___________________________________

* Corresponding Author: nit.pes@dpu.ac.th (N. Petcharaks)

App. Math. and Comp. Intel., ol. ! (") (!#"$) "#%&"!#

http:''amci.unimap.edu.m(

) !#"$ Institute o* +ngineering Mathematics, ,niMAP



Lightning protection for roof-mounted solar cell using two
masts


N. Petcharaks*


Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
Dhurakij Pundit University
110/1!Prachachun "oad, #aksi, $angkok 10%10, &hailand


-ecei.ed: "$ /e0ruar( !#"!1 -e.ised: "2 /e0ruar( !#"$, Accepted: !# /e0ruar( !#"$

Abstract: 'ouses invested in roofmounted solar cell need protection from direct lightning( &his
paper presents the application of numerical method in designing the height and location of masts
)ased on protection angle method according to international standard *E+ ,%-0.( /n isolated
e0ternal lightning protection system using t1o masts is designed( &he protected 2one 1hich is in
the volume according to the protection angle method, depends on the protection level, the rolling
sphere radius and the height of the masts 1hich must )e less than the rolling sphere radius defined
in *E+ standard( Furthermore, separation distance )et1een the protected house and mast depends
on the height of the mast( &his paper develops a program using heuristic numerical method to
design masts to protect a house 1ith roofmounted solar cell( *nput data such as the house
dimensions and the lightning protection class should )e provided( &his program is tested on
houses 1ith different dimensions( &he height and location of t1o masts are o)tained( &he
numerical results sho1 that this program can )e used effectively and correctly(

Keywords: 'euristic numerical method, #ightning protection, 3ast, "oofmounted solar cell

PA!: 45(%0(6k, 0%(,0(0
" #ntroduction
3ouses in.ested in roo*4mounted solar cell ma( e5pose to direct lightning. Protection ph(sical
damage to structures and li.ing 0eings against lightning should compl( 6ith international standard
I+C 7!$#8 9":. Photo.oltaic (P) structures on the roo* are the highest point e5posing to lightning
stroke. A P s(stem must 0e 0onded to ground to reduce shock and *ire ha;ards 9!:. Additional
do6n conductors and ground rods must 0e pro.ided. Inappropriate air terminals ma( not protect
structures 9$:. Conse<uentl(, concrete on a roo* ma( 0e damaged and its de0ris is ha;ardous to
people and propert( 0elo6. =ightning protection s(stem (=P>) 6ith round grounding is installed to
protect the house using solar and 6ind energ( 9?:. A direct lightning strike to a house roo* ma(



""# 7. Petcharaks
occur 98:. @his t(pe o* strike is .er( rare. 3o6e.er, it could cause se.ere damage the structure and
most o* electronic e<uipment in the house. =P> 6ith air terminal installed on the roo*, do6n
conductors and 0uried ground electrode is suggested 98:.
An isolated e5ternal lightning protection s(stem (=P>) is used to a.oid the thermal and e5plosi.e
e**ects at the striking point 6hich ma( cause damage to solar cell panels. =P> *or roo*4mounted
solar cell should use isolated masts 97:, 9A:. =ightning rods are installed to protect outdoor solar
cell arra(s *rom lightning stroke 9?:.
@here are *our classes o* =P> depending on lightning protection le.el de*ined in I+C 7!$#84".
=P> class III should 0e used *or solar cell protection 9A:. An isolated =P> comprises air
termination mast and earth termination s(stem. @his paper designs onl( the height and location o*
masts. 3euristic numerical method (3NM) is proposed to calculate *or the minimum height o* air
terminal masts 6hile satis*(ing .arious constraints such as protection ;one, separation distance.
3NM is tested on houses 6ith di**erent si;es.
@he organi;ation o* this paper is as *ollo6s. >ection ! addresses the pro0lem *ormulation. @he
3NM algorithms are descri0ed in >ection $. Numerical results are presented in >ection ?.
Biscussion is gi.en in >ection 8. /inall(, the conclusion is concluded.
$ Problem formulation
%(1 #ightning protection
=P> could 0e designed 0( three methods: rolling sphere, protection angle and mesh. Protection
angle method is suita0le *or a simple shape structure, thus it is used in this paper to protect a house
6ith roo*4mounted solar cell. Protecti.e angle depends on the height o* mast and the protection
class as sho6n in /igure ". @he protecti.e angles *or all classes must 0e more than !8
o
.

