INTRODUCTION

By this practical, we try to analyze the actual transmission line parameters. The theoretical analysis is
done using the two-port parameters of the transmission line and then we check theoretical practical
differences.

From this practical we can find the phase difference of receiving end and supply end. This
Transmission line has resistance, inductance and shunt capacitance. In an actual transmission line also,
there are these parameters. This transmission line transmits current very long distances under high
voltage because if we use high current instead of that, it may cause a considerable power loss in
transmission line than in the previous case. But, when the current goes through a wire, it can be seen
that there is a phase difference due to the inductance and the capacitance of the wire.

We can calculate the impedance when we get to know the resistance, inductance and capacitance of
the wire. But due to some other reasons real practical values might differ from theoretical value.

We cannot do practical with real transmission line because it is very large and difficult to measure the
values. Therefore we use Transmission line model for this practical. It has resistors, Inductors and
capacitors like in a real Transmission line. But its resistance and inductance are smaller than in a real
transmission line because real values are larger, but capacitance is high in model because it is small in
real transmission line.



Apparatus

o Transmission Line model
o 1 Variac (0-230,8A)
o Wattmeter
o Rheostat (100,8A)
o Capacitor (4f)
o A.C Voltmeters (0-150)
o A.C. Ammeters (0-5A)


Theory

E
s
=E
r
Cosh(L) + I
r
Z
o
Sinh(L) = A E
r
+ I
r
I
s
= I
r
Cosh(L) + E
r
/Z
o
Sinh(L) = CE
r
+ D I
r

In matrix form
(

) = (


) (

)
for passive circuits AD BC = 1 and for symmetrical circuits A = D

Propagation Constant = ( )( )
Where r, l, g and c are the resistance, inductance, conductance and capacitance per unit length, respectively.
The complex impedances Z
oc
and Z
sc
may be determined from the open circuit and short circuit tests. (show
how these are obtained from open cct& short cct test).

Then,
A = D = ( )
B = A, Z
sc
and C = A/Z
oc

Note: A,B,C and are complex quantities

PROCEDURE
1. OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
With the receiving end being in open circuit condition, the voltage at the receiving end is maintained
at the rated value (76.2V). Measure the applied voltage, input current and the input power. Note that
the power factor is leading and very low on open conditions. The wattmeter can be modified to
measure accurately at low power factors.

Thus wattmeter reading, W = R/Z(V
oc
.I
OC
.Cos(oc-))
And
Z = (R
2
+ (1/c)
2
)
Tan = 1/cR

2. SHORT CIRCUIT TEST
Next, we short circuited the receiving end through an ammeter. We applied a reduced voltage to the
line, so that the rated current flows through the short circuit. Measure the applied voltage, current
and power supplied.

Did the open circuit and short circuit tests for all the conditions we were asked too.




Calculations

(a).
Data given for transmission line
-3 phase 50 Hz TL of 25 Km
-Constants per phase are
r = 0.3 / Km
l = 2.0 mH/ Km
c = 0.256 F/ Km
The line is to supply a load of 50 MW at unity power factor, the line voltage being 132 kV.
Scalar factors: Voltage Scale 1000 : 1
Current Scale 200 : 1

Finding A, B, C, D parameters theoretically.

r = 0.3 / Km
l = 2.0 mH/ Km
c = 0.256 F/ Km
g= 0
f = 50 Hz
= 250 = 314.16 rad/s

Characteristic impedance:

Z
o
=

Z
o
= [(0.3 10
-3
+ j 314.16 2 10
-3
10
-3
)/(0+ j 314.16 0.256 10
-6
10
-6
10
-3
)]
1/2

Z
o
= 93.045

Propagation constant:
= ( )( )
= *(0.3 10
-3
+ j 314.16 2 10
-3
10
-3
)(j 314.16 0.256 10
-6
10
-3
)]
1/2

= 7.4833 10
-6
m
-1

Then we can find A,B,C,D parameters by

E
s
= E
r
cosh(L) + I
r
Zosinh(L) = AE
r
+ BI
r

I
s
=I
r
cosh(L) + (E
r
/Zo)sinh(L) = CE
r
+ DI
r


A = cosh(L) = 1.01755

B = Z
o
sinh(L) = 17.51

C = 1/Zosinh(L) = 2.0226 10
-3

-1


D = A ; by above equation
D = 1.01755


(b).
Z
OC
= [E
s
/I
s
]
Ir = 0
= 75/0.92 = 81.52

Zsc = [E
s
/I
s
]
Er=0
= 4.4/ 1.05 = 4.19

A = D = Z
OC
= 1.0267
Z
OC
- Z
SC


C = A/Z
OC
= 0.0126
-1


B = D Z
SC
= 4.30

(c).

Voltage regulation in full load = V
NL
V
FL
100%
V
NL

= [(76.2-74)/76.2] 100% = 2.887%

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST
I
O/C
I
PR




O/C

I
r
X
C


V
O/C


tan = XC/R = 1/CR = 1 / [314.16 x 4x10
-6
x 100]= 7.9577
= tan
-1
(7.9577) = 82.84
0


Z = R
2
+ (1/C)
2
= [100
2
+ {1/(314 x (4x10
-6
)}2]
1/2
= 802.03

cos(
O/C
-) = W.Z/(R.V
OC
.I
OC
) = 4 x 802.3/(100x75x0.92 = 0.4651

O/C
-= 62.28
0
+ 82.84
0
= 145.12
0



SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

cos(
SC
) = W/(V
SC
.I
SC
) = 0.1082 I
SC

SC
= 83.78
0


SC


V
SC



DISCUSSION

(a).
The used transmission line model does not match with the actual case exactly.
Variations in power supply affects.
Used capacitor banks are not actually marked valued.
Per unit values that we use through the transmission line is not constant through the transmission line.
We used some wires to connect these lines. The resistance of these wires affected the transmission line
parameters.
We usedanalog meters to take the readings. These readings are not accurate exactly.
There are some errors occurred when get the readings.(Human reading errors)
Resistance can be increased due to the heat generation.
Capacitors can be initially charged. It can affect the readings.
Inductor may have an initial current.
Instrument errors.


(b).

Using voltage regulators is a very importantpart of power systems and power suppliers. Voltage
regulation is the ability of the system to provide near constant voltage over a wide range of load. Smaller
values of voltage regulator are effective.

V.R = V
NL
V
FL
x 100%
V
FL


(c).