UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI
P ETRONAS

FINAL EXAMINATION
SEPTEMBER 2012 SEM ESTER

COURSE :

CCB1064 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMTCAL ENGTNEERTNG

DATE
TIME

2'd JANUARY 2013 (WEDNESDAY)

:
:

9.00 AM

12.00 NOON (3 HOURS)

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

1.
2.
3.
4.

Answer ALL questions from the Questions Booklet.

Begin EACH answer on a new page in the Answer Booklet.
lndicate clearly answers that are cancelled, if any.
Where applicable, show clearly steps taken in arriving at the solutions and indicate

ALL assumptions.

5.
6.

Do not open this Question Booklet until instructed.

Engineering Data and Formulae Booklet is provided.

Note :

There are TWENry FOUR (24) pages in this Question Booklet including the
cover page and Appendices.

Universiti

Teknologi

eETRONAS

ccB
1

FIGURE

Ql

shows

1064

continuous distillation column, which separates

1000 kg/h mixture of 60 wt% benzene and the remaining toluene. The product
stream, D, recovered from the condenser at the top of the column contains 97

wt% benzene, and the bottom stream, w, ,from the column contains 9s wt%
toluene. The vapor stream entering the condenser from the top of the column
is 4000 kg/hr. A portion of the product from the condenser is returned to the
column as reflux, ll, and the rest is withdrawn in /). The physical properties for
benzene and toluene are given in TABLE e1.
Condenser
D
97 wl%
Benzene

4,000 kg/h

Distillation
Column

95 wt% Toluene

FIGURE Q1: Schematic diagram of distillation column

TABLE

Ql:

Physical properties of benzene ad toluene.

Molecular

Component

Weight

Boiling Point

SG

Benzene

78.11

80.10"c

0.879

Toluene

92.13

110.620C

0.866

ccts 1064

Determine:

a.

The degree of freedom (DoF) analysis for FIGURE e1.

[3 marks]

b.

The density of the feed and outlet streams.

c.

The flowrates in kg/h of distillate and bottom product.

[6 marks]

d.

The reflux ratio.

[3 marks]

e.

The efficiency of the distillation column with respect to the recovery of

benzene.
[2 marks]

'f

The quality of product streams, D and

w, if the temperature of the

column is 100oC. Explain your answer.

[3 marks]

CCB 1064
An engineer is evaluating the performance of a gas district cooling boiler plant.
The feed fuel, F (kg/h), to the boiler consists of mainly g5 mol% methane

2.

(cH) and the rernaining is propane (czHo). TABLE

e2 shows the orsat

analysis of the exhaust gas from the boiler.

TABLE Q2: Orsat analysis of the exhaust gas.

Component

Mol %

Oz

7.57

N2

84.82

Coz

7.50

CO

011

Given the atomic weight of C=12, H=i, O=16 arrd N=14,

a'

Draw the flowchart of the process by indicating all the process streams

for the input and output. corrstruct and show all the

possible

stoichiometric equations for the boiler.

[5 marl<s]

b'

By making a suitable basis of caiculation for the exhaust gas, calculate

the percentage of excess air used in the combustion. Check the data
analysis consistency and justify your answer.
[8 marks]

Determine the mass flow rate, F (kg/h), of the fuel stream.

[2 marl<s]
d

Determine the actual water produced in moles and the composition

expressed as wet analysis of the stacl< gas.
[5 marks]

ccB'1064

A liquid mixture of 28 mol% z-hexane in n-octane is fed into a flash

drum at 120"C and 2 atm.

i.

Draw the process flowdiagram and neafly label it.

[3 marks]

ii.

Develop the model equations for the isothermal flash drum to

calculate the ratio of vapor to feed.
[5 marks]

iii.

The Antoine Equation is given as:

tn"(p*)=

A-=
7-

where

,lI,

B,

are Antoine constants,

+C

r is temperature

(K), and p*

is the vapour pressure (rnmHg).The Antoine constants are given

in TABLE Q3.
TABLE Q3. Antoine constants
Component

Il

n-hexane (C6)

15.8737

2697.55

-48.784

n-octane (C6)

15.9798

Using Antoine equation,

-63.633

determine

the vapor and liquid

compositions at equilibrium.
[6 marks]

ccB

b.

1064

A steel container has a volume of 200 ms. lt is filled with nitrogen at

22"c and atmospheric pressure. The container valve is now opened
and the container is heated to 200'C. combine the two conditions
above and calculate the fraction of ilre nitrogen which Jeaves the
container.

CCB 1064
4.

a.

Humid air at 38oC with relative humidity

of 49% is heated in a closed

furnace to 55oC. The pressure in the furnace remains close enough to

1 atm for the psychrometric chart to be used. Use the psychrometric
chart provided in APPENDIX C to solve the following.

Note:Attach the Psychrometric Chart with your readings marked to the

Answer Script.

i.

Determine the wet bulb temperature and enthalpy at saturation

for the inlet air at the start"
[3 rnarks]

ii,

Calculate the absolute humidity for the inlet air

[3 marks]

iii.

Explain the conditions of this process and find the amount of heat
added per unit volume of moist air.
[4 marks]

b.

A process heater uses steam as the heating nredium

to heat a

process fluid. steam cools down from 338 oc and 6.3 bar to 24goc and
3.5 bar. Using the steam tables in AppENDlx B, calculate and explain
the enthalpy change in steam in kJ/kg.
[4 marks]
c.

An amount of 40 kg of water at27oc and 200 kpa is heated at constant

pressure until the volume becomes 1000 times the original value.
Analyze the process and phase changes ard explain your method of
calculation of final temperature.
[6 marks]

5.

Hydrochloric acid is produced by absorbing gaseous HCI(g)

spray of liquid water at 25oC. The hydrochloric acid product
20 wt% acid at 400C.

a.

Draw a neat flowdiagram of the process arong with all labels.

[3 marks]

b.

Analyze all the forms of associated enthalpy components and derive the
material and energy balance equations.
[6 marks]

c.

Use data from APPENDIX B to calculate and tabulate the enthalpies of

all strearns
[6 marks]

d.

Use data from APPENDIX B to calculate the overall energy change in

the system. Analyze whether heat must be transferred to or removed
from the absorber unit.
[5 marks]

- END OF PAPER _

TABLE A1. The Gas Constant

Table 8.1 Selected Physical Property Dataa

SG

Compound

Formula

Acetadehyde

cH3cHo

Acetic acid

cHscooH

Wt.

