Académique Documents
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E
N
C
I
G
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in
p =
( / ) _ C I
E R
N R
E
N
corr out
b INFO
t INFO
b
t
= =
Ior
Traffic
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Traffic Ec
or I
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Parameter Units Test 1 Test 2
dBm/1.23MHz -104 -25
dB -15.6
Traffic E
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or
Ior
Table 1. Minimum requirements for receiver rensitivity and dynamic range.
Figure 6. Third-order intermodulation products in a receiver.
Wanted
signal
Wanted
signal
IM3
interferer
LO
RF IF
2f
2
-
f
1
-f
LO
2f
1
-
f
2
-f
LO
f
2
-
f
LO
f
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-
f
LO
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RF
f
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28 www.rfdesign.com September 1999
i n dB, we can wri te: (8)
Knowi ng that:
6.5 dB
and:
= -15.6 dB
and:
and: = 104 dBm, we deduce fr om
(8) that 105 dBm (i n 1.23MHz).
Si nce we know that thi s equi val ent
whi te noi se i nterference source, I
oc,
con-
si sts of r ecei ver 's ther mal noi se and
transmi tter's thermal noi se i n the re-
cei ve band, we can wr i te, i n l i near
form: (9)
We deduce that N
o
shoul d not exceed
166.2 dBm/Hz. We know that the re-
cei ver ther mal noi se power spectr al
densi ty (i n 1 Hz BW) can be wri tten, i n
l i near for m, as N
o
=K
NF
RX
(10). I f
we wri te equati on 10 i n dB, we can al so
sol ve for recei ver noi se fi gure (NF
RX
) as:
As, for the requi red sensi ti vi ty, we cal -
cul ated that N
o
-166.2 dBm/Hz. As a
resul t, the requi red CDMA mobi l e sta-
ti on r ecei v er n oi s e fi gu r e (NFRX)
shoul d not exceed 7.8 dB i n or der to
meet the mi ni mum r equi r ed sensi -
ti vi ty, speci fi ed i n test 1 of tabl e 1, wi th
2 dB of margi n.
Test 2 of Tabl e 1 speci fi es the hi gh
end of the CDMA r ecei ver mi ni mum
dynami c range, (FER 0.5%), as mea-
sur ed at the mobi l e stati on antenna
connector. I n the actual mobi l e stati on
des i gn , th e r ecei v er i s des i gn ed to
h an dl e a r ecei v ed for war d CDMA
channel power l evel hi gher than the one
speci fi ed i n the standards document.
Test 1 and Test 2 defi nes a mi ni mum
dynami c range of 81 dB (-104 dBm -25
dBm). Si nce the i nformati on data i n a
CDMA system i s bi -phase modul ated,
the r esul tant modul ated si gnal enve-
l ope i s non-constant (a typi cal peak-to-
aver age r ati o for a for war d CDMA
channel i s 10dB). As a resul t, for proper
recei ved si gnal detecti on and demodu-
l ati on , th e mobi l e s tati on r ecei v er
shoul d stay l i near under the al l owabl e
r ecei ved si gnal i nput power r ange. A
typi cal CDMA mobi l e stati on recei ver,
desi gned for a 90 dB dynami c r ange,
wi l l have a gai n control of over 90 dB.
I n a typi cal CDMA recei ver desi gn, the
mi xer i nput 1-dB compressi on poi nt i s
the mai n system l i mi ter , fr om a l i n-
eari ty poi nt of vi ew, for hi gh l evel re-
cei ved si gnal s (-30 dbm to -20 dBm).
I n order to resol ve thi s probl em and
for pr acti cal mi xer desi gn, the fr ont-
end LNA needs to have ei ther a l i near
gai n contr ol over 15 dB of r ange or a
l ow-gai n mode wi th a gai n r educti on
between 15 dB to 20 dB step.
CDMA receiver single tone
desensitization
As defi ned i n the I S-98-A standard,
the si ngl e tone desensi ti zati on i s a
measure of the recei ver's abi l i ty to re-
cei ve a CDMA si gnal , at i ts assi gned
channel frequency, i n the presence of a
si ngl e tone spaced at a gi ven offset fre-
quency fr om the CDMA si gnal center
frequency (Tabl e 2).