/igure ": Protecti.e angle 92:
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
h
above reference plane [m]
P
r
o
t
e
c
t
i
v
e

a
n
g
l
e


[
d
e
g
r
e
e
]
LPS 4 LPS 3 LPS 2 LPS 1



/pp( 3ath( and +omp( *ntel(, 8ol( % 91:, %01- """
In 92: the e<uation (") is used to appro5imate the .alue o* protecti.e angle corresponding to /igure
" 6hereas the rolling sphere radiuses *or each =P> class are sho6n in @a0le ". @he protecti.e
angle and the corresponding protected .olume are sho6n in /igure !.

)
$
" (
"
sin
"
mast
h

= (")
; : protecti.e angle
h
mast
:height o* the mast(m)
" : rolling sphere radius (m)
@a0le ": @he rolling sphere radius *or each =P> class 9":
=P> class I II III I
-olling sphere radius (m) !# $# ?8 7#


/igure !: Protecti.e angle 92:
%(% #ightning protection 1ith t1o masts
At least t6o masts should 0e used in =P> *or a house 6ith roo*4mounted solar cell 97:. =P> using
t6o masts to protect a structure is sho6n in /igure $. @he top .ie6 protected ;one sho6n in /igure
? is corresponded to protecti.e angle, C
!
, using ground as re*erence. @he house is mainl( protected
0( C
"
. 3o6e.er, the protecti.e cone corresponding to C
!
should co.er the house as sho6n in
/igure ?. /urthermore, the protecti.e cone corresponding to C
"
should co.er the house at point 0,
the outermost point as sho6n in /igure 8.





""! 7. Petcharaks



/igure $: Criteria parameter 0ased on protecti.e angle o* t6o masts

/igure ?: @op .ie6 protection ;one 0ased on protecti.e angle,C
!




/pp( 3ath( and +omp( *ntel(, 8ol( % 91:, %01- ""$
/igure 8: @op .ie6 protection ;one according to protecti.e angle, C
!

C
"
: protecti.e angle in (") using roo* as re*erence o* the height
C
!
: protecti.e angle in (") using ground as re*erence o* the height
a : the intersection points 0et6een protecti.e conesin /igure $
h
0
: the depth *rom the .irtual hori;ontal line to point a (m)
h
y
: sa*et( margin 0et6een point a and the roo*(m)
s
1
: clearance 0et6een point a and the roo*(m)
s
%
: separation distance to a.oid sparking *rom do6n conductor to the protected house (m)
'
house
: the height o* house (m)
#
house
: the length o* house (m)
<
house
: the 6idth o* house (m)

%(- Pro)lem formulation
@he o0Decti.e o* =P> design is to *ind the minimum o* the mast height, h
mast
6hile satis*(ing the
*ollo6ing constraints.
a) Protecti.e angle C
"

)
$
" (
"
sin
"
"
y
h
0
h

= , (!)
)
! !
"
(
"
tan
"
0
h
s
house
# +

= , ($)



""? 7. Petcharaks
! !
! "
)
!
( )
!
(
house house
c
< #
s " + + (?)
6here "
c1
is the radius o* protecti.e cone corresponding to C
"
at the le.el o* h
0
.
" "
tan( )
c 0
" h = , (8)
0) Protecti.e angle C
!
)
$
" ( sin
"
!
"
h
mast

=

, (7)
! !
! !
)
!
( )
!
(
house house
c
< #
s " + + (A)
6here "
c%
is the radius o* protecti.e cone corresponding to C
!
at the grounding le.el.
) tan(
! !

mast c
h " = , (2)
c) >eparation distance s
%
,
m
mast c i
k
h k k
s =
!
, (%)
@he .alue o* k
i
according to I+C 7!$#8 should 0e #.#2, and #.#7 *or =P> class I and II, respecti.el(,
6hereas k
i
*or class III and I is #.#?. @he constant k
m
e<uals E"F *or isolated e5ternal masts. @he
partitioning coe**icient k
c
o* lightning current *or single do6n conductor is set to E"F according to
I+C 7!$#8. @he separation distance 0et6een a mast and the house, s
%
should not 0e less than $ m
*or personal sa*et( according to protection against touch and step .oltages. @hus, the .alue o* s
%

