Wave Motion and String Waves

Chapter # 15 Wave Motion and Waves on A string
Page # 1
manishkumarphysics.in
SOLVED EXAMPLES
1. A wave is propagating on a long stretched string along its length taken as the positive x-axis. The wave
equation is given as
y = y
0
2
x
T
t
e
|
.
|
\
|

where y
0
= 4 mm, T = 1.0 s and = 4 cm. (a) Find the velocity of the wave. (b) Find the function f(t) giving the
displacement of the particle at x = 0. (c) Find the function g(x) giving the shape of the string at t = 0. (d) Plot
the shape g(x) of the string at t = 0. (e) Plot the shape of the string at t = 5 s.
Sol. (a) the wave equation may be written as
y = y
0
2
2
T /
x
t
T
1
e
|
.
|
\
|

comparing with the general equation y = f(t x/v), we see that
v =
T
=
s 0 . 1
cm 4
= 4 cm/s.
(b) putting x = 0 in the given equation,
f(t) = y
0
2
) T / t (
e
.............(i)
(c) putting t = 0 in the given equation
g(x) = y
0
2
) / x (
e

.............(ii)
(d)
(e)
2. Consider the wave y = (5 mm) sin (1 cm
1
) x (60 s
1
) t]. Find (a) the amplitude (b) the wave number, (c) the
wavelength, (d) the frequency, (e) the time period and (f) the wave velocity.
Sol. Comparing the given equation with equation Asin e
|
.
|
\
|
t
v
x
,
we find
(a) amplitude A = 5 mm
(b) wavenumber k = 1 cm
1
(c) wavelength =
k
2t
= 2t cm
(d) frequency v =
t
e
2
=
t 2
60
Hz
(e) time period T =
v
1
=
30
t
s
(f) wave velocity u = v = 60 cm/s.
3. Figure shows a string of linear mass density 1.0 g/cm on which a wave pulse is travelling. Find the time
taken by the pulse in travelling through a distance of 50 cm on the string. Take g = 10 m/s
2
.
Sol. The tension in the string is F = mg = 10 N. The mass per unit length is = 1.0 g/cm = 0.1 kg/m. The wave
Page # 2
velocity is, therefore, v = / F =
m / kg 1 . 0
N 10
= 10 m/s. The time taken by the pulse in travelling through 50
cm is, therefore, 0.05 s.
4. The average power transmitted through a given point on a string supporting a sine wave is 0.20 W when the
amplitude of the wave is 2.0 mm. What power will be transmiited through this point if the amplitude is
increased to 3.0 mm.
Sol. Other things remaining the same, the power transmitted is proportional to the square of the amplitude.
Thus,
2
1
2
2
1
2
A
A
P
P
=
or,
W 20 . 0
P
2
=
4
9
= 2.25
or, P
2
= 2.25 0.20 W = 0.45 W.
5. Two waves are simultaneously passing through a string. The equations of the waves are given by
y
1
= A
1
sin k (x vt)
and y
2
= A
2
sin k (x vt + 1) t
where the wave number k = 6.28 cm
1
and x
0
= 1.50 cm. The amplitudes are A
1
= 5.0 mm and
A
2
= 4.0 mm. Find the phase difference between the waves and the amplitude of the resulting wave.
Sol. The phase of the first wave is k (x vt) and of the second is k (x vt + x
0
).
the phase difference is, therefore
o = kx
0
= (6.28 cm
1
) (1.50 cm) = 2t 1.5 = 3t.
The waves satisfy the condition of destructive interference. The amplitude of the resulting wave is given by
| A
1
A
2
| = 5.0 mm 4.0 mm = 1.0 mm.
6. Two travelling waves of equal amplitudes and equal frequencies move in opposite direction along a string.
They interfere to produce a standing wave having the equation.
y = A cos kx sin et
in whichA= 1.0 mm, k = 1.57 cm
1
and e= 78.5 s
1
. (a) Find the velocity of the component travelling waves.
(b) Find the node closest to the origin in the region x > 0. (c) Find the antinode closest to the origin in the
region x > 0. (d) Find the amplitude of the particle at x = 2.33 cm.
Sol. (a) The standing wave is formed by the superposition of the waves
y
1
=
2
A
sin (et kx) and
y
2
=
2
A
sin (et + kx).
The wave velocity (magnitude) of either of the waves is
v =
k
e
=
1
1
cm 57 . 1
s 5 . 78
= 50 cm/s.
(b) For a node, cos kx = 0.
The smallest positive x satisfying this relation is given by
kx = t/2
or, x =
k 2
t
=
1
cm 57 . 1 2
14 . 3
= 1 cm
(c) For an antinode, |cos kx| = 1.