Under the condi ti ons set i n Tabl e 2,
the r ecei ver (FER) shoul d not exceed
1%. The I S-98-A standard speci fi es that
at the recei ver's correl ator output, the
mi ni mum
that i s requi red for a 1% FER shoul d be
4.3 dB, assumi ng a ful l speech i nfor-
mati on rate of 9600 bps and usi ng BPSK
data modul ati on (Tabl e 9.3.3.3-1 i n [1]).
As was done for the recei ver sensi -
ti vi ty case, a 1.5 dB margi n i s added to
the requi red:
for opti mum recei ver performance.
Usi ng test parameters speci fi ed i n
tabl e I I and knowi ng that
5.8 dB, we can use equati on (8) to cal -
cul ate the al l owabl e I
oc
. Thi s represents
the power i n 1.23MHz of a band-l i mi ted
whi te noi se source si mul ati ng i nterfer-
ence at mobi l e stati on antenna con-
nector. The equi val ent whi te noi se i n-
ter fer ence sour ce, I
oc
consi sts of the
recei ver's thermal noi se (N
o
), the trans-
mi tter's thermal noi se i n the recei ver
band (N
TX
), and the equi val ent i n-band
i nter fer ence component due to the
si ngl e-tone jammer (I
st
). Hence, we can
w r i t e , i n l i n e a r f or m,
I
oc
=I
s t
+(N
o
+N
TX
)l BW
RF
(11). Th e r e-
sul ti ng I
oc
shoul d be 101.3 dBm (i n
1.23MHz BWRF). N
o
i s set by the re-
cei ver noi se fi gur e for r ecei ved l ow
CDMA si gnal l evel s.
I f we choose NF
RX
equal to 7.8 dB as
cal cul ated previ ousl y, thi s sets N
o
to -
166.2 dBm/Hz (equati on 10). N
TX
i s
equal to -178 dBm/Hz, as defi ned i n
pr evi ous secti on. Fr om equati on (11),
w e d e d u ce t h a t I
s t
- 1 0 3 . 7
dBm/1.23MHz.
Note that I
st
i s the equi val ent i nter-
ference l evel referred to the recei ver's
i nput due to si ngl e-tone jammer . The
si ngl e-tone i nter fer er nor mal l y comes
fr om near by anal og cel l ul ar base sta-
ti on s , wh i ch tr an s mi t n ar r owban d
AMPS si gnal s (30kHz BW, compared to
CDMA si gnal s wi th 1230k Hz BW).
I nsi de the mobi l e stati on recei ver front-
end, the si ngl e-tone jammer generates
two i nter fer i ng components, whose
l evel s add up to I
st
, when r efer r ed to
the recei ver's i nput,
As seen i n fi gure 3, the fi rst i nterfer-
ence component caused by the si ngl e-
tone jammer resul ts from the reci procal
mi xi ng phenomena. I t i s denoted by
I
RMXG
. I t occur s when the for war d r e-
cei ved CDMA channel si gnal suffer s
from i nterference due to recei ver UHF
VCO phase noi se (
N
) mi xi ng wi th the
si ngl e tone jammer and getti ng down-
converted to I F. Thi s noi se i s defi ned at
th e fr equ en cy offs et, equ al to th e
wanted si gnal to si ngl e tone jammer
frequency separati on [4].
The second i nter fer ence component
caused by the si ngl e-tone jammer r e-
sul ts fr om the cr oss-modul ati on phe-
nomena (Fi gur e 4); i t i s denoted by
I
XMOD
. I t occurs when the envel ope mod-
u l ati on of th e tr an s mi t TX power
l eak age, fr om th e power ampl i fi er
ou tpu t to th e r ecei v er L NA i n pu t
through dupl exer i sol ati on, gets cross-
modul ated on the si ngl e-tone jammer i n
the recei ver's front-end 3rd-order non-
l i neari ti es. The probl em occurs mai nl y
i n the fr ont-end l ow noi se ampl i fi er
(LNA), assumi ng that the BPF that fol -
l ows the LNA fi l ters out the TX l eakage
si gnal . Cr oss-modul ati on i n the LNA
wi l l generate an i n-band i nterference to
the r ecei ved for war d CDMA channel
si gnal , at the LNA output [4,5].
