TABLE OF CONTENT

Theory/Abstract
Procedure
Result
Discussion
Conclusion
References

FACULTY OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING LABORATORY 1 (ELE350)
EXPERIMENT 5
FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF SYSTEM (BODE DIAGRAM & NYQUIST PLOT)
OBJECTIVES
1. Obtain the frequency response of a process experimentally.
2. Plot the Bode diagram (magnitude and phase plot) from experimental data.
3. Plot the Nyquist plot from experimental data.
LIST OF EQUIPMENT/COMPONENTS
Name Quantity
Process Control Trainer PT 37-100 1
Function Generator 1
Oscilloscope 1


THEORY
Frequency Response
Frequency response is the quantitative measure of the output spectrum often the amplitude response
of a system or device in response to a stimulus; in electrical terms this stimulus would be an input
signal. In the audible range it is usually referred to in connection with electronic
amplifiers, microphones and loudspeakers. Radio spectrum frequency response can refer to
measurements of coaxial cable ,twisted-pair cable, video switching equipment, wireless
communications devices, and antenna systems. Infrasonic frequency response measurements
include earthquakes and electroencephalography.
While frequency response of a system is a frequency dependent function which expresses how a
sinusoidal signal of a given frequency on the system input is transferred through the system. Time-
varying signals at least periodical signals which excite systems, as the reference signal or a
disturbance in a control system or measurement signals which are inputs signals to signal lters, can be
regarded as consisting of a sum of frequency components. Each frequency component is a sinusoidal
signal having a certain amplitude and a certain frequency. The frequency response expresses how each
of these frequency components is transferred through the system. Some components may be amplied,
others may be attenuated, and there will be some phase lag through the system.

Frequency Response.



Bode Diagram
The bode diagram is a special function graph and consists a graph of the amount amplitude again and
one for the argument phase shift of a complex transfer function. Bode plots find their application in the
representation of linear time-invariant systems in the field of electronics and electrical
engineering , control engineering and mechatronics , as well as in the impedance spectroscopy .

Bode diagram (Magnitude & Phase Plot.
Nyquist Plot
A Nyquist plot is used in automatic control and signal processing for assessing the stability of a system
with feedback. It is represented by a graph in polar coordinates in which the gain andphase of
a frequency response are plotted. The plot of these phasor quantities shows the phase as the angle and
the magnitude as the distance from the origin. This plot combines the two types of Bode plot
magnitude and phase on a single graph, with frequency as a parameter along the curve.

Nyquist Plot.

Determine Stability
From the plotted Bode diagram and Nyquist plot, stability of a system can be determined. Two
quantitative measurement is used to determined how stable is a system. These quantities are gain
margin, M. System with greater GM and M will have better stability condition. For a system to be
stable both values must be positive.

Evaluating gain margin, GM and phase margin,M via bode diagram


Evaluating gain margin,GM and phase margin,M via nyquist plot


PROCEDURE
1- The equipments was set accordingly,
Process Trainer
-The connection was made and the switch was setting according to figure.
-The set value was adjusted to 35
-The blower throttle control was adjust to 4
-The detector probe was placed in the 11 position
Oscilloscope
-Channel 1 was set to 1V/div and was connected to socket X on PT37-100
-Channel 2 was set to 1V/div and was connected to socket Y on PT37-100
-Time base was set to 2. 0sec/div, internal trigger
-Channel 2 was set to invert ON mode
Function Generator
-Sine wave output was set to 4Vp-p amplitude and 0. 1 Hz frequency
-The socket X was connected to PT37-100

2-The PT37-100 was switched on ancillary equipments.
3-At an input frequency of 0.1 Hz measure
-Vin and Vout (peak-peak values)
-t (time different at maximum peak of the same cycle at both waveform)
4-The test was repeated over a range of frequency up to 1Hz.

RESULT
Frequency, (Hz) Vin, (V) Vout, (V) t (sec) G(jw) G(jw) (db) <G(jw)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0

QUESTION/DISCUSSION

From the figure above, the input equation represent the sinusoid. The process equation
represent by the magnitude and phase. Hence the output is a product of input and the process which is
also sinusoid. This is because when the input is multiplied with magnitude and phase only, the original
waveform will not be changed. The changed of waveform will occur if integration or differentiation
process occur.
When only a multiplication process of input and the process occur, the changes between input
and output are only in term of magnitude and phase. These changes are represent by the figure above.








Base on the bode diagram plot in the next sheet, the system seem to be stable because both
GM value and M value are positive.
GM = 0db G(jw) 1db
M (degree) = <G(jw) +180 191
Output Input
CONCLUSION
From this experiment, we can obtain the frequency response of a process
experimentally. Then, from the result we conclude that, when the frequency increased, a time
different at maximum peak will decreased and the output voltage also decreased while the input
voltage will steady at 4V. We set the channel 1 to 4V and channel 2 to invert ON mode because
the process control trainer circuit already have inverting amplifier that initially invert the output.
Other than that, we have able to plot the bode diagram from experimental data. Bode diagram are
commonly used to display the steady state frequency response of a stable system. Then, the value
has been to 35 to control and maintain the temperature at 35. Frequency response techniques can
be used more effectively than transient response to model physical system in the laboratory.
Other than that, the method is made on open loop systems which are not subject instability
problems. Besides that, in completing tests it can be difficult to generate low-frequency signals
and obtain the necessary measurements. Normal frequencies of 0, 1 to 10 Hz are used. However
for process control frequencies of one cycle over several hours may be required while for fluid
servos frequencies of > 100 Hz may be experienced .

Based on the experiment, stability of a system can be determined by its input and output
relationship. Two methods are evaluated from this relationship that is Bode diagram and
Nyquist Plot which will be determine its stability. Stability can be said when:


For a system to be stable both Gain
and phase margin must be positive

REFERENCE
Nuryanti Salleh, ESE353(Introduction To Control System). UITM Pulau Pinang.
Laboratory manual. Electrical Engineering Computer. ECE123. UITM Pulau Pinang.
Norman Nise, Control Systems Engineering, JW Wiley, Asia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_response
http://www.mediacollege.com/audio/microphones/frequency-response.html