The smallest positive x satisfying this relation is given by
kx = t
or, x =
k
t
= 2 cm
(d) The amplitude of vibration of the particle at x is given by | Acos kx |. For the given point,
kx = (1.57 cm
1
) (2.33 cm) =
6
7
t = t +
6
t
.
Thus, the amplitude will be
Page # 3
(1.0 mm) | cos (t + t/6) | =
3
3
mm = 0.86 mm.
7. A 50 cm long wire of mass 20 g supports a mass of 1.6 kg as shown in figure. Find the fundamental
frequency of the portion of the string between the wall and the pulley. Take g = 10 m/s
2
.
Sol. The tension in the string is F = (1.6 kg) (10 m/s
2
)
= 16 N.
The linear mass density is =
cm 50
g 20
0.04 kg/m.
The fundamental frequency is v
0
=
L 2
1
/ F =
) m 4 . 0 ( 2
1
m / kg 04 . 0
N 16
= 25 Hz.
8. In a sonometer experiment, resonance is obtained when the experimental wire has a length of
21 cm between the bridges and the vibrations are excited by a tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz. If a tuning
fork of frequency 384 Hz is used, what should be the length of the experimental wire to get the resonance ?
Sol. By the law of length, l
1
v
1
=l
2
v
2
or, l
2
=
2
1
v
v
l
1
=
384
256
21 cm = 14 cm.
QUESTIONS FOR SHORT ANSWER
1. You are walking along a seashore and a mild wind is blowing. Is the motion of air a wave motion?
2. The radio and TV programmes, telecast at the studio, reach our antenna by wave motion. Is it a mechanical
wave or nonmechanical?
3. Awave is represented by an equation y = c
1
sin (c
2
x + c
3
t). In which direction is the wave going?Assume that
c
1
, c
2
and c
3
are all positive.
4. Showthat the particle speed can never be equal to the wave speed in a sine wave if the amplitude is less than
wavelength divided by 2t.
5. Two wave pulse identical in shape but inverted with respect to each other are produced at the two ends of a
stretched string. At an instant when the pulses reach the middle, the string becomes completely straight.
What happens to the energy of the two pulses? [HCV_Chp 15_ Q.S.A_5]
6. Showthat for a wave travelling on a string
max
max
v
y
=
max
max
a
v
,
where the symbols have usual meanings. Can we use componedo and dividendo taught in algebra to write
max max
max max
v y
v y
+
=
max max
max max
a v
a v
+
?
7. What is the smallest positive phase constant which is equivalent to 7.5t?
8. A string clamped at both ends vibrates in its fundamental mode. Is there any position (except the ends)
on the string which can be touched without disturbing the motion? What if the string vibrates in its first
overtone ?
Page # 4
Objective - I
1. Asine wave is travelling in a medium. The minimumdistance between the two particles, always having same
speed, is HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_1
l+=i nin n (+ i - n nl-ni- t tnzii =ni- -in + <i +ii + i- +i ---n <i t -
(A) /4 (B) /3 (C*) /2 (D)
2. A sine wave is travelling in a medium. A particular particle has zero displacement at a certain instant. The
particle closest to it having zero displacement is at a distance HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_2
l+=i nin n i - n nl-ni- t l-lz-- -ii (+ lzii +i +i l-ii- zi- t := +i = -= +i
+i ---n <i l=+i ii l-ii- zi- t
(A) /4 (B) /3 (C*) /2 (D)
3. Which of the following equations represents a wave travelling along Y-axis? HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_3
Y-~-i + ~- l<zi nl-ni- - n +i =ni+i t ?
(A*) x = A sin (ky et) (B) y = A sin (kx et)
(C) y = A sin ky cos et (D) y = A cos ky sin et.
4. The equation y =Asin
2
(kx et) represents a wave motion with HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_4
(A) amplitude A, frequency e/2t (B*) amplitude A/2, frequency e/t
(C) amplitude 2A, frequency e/4t (D) does not represent a wave motion
5. Which of the following is a mechanical wave ? HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_5
(A) radio waves (B) x-rays (C) light waves (D*) sound waves
l--- n i lzi+ - n t ?
