A.

TITTLE : CHEMICAL REACTION

B. PURPOSE : To observe the change in chemical reaction
C. SUPPORTING THEORY :
Chemical reaction is a process in which one set of substance calle! reactants is
converte! to a new set of substances calle! pro!ucts" In other wor!s a chemical reaction
is the process b# which a chemical change occurs" In man# cases though nothing
happens when substances are mi$e!% each retaine! its original composition an!
properties" &ome of the t#pes of ph#sical evi!ence to loo' are shown (
a) a colour change
b) formation of a soli! *precipitate)
c) evolution of a gas
!) evolution or absorption of heat"
Moreover a chemical anal#sis ma# reveal that a chemical reaction has occurre!
even in the absence of ph#sical signs"
Reaction t#pes
The large !iversit# of chemical reactions an! approaches to their stu!# results in
the e$istence of several concurring often overlapping wa#s of classif#ing them" +elow
are e$amples of wi!el# use! terms for !escribing common 'in!s of reactions"
Isomerisation in which a chemical compoun! un!ergoes a structural rearrangement
without an# change in its net atomic composition% see stereoisomerism
Direct combination or synthesis in which , or more chemical elements or
compoun!s unite to form a more comple$ pro!uct(
Chemical decomposition or analysis in which a compoun! is !ecompose! into
smaller compoun!s or elements(
Single displacement or substitution characteri-e! b# an element being !isplace! out
of a compoun! b# a more reactive element(
Metathesis or Double displacement reaction
Metathesis is a molecular process involving the e$change of bon!s between
the two reacting chemical species which results in the creation of pro!ucts with
similar or i!entical bon!ing affiliations"
./0
To illustrate consi!er two chemical
species A1 an! +2 which react to give A2 an! +1(
A1 3 +2 4 A2 3 +1
These chemical species can either be ionic or covalent" 5hen referring to
precipitation reactions between solutions of ions in inorganic chemistr# these were
formerl# referre! to as !ouble !isplacement or !ouble replacement reactions though
these terms are still encourage!"
The Haber process combines nitrogen an! h#!rogen to pro!uce ammonia part of
which can be o$i!ise! to nitric aci! an! combine! with the remaining ammonia to
pro!uce the nitrate" Another pro!uction metho! is use! in the so6calle! O!!a
process"
Ammonium nitrate is also manufacture! b# amateur e$plosive enthusiasts b#
metathesis reactions(
*NH
7
)
,
&O
7
3 , NaNO
8
4 Na
,
&O
7
3 , NH
7
NO
8
Ca*NO
8
)
,
3 *NH
7
)
,
&O
7
4 , NH
7
NO
8
3 Ca&O
7
&o!ium sulfate is remove! b# lowering the temperature of the mi$ture" &ince
so!ium sulfate is much less water6soluble than ammonium nitrate it precipitates
an! ma# be filtere! off" 9or the reaction with calcium nitrate the calcium sulfate
generate! is :uite insoluble even at room temperature"
Metathesis reactions can occur between two inorganic salts when one pro!uct
is insoluble in water !riving the reaction forwar! as in the following e$amples(
AgNO
8
*a:) 3 NaCl*a:) 4 AgCl*s) 3 NaNO
8
*a:)
,AgNO
8
*a:) 3 CaCl
,
*a:) 4 ,AgCl*s) 3 Ca*NO
8
)
,
*a:)
One of the compoun!s forme! is usuall# a precipitate an insoluble gas that
bubbles out of the solution or an insoluble soli! or a molecular compoun! usuall#
water" &ince one of these con!itions must alwa#s be met a solubilit# chart *or
general 'nowle!ge of solubilit# rules) can be use! in a!vance to pre!ict whether two
a:ueous reactants will react or not" H&A+ theor# can also be applie! as a means of
!etermining or pre!iction of pro!ucts create! from such a metathesis reaction
Acid-base reactions broa!l# characteri-e! as reactions between an aci! an! a base
can have !ifferent !efinitions !epen!ing on the aci!6base concept emplo#e!" &ome of
the most common are(
o Arrhenius !efinition( Aci!s !issociate in water releasing H
8
O
3
ions% bases
!issociate in water releasing OH
6
ions"
o +r;nste!6Lowr# !efinition( Aci!s are proton *H
3
) !onors% bases are proton
acceptors" Inclu!es the Arrhenius !efinition"
o Lewis !efinition( Aci!s are electron6pair acceptors% bases are electron6pair
!onors" Inclu!es the +r;nste!6Lowr# !efinition"
Redox reactions
Re!o$ *shorthan! for re!uction6o$i!ation reaction) !escribes all chemical
reactions in which atoms have their o$i!ation number *o$i!ation state) change!" This
can be either a simple re!o$ process such as the o$i!ation of carbon to #iel! carbon
!io$i!e or the re!uction of carbon b# h#!rogen to #iel! methane *CH
7
) or it can be a
comple$ process such as the o$i!ation of sugar in the human bo!# through a series of
ver# comple$ electron transfer processes"
The term redox comes from the two concepts of re!uction an! o$i!ation" It
can be e$plaine! in simple terms(
O$i!ation !escribes the loss of electrons or an increase in o$i!ation state b# a
molecule atom or ion"
Re!uction !escribes the gain of electrons or a decrease in o$i!ation state b# a
molecule atom or ion"
Though sufficient for man# purposes these !escriptions are not precisel#
correct" O$i!ation an! re!uction properl# refer to a change in oxidation number <
the actual transfer of electrons ma# never occur" Thus o$i!ation is better !efine! as
an increase in oxidation number an! re!uction as a decrease in oxidation number" In
practice the transfer of electrons will alwa#s cause a change in o$i!ation number but
there are man# reactions that are classe! as =re!o$= even though no electron transfer
occurs *such as those involving covalent bon!s)"
Combustion a 'in! of re!o$ reaction in which an# combustible substance combines
with an o$i!i-ing element usuall# o$#gen to generate heat an! form o$i!i-e!