(20"14")

7^("C)'

44,05
60.05

0.7831s

-123.7

Mol.

Acetone

CTTO

58.08

Acetvlene

CzHz

26.M

Ammonia

NH

17.03

Ammoniunl
hydroxide
,\mmonium
nitrale
Ammonium

NH4OH

35.03

NII4NOI

80.05

(NH4)rS04

132.t4

t6.6

1.049
0.?91

-95.0

-'n.8

1.725?5'

1.69.6

1.769

513

Ta(C) kJimol r"(K)/

20.2

12.09

118.2

5.69
5.6.53

P.(atm)e

25.L 461.0
24.39 594.8

-166.2(s)
57.L

s6.0

)0.2

508.0

81..5

t7.6

309.5 61.6
405.5 111.3

-33.43

54

23.35:1.

4'1.0

Decomooses at 210"C

CeHrN

Benzaldehyde

QilsCHO

Benze',e

QHe

93..t2 t.tz
106.12 1.046

78.r1

-6.3

r84.2

-26.0

t19.0

0.&79

5.-53

9.837

80.10

699

562.6

-871.6e(r)

-a3s.15(-q)

-248.2(r)

-ele.73(g)
-178r.70)

-2t6.7(e)

-1821.a(g)

+226.75(g).

-tzee.6(sj

-67.20(r)
-a6.1e(g)
-366-48(aq)

CrHe Oz

Bromine

Brz
CH

1,2-Butadiene
1,3-Butadiene
n-Butane
Isobulane
1-Butene
Calcium
carbide
Calcium
carbonate
Calcium
chloide

CrHtO

122.12
108.13
159.83

CrlI

54.09
5,t.09

CHro

5&12

C.rHro

clils
CaCr

1.26615"

1.045

3.1r9

15..1

-7.4

- 136.5
- 109.1
- 138.3

s8.12

-159.6

56.10

64.i0

722.2

-s.8.83(l)
-a0.0a(e)
+48.660)

48.

-185.3
2.?218"

CaCO

100.09

2'o3

CaCl2

110.99

2.152t5'

?49.8
?05.?
58.6

10.8

10.

-4.6
-0,6

4.661
4.540

-17.73

-1-8480

31.0

-6.25

22.305 425.17

2t.292 408.1
2t.916 419.6

2300

-3s20.00)
-3267.6(r)
-3301.s(g)
-3226.7(g)
-3741.81r)

0(l)

IO2

42.7
37.47

36.0

-147.00)

-2855,6(r)

-124.7(e)

-2"q28.5(c)

-s8.4(r)

-284e.0(r)
-2868.s(g)
-271s.6(g)

39.7

3a.s(g)

+1.17(g)

-62;r6@)
Decomposes at 825'C

782

-584
416
425

-3s2.-5s(g)

5?,4

+82.93(g)
Benzoic acici
Benzyl alcohol

-ll92.a(g)

-486.i80)

38.40

30.76-5

kJ/mol

- 1179.3(c)
- 1173.1(aq)

after melting

Aniline

(,]/.)ti

-36,i.1a(c)
-399.36(aq)

Decomposes at 513'C

sulfate
A

(aiif'),"'i
kJ/mol

i,(ro"r

.r?.17.".;
kJ/mol

2e37

>1600

- 1206.9(cl
-79a.e6(c)

It
T]
rI]X

=ef

XO

IDR

Calcium
hydroxide
Calcium oxide
Calcium

Ca(oH)2
CaO

74.t0

2.24

56.08

3.32

Ca3(POa)2

310.19 3.t4

CSiO3

116.17 zsts

CaSO4

136.15

2.96

CaSO.2HzO

772;18

2.32

12.010

2.26

phosphate

Calcium
silicate
Calcium
sulfate
Caicium

(-HzO
zsi0

50

at 580'C)

-986.59(c)

2850

-635.6(c)
-a138(c)

L670

r530

48.62

-15*!4(c)

-32.7(c)
-Hs0.4(aq)

(-1.5 H?O at 128'C)

-2a21@).

sulfate
(gypsum)

Carbon
(graphite)
Carbon
dioxide
Carbon
disulfide
Carbon
monoxide
Carbon
tetrachtide
Chiorine

COz

44.0L

CSr

76.L4

CO

28.01

ccl+

153:84

Clz

Chloroethane

-56.6

C2HsCl

See

46.0

4200

8.33

(Sublimes at

4.39

46.25

o(")

-78'C)

-104.2

7.261.i2r

1.595

-tL2.l

-3e3.s(e)

ethyl chloide

78.0

+87:9Q)
+11s.,a(g)

-107s4
1102.6(g)

-205.i

34.5

-110.s2(g)

-282.ee(g)

-22.9

45.0

-13eq)

-3r2.2(l\
-s8sc(s)

-101.00
1.107

-3e3.s1(c)

_412.-o(t)

72.9

at 5.2 atm

74.97

rt2.s6

Chiorobenzene CoHsCI

3600

-45

204
-?6.5

-106.7(9)
o(e)

417.0 76.r
632.4 44.6

"Adapted in part from D' M' Himmelblau, Bsic Principles and Calaidtions in Chemica! Engineerng,3rd Editior, @1974, Tables .1 ad F.1. Adpted by. permissn of
Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
tMelting point t I atm.
"He.tt of fusion

1-

and

atm.

'/Boiliog point at I atrn.

'Heat of vaporization at 7s and
/Ctical temperature.

1 atm.

eCriticaI pressure.

Haat of formation a.t 25'C and I atm.

rHeat of combustion at 25oC and I atm.
Standard states of products ar.e COr(g); f1O(l); SOr(g): Ir"C(aq), and N2(g). To calculate
44.01a* to tbe tabulatecl value, where

n*

Jt

pi1.h

ilO(g)

as a pro<luct, add

moles H2O formed;/mole fuel burr,ed.

iTo convert ,9 t0 kcal/mol, clivide given vaiue by 4.184; to convert to Btu/lb-mole, rnultipl-v by 430.?3.
(conrinued)

c)

o
@
o
o)

Table 8"1 (Ccntinued)

Compound

Formula

Chloroform

CHCI

Copper

Cu

Cupric

CU-S04

119.39
63.54
159.61

sulfate
Cyclohexane

CsHrr

84.16

Cyclopentane

N)

CsHro

Mol.

