Al-Rahnu

Literally: - the Arabic term rahn may refer either to constancy, or to holding and bindingness.
In regard, the verse every soul will be held (rahinah) in pledge for its deeds *74; 38+ refers to
the binding aspect of the term. Of the two opinions, the holding aspect is the more physical
one, and hence we deem it to be the primary linguistic meaning, while the permanency
meaning is derived from that primary one.
Juristic; - rahn is refer to the object that was pawned to ensure a debt.
Legally; - pawning or mortgage contract define as holding an item in lieu of legal right that may
be satisfied from that item. Or the contract involves holding valuable non-fungible goods as
insurance against a part thereof.
From the definition, we could understand that ar-rahn is a secondary contract. It means that it
cannot stand by itself unless there is primary contract and that is debt. Hence, jumhur
consider debt as one pillars of ar-rahn contract as it is the reason why ar-rahn contract comes
to existence. A debt can exist out of sale contract, a loan contract, compensation of rights, in
marriage, etc.

6.2. Legality; -
The proofs and legality of pawning contract are stated clearly in the Quran and the Sunnah.
Cited from the Quran at the verse If you are on a journey and cannot find a scribe, then use
the receipt of pawn object (2:283)
Cited from the sunnah: The Prophet (s.a.w) bought some food from a Jew, and he pawned
his iron shield with him.
From this proofs and legality that pawning is permissible (MUBAH).

6.3. Cornerstones; -
The pawning contract has five components from Hanbali side;
The debtor; - who pawns an object of his.
The creditor; - who receives the pawned object.
The pawned object; - as insurance of the debt.
The debt; - in lieu of which the object is pawned.
Offer and acceptances.
From the others jurist, pawning contract has four components;-
The debtor.
The creditor.
The pawned object.
The debt.

6.4. Conditions; -
The pawning contract has conditions for conclusion. Condition for validity, and one bindingness
condition (which is receipt of the pawed object). In what follow, we shall list the contract
conditions by its components (contracting parties, contract language, ect)
a. contracting parting party conditions
Eligibility
There are three that we need to consider for the Hanafis rulings on a guardians or
plenipotentiarys pawning of the property of the property of a young child:
A childs property may be pawned in lieu of a debt on he child
In a lieu of a debt of the guardian or plenipotentiary
The status of the pawned object from the childs point of view once he reaches legal age.
b. contract language conditions
The Shafiis listed three types of conditions in pawning contracts
Valid conditions: under this category, they list all conditions that are implied by the pawning
contract. They also stated that valid conditions must be of benefit to the contract, and must not
lead to any uncertainty
Nugatory condition: under this category, they list all conditions that do not serve any
beneficial purpose. For example, that a pawned animal is not fed a certain type of animal feed,
such conditions are voided and invalidated, but the contract is deemed valid.
Conditions that render the contract defective. Conditions that harm the pawn broker render
the pawning contract defective. Example of such harmful conditions include: a condition that
the pawn-broker may not sell the pawned item except one month after this is due but unpaid,
or a condition that puts a ceiling on the price at which he pawned item may be sold. Similarly,
conditions that harm the debtor and benefit the pawn-broker render the pawning defective.
c. Underlying debt conditions
i. First Hanafis condition is underlying right of which an object is pawned must be binding and
matured as a liability on the debtor. The underlying right must be a matured debt that is
established as a liability on the debtor.
ii. Second Hanafis condition also stipulated a condition that the pawned object must make it
possible for the creditor to extract repayment of his debt.
iii. Third Hanafis conditions are the liability underlying a pawning contract must be known to all
parties. Thus, the pawning is deemed invalid if there is any uncertainty. Example, if the debtor
pawns one object for an unnamed debt out of two that are owed to the creditor.
iv. The Shafiis and Hambalis stipulated three conditions that the liability underlying a pawning
contract must satisfy.
d. Pawned object conditions.
The Hanafis listed eight conditions for the object of a pawning contract:
Being valued property
Being known
Being deliverable
Being in receipt
Being in possession
Not being attached to a non-pawned item
Being separate from other parties
Being distinguished from other parties.
e. Receipt of the pawned object.
All jurist agree that receipt is a condition in the pawning contract, based on the verse then
use received pawned objects (as insurance of the debt) *2:283+. However, they differed over
the classification of this condition as one of contract completion or as a bindingness condition.

