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I I
C H A P T E R P
Preparation for Calculus
Section P.1
Section P.2
Section P.3
Section P.4
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
C H A P T E R P
Preparation for Calculus
Section P.1
4. y x3 x
2. y 9 x2
x-intercepts: 3, 0, 3, 0
y-intercept: 0, 3
y-intercept: 0, 0
6. y 6 2x
8. y x 32
2
1
10
2
y
10
10
8
6
4
2
2
x
6
10. y x 1
x
4
12. y x 2
3
2
1
2
1
14
1
2
2
3
1
3
1
2
282
x
1
x
5
10
15
20
Section P.1
14.
16.
Xmin = -30
Xmax = 30
Xscl = 5
Ymin = -10
Ymax = 40
Yscl = 5
18. y 2 x3 4x
y-intercept: y2 03 40
y 0 102 1
y-intercept:
y 0; 0, 0
x-intercepts: 0 x3 4x
0 x 1x2 1
x-intercepts:
x 1; 1, 0
0 xx 2x 2
x 0, 2; 0, 0, 2, 0
22. y
x2 3x
3x 12
y-intercept: y
24. y 2x x2 1
02 30
30 12
y 0; 0, 0
x-intercepts: 0
x2 3x
3x 12
0
xx 3
3x 12
x-intercepts:
2x x2 1
4x2 x2 1
3x2 1
x2
1
3
x
x
3
3
33, 0
xy 4 x2 0
xy 4 x2 0.
283
284
Chapter P
34. y
x2
is symmetric with respect to the y-axis
x2 1
x
38. y 2
2
2
40. y 3x 1
42. y x2 3
Intercept: 0, 3
Intercepts:
Intercepts:
y x 3.
since y x 3
x2
x2
.
x2 1 x2 1
since y
Symmetry: y-axis
y
Symmetry: none
Symmetry: none
12
y
9
(0, 2)
(0, 1)
( 32 , 0)
(4, 0)
1
(0, 3)
x
1
48. y 9 x2
46. y x3 4x
Intercepts:
0, 0,
12 ,
0
Intercepts:
Symmetry: none
Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: origin
Domain: 3, 3
y
y
5
y
3
5
2
1
2,
3
(2, 0)
(0, 0)
(0, 0)
(2, 0)
4
2
1
2
3
52. y
Intercepts:
10
x2 1
(3, 0)
54. y 6 x
Intercepts:
2 1
1
( 3, 0)
50. x y2 4
(0, 3)
Symmetry: y-axis
Symmetry: x-axis
Symmetry: none
y
y
12
3
10
(0, 10)
8
(0, 2)
(0, 6)
( 4, 0)
5
4
2
(0, 2)
3
6 4
x
2
(6, 0)
x
2
Section P.1
56. x2 4y2 4 y
4 x2
58. 3x 4y2 8
4y2 3x 8
Intercepts:
y 34x 2
83, 0
Intercept:
Domain: 2, 2
Symmetry: x-axis
6
(0, 1)
(2, 0)
( 83 , 0)
(2, 0)
12
(0, 1)
6
x y
x y4 1
x2 y2 25
64. 2x 3y 13 y
5x 3y 1 y
2x 13
3
1 5x
3
2x 13 1 5x
3
3
66.
5x 9
6
7x 18
7x 3y 18 y
3
5x 9 7x 18
6
3
5x 9 14x 36
5x 6y 9 y
2x 13 1 5x
27 9x
7x 14
x3
x2
The corresponding y-value is y 3.
x 3 y2 y2 3 x
yx1
70. x2 y2 25 y2 25 x2
2x y 10 y 10 2x
3 x x 12
25 x2 10 2x2
3 x x2 2x 1
0 x2 x 2 x 1x 2
x 1 or x 2
x 3 or x 5
285
286
Chapter P
3
72. y x 4x
y x4 2x2 1
74.
y x 2
x3 4x x 2
y 1 x2
1 x2 x4 2x2 1
x3 3x 2 0
0 x4 x2
x 1 x 2 0
0 x2x 1x 1
x1
x 1, 0, 1
or x 2
y = x 2x + 1
4
(0, 1)
3
(1, 0)
(1, 0)
y = 1 x2
(b)
500
50
80. (a) If x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y by y-axis symmetry. Since x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y by
x-axis symmetry. Hence, the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin. The converse is not true. For example, y x3
has origin symmetry but is not symmetric with respect to either the x-axis or the y-axis.