Wt.

70.13
t42.?8

.(T,,,)",j

SG

(214")

7,("C)

1.489
8.92

-O-1.

3.60615',

o./

0.745

-93.4

CroHe

Diethyl ether

(QHso

74.12

Ethane

C,FI
CHsOz

30.07

Ethvl acetate

88.10

0.901

-83.&

Erhyl alcohcl

C2H5OH

46.47

0.789

-rr4.6

0.730

Ethyl benzene

CaH:o

106.16

Ethyl broinide
Ethyl chloride

CzHBr

3-Ethyt

CsHrr

108.98 1.460
64.s2 0.90315'
114.22 o.iLi

C2H5CI

-116.3

0.867

183.3

-94.67

119'.1

138.3

hexane

Ethylene
Ethylene
glycol
Ferric oxide
Ferrous oxide
Ferrous
sulde

CzH+

czllooz
FezO
FeO

28.05

62.0i

159.70
71.85

-L69.2
1.113re"

1193

-y2

Formaldehvde
Formic acid

H2CO

30.03
46.03

0.915-2f

CHzQ

Giycerol
Heliun

C3Hs03

92.09

1.260-s0"

4.00

1..220

536.0

540

2.671 80.7
0.6c9 49.3

30.1

27.30

(r't''r
kJ/mol

(t?.';i;

131.8(r)

-373(r)

r73.8

7.30 34.6
2.859 -88.6

-76e.s(c)
-8a3,1(aq)
553.7
511.8
619.0

26.05

I4.i2

17.0

5.02i

78.5.

9.163 736.2

38"5.3

35,98

40.4

'14.55

-rs6.2(l)

-3ele.e(r)

123.1(g)

-3es3.0(g)
-3290.9(r)
-331e.s(g)
-6778.30)

10s.9(r)

20.8

467 35.6
305.4 48.2
523.1

3'7.8

s16.3

63.0

6t9.7

37.0

8.30
18.20

-269.1

-24e.7(1)

-682e:(g)
-272.8(r)
-sa.67(g)
-463.2(t)
-a26.8(g)

-2'n6.v(t)

-n7.63(t)
-23s.31(g)

-1366.9r(l).
-1a0e.2s(g)

-12.46(t>
+29.79(s)

-4564.e()
-a607.1(.

-1sse.9(g)
-?246.4(t\

5M

61.5

-s+.a(g)

24:1

460.4

34.2i

56'7.0

52.0
26.4

- 105.0(g)
-b0.5(r)

-s407.1(r)

-210.e(gi

-_s50e.8(e)

3&2

4.452 13.1
118.5
3.350 - 103.7
17.23 t9i.2

kJ/mol

o(c)

13.54
56.9

2'83..1

+s2.28(g)

s0.5

-4s1.s(r)

-la10.ee(g)

l i79.-5(r)

-387.1(g)
-822.2(c)
-266.5(c)

Decompo-ses at 1.560'C

5.7
4.84

8i.92

He

-13

5.12

FeS

P.(atm),

304.6
Decomposes > 600"C

-29.o-

(Ethanol)

13.01 2595

1"(K)i

-7i.2(s)

n-Decane

0.?0925'

kJimol

61.0

r'

1083

0.i79

r?"(ro*;

kJ/mol TfC),

-9s.1(c)

- i9.3
12.68 t00.i

18.30
0.02 -2689

24.48
27.25

29C.0

0.084

526

2.26

I ls.eO(g)

_-s63.46(c)

-40e.2(l)
-362.6(g)

-262.8(l)

- 66_5.e(r)

-1661.1(r)

o(e)

c)
C)

@
I

o)

n-Heptene
n-Hexane
Hydrogen

Hvdrogen
bomide
Hydrogen
chloride
Hydrogen
cvanide

Hydrogen
fluoride
Hydrogen
sulfide

Iodine
Iron
3

()

Lead
Lead oxide
Magnesium

Ma.enesium

CzHro
GHr
H,
HB
HCt
ItcN
H,F
HzS
Iz
Fe

1C0.20

0.684

86.17

0.659

e016
80.E2

-90,59
-95.32 '

13.03

-259.t9

0.12

-86

-774.2

36.47.

s40.2

fr7.9

0.904

'3

-67
1.99

-85.0
26

20.0

-83

20

16.1

324.6

27.0

-n4.4(t)

-,t816.90)

-182.8(g)

-a853.s(g)
-4163.1(l)
-a1e4.8fu)

29.9

-1e8.8(l)

,T

-167.2(s)
o(e)

-?8s.8a(g)

-36.23(s)
81.5

-ez.l,GJ
-,130.1(9)

s03.2

-268.6(g)

-316.9(a

-85.5

-?4.08

2-<3.8.

55.85

4.93
7.7

2.39

71.3.3

20,'1 1.33fi^

MgCb

153s

MgO

-38.87
-182.5

CH4

CrHrO

77.4.

32:A4

0!ig2

88.9

-1s.e6(g)

-52.9(e

o(c)
3s4.0
779.9.

o(c)
o(c)

2t3

-2r9.v(c)

131.8
136.8

o(c)

-6a1.8(c)

3600

-3s6.9
0.94

-16i.5

-98.9

cetate

J/J.O

Decomposes at 350"C

00

Hg

2@)
L8.67

L84.2

714
2-4

-60.3
2800
17s0
1472
1120
1418

15.1

3T7'4
886
50

hydroxide

CHOff

-252.76

-14

lvfagnesium Mg(Ofa 58.34

Methyl alco*ol

98.43 37.69
68.74 28.85

27..03

chloride

Magnesium

14.03

-97.9
-92-7

-97.9

J..r'O

-601.8(c),

&179 190.-/0

57.1

56.7

64.i

35.n 5-20
4'9
416.1

-.9
-24

o(")
45-B

-va.&s(s)'

-ss;6ei

46.30

-40e.4(l)

-15e.s{l)

78.50

-238.60)
-20t.2(g)
-28.0(g)

-764.0(s)
-1071.s(l)

73.60

65.80

-8i.e(g)

726.6(r>

()

o
ul
J

O
o,

Table 8.1 (Continued)

Compound
Methyl

ethyl

Formula

Mol.

Wt.

