Chapter Objectives

Understand how to measure the stress and strain

through experiments
Correlate the behavior of some engineering materials
to the stress-strain diagram.
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1. Reading Quiz
2. Applications
3. Stress-Strain diagram
4. Strength parameters
5. Poissons ratio
6. Shear Stress-strain diagram
7. Concept Quiz
In-class Activities
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TENSION AND COMPRESSION TEST
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READING QUIZ
1) The modulus of elasticity E is a measure of
the linear relationship between stress and
strain. The common unit is:

a) kN/mm
2

b) MPa

c) GPa

d) All of them
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READING QUIZ (cont)
2) The Poissons ratio, v of common
engineering materials lies in the range:

a) 0 v 1

b) 0 v 0.5

c) -1 v 1

d) -0.5 v 0.5

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APPLICATIONS
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APPLICATIONS (cont)
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STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM
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Note the critical status for strength specification
proportional limit
elastic limit
yield stress
ultimate stress
fracture stress
STRENGTH PARAMETERS
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Modulus of elasticity (Hookes Law)



Modulus of Resistance




Modulus of Toughness
It measures the entire area
under the stress-strain diagram

c o E =
E
u
pl
pl pl r
2
2
1
2
1
o
c o = =
EXAMPLE 1
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The stressstrain diagram for an aluminum alloy that is used
for making aircraft parts is shown in Fig. 319. If a specimen
of this material is stressed to 600 MPa, determine the
permanent strain that remains in the specimen when the load
is released. Also, find the modulus of resilience both before
and after the load application.
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
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When the specimen is subjected to the load, the strain is approximately
0.023 mm/mm.

The slope of line OA is the modulus of elasticity,




From triangle CBD,


Solution
( )
( )
mm/mm 008 . 0
10 0 . 75
10 600
9
6
=
= = =
CD
CD CD
BD
E
GPa 0 . 75
006 . 0
450
= = E
EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
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This strain represents the amount of recovered elastic strain.

The permanent strain is


Computing the modulus of resilience,






Note that the SI system of units is measured in joules, where 1 J = 1 N
m.
Solution
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( ) (Ans) MJ/m 40 . 2 008 . 0 600
2
1
2
1
(Ans) MJ/m 35 . 1 006 . 0 450
2
1
2
1
3
3
= = =
= = =
pl pl final r
pl pl initial r
u
u
c o
c o
(Ans) mm/mm 0150 . 0 008 . 0 023 . 0 = =
OC
c
POISSONS RATIO
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long
lat
v
c
c
=
Please
refer to
the website for
the animation:
Poissons Ratio
EXAMPLE 2
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A bar made of A-36 steel has the dimensions shown in Fig.
322. If an axial force of P = 80 kN is applied to the bar,
determine the change in its length and the change in the
dimensions of its cross section after applying the load. The
material behaves elastically.
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
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The normal stress in the bar is





From the table for A-36 steel, E
st
= 200 GPa





The axial elongation of the bar is therefore

Solution
( )
( )
( )mm/mm 10 80
10 200
10 0 . 16
6
6
6

= = =
st
z
z
E
o
c
( )
( )( )
( )Pa 10 0 . 16
05 . 0 1 . 0
10 80
6
3
= = =
A
P
z
o
( )( ) | | (Ans) m 120 5 . 1 10 80
6
z
c o = = =

z z
L
EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
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The contraction strains in both the x and y directions are




The changes in the dimensions of the cross section are

Solution
( )( ) | |
( )( ) | | (Ans) m 28 . 1 05 . 0 10 6 . 25
(Ans) m 56 . 2 1 . 0 10 6 . 25
6
6
c o
c o
= = =
= = =

y y y
x x x
L
L
SHEAR STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAM
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Strength parameter G Shear modulus of elasticity or the
modules of rigidity
G is related to the modulus of elasticity E and Poissons
ratio v.
t G =
( ) v
E
G
+
=
1 2
EXAMPLE 3
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A specimen of titanium alloy is
tested in torsion and the shear
stress strain diagram is shown
in Fig. 325a. Determine the
shear modulus G, the
proportional limit, and the
ultimate shear stress. Also,
determine the maximum
distance d that the top of a block
of this material, shown in Fig. 3
25b, could be displaced
horizontally if the material
behaves elastically when acted
upon by a shear force V. What is
the magnitude of V necessary to
cause this displacement?
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
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By inspection, the graph ceases to be linear at point A. Thus, the
proportional limit is


This value represents the maximum shear stress, point B. Thus the
ultimate stress is


Since the angle is small, the top of
the block will be displaced horizontally by


Solution
(Ans) MPa 504 =
u
t
(Ans) MPa 360 =
pl
t
( ) mm 4 . 0
mm 50
008 . 0 rad 008 . 0 tan = = ~ d
d
EXAMPLE 3 (cont)
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The shear force V needed to cause the displacement is
Solution
( )( )
(Ans) kN 2700
100 75
MPa 360 ; = = = V
V
A
V
avg
t
CONCEPT QUIZ
1) The head H is connected to the cylinder of a
compressor using six steel bolts. If the
clamping force in each bolt is 4000 N,
determine the normal strain in the bolts.
Each bolt has a diameter of 5 mm. If
y
= 280
MPa and E
st
= 210 GPa, what is the strain in
each bolt when the nut is unscrewed so that
the clamping force is released?
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CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)
a) 0.970

b) 0.203

c) 0.970(10
-3
)

d) Insufficient information to
determine because the
stress is beyond yield point
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