6.5. Modus Operandi; -
Recently, ar-Rahn scheme combined two types of Syariah contracts which are ar-rahn, al-
wadiah yad dhamanah and al-qardhul Hassan.




i. Ar-Rahn (Collateralized borrowing)
Ar-rahn is referring to the mechanism whereby a valuable asset is placed as collateral as a
security of loan. The debt may be extracted from the pledge property if the debtor fails to pay
back the debt.

ii. Al-Wadiah yad dhamanah (savings with guarantee)
Al-Wadiah yad dhamanah is a method of keeping valuable property with guaranteed. Every
guarantee must be paid as wages and every goods or deposits which have been deposited by
another person, who is not the owner for safekeeping purposes. As wadiah is a trust, the
depository becomes the guarantor and, therefore guarantees repayment of the whole amount
of the deposits, or any part thereof, outstanding in the account of depositors, when demanded.
The depositors are not entitled to any share of the profits but the depository may provide
returns to the depositors as a token of appreciation.

iii. Qardhul Hassan (benevolent loan)
Al-Qardhul Hassan is an interest free loan. The borrower is only required to repay the principal
amount borrowed, but he may pay an extra amount at his absolute discretion, as a token of
appreciation.

iv. al-Ujrah (fee)
Al-Ujrah is a fee to the safekeeping of al-Marhun. The borrower should pay fee to the pledgee.
The fee is in fixed rate.

Contract of Ar-Rahn Definition and ConditionsAr-Rahn, or mortgage or collateral, is defined in
the Islamic jurisprudence as possessions offered as security for a debt so that the debt will be
taken from it in case the debtor failed to pay back the due money.
Ar-Rahn is a permissible contract in Shariah. It is known from the Sunnah that when the
Prophet of Allah, Muhammad (SAW), passed away, his shield was with a Jewish man in Medina
as a collateral.

The conditions of Ar-Rahn

The indebted party cannot be coerced into putting up a collateral;
An orphans property cannot be put up as a collateral by the trustee, unless under exceptional
circumstances;
The property held as collateral must be liquid;
The property held as collateral must be distinct from other properties;
The ownership does not change, therefore the owner is responsible for the cost of upkeeping
the property even when it is pledged as a collateral. Likewise, the owner continues to enjoy any
secondary benefits to the property;
There is disagreement among the scholars on whether the property pledged as a collateral can
be used. Many of the scholars say that the property cannot be used by either the debtor or the
borrower, while many argue that the owner (the borrower in this case) can continue to use the
property;
If the property held as collateral is lost or damaged while in possession of the trustee, without
any negligence on his part, there is no guarantee by the trustee;
The ownership of the property cannot be transferred until the debt is settled or the debtor
allows for such a transaction;
If the borrower cannot pay back at the expiry of the term, the judge will order the property
pledged as collateral to be sold in the open market, even if it is the residence of the borrower.








Terdapat banyak perkhidmatan yang tidak selaras dengan undang-undang dan bercanggah
dengan akhlak Islam sedang memenuhi jurang penawaran perkhidmatan kewangan kepada
masyarakat dalam kelompok berpendapatan rendah.
Terdapat bilangan yang agak substantial mendapatkan perkhidmatan yang illegal bagi tujuan
yang dianggap produktif terutamanya bagi keperluan perniagaan. Keadaan ini wujud di
sebabkan oleh masih terdapat jurang yang agak ketara di antara penawaran perkhidmatan
kewangan (khususnya secara Islam).
Pada umumnya skim-skim pinjaman yang illegal ini mengenakan caj yang terlalu tinggi,
berlaku manipulasi dalam urusan emas dan terdapat kes immoral.