should satis*( ("#). =astl(, the height o* the mast must 0e less than rolling sphere radius, there*ore,
h
mast
must satis*( ("$).
c
s s
!
("#)
6here ) , $ ma5(
m
mast c i
c
k
h k k
s = ("")
h
mast
G h
0
H h
y
H '
house
("!)
" h
mast
("$)
% &N' algorithms
3NM process starts a*ter the dimension o* the house, =P> class and
y
h are gi.en. @he rolling
sphere radius, " is de*ined corresponding to =P> class. A*ter that, 3NM processes iterations until
0
h is con.erged to the *inal .alue or iteration counter e5ceeds the ma5imum .alue. @hen, h
mast
and
protecti.e angle, C
%
, are calculated. /inall(, i* all constraints are satis*ied, the height o* masts and
separation distance are recorded.
@he 3NM procedure is as *ollo6s.
>tep " @he dimension o* the protected house, =P> class,
y
h and tolerance I, are gi.en.
>tep ! Pick up the corresponding .alues o* ", k
i
, <
house
, #
house
and '
house
.



/pp( 3ath( and +omp( *ntel(, 8ol( % 91:, %01- ""8
>tep $ >et the initial .alue o*
) " (
0
h and set iteration counter, k G "
>tep ? Compute
) (
"
k
*rom ("?).
)
$
" ( sin
) (
" ) (
"
"
h h
y
k
0 k

+
=

("?)
>tep8 Compute
) (
!
k
s *rom ("8),
) (k
c
s *rom ("7), and
) " ( + k
0
h *rom ("A) 6hich is modi*ied *rom
(?) and (8).
) ( ) (
!
k
c
k
s s ("8)
)) ( , $ ma5(
) ( ) (
house y
k
0 i
k
c
' h h k s + + = ("7)
) tan(
)
!
( )
!
(
"
! !
!
) " (

house house
k
0
< #
s
h
+ +
=
+
("A)
>tep 7 I*
+ ) ( ) " ( k
0
k
0
h h and kJk
ma0
, k G kH", go to >tep ?.
>tep A Compute h
mast
*rom ("2).
house y
k
0 mast
' h h h + + =
+ ) " (
("2)
>tep 2 Compute C
%
*rom (7).
>tep % Compute "
c%
*rom (2).
>tep "# I* constraints (A) and ("$) are satis*ied, record the .alue o* h
mast
, and
) (
!
k
s (
>tep "" @erminate.
( Numerical results
3NM is tested on houses 6ith t6o dimensions as sho6n in @a0le !, case A and K. In case A" and
A!, a moderate house is grounded and *ul*illed 6ith I+C 7!$#8 conditions to reduce ha;ard to a
tolera0le le.el. @here*ore, the separation distance 0et6een house and masts should compl( 6ith
(%). @he sa*et( margin, h
y
is set e<ual to # and " m *or case A" and A!, respecti.el(. It could 0e
interpreted that " m o* h
y
6ill keep the intersection points 0et6een t6o cones " m a0o.e the roo*
6hereas # m o* h
y
, the roo* ma( e5pose to a risk to direct strike.
In case A$ and A?, the si;e o* the house is the same si;e as in case A" and A!. Kut it is not
attempted to pro.ide an additional grounding s(stem. @hus, it is a normal house 6ithout grounding
s(stem and it is not *ul*illed I+C 7!$#8 conditions, the separation distance constraint in ("8)
should 0e satis*ied. @he sa*et( margin, h
y
is set e<ual to # and " m *or case A$ and A?,
respecti.el(.
/or case K, it is similar to case A 0ut the si;e o* the protected house is 0igger.



""7 7. Petcharaks
@a0le !: @est cases: case A and case K
Case <
house
(m) #
house
(m) '
house
(m) s
%
constraint h
y
(m)
Case A" 7
"# "# (%) #
Case A! 7
"# "# (%) "
Case A$ 7
"# "# ("8) #
Case A? 7
"# "# ("8) "
Case K" "!
"! !# (%) #
Case K! "!
"! !# (%) "
Case K$ "!
"! !# ("8) #
Case K? "!
"! !# ("8) "

