Algorithm for Calculating Airfield Performance

1
ALGORITHM FOR CALCULATING
AIRFIELD PERFORMANCE



1. THE TAKEOFF MANEUVER

The takeoff can be defined as the maneuver by which the airplane is accelerated from rest
on the runway to the climb out speed V
C
over a screen with height h
S
= 10.7 m (35 ft)
obstacle for civil transport or h
S
= 15.2 m (50 ft) for light propeller-driven and military
airplanes (Figure 1.1).

o


Figure 1.1 Takeoff Maneuver

1.1. TAKEOFF GROUND RUN

The ground distance, s
g
is the distance traveled in accelerating from rest to the liftoff speed
can be expressed by
( )
( )
(
(
(
(

=
LOF L
G L r G D
r
r
G L r G D
g
C
C C
W T
W T
C C g
S W
s
/
/
ln
/
(1.1-1)
where
LOF L LOF
SC V L W
2
2
1
= = (1.1-2)
and
S LOF
V V 2 . 1 = (1.1-3)
where
S
V is stalling speed
max
1 2
L
S
C S
W
V

= (1.1-4)
Algorithm for Calculating Airfield Performance
2

1.2. THE AIRBORNE PHASE

The radius of airborne flight-path
( ) 1
2

=
LOF
LOF
n g
V
R (1.2-1)

where n
LOF
is the load factor at liftoff, which is typically has the value of 1.1 to 1.2
The circular flight-path angle
C
is
(

=
R
h
S
C
1 arccos (1.2-2)
The transition distance can be obtain easily from the geometrical pattern as follow
C t
R s = sin (1.2-3)


1.3. DETERMINATION OF DECISION SPEED, V
1


The accelerate-stop distance, s
AS
or also called stop-takeoff-distance, STOD can be
divide into two phase, that is (1) the ground run distance,
1
g
s where the airplane traveled
from rest to V
EF
with all engine operating, and (2) the ground distance,
2
g
s where the
airplane decelerated from V
EF
to stop without thrust and pilot operates the braking system.
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
S W
V
C C W T
W T
C C g
S W
s
EF
G L r G D r
r
G L r G D
g
/
2
1
/
/
ln
/
2
1
(1.3-1)
and
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(

+

=
b
EF
G L b G D b
G L b G D
stop
S W
V
C C
C C g
S W
s
/
2
1
ln
/
2
(1.3-2)
then the accelerate stop distance is

stop g
s s STOD + =
1
(1.3-3)

The accelerate-climb distance, s
AC
or also called continue-takeoff-distance,
CTOD can be divide into three phase, that is (1) the ground run distance,
1
g
s where the
airplane accelerated from rest to V
EF
with all engine operating, (2) the ground distance,
2
g
s
where the airplane accelerated from V
EF
to V
LOF
with one engine inoperative, and (3) the
transition distance where the airplane fly from runway to screen height with one engine
inoperative. The ground distance can be derived with same manner as above, yields

Algorithm for Calculating Airfield Performance
3
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
S W
V
C C W T
W T
C C g
S W
s
EF
G L r G D r
r
G L r G D
g
/
2
1
/
/
ln
/
2
1
(1.3-4)

and
( )
( )
( )
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
S W
V
C C W T
S W
V
C C W T
C C g
S W
s
LOF
G L r G D r
OEI
EF
G L r G D r
OEI
G L r G D
g
/
2
1
/
/
2
1
/
ln
/
2
2
2
(1.3-5)


The transition distance is calculated using equation (1.2-1), (1.2-2) and (1.2-3). The total
distance, s
AC
then
t g g
s s s CTOD + + =
2 1
(1.3-6)

Finally, we can choose the decision speed V
1
, that is the engine failure speed V
EF
where
STOD = CTOD. The distance at V
1
then called Balanced Field Length (BFL), see figure
1.2.

CTOD AND STOD AS FUNCTION OF V
EFF
ISA +0
2000
2250
2500
2750
3000
80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
V
EFF
[kts]
D
I
S
T
A
N
C
E

[
f
t
]
STOD, W = 18000 KGF
STOD, W = 20000 KGF
CTOD, W = 18000 KGF
CTOD, W = 20000 KGF
V
1
V
1
BFL
BFL

Figure 1.2 Balanced Field Length
Algorithm for Calculating Airfield Performance
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2. THE LANDING MANEUVER

The landing is the maneuver by which the airplane is brought from a steady approach
speed V
A
over a screen with height h
S
= 15 m (50 ft) obstacle at the runway threshold
(screen location) to standstill on the runway (Figure 2.1).

Figure 2.1 Landing Maneuver


2.1 THE AIRBORNE DISTANCE OF THE LANDING MANEUVER
The approach angle
A
is typically 3 degree.
The radius of circular flight path is (Figure 2.2)

) 1 (
2

=
A
A
n g
V
R (2.1-1)

where n
A
is the load factor at approach, which is typically has the value of 1.1 to 1.5
then the flare distance and the height h
t
can be expressed as

A t
R s = sin (2.1-2)
) cos 1 (
A t
R h = (2.1-3)

The approach distance is

A
t s
d
h h
s

=
tan
(2.1-4)


Algorithm for Calculating Airfield Performance
5

Figure 2.2 Schematic for airborne phase


2.2 THE LANDING GROUND RUN
The landing ground run can be divided into two phase, that is s
b1
and s
b2
. Where s
b1
is the
distance covered from the touch down speed, V
T
to the full braking speed, V
B
. And s
b2
is
the distance covered from V
B
to rest. The distances are given by
2
2
2
1
1
1
ln
2
T
B b
T
b
V
V
Z
Z
Z g
V
s
+
+

= (2.2-1)
Where

LT T
SC V W
2
2
1
= (2.2-2)
( )
LT b
G L b G D
C
C C
Z

= (2.2-3)
The second ground run distance is
|
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

= 1
2
1
ln
max
2
2
g
DG B
DG
b
D
C SV
gSC
W
s (2.2-4)
Where
max g
D is the maximum frictional force, which may be 30 to 40 percent of the weight
of the plane.
|
.
|

\
|
= S V C W D
B L b g
G
2
max
2
1
(2.2-5)

Using Equation (2.2-5) we can solve for
B
V
(

=
b
g
L
B
D
W
C S
V
G
max
1 1 2
(2.2-6)