SG

(20'l+)

CsHse

Naphthalene CroH
Nickel
Ni

acid

Nitrogen

80.0

NOz.

1.2A3

28.U2
46.01

dioxide

oxide
Nitrogen
Nitric

NO

p.(atm),

32.0

-a36(r)
-s157(9)
o(c)

30.30

-270.0

0.720

-9.3

7.335

2t0.7 ;
-19s.8 s577
2t3 14.73

-163.6

2.301

5.5

151.8

-173.23(r)
-206.s7(aq)
126.20

;
100.0

77.4.20

+e0.37(g)

+e"3(g)

30.01
108.02

L.63rr

30

47

l.IrO4

92.0

t.448

-9.5

21.r

431.0

99.0

NeO

M.m

1.?26-se'

-91.1

-88.8

309.-(

7t.io

oxide

13.78

-30e2.8(l)
o(e)
+33,8(gl.

L.A

NrOs

tetraoxide

Nitrous

86

t4

pentoxide

Nitrogen

kJ/mol r"(K)/

2I7'.&
2900

-41.6
12111

ar?"(b)...l

i8.2

1.452

HNO3

Nitrobenzene CeIOrN
Nitrogen N,

fC)'

-87.1

ketone

Nitric

I'fC)'

+81.5(g)

z-Nonane

QH

128.25

0.718

-53.8

150.6

595

23.0

-229.00)

z-Octane

CeEtrr.s

7r4.22

0.703

-57.0

125.5

568.8

24.5

-24e.e(L)

acid qlf"04
Oxygen Oz
n-Pentane CsHtz

90.1
32.00

1.90

72.75.

0.63r8"

-218.75
-129.6

Isopentane

CsHn

72.t5-

0.621v

-160.1

1-Pentene
Phenol

CsHm

70.13

0,641

C6I{5OH

-16s.2

94.11

1.07Lzs"

Oxalic

Phosphoric

HPOq

98.C0

1.93418"

-208.a(g)
-826.8(c)

Decomposes at l86 C

42.5
42.3

acid

0.444 -182.97 6.82

8.393 36.07 25:T

4-,44
11.43

123.90

2.20

754.4

49.7

JJ.J

27.i

-173.00)
-M6.+(s)

-3s0e.50)
-3s36.1(d

461.00

32.9

-3507.s0)

29.9:'

474

39,9
60.5

-17e.3(r)
-1s2"0(g)
-20.e(e)

-3sis.8(g)

-1s8.10)

-3063.s(s)

181.4

10.54 (- HO at 213eC)
81.17

-6171.0(g)
-s470.7(t)
-5s12.2(g)
-2s1.9(s)

469.80

6y2.1

o(e)

-e0.8(g)
-1281.1(c)
-1278.6(aq,

59043 tm

-61?.r.s(r).

1H2O)

lgnites in air,7L5C

-17,6(c)
o(c)

-3529.2(g;)

c)

o
w
J

o)

Phosphorus

123.90

1.82

PzOt

141.9s

2.387

(white)
Phosphgrus

44.2

Propylene

n-Propyl

CHa

44.O9

CrHr
CHsOH

42.C8

CHsOtl

60.09. 0.785

60.09

0.804

alcohol

Isopropyl
alcohol

n-Propyl

QI{rz

7m,79

0.862

benzene

(Jr

280

49.71

Sublimes at 250.C

pentoxide
Propane

2.51

-t87.69 3.52 -42.07

-185.2 3,00 -4i.io
97.M
-1an
-rr
82.?4
-99.7
-99,50 8.54 159.2
1710 14.? 2230

-1s06.2(c)

78.77
78.42

38.24

369..9

42.0

-11e.8(l)

-nM.0(t)

-103.8(g)

-n20.0(s)

365.1
536.7

45.4
49.95

-300.700)

-25s.4e)
508.8

-20s8.a(g)
-2010.4(l)
-68.6(g)

53.0

-310.e(l)

-1986.6(r)

63&7

3r.3

+20.a1(g)

-38.400)

+7.u(g)

Silicon
dioxide

si02

60.09. 2.75

Sodium
bicarbonate
Sodium

NaHCOT

84.01

NaHSO

720.0T

2:142

Sodium
carbonate

Na2Cq

105.99

2i.533

Sod'ium

NaCl

58.45

2.163

NaCN

.i9.01

NaO'H

40.00

2.130

319

16.7 Vn
8.34 1390

NaNO3

85.00

2.2si

310

15,9

NaNO2

69.C0

2.i68d

27"1

Na?SO4

142.05

2_698

890

24.3

- 138a.5(c)

78.05

1.856

950

6.1

-373.2(c\

2.20

-8s1.0(c)

Decomposes at270"C

-%5.6(c)

bisulfate
Decomposes at 854oC
808

chloride
Sodiurn
cyanide
Sodium

562

hydroxide
Sodium

28.5

1,46s

nitrate
Sodium

nitrite
Sodium
sulfate
Sodium
sulfide
Sodium
sulfrte

Na2S

Na2SC3

125.05

2.6331s'

Decomposes

-s218.2(t)

^szu.a8,G)

170.7
15s

1126.3(c)

1130.9(c)

-a11.0(c)

-8e.7s(cl
-a26.6(c)
-46e.a@q)

Decomposes at 380'C

-a66.7(c)

Decomposes at 320'C

-359;4(c)

c)
c)

-10e0.3(c)

(!
J

(continued)

o
o,

Table

8.1 (Continued)
a"1r0.;

(lr"r'i

("1i;

kJ/mol

kJ/mol

Compound

Formula Mol. Wt.

SG
(20"i4")

Sodium
thiosulfate

Na2SOj

1-<8.11

1.667

Sultur
(rhombic)
Sultur

Sa

256.53

2.07

113

10.04

444.6

83.7

S6

256.53

7.96

119

14.77

444.6

8t7

-10.02
43.3

24.9t

430..7

i7.8

-2e6.90(-q)

41.80

497.4

8,?.8

-3es.1.8(g)

LH^17^7".i

r,tr('C) kJimot

zufC),

kJ/mol

T.(K)r

P.(atm)s

-1117.1(c)
o(c)

+0.30(c)

(monoclinic),

Sulfur

Soz

64.07

-75.48

Sor

80.07

'16.84

25.4&

HzSO

-o.qOg 1.B34rr

10.35

9.87

CzHe

y2"7!

dioxide

Sulfur
trioxide
Sulfuric
acid
I

o,

Toluene
'Water

rn-Xylene
o-Xylene

0.866

-94.99

Huo

18.016

1.004'

0.00

CsHro

106.i6

0.864

-41'.87

CsHro

10.16

0.880

-25.18

7.402

6.619
6.C,095

11.-{69

13.598

Decomposes at 340"C

110.62

33.4j'

-811.32(l)
593.9

100.00

40.656

647.4.