Tabl e 2 cal l s for a frequency offset of
900k H z be t we e n t h e s i n gl e t on e
j ammer fr equ en cy an d th e CDMA
si gnal center fr equency. A ul tr a hi gh
Traffic
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Traffic
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Traffic
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Ior
G
BW
R
M cps
p
RF
INFO
= = = ( )= 10 10
12288
9600
10 128 211 log log
.
log .
bps
dB
TrafficE
I
c
or
Traffic
E
N
b
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Traffic
Traffic BW
R
I I
RF
INFO
or oc
E
N
E
I
b
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= + + - 10log
30 www.rfdesign.com September 1999
frequency (UHF) vol tage control l ed os-
ci l l ator (VCO) used for CDMA mobi l e
stati on radi os has a typi cal phase noi se
of -137 dBc/Hz at 900 kHz offset. The
r eci pr ocal mi xi ng i nter fer ence compo-
nent I
RMXG
, referred to recei ver i nput i s
I
RMXG
=P
st
+
(12), wher e
i s the
i ntegr ated phase noi se, i n dBc, over
1.23MHz cen ter ed at 900 k Hz [ 4] .
Assumi ng that the VCO phase noi se
fol l ows a typi cal 1/f
2
characteri sti c over
the 285 kHz to 1515 kHz frequency off-
sets (outsi de the PLL l oop BW), we can
deduce by i ntegrati on that
= -75.6
dBc. We know that P
st
i s equal to -30
dBm at the r ecei ver i nput, ther efor e
I
RMXG
= 105.6 dBm (i n 1.23 MHz).
Fr om pr ev i ou s di s cu s s i on , we al s o
know that the referred i nput i nterfer-
ence due to si ngl e tone jammer, I
st
, con-
si sts of the r eci pr ocal mi xi ng compo-
nent I
RMXG
and the cr oss-modul ati on
component I
XMOD
(i n l i near for m, I
st
=
I
RMXG
+ I
XMOD
). Havi ng cal cul ated previ -
ousl y that I
RMXG
= 105.6 dBm/1.23
MHz and I st 103.7 dBm/1.23MHz,
w e con cl u d e t h a t I
s t
1 0 8 . 2
dBm/1.23MHz (r efer r enced to the r e-
cei ver i nput).
The cross-modul ati on phenomena i n
CDMA systems has been si mul ated i n
[6], and an equati on has been gener -
ated i n order to esti mate the cross-mod-
ul ati on pr oduct i n cel l ul ar and PCS
CDMA systems.
For a cel l ul ar CDMA system and as-
sumi ng that al l cross-modul ati on hap-
pens i n the LNA, we can cal cul ate that
the cr oss-modul ati on component r e-
ferred to LNA i nput as: (13)
P
TX
i s the transmi t l eakage power l evel
at LNA i nput and I I P
3_LNA
i s the LNA
3
rd
order i nput i ntercept poi nt. As we
can see from thi s equati on, i t i s si mi l ar
to the 3rd order i ntermodul ati on prod-
ucts equati on wi th the -3 dB factor at
the end. Thi s i s due to the fact that hal f
of the cross-modul ati on products occur
i n-band and the other hal f occurs out-
of-band.
I n CDMA systems, the power ampl i -
fi er output power i s +28 dBm when the
mobi l e stati on i s recei vi ng cl ose prox-
i mi ty CDMA si gnal s. A typi cal RX-TX
dupl exer i sol ati on i s -58 dB, resul ti ng i n
a P
TX
at the LNA i nput of -30 dBm. The
si ngl e tone jammer l evel at LNA i nput,
P
st_LNA
, i s equal to -33 dBm, assumi ng a
typi cal -3 dB dupl exer i nser ti on l oss.
