Basics of Chemistry

Name: _____________________________________

Hour: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 (Circle one)

Periodic Chart: A square

The periodic chart can give a person a lot of information if it is used properly. Label each part of the
chart with the proper terminology then explain how the number of protons and neutrons and atomic
mass can be determined with the given information.

Carbon
6

C
12.011
Explain how to determine the following:
Number of Protons:
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Number of Neutrons:
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Number of Electrons:
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Atomic mass (Mass number):
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Structure of Atoms:
Atoms are composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Electrons carry a negative charge and move
around the nucleus. The nucleus is made of positively charged protons, and neutrons, which have no
electrical charge. The atoms mass (M) is equal to the number of neutrons plus the number of protons;
since atoms are electrically neutral the number of protons equals the number of electrons. Complete
the table below by filling in the missing number of protons (p), neutrons (n), electrons (e), and atomic
mass (M).
Element:

Number of
Neutrons:

6
9
16

Fluorine
Sulfur
Uranium
Silver
Tin
Arsenic

16
146
60
68
42
16

Atomic Mass

23
12
19

92
47
50
75
127

53

Iodine
Phosphorus

Number of Protons:

11

Sodium
Carbon

Number of
Electrons:

15

What is a molecule?
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Covalent Bonding:
1. What is a covalent bond?
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2. How many:
Protons does an oxygen molecule contain?
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Electrons does an oxygen molecule contain?
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Protons does a hydrogen molecule contain?
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Electrons does a hydrogen molecule contain?
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3. Remember that the first energy level can only hold 2 electrons, the second level 8 and third
level holds 8. For an element to become stable, its outer energy level has to be filled. Valence
electrons are found in the outer energy level of an atom. Why is a water molecule considered a
covalent bond? (See below diagrams)
Oxygen

OO
O
O

Hydrogen

X
O

O X
3. The distribution of charges in a water molecule is unbalanced.
What type of molecule is water? ___________________________________________________________________
O

4. Where do the shared electrons of a water molecule tend to spend more time?
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Ionic Bonding:
The diagram on the right represents the state
of two atoms after they have undergone a
chemical reaction to form a molecule.
Study the diagram and answer the questions.
Sodium ion

Chlorine ion

5. What is an ionic bond?

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6. Note that chlorine gains an electron, what is its charge?
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- Note that sodium ion loses an electron, what is its charge?
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- Is this molecule now stable? How?
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Chemical Reactions:
A chemical reaction involves the rearrangement of chemical bonds with a release of absorption of
energy. The process of cellular respiration uses the oxygen we breathe and glucose (a carbohydrate
in our diet), and produces energy plus the waste products of carbon dioxide and water. The
chemical equation for this process is:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

glucose

oxygen

carbon dioxide

water

chemical

1. What are the reactants?

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2. What are the products?
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3. The number of molecules of a substance is represented by the coefficient, which is the larger
number in front of the molecule. How many molecules of each substance?

____ C6H12O6

_____

6H2O

_____

6O2

_____

6CO2

4. The number of atoms is determined by both the coefficient and subscribe. The subscribe is
located after the symbol at the bottom. To determine the number of atoms take the subscribe and
multiple it by the coefficient. Compare the number of atoms of each element on each side of the
arrow by completing the table below.

Left side
Number of Carbon (C)
Number of oxygen (O)
Number of hydrogen
(H)

Right
side

5. Balance the following equations:

___H2O ___H2 + ___O2

___H2O2 ___H2 + ___O2
___H2 + ___Cl2 ___HCl
___ZnCl2 + ___H2 ___HCl + ___ Cl2
___HCl + ___NaOH ___NaCl + ___ H2O
6. Look at the equation below that represents the equation for photosynthesis.

Energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

(Light)

carbon dioxide

water

glucose

oxygen

a. How do the chemical equations for respiration and photosynthesis compare?

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b. How many molecules of glucose would be produced from 24 molecules of carbon dioxide?
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c. If animals are heterotrophs and plants are autotroph, what is the relationship between the two?
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