139.10

36.40

619

1.44.42

40.-?

z\8.3,

-907.s1(aq)
+12.00(r)
+s0.00(g)

-28s.84(r)
-2a1.83(g)

34.6

-2s.42(t)

-4ss1.e(r)
-asea.sfu)

-24.44(r)

-4s_529(t)
-ase6-3(g)

+n.zaE)
36.82

1.5

35:1

+18.99(g)

p-Xyiene
Znc

CHro

Zn

106.i6
65.38,

0.861

'1.140

13.26
41,9.5

17.11

6.614

13.9.35

90i

-sgOe.g(l)

4ea7.e(g)

-a6.07

618

33.9

-24.43(l)
17.es(g)

1,74.7i

-4ss2.e1(l)
-ases2(g)

o(")

c)

o
u,
O.

o)

TABLE 82. Heat Capacities

Form 1: Co[kJ/(mol.'C)] or
[kJ/(moi.K)]
Form 2: Cr[kJ/(mol'"C)] or
[kJ/(mol,X)
E-rample: (cp)aceronc(g)

0-07196

(20.10

x 10-s)r - (r2.7s"

:
:

o + bT
o + bT

16-s)72

+
*

cTz

dT3

cT-z

4.76x 10-rz)r3, wbere z

is in

"c.

al gas equation of state to apply.

Compound
Acetone

Mol.
Formula
cHsCOCH3

w1-

State Form

58.08

.C
.C
.C

Acetylene

Air
A

CzHz

Ammonia

NH

Ammonium suifate

(NH)2SO4

Benzene

Isobutane
n-Butane
Isobutene
Calc.ium carbide

Calcium carbonate
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium oxide
Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetachloride
Chlorine
Copper

CoHe

26.04
29.0
17.03

732.r5

CHro

58.12

CHro
CHs
CaC2

58.12

CaCOc

ca(oH
CaO
C

78.11

56.10
64.10
100.o9
74.70
56.08
12.01

Unit
"C

.C
1

c
c
c
c
c

oc

.C

'c
OC
OC

x 1d

123.0
71.96
42.43
2,8.94

28.09
35.15
275.9
726.5
74.06
89.46
92.30
82.88
68,62

82.34

&9.5

K
K

41.84
11.18
36.11
28.95
93.39
33.60
22.-/6

Coz

44.01

CO

28.01

.C

ccl4

OC

rs3.84

Clz

70.91

Cu

"c

63.54

I
I

,,**i;:;:.'",,y#:J:"f.Jffi,Kciptes

Range

Temp.

x1d

(Units
cX108

7012

18.6

.10 -12.78
6.053 -5.033
0.4t47 0.3191
0.1965 0.4.t99
2.954 0.4421

34.76
1&.20

- 1.965
- 1.965
-6.686

23.4

32.95 -25.20
30.13 - 18.91
27.88 -75.47
25.64 -77.27
1.19 -8.6 x 1010
4.975 -12-87 x 10t0

of ?)

-3H0
0-1200
0-1200
0-1500

2i3-t800
0-1200
275_J28

647
7'7.5',7

0-1200

49.87

0-7200

34.98
50.s0

0-1200

0-1200
298-720
27r-1033
273'73

2.03
1.09s
4.233
0.4110
12.98
1.367

0.6117

-4.5x I0t0
-4.891 x 10to

-2.887
0.3548

27T1773
.1.464

-2.2n

273-7373
0-1500
0-1500

2i3-343

- 1.607

6.4i3

0-1200
273-73sJ

and catcutations in Chemicar Ensineerins,3rd Edirion, @ 7el4,rabre

E.1. Adapted by
(continued)

c)
C)

ul
O

o)

-l

TABLE 82. Fleat Capacities.continued ...

Compound

Formula

v/r.

Cumene
Cyclohexane
Cyclopentane
Ethane
Ethyl alcohol

Helium
n

Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen

bromide
chloride

cyanide
sulfide

Magnesiumchloride

Magnesium oxide
Methane

"c
oc
OC

"c

"C

oc

"c

"C

94.740

73.39
49.37

6r.34

"c

OC

"C

276.3

OC

737.44

Hz

2.076
80.%

HCI

36.47

HCN

n.o3

HzS
MgC.l2

HBr

OC
OC

OC

34..08

"C

MgO

95.23
40.32

c
c

CH

76.U

oo

K
"C
"C

clfsoFI

Methylcyclohexane
Methylcvclopentane

CzHr
CoHrz

u.\6

NHO3

63,02

NO

J?0.01

32.04

9&18

1'

UC

K
K
UC

OC
OC

oc
oc

-31.90
-25.54
-5.816

15.72

+40.75.

30.03
86.17

49.62
39.28
13.y2

L0r2

720.5

80.63
68.66

7.280

(Units
of I)
0-1200

1200
0-1200
0-1200
0

L59-70
4.00

-39.79

100

cH2o

53.76

103,1

Fe203

cX108

158.8

x1d

139.7

28.05

Meihy alcohol
(Methanot)

Nitric acid
Nitric oxide

Unit xld

CzFI

CoHr+

Ilydrogen

He

-Hexane

State Form

(Ethanol)

Tmp.

(Isopropyl benzene)

Ethlrlene
Ferric oxide
Formaldehyde

Range

Mol.

t7.47

103.4

6.771

34.28

4.268.

-&.749.
-6.891
-L7.72x 1010
0.0000

1,0.93

17.66

-8^694

20.8

28.84
29.L0
29.13

40.85
0.00765

-0.0227

-O.I341

35.3 2.W8
33.51 r.547
72.4 1.58
4s.44 0.5008.
34.3t s.469
19.87

75,.86

s.027

0.3288
0.9887
0.9775

45.8s7

0-1500

27T997

Tt3-N73

1010

0.3661
1.268

11.00

0-1200

-11.00

273--r5

-&03

0-700
0-1200
0-1200

100.8
83:81

110.0

29.50

0.8188

0-1200
0-1200
20-100
0-1200
0-1500
0-1200
0-1200

0.3012

-&.732

2Trtjn

u7200

t.t92

16.83

42.93 8.301
721.3 5.53
98.83

-,92

0-1200
0-1200

0.36s2

M5

25
0-3;<00

c)
c)
@
j

o)

TABLE 82. Heat Capacities continued ...