Al so, as cal cul ated ear l i er , the cr oss-
modul ati on product l evel , when referred
to LNA i nput, I
XMOD_LNA
, shoul d not ex-
ceed -111.2 dBm/1.23MHz i n order for
the recei ver to meet the requi red perfor-
mance at correl ator output:
5.8 dB. We then deduce, fr om the
l ast equati on, that the LNA 3
r d
or der
i nput i ntercept, I I P
3_LNA
+7.6 dBm.
CDMA receiver desensitization to
-IF spurious response
I n some CDMA systems, especi al l y
i n the PCS, band where the recei vers
RF b a n d w i d t h i s 6 0 MH z w i d e ,
choosi ng a l ow I F r ecei ver fr equency
ca n r e s u l t i n t h e -I F s p u r i ou s
pr obl em. Thi s occur s when a si ngl e
tone jammer, whi ch i s l yi ng i nsi de the
r ecei ver RF bandwi dth, i s hal fway i n
the fr equency between the desi r ed
CDMA si gnal and the UHF l ocal osci l -
l ator (see Fi gur e 5). The si ngl e tone
jammer wi l l be down-converted to I F i n
th e (2x 2) mi x er s pu r i ou s pr odu ct,
whi ch acts as an i n-band i nterferer to
the wanted si gnal at the I F output [4,
Razavi ].
I n thi s case the equi val ent whi te
noi se i nterference source, I
oc
, consi sts of
recei ver's thermal noi se (N
o
), transmi t-
ter's thermal noi se i n the recei ver band
(N
TX
), and equi val ent i n-band i nterfer-
ence component due to -I F spuri ous
mi xer pr oduct (I
st
). Thi s i s val i d be-
cause the desi red CDMA si gnal i s onl y
3 dB above the mi ni mum recei ver sen-
si ti vi ty l evel . I f we fol l ow the same cal -
cul ati on methodol ogy used i n the pre-
vi ous secti on (for cross-modul ati on and
reci procal mi xi ng) and assume a 1 dB
margi n for:
5.3 dB), we can deduce that I
st
-102.9 dBm/1.23MHz. Note that I
st
i s
the equi val ent i nter fer ence l evel r e-
fer r ed to the r ecei ver 's i nput due to
si ngl e-tone jammer.
A typi cal cascaded gai n between an-
tenna connector to mi xer i nput i s equal
7 dB. As a resul t, the si ngl e-tone l evel at
mi xer i nput P
st_MXR
i s equal to -23 dBm.
Al so, the requi red equi val ent -I F spu-
ri ous product l evel at the mi xer i nput i s
-95.9 dBm/1.23MHz. Hence, i n the
mi xer, we need a (2x2) spuri ous product
suppressi on
-I F
73 dBc. I n an acti ve
mi xer, the (2x2) spuri ous product sup-
pressi on can be rel ated the 2nd order i n-
tercept poi nt of the mi xer (I I P
2_MXR
). We
can cal cul ate the requi red mi xer I I P
2_MXR
wi th the fol l owi ng equati on:
=I I P
2_MXR
+50 dBm [7].
CDMA receiver intermodulation
spurious response attenuation
The i ntermodul ati on response atten-
uati on i s a measur e of a r ecei ver 's
abi l i ty to recei ve a CDMA si gnal on i ts
assi gned channel frequency i n the pres-
ence of two i nterferi ng CW tones. These
tone ar e separ ated fr om the assi gned
channel frequency and from each other
such that the 3r d-or der i nter modul a-
ti on product of the two i nterferi ng CW
tones, whi ch occur s i n the r ecei ver 's
odd order non-l i neari ti es, produces an
i n-band i nter fer i ng si gnal to the de-
si red CDMA si gnal (Fi gure 6). I S-98-A
standar d cal l s for thr ee test cases of
di ffer ent two-tone l evel s and desi r ed
CDMA si gnal l evel , under whi ch the re-
cei ver FER shoul d not exceed 1%. I t i s
val i d to assume that i n al l these test
cases that the recei ver 3rd-order non-
l i neari ty i s the most domi nant source of
3r d-or der i nter modul ati on pr oducts
[4,7].