/or case A, 3NM is tested to design =P> *or a moderate house. Numerical results o* case A" are
sho6n in @a0le $, lightning protection s(stem 6ith t6o masts *or a moderate house 6ith
grounding s(stem 0ut 6ithout sa*et( margin. @he highest mast and the longest separation distance,
s
%
are in =P> class I 0ecause it is the 0est protection class. @he mast height *or =P> class II, III and
I descends relati.el( due to the corresponding rolling sphere radius.
=P> class III is recommended in 9A:. 3o6e.er, the protecti.e angle,
"
in =P> class III and I in
@a0le $, is larger than the limited angle in /igure ". @hus, the house is not protected. @he house in
case A! is sa*er due to the sa*et( margin, h
y
G " m. @his a**ects in higher mast, "!.7% m each and
*arther separation distance, s
%
G #.8" m *or =P> class III as sho6n in @a0le ?.
In case A!, *or =P> class III, the *arthest point o* the house *rom the mast is 7.!A m calculated
*rom s<uare root o*
! !
!
)
!
( )
!
(
house house
< #
s + + . @he radius o* protecti.e cone at " m the roo*
le.el "
c1
is 7.!A m. Kut the radius o* protecti.e cone at the roo* le.el is %.%A m calculated *rom
"
( ) tan( )
0 y
h h + . @he radius o* the cone at the roo* le.el is much larger than the distance to the
*arthest point. @hus, protecti.e cones *rom t6o masts at the roo* le.el co.er the roo* completel(.
@he sa*et( margin " m keeps the intersection point 0et6een t6o cones" m high a0o.e the roo* and
causes larger separation distance, s
!
6hich conse<uentl( causes higher mast.
@he protecti.e angles C
1
and C
%
are larger as the height o* mast decreases according to ("). @he
protecti.e angles C
1
de*ines the protected .olume at the roo* le.el at the side along 6ith the length
o* the house and along 6ith the distance 0et6een t6o masts. @he protecti.e angles C
%
de*ines the
protecti.e .olume at the ground le.el. Angle C
1
is much larger than C
%
since the height
y 0
h h + is
much shorter than the mast height, h
mast
. @he protected house must 0e 6ithin protecti.e .olume
de*ined 0( the protecti.e angles C
1
and C
%
.
@a0le $: Case A", grounded house 6ith sa*et( margin, 3
(
G #
=P> class h
mast
(m) h
0
(m) C
1
C
%
s
%
(m) "
c1
(m) "
c%
(m)
I "$.#"
$.#" 78.%!
o
$2.7$
o
".#? 7.A8 "#.?
II "".72
".72 A8.?#
o
8#.2$
o
#.A# 7.?? "?.$$



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".)" *).++
o
,-."*
o
).(( ..$" "*.(,
I "#.A8
#.A8 2$."!
o
7$.A"
o
#.?$ 7.!# !".A7

@a0le ?: Case A!, grounded house 6ith sa*et( margin, 3
(
G " m
=P> class h
mast
(m) h
0
(m) C
1
C
%
s
%
(m) "
c1
(m) "
c%
(m)
I "8.$2
?.$2 8A.7$
o
$$.AA
o
".!$ 7.%! "#.!%
II "$.88
!.%8 72.A#
o
?A.77
o
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### "$..-
"..- +(.-)
o
,..*(
o
).," ..$+ "-.(%
I "!.$7
".$7 AA.A2
o
7".A2
o
#.?% 7.!7 !$.#!

I* the protected house is ungrounded, the separation distance in ("") is $ m *or all =P> classes since
the .alue o* the term
m
mast c i
k
h k k
is much less than $m. Numerical results *or case A$, lightning
protection 6ith ;ero sa*et( margin, the height o* the mast in =P> class III is "".%8 m 6ith
separation distance $ m as sho6n in @a0le 8. @he radius o* protection cone at the roo* le.el "
c1
is
2.8? m 6hich e<uals to the distance *rom a mast to the *arthest point. @hus, protection cones *rom
t6o masts at the roo* le.el co.er the roo*. At the ground le.el, the radius o* a protection cone "
c%
is
"%.#! m 6hich co.ers the house entirel(.
Adding the " m sa*et( margin in case A? 6ill cause higher mast to 0e "$.A8 m each, *or =P> class
III compared 6ith case A$ as sho6n in @a0le 7. @he location o* masts is the same as in case A$. In
case A?, the radius o* protecti.e cone at the roo* le.el is "".7? m 6hereas the radius o* protecti.e
cone at " m a0o.e the roo* le.el is 2.8? m. At the ground le.el, the radius o* a protection cone "
c%
is
"%.%A m 6hich co.ers the house entirel(.