(b) Assume that the graph has x-axis and origin symmetry. If x, y is on the graph, so is x, y by x-axis symmetry. Since
x, y is on the graph, then so is x, y x, y by origin symmetry. Therefore, the graph is symmetric with
respect to the y-axis. The argument is similar for y-axis and origin symmetry.
82. True
2ab , 0
.
Section P.2
Section P.2
2. m 2
4. m 1
10. m
8.
6
m=3
m = 3
( 4, 1)
6. m 40
3
42
2 1
m= 1
6 5
12. m
2
3
2 2
0
41
y
2
m=0
1
2 1
x
1
( 2, 4)
4
x
1
1
(1, 2)
(3, 2) (4, 2)
1
x
14. m
34 14
78 54
y
3
1
8
38
3
2
1
( 78 , 34 )
x
1
1
( 54 , 14 )
16. Since the slope is undefined, the line is vertical and its equation is x 3. Therefore, three additional points are 3, 2,
3, 3, and 3, 5.
18. The equation of this line is
y 2 2x 2
y 2x 2.
Therefore, three additional points are 3, 4, 1, 0, and 0, 2.
y 1
x 3
(b)
x
10 ft
30 ft
287
288
Chapter P
24. 6x 5y 15
y
6
5x
3
28.
6
5
y4
30.
y 4 5 x 2
3
32.
y40
x10
5y 20 3x 6
(1, 2)
3x 5y 14 0
(0, 4)
3
1
1
3
34. m
30
3
1 0
36. m
y 0 3x 0
y 3x
4 4 8
2
1 3 4
xy30
y
5
4
3
2
y 2
y20
44. m
1
8
38
3
1 8
5
x
4
3
4
2)
(3,
b
xb
a
b
xyb
a
12y 3 32x 40
x
y
1
a b
b
a
y
32x 12y 37 0
(1,
4 3 2 1
y
3
(1, 2)
34 14
78 54
1
2
3
2
1 2 3
2
3
4
5
( 3, 4)
42. m
( 3, 6)
x
40. m 0
(1, 4)
7 6 5 4 3
4
62
1
3 1 4
y 2 x 1
y 4 2x 2
0 2x y 2
(0, 0)
2
38. m
y 2 1x 1
y 4 2x 1
3x y 0
( 1, 3)
(2, 4)
2)
(0, b)
3
2
1
( 78 , 34 )
x
1
1
( 54 , 14 )
(a, 0)
x
Section P.2
46.
y
x
1
23 2
y
x
1
a a
48.
3x
y
1
2
2
3 4
1
a
a
3x y 2
1
1
a
3x y 2 0
a1xy1
xy10
x4
50.
y 13x 1
52.
x40
3y x 3 0
1
3
3
(0, 1)
x
1
1
2
3
4
54. y 1 3x 4
56. x 2y 6 0
y 12 x 3
y 3x 13
y
16
12
2
10
16 12 8
58.
The lines are perpendicular because their slopes 2 and 12 are negative reciprocals of each other.
You must use a square setting in order for perpendicular lines to appear perpendicular.
289
290
Chapter P
60. x y 7
62. 3x 4y 7
y x 7
y 34 x 74
m 1
m 34
y 2 1x 3
(a)
(a)
y 2 x 3
4y 16 3x 18
xy10
3x 4y 2 0
y 2 1x 3
(b)
y 4 4 x 6
(b)
y 4 3 x 6
4
3y 12 4x 24
y2x3
xy50
4x 3y 36 0
64. (a) y 0
(b) x 1 x 1 0
4.5t 151.5
68. The slope is 5600. Hence, V 5600t 1 245,000
5600t 250,600
70.
