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What is LTE?
LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the project name of a new high performance air interface for cellular mobile
communication systems. It is the last step toward the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to increase
the capacity and speed of mobile telephone networks. Where the current generation of mobile telecommunication
networks are collectively known as 3G, LTE is marketed as 4G.
According to 3GPP, a set of high level requirements was identified
Reduced cost per bit
Increased service provisioning more services at lower cost with better user experience
Flexibility of use of existing and new frequency bands
Simplified architecture, Open interfaces
Allow for reasonable terminal power consumption
Figure 1: Roadmap to 4G

Although there are major step changes between LTE and its 3G predecessors, it is nevertheless looked upon as an
evolution of the UMTS / 3GPP 3G standards. Although it uses a different form of radio interface, using OFDMA / SC-
FDMA instead of CDMA, there are many similarities with the earlier forms of 3G architecture and there is scope for
much re-use. LTE can be seen for providing a further evolution of functionality, increased speeds and general
improved performance.
Table 1: LTE and 3G/3.5G Specification (from NTT docomo Press Release)
3G WCDMA (R99) 3.5G HSPA LTE
Frequency Common frequency assigned for 3G
Bandwidth 5MHz 5/10/20MHz
Radio Access DS-CDMA DL: OFDMA
UL: SC-FDMA
Uplink Peak Rate 384kbps 5.7Mbps >50Mbps
Downlink Peak Rate 384kbps 14Mbps >100Mbps
LTE has introduced a number of new technologies when compared to the previous cellular systems. They enable
LTE to be able to operate more efficiently with respect to the use of spectrum, and also to provide the much higher
data rates that are being required.
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex)
OFDM technology has been incorporated into LTE because it enables high data bandwidths to be transmitted
efficiently while still providing a high degree of resilience to reflections and interference.
MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output)
One of the main problems that previous telecommunications systems have encountered is that of multiple signals
arising from the many reflections that are encountered. By using MIMO, these additional signal paths can be used to
advantage and are able to be used to increase the throughput.
SAE (System Architecture Evolution)
With the very high data rate and low latency requirements for 3G LTE, it is necessary to evolve the system
architecture to enable the improved performance to be achieved. One change is that a number of the functions
previously handled by the core network have been transferred out to the periphery. Essentially this provides a much
"flatter" form of network architecture. In this way latency times can be reduced and data can be routed more directly
to its destination.


http://webstaff.itn.liu.se/~scofo47/eLLIIT/1/


Developing energy-efficient wireless network design in
4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) in relation to Quality of
Service (QoS)
Project description
Mobile Telecommunication group,Linkping University - PI: Scott Fowler and Di Yuan
Today, more and more users have come to depend on mobile devices, such as cellular phones. These
mobile devices are powered by battery, which is fixed-power source. The limited power source for the
battery-powered wireless devices is a huge obstacle for further development of more sophisticated
devises, such as so called smart-phones, which is strongly demanded by consumers. Previous research
has focused on increasing battery capacities. However, the slow development in battery capacities
cannot catch up with the speed of evolution in Internet technologies and mobile devises. Instead,
researchers recently started to work toward making every layer of network more energy efficient. Such
an effort includes developing energy- efficient computer network architecture(s) or Green Network(s).
Unfortunately, to date, they are effectively solutions targeted only for specific area of network
architecture and have not been successfully applied for practical uses. Therefore, there is an urgent
need to develop an effective energy-efficient mobile network solution for up-and-coming Forth
Generation Wireless Network (4G).
The central theme of this study is that effectively designed optimization techniques in the computer
network such as the Quality of Service (QoS) framework will improve overall system performance and
achieve energy-efficient operation. Therefore, we will conduct this project based on developing model
for simulation of energy efficient network design in Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE is an up-and-
coming 4G (a competitor of WiMAX), where energy-efficiency issue is open field and have to be
addressed urgently. We will design a simulator specifically tailored for testing energy-efficient
networks for LTE. The outcomes will enable us to apply QoS framework technologies to evaluate
performance improvement in terms of energy-efficient operation.
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Publications
M.Sajid Mushtaq, Abdussalam Shahid and Scott Fowler, "QoS-Aware LTE Downlink Scheduler for
VoIP with Power Saving" IEEE Computational Science and Engineering (CSE 2012), Paphos,
Cyprus, December 2012.
Scott Fowler "Study on Power saving based on Radio Frame in LTE Wireless Communication
System using DRX" - IEEE Globecom Workshop - Dec 2011.


http://www.4gamericas.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page&sectionid=249

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a radio platform technology that will allow operators to achieve even
higher peak throughputs than HSPA+ in higher spectrum bandwidth. Work on LTE began at 3GPP in
2004, with an official LTE work item started in 2006 and a completed 3GPP Release 8 specification in
March 2009. Initial deployments of LTE began in late 2009.

LTE is part of the GSM evolutionary path for mobile broadband, following EDGE, UMTS,
HSPA (HSDPA and HSUPA combined) and HSPA Evolution (HSPA+). Although HSPA and its evolution are
strongly positioned to be the dominant mobile data technology for the next decade, the 3GPP family of
standards must evolve toward the future. HSPA+ will provide the stepping-stone to LTE for many
operators.

The overall objective for LTE is to provide an extremely high performance radio-access technology that
offers full vehicular speed mobility and that can readily coexist with HSPA and earlier networks. Because
of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to easily migrate their networks and users from HSPA to
LTE over time.

LTE assumes a full Internet Protocol (IP) network architecture and is designed to support voice in the
packet domain. It incorporates top-of-the-line radio techniques to achieve performance levels beyond
what will be practical with CDMA approaches, particularly in larger channel bandwidths. However, in the
same way that 3G coexists with second generation (2G) systems in integrated networks, LTE systems will
coexist with 3G and 2G systems. Multimode devices will function across LTE/3G or even LTE/3G/2G,
depending on market circumstances.