@a0le 8: Case A$, ungrounded house 6ith sa*et( margin, 3
(
G # m
=P> class h
mast
(m) h
0
(m) C
1
C
%
s
%
(m) "
c1
(m) "
c%
(m)
I "8.82
8.?2 8A.$?
o
$$.7#
o
$ 2.8?? "#.!2
II "$.#2
$.#2 A#."A
o
?2.??
o
$ 2.8?? "?.A8
### "".-,
".-, ++."+
o
,+.*.
o
% *.,(( "-.)$
I "".??
".?? 2#.?A
o
7!.2A
o
$ 2.8?? !!.$!
@a0le 7: Case A?, ungrounded house 6ith sa*et( margin, 3
(
G " m
=P> class h
mast
(m) h
0
(m) C
1
C
%
s
%
(m) "
c1
(m) "
c%
(m)
I "2.$#
A.$# ?%.8!
o
!2."7
o
$ 2.8?? %.A%
II "8.#%
?.#% 7?.??
o
?8.!"
o
$ 2.8?? "8.!#
### "%.+,
$.+, +$.",
o
,,.((
o
% *.,(( "-.-+
I "$."8
!."8 A8.28
o
7#.27
o
$ 2.8?? !$.7#



""2 7. Petcharaks
/or a 0igger house in case K, =P> class I could not 0e used 0ecause the designed mast is higher
than the corresponding rolling sphere radius, !# m. /or =P> class III, the mast is !!.!? m each, 6ith
separation distance #.2% m a6a( *rom the house in case K" as sho6n in @a0le A. /or a 0ig house
6ith " m sa*et( margin in case K!, the mast is higher to 0e !?."" m each, located #.%7 m *rom the
house, *or =P> class III as sho6n in @a0le 2.
@a0le A: Case K", grounded house 6ith sa*et( margin, 3
(
G # m
=P> class h
mast
(m) h
0
(m) C
1
C
%
s
%
(m) "
c1
(m) "
c%
(m)
I 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
II !$.%7
$.%7 7A.?2
o
$!.7"
o
".?? %.87 "8.$$
### $$.$(
$.$( +..$(
o
(,..$
o
).*- -."( $$.+$
I !".7?
".7? A%.2"
o
8!.$8
o
#.2A %."! !2.#8
@a0le 2: Case K!, grounded house 6ith sa*et( margin, 3
(
G " m
=P> class h
mast
(m) h
0
(m) C
1
C
%
s
%
(m) "
c1
(m) "
c%
(m)
I 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
II !7."%
8."% 7".A?
o
!%.A$
o
".8A %.77 "?.%7
### $(.""
%."" +".%"
o
(%..*
o
).-. -."- $%.)%
I !$.?"
!.?" A8.!2
o
8#.A2
o
#.%? %."A !2."2
/or a 0ig house 6ithout grounding s(stem in case K$ causes higher mast to 0e !$.!# m *or =P>
class III, located at $ m *ar a6a( *rom the house 6ithout sa*et( margin. @he numerical results are
sho6n in @a0le %. Lhen sa*et( margin is set to 0e " m in case K?, this causes the mast 0ecome
higher, !8."$ m *or =P> class III and located at $ m *ar a6a( *rom the house as sho6n in @a0le "#.

@a0le %: Case K$, ungrounded house 6ith sa*et( margin, 3
(
G # m
=P> class h
mast
(m) h
0
(m) C
1
C
%
s
%
(m) "
c1
(m) "
c%
(m)
I 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
II !8.$#
8.$# 7$.%#
o
$#.2A
o
$ "#.2! "8."!
### $%.$)
%.$) +%.,%
o
((..$
o
% ").*$ $$.*-
I !!.$$
!.$$ AA.28
o
8".A$
o
$ "#.2! !2.$"
@a0le "#: Case K?, ungrounded house 6ith sa*et( margin, 3
(
G " m
=P> class h
mast
m) h
0
(m) C
1
C
%
s
%
(m) "
c1
(m) "
c%
(m)
I 4
4 4 4 4 4 4
II !A.7#
7.7# 82.7$
o
!A.%A
o
$ "#.2! "?.78
### $,."%
(."% .-.)-
o
($..,
o
% ").*$ $%.",
I !?."8
$."8 A$.A8
o
8#."?
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$ "#.2! !2.%!