KELEBIHAN AR-RAHNU
Antara kelebihan Ar-Rahnu berbanding Pajak Gadai Konvensional ialah:
1. Tidak Mengenakan Kadar Faedah (Unsur Riba)
Perbezaan utama antara Ar-Rahn dan Pajak Gadai Konvensional adalah pada perjanjian
pinjaman yang dikaitkan dengan sesuatu ganjaran dan bukan pada gadaian itu sendiri. Dalam
perjanjian Ar-Rahn, pinjaman yang diberi tidak dikenakan faedah (interest) iaitu riba di mana
riba diharamkan oleh Islam, berbanding Pajak Gadai Konvensional yang menjadikan faedah
sebagai sumber hasil kepada pemberi pinjaman dan ianya diharamkan oleh Islam.
2. Nilai Gadaian Tidak Merosot
Nilai gadaian bagi barang yang ingin ditebus semula tidak merosot dan tidak berubah serta
tidak berlaku penyelewengan. Tidak berlaku sebarang masalah di mana barang kemas seperti
rantai emas apabila ditebus didapati kurang berat atau pendek sedikit daripada sebelum
digadai.
3. Wang Lebih Gadaian Dipulangkan
Sekiranya pemberi gadaian tidak berkemampuan membayar balik hutang yang
ditanggungnya apabila tamat tempoh perjanjian, pemberi gadaian akan diberitahu atau
dimaklumkan tentang barang gadaian yang terpaksa dijual. Sekiranya harga jualan melebihi
baki hutangnya, lebihan tersebut akan dikembalikan. Ini berlaku kerana nilai pinjaman adalah
jauh lebih rendah dari nilai barang gadaian.
4. Barang Kemas Yang Disimpan Selamat
Semua barang kemas yang disimpan dalam skim tersebut adalah selamat. Di mana, penerima
gadaian akan menjamin pemeliharaan dan bertanggungjawab ke atas barangan kemas yang
diberi oleh pemberi gadaian. Dengan ini, pemberi gadaian tidak perlu risau dengan masalah
pemeliharaan dan penjagaan barang kemas mereka sepanjang ia berada di pihak penerima
gadaian.
5. Caj perkhidmatan Yang Rendah
Ar-Rahn menawarkan caj perkhidmatan yang rendah. Semua pengurusan di Ar-Rahn
melibatkan kos dan risiko yang rendah jika dibandingkan dengan Pajak Gadai Konvensional.
Pajak Gadai Konvisional menawarkan caj perkhidmatan yang tinggi dan ada juga sebilangan
pemegang atau tauke Pajak Gadai Konvensional yang menerima atau meminta wang
pendahuluan dari penggadai walaupun akta melarang kegiatan tersebut.
6. Tiada Unsur Penipuan Semasa Membuat Timbangan.
Pemberi gadaian juga tidak perlu risau dengan penipuan-penipuan yang sering berlaku
semasa timbangan dibuat. Ini kerana, dalam Ar-Rahnu tidak akan berlaku sebarang unsur
penipuan semasa timbangan dibuat dan nilai timbangan yang jelas akan ditunjukkan kepada
pemberi gadaian.
7. Tempoh Membayar Balik Yang Munasabah
Ar-Rahnu juga merupakan sebuah Pajak Gadai Islam yang boleh bertolak ansur dengan
pelanggannnya berkaitan dengan tempoh membayar balik wang pinjaman yang telah
dipinjam. Tempoh membayar balik yang dikenakan adalah munasabah dan boleh diterima
pakai oleh semua pihak. Tidak seperti sesetengah Pajak Gadai Konvensional yang
kadangkala meminta wang tambahan daripada pemberi gadaian sekiranya pemberi gadaian
ingin melanjutkan tempoh pembayaran balik pinjaman mereka.
8. Pemberian Notis Kepada Penggadai Tentang Upacara Lelongan
Pihak penerima gadaian akan memberi notis kepada pihak penggadai sekiranya barang
gadaian mereka hendak dilelongkan dan tempoh masa membayar balik untuk mereka telah
habis. Dengan ini pihak pemberi gadaian akan mengetahui bahawa tempoh masa membayar
balik yang diperuntukkan untuk mereka telah habis dan barang gadaian mereka akan
dilelongkan.
9. Memberi Nilai Gadaian Yang Sepatutnya
Perkara ini sering berlaku dalam Pajak Gadai Konvensional. Ia berlaku kerana Akta
Pemegang Pajak Gadai tidak menetapkan nilai tara atau kriteria untuk menilai gadaian
berkenaan. Dalam Ar-Rahnu, penerima gadaian akan memberi nilai gadaian yang sepatutnya
dengan barang gadaian yang digadai oleh penggada