Nitrogen
Nitrogen dioxide

Nitrogentetraoxide

NzO

Nitrous oxide
Oxygen
-Pentane
Propane
J

(o

28.02
46.01
92.02
44.2
32.00
72.75
44.09
42.08

Propylene
Sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate
decahydrate

'i0H2o

Sulfur

32.07

-11.3

-2.694
-0.60v6
-18.99
-13.11
-L0.17

-2.877
't.87

1500
1200
0_300

L0.57
1.311

0-1500

42.26
31.71
24_60

0-1200
0-1200
0-1200

0-1200
G-36

c
c

1
1

15.2

2.68

n3468

18.3

1.84

36V3EZ

(Monoclinic)

18.0i6

0.5723

-2.88

(Rhombc)

98.08
64.07
80.07
E2.\3

oc ?;9.00 0.2L99
oc 36.A7 3-n
oc 75.7
oc 3'7.66 L2.5
oc 29.L0 4.L57
f.i58
oc 155.4 43.68
oc
34.09
oc 1i4.8
68.032 22.59
oc 59.580 t7.7t
K 127
K 53f6

28*c-3.77

0-1000

0-110

0-r2c0

o
E

0-100
0-1500

10+5
0-1s00

-3.593

c)

@
I

o)

CCB 1064
fable 8.5 Properties of Saturated Steam: lbmperature Table"
1maltg;

inrlr<g

("C) P(bar) 'Water Steam Vy'ater. Steam

0
2

01

zero

0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000
0.001000

206.2

0.001000
0,001000

106.4

0.001001
,001001

82.9

16

0.01227
0.01401
0.aL597
0.01817

73.4

18

0.02062 0.m1001

65.1

'75.5 24N.3

20
22
24
25
26

0.0234
0.0264

57.8
51.5

83.9 2403.0
92.2 240s.8

45.9
43.4

100.6 24085
104,8 2409.9
108.9 2471..2
117.3 2414.0
125.7 2416.7
734.0 2479.4
).42.4 2422.7
150.7 2424,8
159,1 2427.5

4
6

0.00611
0.00705
0.00813
0.00935

0.01072

10
T2

14

28

0,0298
0.0317
0.0336
0.0378

30

0.0424

32
34

0.0475

36
38

0.0594

4rJ

50
52
54
56
58

41.0

36:'t

16'1.4

2430.2

r7.69

175.8

2432.9

16.04

1.84.2

t4.56

0.001011

1.3.23

2435.6
2438.3
2440.9

0.1234

0.001012
0.001013
0.001014
0.00101s
0.001016

72.05
10.98
L0.02

192.5
200.9
209,2 2443.6
217.7 2446
226.0 2449
234.4 2457
242.8 2454
251.1 24s6
259.5 2459
267.9 246r
276.2 2464
284.6 2467

0.1815

0.L992
0.2184

64

0.2391.

66

0.2675
0.2856

0.001017
0.001018
0.001019
0.001020
0.0AL022

ll. lil'. Flayrvood,

London,

93.8

19.55

62

nFrom

121,.0

0.001008
0.001009
0.001009
0.001010

0.1651

68

I37.8

0.0738
0.0820
0.0910
0.1009
0.1116
0.1361
0.1500

60

8.4
16.8

32.9
29.6
26.6
24.0
2L.6

0.0662

46
48

+0.0

23783

16.8 2387.1
2s.2 2383,.8
33.6 2386.6
42.0 2389.3
50.4 2392.7
58,8 2394,8
67.L 2397.6

1.57.3

9.158
8.380

7.678
7.043
6.468
5.947
5.475

Vy'ater Evaporation Steam

2315.6

0.001004
0.001005
0.001006
0.001006
0.001007

0.0532

42
44

0.001002
0.001002
0.001003
0.001003
0.001003
0.001004

8.4

179.9

r?lkykg

250].6
2496.8
2492.t
2487.4
2482.6

25.2
33.6

2501.6

2505,2
2508.9
2512.6
2576.2

247'7.9 2s19.9
2473.2 2523.6
2468.5 25n.2
2463.8 2s309
2459.0 2534.5
2454.3 2538.2
2449.6 2s47.8
2444.9 2s4s.5
2442.5 2547.3
2440.2 2549.1
2435.4 2552.7
2430.7 2556.4

42.0
50.4
58.8

67.r
75.s
83.9
92.2
100.6
104.8
108.9
777.3
125.7
134.0
L42.4

2425.9 2s60.0
2421.2 2563.6
2416.4 2s67.2
2477.7 2570.8
2406.9 25'14.4
2402j 2577.9
2397.3 2s81.5
2392.5 2585.1
2387.7 2588.6
2382.9 2592.2

I50.7
1s9.1
L67.5
175.8
784.2

r92.5
200.9

209,3
277.7
226.0
234.4
242.8

2377
2373
2368
2363
2358
2353
2348
2343
2338

25L.1
259.5

267.9
276.2
284.6

2s9s

2s99
2602
2606
2609
2613

26L6
2619
2623

Thermodynmic Tables in SI (Metric) Urrlrq Cambridge University Press,

1968.: specificvolume,tT:

specificintenralenerg andll

specicenthalpy.Note:

kJ/kgx 0.4303 = Btu/lb..