Thi s arti cl e wi l l onl y deri ve the re-
qui r ed r ecei ver 3r d or der i nput (I I P
3
)
for the smal l two-tone l evel and l arge
two-tone l evel cases. The reader i s en-
couraged to fol l ow the same cal cul ati on
methodol ogy to deri ve the recei ver I I P
3
for the medi um two-tone l evel case.
I n both test cases, the two-tone fre-
quency separati on i s 800 kHz and the
cl osest CW i nter fer i ng tone i s ei ther
900 kHz above or 900 kHz bel ow the
CDMA si gnal center frequency. As a re-
sul t, the 3r d-or der i nter modul ati on
pr oduct wi l l be i n the desi r ed CDMA
IIP =P + 2_M XR st_M XR 1/2-IF
Traffic
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I dBm P P IIP XM OD LNA TX st LNA LNA _ _ _ ( )= + - - 2 2 3 3
Parameter Units Test 1 Test 2
Tone offset from Carrier kHz -900 +900
Tone Power (Pst) dBm -30
dBm/1.23MHz -101
dB -15.6
Traffic E
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Table 2. Minimum requirements for single tone desensitization.
32 www.rfdesign.com September 1999
si gnal band, ei ther 100 kHz above or
100 kHz bel ow the si gnal center fr e-
quency, respecti vel y.
I n the smal l two-tone l evel 's case, the
equi val ent whi te noi se i nter fer ence
source consi sts of the recei ver's thermal
noi se (N
o
), the tr ansmi tter 's ther mal
noi se i n the r ecei ver band (N
TX
), and
equi val ent i n-band i nterference compo-
nent due to 3rd-order i ntermodul ati on
product (I
I M3
). I f we fol l ow the same cal -
cul ati on methodol ogy used i n the pre-
vi ous secti on (for cross-modul ati on and
reci procal mi xi ng) and assume a 1.5 dB
margi n for requi red
5.8 dB, we can cal cu l ate th at I
oc
s h ou l d n ot ex ceed -101.3 dBm (i n
1.23MHz BWRF). We can wr i te, i n
l i near form: (14)
I n the smal l two-tone l evel case, the
CDMA desi red si gnal l evel i s onl y 3 dB
above the mi ni mum recei ver sensi ti vi ty
l evel . Hence, we can assume that N
o
i s
set by the recei ver noi se fi gure. I f we
choose N
FRX
equal to 7.8 dB, thi s sets N
o
to -166.2 dBm/Hz (equati on 10). N
TX
i s
equal to -178 dBm/Hz, al so as defi ned
i n the previ ous secti on. From equasi on
14, we deduce that
I
I M3
-103.7 dBm/1.23MHz, referrenced
to the r ecei ver s i nput. Knowi ng that
P
st1
=P
st2
=-43 dBm, the 3
r d
-or der i nter -
modul ati on spuri ous response attenua-
ti on
I M3
60.7 dB. The recei ver i nput
I P3 i s cal cul ated wi th the fol l owi ng
equati on: (15)
The requi red recei ver I nput I P3 shoul d
be -12.7 dBm, for the smal l two-tone
l evel case.
I n the l arge two-tone l evel 's case, the
equi val ent whi te noi se i nter fer ence
source i s total l y di ctated by the equi va-
l ent i n-band i nter fer ence component
du e to 3r d-or der i n ter modu l ati on
product (I
I M3
). Thi s i s because the de-
si red CDMA si gnal l evel i s 25 dB above
the mi ni mum recei ver sensi ti vi ty l evel .
Si mi l a r l y , i f we a s s u me a 1.5 dB
margi n for
5.8 dB,
we can cal cul ate that I
I M3
, whi ch i s
equal to I
oc
, shoul d not exceed -79.3
dBm/1.23MHz, referred to the recei ver
i n p u t ( 79 d Bm i n th i s ca s e).