(0, 3)
9
(3, 0)
9
You can use the graphing utility to determine that the points of intersection are 0, 3 and 3, 0. Analytically,
x2 4x 3 x2 2x 3
2x2 6x 0
2xx 3 0
x 0 y 3 0, 3
x 3 y 0 3, 0.
The slope of the line joining 0, 3 and 3, 0 is m 0 33 0 1. Hence, an equation of the line is
y 3 1x 0
y x 3.
72. m1
m2
10
6 4
70
7
11 4
7
5 0
5
m1 m2
The points are not collinear.
Section P.2
c
x
b
y
291
( b 2 a , 2c )
c
y
x a
3a b
(b, c)
( a +2 b , 2c )
x
( a, 0)
c
x a
y
3a b
(0, 0) (a, 0)
b3, 3c .
b3, 3c to b, a
b2
is:
c
b3, 3c to 0, a
b2 c2
is:
2c
m1 m2
Therefore, the points are collinear.
78. C 0.34x 150. If x 137, C 0.34137 150 $196.58
80. (a) Depreciation per year:
875
5
1000
$175
y 875 175x
where 0 x 5.
6
0
100
20
0
84. 4x 3y 10 0 d
42 33 10
7
42 32
86. x 1 0 d
16 02 1
7
12 02
88. A point on the line 3x 4y 1 is 1, 1. The distance from the point 1, 1 to 3x 4y 10 0 is
d
3 4 10
9.
5
292
Chapter P
90. y mx 4 mx 1y 4 0
d
A2 B2
(1, 0)
3m 3
m2 1
The distance is 0 when m 1. In this case, the line y x 4 contains the point 3, 1.
y
(d, e)
c+e
2
(b, c)
( d2 , 2e )
a
ab c
bd ce
d e
,0 ,
, ,
,
, and , .
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
( b +2 d ,
(a +2 b , 2c )
x
(0, 0)
( a2 , 0)
(a, 0)
c
ce
e
0
c
2
2
2
ab a
bd d
b
2
2
2
2
c
ce
e
e
2
2
2
a d
ab bd
ad
2 2
2
2
0
Section P.3
(b) f 6 6 3 9 3
2 4 94 52 458
(c) f c c 3
(d) f x x x x 3
2 3
8.
10.
23 sin23
(b) f
3
54 sin54 2 2
Section P.3
12. gx x2 5
Domain: ,
Range: 5,
Range: ,
16. gx
293
2
x1
18. f x
20. f x
x x54,, xx > 55
(b) f 0 02 2 2
(b) f 0 0 4 2
(c) f 5 5 4 3
(c) f 1 12 2 3
(d) f
s2
2 2
s2
2
2
2s4
10
8s2
Domain: 4,
Domain: ,
Range: 0,
Range: 2,
22. gx
4
x
1
24. f x 2 x3 2
Domain: ,
8
6
Range: ,
x
2
6 4
26. f x x 4 x2
4
Domain: 2, 2
Range:
28. h 5 cos
(0, 2)
2, 0(
4 3 2
y-intercept: 0, 2
x-intercept: 2, 0
x
1
5
4
3
2
1
Range: 5, 5
2
Domain: ,
2
3
4
34. x2 y 4 y 4 x2
y is a function of x since there is one value of y for
each x.
32. x2 y2 4
y 4 x2
y is not a function of x. Some vertical lines intersect
the graph twice.
x2
4
y is a function of x since there is one value of y for
each x.
36. x2y x2 4y 0 y
x2
294
Chapter P
P1
3
P2
20 1
mimin during the first
40 2
4 minutes. The student is stationary for the following
62
2 minutes. Finally, the student travels
1 mimin
10 6
during the final 4 minutes.
