CHAPTER 8: SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

8.1 Support System in Animals

1. Support system in animals is called _____________ or _____________________.
2. There are three types of skeletal system:

Tree Map
3. Endoskeleton refers to __________ and ________________ that is inside the
body of ___________________.
a) The function of endoskeleton:
i. support ___________________________
ii. maintain __________________________
iii. protect _____________________ inside
the body
iv. provide place for ______________ to
attach themselves
v. enable limbs to ___________
b) Examples of animals:
i. __________________________
ii. __________________________
iii. __________________________

4. Exoskeleton consists of one

layer of ____________________
derived from substances like
calcium carbonate.
a) The function of exoskeleton:
i. support __________________
ii. maintain _________________
iii. protect __________________
from damage
iv. allow _________________
b) Examples of exoskeleton:
i.
________________________
ii.
________________________
iii.
________________________
5. Hydrostatic skeleton is formed
from _____________________ in
space that developed by a muscular system.
a) Examples of hydrostatic skeleton:
i. _________________________
ii. _________________________
iii. _________________________
6. Human support system:
a) Endoskeleton in human consists of
_________________
b) Human backbone mainly supported
by __________________
c) Pelvic girdle is the _______________
bone in human body
7. Generally, skeletal system in animals
can be summarized as:
8. Support system of land vertebrate
animals:
Examples: ________________, ____________________, _____________________
Entire weight is supported by its ______________________

 Skeletal system: _____________ and

_______________ than aquatic
vertebrate animals
Big land animals: ____________ and
___________ pectoral and pelvic girdle
to support their body weight
Four-legged animals: Backbone either
curve upwards or downwards. Enables backbone to withstand any
heavy load acting on the animals.
Birds: Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is
______________
Advantages of hollow bones: _______________ and require less calcium
and phosphorus for its formation
9. Support system of aquatic vertebrate animals:
Examples: ________________, _________________
Smaller and _______________ endoskeleton than land vertebrates
Most of body weight is supported
_________________ of the water
The buoyancy of the water allows
the size of the aquatic vertebrate
animals to be ______________ than
land vertebrate animals
10.

Comparison between the support system of land vertebrate and

aquatic vertebrate:
Similarities
Have pectoral and pelvic girdle
Vertebrate bones are flexible
Support
Skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic
girdle

by

11.

Support system for invertebrates:

Invertebrates are animals that do not have _________________
Its body is supported by: external skeletal system
(___________________) and body fluids (___________________________)
Exoskeleton: consists of a layer of _________________ or ___________
Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin: ______________,
_____________, ______________, ________________
Examples of invertebrates with hard shell: _______________,
_________________
For insects, the exoskeleton is called _____________
Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable to water) and
prevent insects from growing
Hydrostatic skeleton of invertebrates: the body fluids exert a
_______________ on their body walls
Examples of hydrostatic skeleton invertebrates: (have soft body)
_______________, _______________, ____________________

12.

Comparison between the support system of land invertebrate and

aquatic invertebrate:
Land invertebrates

Aquatic vertebrates
Support
Skeleton

13.

Answer these simple questions:

1 What is the support system of human and land vertebrates?
_____________________________________________________________________
2 How do aquatic vertebrates support their body weight?
_____________________________________________________________________
3 What is the support system of cockroach and scorpion (land
invertebrates)?
_____________________________________________________________________

4 What is the support system of earthworm and caterpillar (land

invertebrates)?
_____________________________________________________________________
5 State the types of support system for the following animals.
(a)

Elephant

_______________________________________

(b)

Eagle

_______________________________________

(c)

Tapeworm _______________________________________

(d)

Snake

(e)

Spider

(f) Whale

_______________________________________
_______________________________________

________________________________________

8.2 Support System in Plants

1. Support systems in plants are different based on the type of plants.

Tree Map

2. Support system in land plants.

Type of support system
Woody plant
Woody tissue
Dense, hard tree
trunk
Mostly - tall

Picture

Examples

Buttress root
Support big woody
plants from
collapsing
Holding the ground
very well
Clasping root
Enable a plant to
climb by growing
around and clasping
its support
Non-woody plants
Turgid cells

Water enters by
osmosis, vacuole swells
and pushes against the
cell wall.
Thorns

Tendrils

Prop roots

Stilt root
Adventitious support
roots
Grow down from
lateral branches,
branching in the soil

3. Support system in aquatic plants.

Type of support system
Water buoyancy
Have soft stems with
air space and their
leaves broad with
stomata on the surface
It is called air sac

Picture

Examples

4. Classify the following plants in group based on support systems.

5. Challenge your understanding!

1 What is the support system of woody plants?
______________________________________________________________________
2 What is the special structure that supports the rose plants?
______________________________________________________________________
3 What is the support system of herbaceous plants such as balsam and
mustard?
______________________________________________________________________
4 What is the special structure that supports the cucumber plants?
______________________________________________________________________

5 State the special structure in aquatic plants that enable them to be

supported by the buoyancy of water.
______________________________________________________________________
6 Determine the type of plant based on the structure of the stem shown
below.
__________________________________________