(continued)

CCB 1064
'fable 8.5 (Continued)

(kJ/ks)

rfc) P(bar) water

70

72
74

76
78

80
82
84
86
E8

90
92
94
96
98
100
LAz

steam water steam wate Evaporation

0.3117 0.00L023 s.04s

0.3396 0.001024 4.65s
0.3696 0.001025 4.299
0.4019 0.001026 3.975
0.4365 0.001028 3.679
0.4736 0.001029 3.408 334.8
0.5133 0.01030 3.I6L 3432
0.55s8 0.001032 2.934 351.6
0.6011 0,001033 2.727 3@.0
0.6495 0.001034 2.536 368.4
0.7077 0.001036 2.36L
0.7560 0.001037 2.200
0.814s 0.001039 2.052
0.8767 0.001040 1.915
0.9429 0.001042 L.789
1.0131 0.001044 L.673
L.0876 0.001045 1.566

2469
2472

293.0
307.4

2333
2329

24:74

309.9

2323

2476 378.2
2479 326.4
2482 334.9
2484 343,3
2487 351.7
2489 360.1
2497 368.s
2493 377.0
2496 385.4
2499 393.8
250L 402.2
2504 470.7
2507 419.L
2s09 427.5

21

23L8
2313

2308

steam
2626
2630
2633
2636
2639

2303

2643
2646

2298

2654

2293

2653
2656

2288

CCB 1064
Table 8.7 Properties of Superheatcd Steamo

P(bar)
(I-'.'C)

Sat'd
Water

Sat'd

)s

r00

150

200

2689
2517

21t
2589

2880
2662

2593
2444

2640
2480

2688

2783

2880

2418.O

25t6

2588

t4.t

2661

14.8

16.0

(-)
0.1

0.5

(81.3)
1.0

(ee.6)
5.0

(r51.8)

l0
(L7e.e)
20

ri 19t tl
r91.s
t o.oolor
rI 340.6
yo.a
o.oorog
11 4t7.s
tn.s
I o.oor04
r? 640.1
t 639.6
I o.oo1o9
11 ?62.6
t 161.s
I o.oorrS
gffi.z
ns.6

2584.8

2&46.O

24U.0
3.24
2675.4
250.1
1.69
2747.5
2560.2
0.375
2776.2

2582
0.194

27n.2

(2t2.4) J
2598.2
t o.m11E o.tJ95o
40
rr 7081.4
28.3
(250.3)
r) 1082.4
2601.1
o.oor25 0.04975
60
(2'1s.6)
80

(295.0)
100

(311.0)

rl

i 0-00132
I? .13].7.1
1306.0
? o.ool:s

/? l4os.0
n.5
o.oots

150
11
(342.1)

2(n
(36s.7)

221.2(P.)
(374.7(I)
250

(-)
300

(-)
(-)
10J

(-)

1611.0
r5s6.7

t 0.00166
r? 1826.5
tJ t7s.j

o.()o2o4

t1 2108
2037.8
P o.oo3t?

t)

2185.0
2590.4
0.0325

2159.9
2517.7
0.0235
272'1.7
254'1.3

0 0181
2615.O
7459.9
o.o1o3

24t8.4
2300.8
o-oos87s
2108
203?.8

o.oo3t?

2t9.3
313.9
2@.2
313.9
0.00101 0.00103
209.3
314.0
2.2
313.9
0.00101 0.00103
2.7
314.3
209.2
313.8
0.00101 0.00103
270.7
314.7
209.1
3r3.t
0.00101 0.00103
217.0
315.5
2t9.0
313.s
0.m101 0.00102
2'12.7 317.1
208.6
313.0
0.00101 0.00102
214.4
318.7
208.3
312.6
0.00101 0.00103
216.t
320 3
208.1
3t2.3
0 00101 0.00102
2t't.8
322.9
207.8
31t.7
0.00101 0 00102
222.t
326.0
20't.o
310.7
0.00101 0.00102
226.4
330.0
206,3
3.7
0.00100 0.00102
228.2
337;t
20.0
309.2
0.00100 0.00102

230.7
205.7

0.00100

235.0
205.0

1?

500

t2t3:t
r2o5.s

50

2642
2481

0.0

(4.s.8)

('C)-

Temperature

2595
2446

Srea

11

0.0009990

251.9
202.4

0.01i09911

293.9
196.5

tt

o.w)9731

11.2

t9.5

21.8

2683

2780
2586
3.89

2878

2512

1.69

419.4
418.8
0.00rm
479.?
418.7
0.00104

420,5
418.4
0.mr04
422.0
41'1.9
0 00104
42',).5
4t7.3
0.00104

425.0
4')6't
0.00t04
426.5
4't6.1

0.00104

2.77

632.2
31.6
0.00109

2855
26{.3

612.5
631.4
0.00109

2^87

305
2803

3168
2883
0.571

0.522
3052
2794

0.20

0.233

0.8

2902
2679

32.5

3139

2774

2862

0.111

0.t25

0.139

1085.8
1080.8
0.00125

2962

3095

853.4
848.8

634.3
630.0
0 00109

0.00115

635 (r
629.1

854.2
84? 3

108_5.8

3159

2876
0.287

7r)1

2829

0.0-588

0.065

28ft5
2668

304
2792

00r09

0.00115

10?8 3
0.00125

0.0361

0.0422

63.8
628.2
0.00109

85_s.l
845.9

1085.8
1075.8

2187
2593

0.00115 0.(nn4

2990
2750

0.0243

0.0299

8s5.9
844.4

i085,8

2926

1073.4
0.00124

2702
0.0224

1086.2
7067.7
0.00123

2695
2523

638.1
627.1
0.00109
625.0

0.00108

437.8
412.1

&t'1.7

620.8

0.00103

0 00108

3ffi.7

M7.6
410.8

0.00101

0.00103

22

2724
0.414

2889

2.64

2710

0.00109

0.00103

0.001000

296r

28.7

2621

(103.9

0.m108

495.1
195.t

2714
2.40

294f

633.1

645.8
622.0

394.3
295.7
0 0009852

3176

7.94

0.00104

0.0012

37't"l
2589
5.75

2583

641_3

456.8
405.8

3Ut6
2811

srq

435.7
41.L8

354.2
304.0
0.00100

2979
27?s

3014
2811

0.00103

338.1

3r77
2890

4.83

644.5
622.9
0.00108

334.0
308.7
0.00101

3077
2812
26.5

2915

0.4:25

350
3177
2890

29?7
2736
24.2

4.35

2776

4303
414.7
434.0
473.2

300

2875
2658

3.47

2676
250'l

2660

250

2978 3an
2736 2812

0.00115

858.1
841.0

0.00114

8.4
837.7

0.00114

8(11.4
836.3

1086.7

t062.2
0.00122

0.00114

108?.0
1060.0
0.tO122

862.8
834.4

1087,5
1057.0

650.9
618.7

865.2
831.3

1088.4

0.00107

0.00113

664.1
61 1.0
0 00106

875.4
819.7

6980
594.4
0.00104

0.00113 0.722

0.011s

t334.3
7307.r
0.00136

1332.8
1302.9

0.00135

1331.1

t291.5

0.00135

7647.1

1613.7
0.0016?