pro!ucts" The term combustion is usuall# use! for onl# large6scale o$i!ation of
whole molecules i"e" a controlle! o$i!ation of a single functional group is not
combustion"
Disproportionation with one reactant forming two !istinct pro!ucts var#ing in
o$i!ation state"
Neutralization, or neutralisation see spelling di!!erences"
Neutrali-ation or neutralisation *see spelling !ifferences) is a chemical
reaction whereb# an aci! an! a base react to form water an! a salt"
In an a:ueous solution solvate! h#!rogen ions *h#!ronium ions H
8
O
3
) react
with h#!ro$i!e ions *OH
6
) forme! from the al'ali to ma'e two molecules of water" A
salt is also forme!" In non6a:ueous reactions water is not alwa#s forme!% however
there is alwa#s a !onation of protons *see +r;nste!6Lowr# aci!6base theor#)"
Often neutrali-ation reactions are e$othermic giving out heat to the
surroun!ings *the enthalpy of neutralization)"
Common reactions #
Most generall# the following occurs(
acid + base salt + wate
!. !ESIGN O" E#PERI$ENT
1. >ICT?RE &ERIE& O9 E1>ERIMENT
In the enclosure
7a"
b"
c"
@
/ mL of +aCl
,
is entere! into
first reaction tube an!
entere! / mL of A
,
CrO
7
B"/
M
/ mL of +aCl
,
is entere!
into secon! reaction tube an!
entere! / mL of A
,
Cr
,
O
C
B"/
M
/ mL of +aCl
,
is entere! into
thir! reaction tube an!
entere! / mL of A
,
CrO
7
B"/
M compare all of reaction
tubes
D reaction tube of sugar
!roppe! with water an!
stirring it until the solution
homogenous enter / mL of
H
,
&O
7
concentrate an!
stirring it wait a minute an
observe the change of it"
+aCl
,
E colorless
snore
A
,
CrO
7
E clear
#ellow*!ar')
A
,
Cr
,
O
C
E clear
orange *!ar')
HCl E colourless
C
/,
H
,,
O
//
E white
rather brown cr#stal
H
,
&O
7
concentrateE
!ar' brown
+aCl
,
*a:) 3 A
,
CrO
7
*a:) 4 +aCrO
7
*s)
3 , ACl*a:)
The mi$tureE snore #ellow an! has
white se!iment
+aCl
,
*a:) 3 A
,
Cr
,
O
C
*a:) 4
+aCr
,
O
C
*s) 3 , ACl*a:)
The mi$tureE bright clear orange an!
form little white se!iment
+aCl
,
*a:) 3,HCl*a:) 3,A
,
CrO
7
*a:)
4 +aCrO
7
*s) 3 7 ACl*a:) 3 H
,
O*l)
The mi$tureE snore orange an! has a
little white se!iment
C
/,
H
,,
O
//
*a:)3H
,
&O
7
*concentrate) 4
/, C 3 H
,
&O
7
*a:) 3 // H
,
O*l)
The mi$ture Ethere are blac' colour
an! heat effect
". ANALYSIS
E$periment number /(
There are change of colour in reaction between strong aci! an! strong base also
reaction between wea' aci! an! strong base"
a" &trong aci! an! strong base
HCl*a:) 3 NaOH*a:)4 NaCl*a:) 3 H
,
O*a:)
The mi$tureE orange
Mi$ing between HCl an! NaOHwill have result a new substance that is NaCl !an
H
,
O" HCl is an aci! substance *strong aci!)"an! NaOH is base substance *strong
substance)" 5hen strong aci! is mi$e! with strong base woul! be pro!uce! strong
result or we usuall# call strong salt*NaCl) an! water" The mechanism is li'e the show
(
HCl H
3
3 Cl
6
NaOH Na
3
3 OH
6
Na
3
3 Cl
6
NaCl
H
3
3 OH
6
H
,
O
&alt is !ifferent from the first reactant so in chemistr# reaction woul! be pro!uce!