/pp( 3ath( and +omp( *ntel(, 8ol( % 91:, %01- ""%
Mast in =P> class I *or cases A" & A?, is the highest one since it is the 0est protection. 3o6e.er, it
is the most e5pensi.e. =ightning protection 6ith t6o masts using =P> class I could not 0e
emplo(ed to protect a 0ig house in case K, protection 6ith *our masts should 0e used instead. 3ome
o6ner should make decision to select the =P> class since 0etter =P> class 6ill result in higher mast
and higher cost. @rade4o** 0ased on economics should 0e considered to compare the damage and
repair cost 6ith the protection cost.

, /iscussions
According to I+C 7!$#8, in certain conditions, it is possi0le to cause inDuries o* li.ing 0eings in
the .icinit( o* mast 0eing a do6n conductor. It ma( 0e ha;ardous to li*e. Protection measures
against touch .oltages could 0e either insulating the mast or imposing ph(sical restrictions and
6arning notice to pre.ent persons *rom touching mast. Lhereas, protection measures against step
.oltages could 0e e<uipotentialising 6ith a mesh earth4termination s(stem or ph(sical restrictions
and 6arning notice to pre.ent persons *rom approaching to dangerous area 6ithin $ m o* masts.
3o6e.er, the ha;ard could 0e reduced to a tolera0le le.el i* the resisti.it( o* the sur*ace 6ithin $ m
is not less than 8 kMm or insulating material, e.g. asphalt is used. @hus, i* one o* the a0o.e
protection measures is *ul*illed, the separation distance, s
!
, could 0e less than $ m. @his causes
shorter mast compared 6ith $ m separation distance as sho6n in numerical results. 3o6e.er,
shorter distance s
!
ma( 0e incon.enient 0ecause masts are too close to the protected house. @hus a
designer should consider the scener( and the con.enience o* home o6ners.
In addition, the sa*et( margin should 0e considered. Nero margin ma( e5pose to a risk due to land
sur*ace trans*ormation, mast oscillation during storm, etc. I* the intersection point o* the protecti.e
cone, point a is lo6er than the roo*, there 6ill 0e an unprotected area. @he appropriate sa*et( margin
should 0e *urther studied. 3o6e.er, the larger margin 6ill cause higher mast and higher cost. @hus,
the cost o* masts and protection measures, =P> class selection, sa*et( margin, a.aila0le space and
surroundings should 0e considered care*ull(.

. onclusions
Isolated e5ternal air terminal masts are used to protect roo*4mounted solar cell. In this paper, the
height and the location o* masts according to I+C standard 7!$#8 are designed 0( appl(ing
heuristic numerical method, 3NM. @he numerical results indicate that the proposed method, 3NM
could 0e used e**ecti.el( and accuratel(. It 6ill 0e con.enient *or engineers to use 3NM to design
an isolated e5ternal air terminal mast *or a protected house.
0eferences
9": International >tandard I+C 7!$#8. Protection agaist lightning. !##7.
9!: L. A. Chisholm. -e.ie6 o* lightning protection stanadards *or photo.oltaic s(stems. !##8,
http:''666.Dimeaston.com'=ightningO!#ProtectionO!#PO!#Canada.pd*, accessed in
March !#"!
9$: 3.N. A0din. Con.entional and un4con.entional lightning air terminals : An o.er.ie6. /orum
on =ightning Protection, 3ilton Petaling Pa(a, 2
th
Panuar(, !##?,
http:''666.lightningsa*et(alliance.com'documents'acemQairQterminals.pd*, accessed in
March !#"!.
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protection *or 0uildings energi;ed 0( rene6a0le energ( sources. +lectronics and +lectrical
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98: I+++ guide *or surge protection o* e<uipment connected to ac po6er and communication
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International Net6ork I+++ Press, !##8, I>KN #4A$2"4?7$?4V.



"!# 7. Petcharaks
97: /. Mart;lo**. =ightning protection o* roo*4mounted solar
cells.http:''666.eeel.nist.go.'2"A'pu0s'spdQantholog('*iles'ProtectO!#solarO!#cells.pd*,
accessed in Panuar( !#"!.
9A: =ightning protection guide. =ightning and surge protection *or P s(stems and solar po6er
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Panuar( !#"!.
92: S. Petcharaks. =ightning protection. @eaching material, Chulalongkorn ,ni.ersit(, !#"!,
unpu0lished.