Standards development for LTE continued with 3GPP Release 9 (Rel-9), which was functionally frozen in
December 2009. 3GPP Rel-9 focuses on enhancements to HSPA+ and LTE while Rel-10 focuses on the
next generation of LTE for the International Telecommunication Unions (ITU) IMT-Advanced
requirements and both were developed nearly simultaneously by 3GPP standards working groups.
Several milestones have been achieved by vendors in recent years for both Rel-9 and Rel-10. Most
significant was the final ratification by the ITU of LTE-Advanced (Rel-10) as IMT-Advanced in November
2010.

The first commercial LTE networks were launched by TeliaSonera in Norway and Sweden in December
2009; as of October 2011, there were 33 commercial LTE networks in various stages of commercial
service. Many trials are underway with up to 50 LTE deployments expected in 2011.

For many years now, a true world cellular standard has been one of the industrys goals. GSM
dominated 2G technologies but there was still fragmentation with CDMA and TDMA as well as iDEN.
With the move to 3G, nearly all TDMA operators migrated to the 3GPP technology path. Yet the
historical divide remained between GSM and CDMA. It is with the next step of technology evolution
that the opportunity has arisen for a global standard technology. Many operators have converged on
the technology they believe will offer them and their customers the most benefits. That technology is
Long Term Evolution. Most leading operators, device and infrastructure manufacturers, as well as
content providers support LTE as the mobile technology of the future. Operators, including leading GSM-
HSPA and CDMA EV-DO operators as well as newly licensed and WiMAX operators, are making strategic,
long-term commitments to LTE networks. All roads lead to LTE.

In June of 2008, the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance (NGMN) selected LTE as the first
technology that matched its requirements successfully. 4G Americas, GSMA, UMTS Forum, and other
global organizations have reiterated their support of the 3GPP evolution to LTE. Additionally, the LSTI
Trial Initiative has provided support through early co-development and testing of the entire ecosystem
from chipset, device and infrastructure vendors.

LTE products have been tested, trialed and commercially announced in the market by manufacturers
that are already part of a well-planned LTE eco-system. The LTE ecosystem will build upon the
economies of scope and scale of the entire 3GPP family of technologies.

LTE uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) on the downlink, which is well suited
to achieve high peak data rates in high spectrum bandwidth. WCDMA radio technology is, essentially, as
efficient as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for delivering peak data rates of about
10 Mbps in 5 MHz of bandwidth. Achieving peak rates in the 100 Mbps range with wider radio channels,
however, would result in highly complex terminals and is not practical with current technology. This is
where OFDM provides a practical implementation advantage.

The OFDMA approach is also highly flexible in channelization, and LTE will operate in various radio
channel sizes ranging from 1.4 to 20 MHz. LTE also boosts spectral efficiency.

On the uplink, however, a pure OFDMA approach results in high Peak to Average Ratio (PAR) of the
signal, which compromises power efficiency and, ultimately, battery life. Hence, LTE uses an approach
for the uplink called Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), which is somewhat similar to OFDMA, but has a 2
to 6 dB PAR advantage over the OFDMA method used by other technologies such as WiMAX IEEE
802.16e.

LTE capabilities include:
Downlink peak data rates up to 326 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
Uplink peak data rates up to 86.4 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth
Operation in both TDD and FDD modes
Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20
MHz in the study phase
Increased spectral efficiency over Release 6 HSPA by two to four times
Reduced latency, up to 10 milliseconds (ms) round-trip times between user equipment and the
base station, and to less than 100 ms transition times from inactive to active


throughput or network throughput is the average rate of
successful message delivery over a communication channel

ARIB - Association of Radio Industries and Businesses
ATIS - Automatic Terminal Information Service
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-2g-and-vs-3g-
technology/
Difference between 2G and 3G Technologies
1. 2G is the GSM specification intended for providing mobile communication for voice and 3G
is the specification for mobile communication with enhanced capabilities for mobile users other
than voice.
2. GSM air interface data rate is 270Kbps and 3G allows a minimum of 2Mbps downlink in
stationary mobile and 384Kbps while moving.
3. GSM uses TDMA and FDMA for multiple access technology and 3G utilizes variations of
CDMA technology like WCDMA, CDMA2000, CDA2000 1X EV-DO.
4. A5 ciphering algorithm is used in 2G and a more secured KASUMI encryption is used in 3G
mobile communication.

Read more: http://www.differencebetween.com/difference-between-2g-and-vs-3g-
technology/#ixzz2GoUialMI


What is TDD?
Test-driven development (TDD) is a software development process that relies on the repetition
of a very short development cycle: first the developer writes an (initially failing) automated test
case that defines a desired improvement or new function, then produces the minimum amount of
code to pass that test and finally refactors the new code to acceptable standards. Kent Beck, who
is credited with having developed or 'rediscovered' the technique, stated in 2003 that TDD
encourages simple designs and inspires confidence.
[1]

Test-driven development is related to the test-first programming concepts of extreme
programming, begun in 1999,
[2]
but more recently has created more general interest in its own
right.
[3]

Programmers also apply the concept to improving and debugging legacy code developed with
older techniques


Feature-driven development (FDD) is an iterative and incremental software development process. It is
one of a number of Agile methods for developing software and forms part of the Agile Alliance. FDD
blends a number of industry-recognized best practices into a cohesive whole. These practices are all
driven from a client-valued functionality (feature) perspective. Its main purpose is to deliver tangible,
working software repeatedly in a timely manner.