another pro!uct that has !ifferent attitu!e with the reactant"
b" 5ea' aci! an! strong base
CH
8
COOH*a:) 3 NaOH*a:) 4CH
8
COONa*a:) 3 H
,
O*l)
The mi$tureE #ellow
Mi$ture between CH8COOH an! NaOH woul! pro!uce new substance that is
CH
8
COOH aci! substance *wea')"while NaOH is base *strong)
CH8COOH H
3
3 CH8COO
6
NaOH Na
3
3 OH
6

CH8COO
6
3 Na
3
CH
8
COONa
H
3
3 OH
6
H
,
O
E$periment number ,(
There are formation of soli! or se!iment" The are rate of reaction
Fn&O
7
*a:) 3 ,NaOH*a:) 4Fn*OH)
,
*s) 3 Na
,
&O
7
*a:)
The mi$tureE white snore rather thic' an! form white se!iment the form is slowl#
Then both of substance were reacte!"from that gotten pro!uct that has white colour
an! has se!iment"
Mi$ture between Fn&O
7
an! NaOH will pro!uce a new substance that is Fn*OH)
,
!an Na
,
&O
7
"
Fn&O
7
*a:) 3 ,NH
7
OH*a:) 4Fn*OH)
,
*s) 3 Na
,
&O
7
*a:)
The mi$tureE white snore rather thic' an! form white se!iment the form is fast
Then both of substance reacte! from that gotten much white se!iment" Mi$ture
between Fn&O
7
an! NH
7
OH woul! pro!uce Fn*OH)
, an!
*NH
7
)
,
&O
7
" Fn&O
7
a
substance which has aci! properties which reacts with NH7OH as the base
properties pro!ucing *NH7)
,
&O
7
which has properties of salt *salt is aci!ic because
the ions forme! from a strong aci! an! wea' base) an! Fn *OH)
,
which has nature as
a strong base"
E$periment number 8(
There are evolution of a gas"
*NH
7
)
,
&O
7
3 NaOH 4Na
,
&O
7
*a:) 3 ,NH
8
*g) 3 ,H
,
O*l)
The mi$tureE colourless there are bubbles
Litmus paper become blue because the bubble are NH
8
base
CaCO
8
*s) 3 ,HCl 4 CaCl
,
*a:) 3 CO
,
*g) 3 H
,
O*a:)
+a*OH)
,
*a:) 3CO
,
*g) 4 +aCO
8
*a:) 3 H
,
O*a:)
The mi$tureE colourless rather snore there are bubbles CO
,
E$periment number 7(
&ame with e$periment number , there are formation of soli! or se!iment
+aCl
,
*a:) 3 A
,
CrO
7
*a:) 4 +aCrO
7
*s) 3 , ACl*a:)
The mi$tureE snore #ellow an! has white se!iment
+aCl
,
*a:) 3 A
,
Cr
,
O
C
*a:) 4 +aCr
,
O
C
*s) 3 , ACl*a:)
The mi$tureE bright clear orange an! form little white se!iment
+aCl
,
*a:) 3,HCl*a:) 3,A
,
CrO
7
*a:) 4 +aCrO
7
*s) 3 7 ACl*a:) 3 H
,
O*l)
The mi$tureE snore orange an! has a little white se!iment
E$periment number @(
There are evolution or absorption of heat because of H
,
&O
7
concentrate was a!!e!
C
/,
H
,,
O
//
*a:)3H
,
&O
7
*concentrate) 4 /, C 3 H
,
&O
7
*a:) 3 // H
,
O*l)
The mi$ture Ethere are blac' colour an! heat effect
In this e$periment we are reacting between the original C
/,
H
,,
O
//
shape! sugar
cr#stals are then a!!e! water to moisten the sugar" Later it a!!e! in concentrate!
H
,
&O
7
" C
/,
H
,,
O
//
an! stir until mi$e! evenl# concentrate! H,&O7" This reaction
changes the color C
/,
H
,,
O
//
3 H
,
O becomes #ellow then green an! some blac'
colour ne$t time"
G. !ISCUSSION
5e have obtaine! the !ifferent colour in reaction between strong aci! an! strong
base" The result of our e$periment is orange but the colour must be green because the
pH G C" It is cause! b# contamination of another substance" +ecause the reaction tube
that we use is not clean"
H. CONCLUSION
9rom the result of e$periment anal#sis an! !iscussion we can conclu!e that
generall# chemical reaction in these e$periments occurs a colour change formation of a
soli! *precipitate) evolution of a gas an! evolution or absorption of heat"
%. RE""ERENCE
http(HHfre!i68I6a/"blogspot"comH,BBJH//Hbeberapa6rea'si6'imia"html
http(HHi!"wi'ipe!ia"orgHwi'iHAategori(Rea'siK'imia
>etrucci" ,BBC" Leneral Chemistr#" Lon!on( >earson >rentice Hall
&ugiarto"+ambang!''",BBJ" >an!uan >ra'ti'um Aimia Masar /"&uraba#a(?nesa
?niversit# >ress"