46. (a)
A
500
400
300
200
100
t
10
20
30
40
50
y
4
g6 f 2 1
3
2
g0 f 4 3
Shift f right 4 units
(b) gx f x 2
(6, 1)
7 6 5 4 3
(0, 1)
x
( 6, 3)
(0, 3)
y
6
y
2
(2, 5)
5
4
(2, 0)
x
5 4 3 2 1
( 4, 1)
5 4 3 2 1
( 4, 4)
1
(f) gx 2 f x
(2, 2)
2
g2 2 f 2 2
5 4 3 2 1
y
2
g2 12 f 2 12
(2, 12 )
x
1
g4 12 f 4 32
5 4 3
( 4, 32 )
( 4, 6 )
5
6
g4 2f 4 6
5
6
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
50. (a) hx sinx 2 1 is a horizontal shift 2 units to the left, followed by a vertical shift 1 unit upwards.
(b) hx sinx 1 is a horizontal shift 1 unit to the right followed by a reflection about the x-axis.
Section P.3
52. (a) f g1 f 0 0
Domain: ,
Domain: ,
(f) g f x g x x 1 x 1 x 0
No, f g g f.
56. f gx f x 2
1
x 2
Domain: 2,
g f x g
1x 1x 2 1 x 2x
You can find the domain of g f by determining the intervals where 1 2x and x are both positive, or both negative.
+
2
+ +
1 1
2
+
1
x
2
Domain: , 12, 0,
58. (a)
3 x
3 x f x
60. f x
25
Odd
100
0
0
295
296
Chapter P
70. (a) Let F x f x gx where f and g are even. Then, F x f x gx f x gx F x.
Thus, F x is even.
(b) Let F x f x gx where f and g are odd. Then, F x f x gx f x gx F x.
Thus, F x is odd.
(c) Let F x f x gx where f is odd and g is even. Then, F x f x gx f x gx.
Thus, F x is neither odd nor even.
02
y2
03
x3
y2
y
L x2 y2
74. True
6
x3
6
2x
2
x3
x 3,
x x 2x 3 .
2
76. False; let f x x2. Then f 3x 3x2 9x2 and 3f x 3x2. Thus, 3f x f 3x.
Section P.4
2. Trigonometric function
4. No relationship
6. (a)
20
(b)
20
0
1
600
1300
0
45
1
25000
14
0
0
21
100
20
350
0
150
110
21
100
0
0
6t 3.86
(c)
100
One model is
Ct 58 27 sin
(b)
6t 4.1.
13
0
0
100
13
0
297
y-intercept
x-intercepts
6. Symmetric with respect to y-axis since
y x4 x2 3
y x4 x2 3.
298
Chapter P
8. 4x 2y 6
y 2x 3
2x 15y 25
2
y 15
x 53
Slope: 2
10
8
2
Slope: 15
y-intercept: 3
y-intercept:
5
3
4
2
1
2
12. y x6 x
y
x
x
2
1
2
12
1
2
14. y x 4 4
3 x 6
16. y 8
18.
x 1 x2 7
Xmin = -40
Xmax = 40
Xscl = 10
Ymin = -40
Ymax = 40
Yscl = 10
1
1
2
3
4
yx1
0 x2 x 6
No real solution
No points of intersection
The graphs of y x 1 and
y x2 7 do not intersect.
5
6
20. y kx3
(a) 4 k13 k 4 and y 4x3
(d) 1 k13 k 1 y x3
22.
24.
y
14
3
4
3 t 11
(7, 12)
12
10
8
6
44 9 3t
4
2
2
36
3 1
3 t
3 8
(7, 1)
53 3t
t
53
3
y 6 Horizontal line
y
6
(2, 6)
2
4
(5, 4)
299
4
x
2
x
2
2
4
6
2
y 3 x 1
3
30. (a)
3y 9 2x 2
(b) R 30t
2x 3y 11 0
(b) Slope of perpendicular line is 1.
(c)
y 3 1x 1
yx2
0xy2
m
(c)
43
1
21
y 3 1x 1
yx2
0xy2
y3
(d)
y30
34. x2 y 0
36. x 9 y2
6
4
5
4
12 9 6 3
1
1
3
x
3
12
x
1
3
4
f 1 1 2 1
(because 4 < 0)
(b) f 0 0 2 2
(c)