l35.5
1600.3
0.00163
7625.0
1585.0
0.0010

7328.7
1288.7

0.00121

0.00133

1609,9
1563.3
0.0015s

1093.6
1034.3

7323.7
1259.3

t5?6.3

1052.1

1504.1

0.0111

0.001t9

0.00129 0.au44

903J
't95.3
0 00t08

1113.0
999.0
0.00114

1328.7
1207.1
.00122

1550.5
1419.0
0.00131

CCB 1064
Table

8.7 (Continued)

P(bar)

Temperature

(.C)+

(r'"."c)
o"
.ts
500
.a*
550
600
650
700
" 3280
0^0 t?
3384 3497 3Sg7 3706 3816 3929 4043
(-)
2969 30s0 3t32 3217 3303 3390 3480 3591
90'1 3280 3384 3489 3596 370() 3816 3g2g
4043
(45.8) t) 2969 3050 3132 32t7 3303 33go
3480
3s.1
zr.7
33.3 3sJ
38,0 40.3 42,6 44.8 47.2
0.5 3219 3383 3489 3596 3705 3816 3g2g
4043
(81'3) 0 2969 3Mg 3132 3276 3302 3390
34E0
3s7t
9 .zt
6.67 7.14 z,5B 8.06 B.ss 9.01 e.43
1.0 32.18 3382 3488 3596 3705 3816 3928
404?,
(99.6) 2968 3049 3132 3216 3302 3390
3479
3s7o
g z.tt
j.57
3.j3
3.80 4.03 4.26
4.72
5.0 lt 3272 3379 3484 3592 3702 3813 4.48
3926
4040
(15r.8) 2964 3045 3t2B 1j2t3 :OO 3388
3477 3s69
9 o.en 0.664 o.llt
o.ts| o.Bo,f 0.850 0.897
10 3264 3371 34.18 3sB7 1691 3809 3923 0.943
4038
(t'19.e) 0 zgsa 3047 3724 3210 lise
g os07 0.330 0.353 0.377 0.402 338s 347s 3s67
0.424
0.472
20 324s 3358 3467 3s78 3639 3802 0,448
(2L2'4) 2946 3031 3115 3202 32gO 3379 3916 4032
3470 3s62
I 0.1s1 0.163 o.r7s 0.188 0.2ffi .ozrr 0.223
40 fl 3276 3337 3445 3559 36?3 3188 3904 o.z3s
4o2t
(2-s0.3) 2922 3o1t
3100 3188 f27B 3368 346() 3ss4
o.ml+ o.o'.gg 0.0864 0.0926
0.0987 0.105 0.111
60 ti 3180 3303 3422 3539 3657 3774 3892 0.117
4011
(27s.6) 2896 2sg1 30B3 3r.r4 3265 335.1
3451 3s45
o.oq'tq 0.0521 0.056 0.0609 0.0652 0.0693 0.0735
80 3t42 3274 33gg 3520 3640 3759 3.ts 0.0776
4000
(2e5.0) 2867 2969 3065 3L5g
3252 3346 344L
v o.ovq 0'0382 0.041'7 .0450 o.oas:
0.0s15 0.0547
100 31m 3244 337.5 3500 3623 3745 3867 0.057s
3s89
(311.0) u 2836 2s46 3047 3144 3240 333.5
3431 3s2S
' o.oza 0.0298 0.0328 0.0-156 0,0383 0.041 0 0.0435
0.G161
1s0 n zgis
3160 3311 3MB 3i80 370g 3835 1Js6z
(342.1) 2'744 2883 2g9g 3105 320- 3107 3407
3507
o.orsz 0.0185 0.0208 o.o22g 0.0249 0.026.1 0.0286 0.0304
200 2820 3064 3241 3394 3536 3677 3804 3g3s
(365.7) 2622 28rc
2946 3M3 3r'72 3278 3382 3485
I o.oossso o.or2'/ 0.0148 0.016
0.0182 0.197 0.2'
0.0225
227'2(Pc) t! 23
3o?-o 3zto 3370 3s1.6 3655 3.tgo 3sz3
(374.ts)(r) 2ss3
27',t6 2922 30{s ztsi
326s 3371 3476
P o.00srsr 0.0110 0.0130 o-o'4? 0.0162
0.0r?6 0.0190 0.0202
2s0 2sE2 2gs4 316 3337 34go 3633 3.t.12 3908
(-)
t ztz 2725 2888 3019 3t37 3248 33s6 3463
I 0.006013 0.0091?4 0.0111 0.0127 0.0141 0.0143 0.0166 0.01?8
300 2162 2826 3085 32i.1 3443 3595 3740 3BE0
(-)
t zol
2623 282s 2972 3100 3218 3330 344r
12 0.002830 0.006'134 0.008S0 0.0102 0.0114 o.OL2
0.0136 0.0147
s00
? r 878
2293
2'123
3021
3248
3439
3610
3',t71
(-)
tr n91
2169
2529
2765
2946
309r
3224
3350
e

3s3.7

100

(-)

rl

o.nze 0.024er

0.003882 0.00s112 0.006112 0.007000

t79B

205

2316

1653

1888

2t21

2594
2369

285'1

2591

3105
2795

o.loi'

3526

2971
,> t t

3131
JlJl

0.001446 0.001628 0.001893 0.ffi2246 0.002668 0.003106 0.003536

)a

o.i,iJuiu

33U

0.003953

CCB 1064
APPENDIX C
,tV fus lrl 'lrlIl rlsllt
rrr9{

r}
h

{.}

{J
rJ

L
l:

.r" ri

.tJ
1)

'

(J

.1,

C.] U

ri
' ,ti

+,

4Fr

=.tr
'o

-tY:f
o
l
'
s'-

'=
a
!L)

tA

rt2

.{rO

.t

)
=

-P

i
qJ

tb.,

'' LI
!, {r
1-*

-r]

+l

+' .J
.i? tqi

.E

aJ '=
-D

gt_'
,

r c4
13 I
:?' .:

r-r'

c
LJ

U-.

T'

: ,:
c'u
b
q-:! i;rr

e9'

,F:

- qv
ul

f(f,

',.

d]

24