PERBEZAAN DIANTARA AR RAHNU DENGAN PAJAK GADAI
AR RAHNU PAJAK GADAI
Kadar faedah pinjaman yang diberi tidak
dikenakan faedah (interest)
iaitu riba
Pajak Gadai Konvensional
yang menjadikan faedah
sebagai sumber hasil
kepada pemberi pinjaman
HUKUM Halal haram
Caj perkhidmatan Caj perkhidmatan yang
rendah
Caj perkhidmatan yang
tinggi
Nilai gadaian penerima gadaian akan
memberi nilai gadaian yang
sepatutnya dengan barang
gadaian yang digadai oleh
penggadai.

tidak menetapkan nilai tara
atau kriteria untuk menilai
gadaian berkenaan
Tempoh pembayaran balik Ar-Rahnu juga merupakan
sebuah Pajak Gadai Islam
yang boleh bertolak ansur
dengan pelanggannnya
berkaitan dengan tempoh
membayar balik wang
pinjaman yang telah
dipinjam. Tempoh
membayar balik yang
dikenakan adalah
munasabah dan boleh
diterima pakai oleh semua
pihak
Tidak seperti sesetengah
Pajak Gadai Konvensional
yang kadangkala meminta
wang tambahan daripada
pemberi gadaian sekiranya
pemberi gadaian ingin
melanjutkan tempoh
pembayaran balik pinjaman
mereka.


Jabatan agama
PENGURUSAN GADAIAN ISLAM (AR-RAHNU)
Apakah yang dimaksudkan Ar-Rahn?
Dari segi bahasa ia bermaksud tetap. Ada juga yang memberi maksud menahan.
Dalam Bahasa Malaysia, ar-Rahn ialah gadaian yang bermaksud pinjaman wang
dengan menyerahkan barang sebagai cagaran untuk tempoh tertentu (Kamus
Dewan, 1993). Dalam istilah fiqh, ar-Rahn bermaksud menjadikan sesuatu harta
sebagai cagaran atau gadaian atas sesuatu hutang untuk menjamin pembayaran
balik hutang tersebut.

Apakah hukum bergadai ?
Hukum bergadai adalah diharuskan. Para fuqaha bersepakat mengharuskan
gadaian, sama ada dalam keadaan musafir atau tidak. Ini berbeza dengan
pendapat mujahid dan Ulamak Zahiriyyah yang memandang pensyariatan
secara am di dalam Al-Sunnah Bergadai adalah sesuatu yang disyariatkan di
dalam Islam sebagaimana yang dinyatakan dalam al-Quran surah al-Baqarah
ayat 283. Dan jika kamu berada dalam musafir (lalu kamu berhutang dan
memberi hutang yang bertempoh), sedang kamu tidak mendapati jurutulis, maka
hendaklah diadakan barang gadaian untuk dipegang (oleh orang-orang yang
memberi hutang)

Apakah perbezaan antara pajak gadai konvensional dan pajak gadai Islam?
Pajak gadai konvensional adalah pajak gadai yang menjalankan operasinya
yang tidak mengikut hukum syara. Pajak gadai konvensional berasaskan kadar
faedah dan beroperasi demi keuntungan semata-mata, sementara pajak gadai
Islam membawa konsep pinjaman tanpa faedah berasaskan prinsip Qard Al-
Hassan, dengan tujuan perkhidmatan kepada golongan yang memerlukan
bantuan. Penggadai dikenakan upah menyimpan ke atas nilai barang gadaian
(marhun)