Knowi ng that P
st1
= P
st2
= -21 dBm, the
3
rd
-order i ntermodul ati on spuri ous re-
sponse attenuati on
I M3
58.3 dB. The
requi red recei ver i nput, I P3 shoul d ex-
ceed +8.15 dBm, for the l arge two-
tone l evel case.
The previ ous two-tone l evel test cases
i ndi cate that the CDMA recei ver needs
to have a mi ni mum of two di fferent l i n-
ear i ty modes. As di scussed i n the r e-
cei ver dynami c r ange secti on, thi s i s
achi eved by usi ng ei ther a stepped gai n
LNA or a vari abl e gai n LNA.
Summary
A thorough understandi ng of system
l evel and bl ock l evel speci fi cati ons,
based on the I S-98-A CDMA standard,
i s essenti al for desi gni ng a hi gh perfor-
mance CDMA mobi l e stati on recei ver.
RF system i ssues rel ated to CDMA
recei vers, l i ke reci procal mi xi ng, cross-
modul ati on, and -I F spur i ous r e-
sponse need to be consi der ed i n any
CDMA recei ver's system desi gn.
I t i s hoped that the r eader wi l l be
abl e to appl y the theory and concepts
devel oped i n thi s arti cl e, to ai d them i n
effi ci entl y devel opi ng practi cal systems.
References
1 . Re comme n d e d Mi n i mu m
Performance Standards for Dual -Mode
Wi deband Spr ead Spectr um Cel l ul ar
Mobi l e Stati ons , TI A/ EI A/ I S-98-A
I nterimStandard, Jul y 1996.
2 . Re comme n d e d Mi n i mu m
Per for mance Requi r ements for 1.8 to
2.0GHz Code Di vi si on Mul ti pl e Access
Per sonal Stati ons, TI A/ EI A/ J -STD-
018I nterimStandard.
3. R. Di xon, Spr ead Spectr um
Systems with Commercial Applications;
John Wi l ey & Sons, I nc., 1994.
4. B. Razavi , RF Microelectronics,
Prenti ce Hal l , 1998.
5. R. G. Meyer et al ., Cross <modu-
l a t i on a n d I n t e r mod u l a t i on i n
Ampl i fi ers at Hi gh Frequenci es, I EEE
J ournal of Solid-StateCircuits, vol . SC-
7, No. 1, pp. 16-23, February 1972.
6. R. Moh i n dr a , Pa r t 1: Cr os s
Modu l a ti on a n d L i n ea r i za ti on i n
CDMA Mobi l e Phone Tr anscei ver s,
Wi r el ess Symposi um/ Por tabl e by
Desi gn Conference Di gest, San Jose,
Cal i forni a, Spri ng 1999.
7. P. Vi zmul l er , RF Design Guide,
Norwood, MA; Artech House, 1995.
Ior
Traffic
E
N
b
t
IIP dBm Pst
IM
( )= +
3
2
I I N N BW oc IM o TX RF = + + ( ) 3
Traffic
E
N
b
t
Parameter Units Test 1 Test 2
Tone 1 offset from Carrier kHz -900 +900
Tone 1 Power (Pst1) dBm -43
Tone 2 offset from Carrier kHz -1700 +1700
Tone Power (Pst2) dBm -43
dBm/1.23MHz -101
dB -15.6
Traffic E
I
c
or
Ior
Table 3. Minimum requirements for intermodulation spurious response attenuation (Small two-tone
level).
Parameter Units Test 1 Test 2
Tone 1 offset from Carrier kHz -900 +900
Tone 1 Power (Pst1) dBm -21
Tone 2 offset from Carrier kHz -1700 +1700
Tone Power (Pst2) dBm -21
dBm/1.23MHz -79
dB -15.6
Traffic E
I
c
or
Ior
Table 4. Minimum requirements for intermodulation spurious response attenuation
(Large two-tone level).
About the author
Wal i d Y. Al i -Achmad, Ph.D, works
for Maxi m i n Sunnyval e, CA. He can
be reached at 408-737-7600 or by e-
ma i l a t wal i d_al i -ahmad
@ccmail.mxim.com