr is an oven which starts at 540C and slowly cools under controlled conditions 5. Surface treatments applied Inner surface may be treated with fluorocarbon gas to stabilize surface sodium ions - increases durability of surface. Outer surface coatings tin or titanium vapor to form a metal oxide layer. improves cold-end coating with waxes, silicone or polyethylene These coatings add lubricity to outer surface. Health concerns with glass packaging D. What are the advantages and disadvantages of glass packaging? Advantages 1. Glass containers provide absolute barrier to mass transport between package and environment 2. Consumer can (in many cases) 3. 4. Glass packages provide 5. Delivers the product well, i.e., ease or pouring product out of package. 6. 7. Portrays an upscale image (in some cases) as with wine, beer, soda. Disadvantages 1. 2. Multi-step manufacturing, including annealing and coating. 3. 4. Cylindrical shape occupies excess space in storage. 5.