(A) li -n (B) x-l+i (C) +izi -n (D*) l- -n
6. Acork floating in a calm pond executes simple harmonic motion of frequency v when a wave generated by a
boat passes by it. The frequency of the wave is HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_6
zii-- n n (+ +i+ +i +i v ~il- = =n ~i- nl- + ti t (+ -i = --- - n :== n -i t
-i - n +i ~i l- ti ni -
(A*) v (B) v/2 (C) 1/4 (D) 4
7. Two strings Aand B, made of same material, are stretched by same tension. The radius of stringAis double
of the radius of B. Atransverse wave travels onAwith speed v
A
and on B with speed v
B
. The ratio v
A
/v
B
is -
HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_7
<i l-=i A B, (+ ti <ii +i -i t : t -ii <i -i n =ni- --i t A+i lzii B+i < n-i t (+ ~- -i - n
A V
A
-in= -ii B V
B
-in = nl-ni- t v
A
/ v
B
+i ~-i- t -
(A*) 1/2 (B) 2 (C) 1/4 (D) 4
8. Both the strings, show in figure, are made of same material and have same cross-section. The pulleys are
light. The wave speed of a transverse wave in the stringAB is v
1
and in CD it is v
2
. The v
1
/v
2
is
HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_8
l-zi n l<ii: n: l-=i (+ ti <ii -ii (+ ti =ni- --i t li-ii t-+i t -=i AB n ~- -i - ni +i
V
1
-ii C Dn n v
2
t -i v
1
/ v
2
ti ni
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 2 (D*) 1/ 2
Page # 5
9. Velocity of sound in air is 332 m/s. Its velocity in vacuum will be HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_9
i n l- +i n 332 ni= t :=+i l-i - n n ti ni -
(A) > 332 m/s (B) = 332 m/s (C) < 332 m/s (D*) meaningless
10. Awave pulse, travelling on a two piece string, gets partially reflected and partially transmitted at the junction.
The reflected wave is inverted in shape as compared to the incident one. If the incident wave has wavelength
and the transmitted wave ', HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_10
(+ - n - < <i + i = -i t : i i n nn- + ti t . t = li ~i lzi+ il- - -ii ~i lzi+ inln- ti -i t
il-- -n +i ~i|l-. ~il-- +i -n-i n -+ln- ti i-i t l< ~il-- -n +i -n< t -ii inln-
-n +i ', t -
(A) ' > (B) ' = (C*) ' <
(D) nothing can be said about the relation of and '.
11. Two waves represented by y = a sin (et kt) and y = a cos(et kx) are superposed. The resultant wave will
have an amplitude - HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_11
y = a sin (et kt) ~i y = a cos(et kx) ,ii <lzi- -n ~iil- t liini -n +i ~iin tini -
(A) a (B*)
a 2
(C) 2a (D) 0
12. Two wiresAand B, having identical geometrical construction, are stretched fromtheir natural length by small
but equal amount. The Youngs modulus of the wires are Y
A
> Y
B
and
A
>
B
. Atransverse signal started at
one end takes a time t
1
to reach the other end for Aand t
2
for B. HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_12
<i -i A B l-+i ilnl- ~i|l- (+ =ni- t <i-i +i --+i i--l+ n-i: = =ni- nl+- i--l+ n-i:
= =ni- n l+- zi i nizii n ii -i ni t -ii +i n i-i-i n ii + Y
A
> Y
B
-ii i-
A
>
B
t (+ l= ---
(+ l= --- =+- <= l= t-- n A+ ln( t
1
=n -ii B + ln( t
2
=n n-i t -i -
(A) t
1
< t
2
(B) t
1
= t
2
(C) t
1
> t
2
(D*) the information is insufficient to find the relation between t
1
and t
2
.
t
1
t
2
n = i ai- +- + ln( = --i ~i --
13. Consider two waves passing through the same string. Principle of superposition for displacement says that
the net displacement of a particle on the string is sum of the displacements produced by the two waves
individually. Suppose we state similar principles for the net velocity of the particle and the net kinetic energy
of the particle. Such a principle will be valid for HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_13
(A) both the velocity and the kinetic energy (B*) the velocity but not for the kinetic energy
(C) the kinetic energy but not for the velocity (D) neither the velocity nor the kinetic energy
<i - ni +i (+ ti -=i = n -i t : ni-- t ( l-ii- + ln( ~ii i + l=zi-- + ~- =i -=i + l+=i +i
+i +n l-ii- <i-i -ni ,ii --- ~nn~nn l-ii-i + in + i ti-i t l< tn ti l=zi-- +ii +
+n n ~i + n nl- -i + ln( lni -i := +i +i l=zi-- nin ti ni -
(A) n ~i nl- -i <i-i + ln( (B*) n + ln( nl+- nl- -i + ln( -ti
(C) nl- -i + ln(. nl+- n + ln( -ti (D) n ~i nl- -i <i-i + ln( -ti
14. Two wave pulses travel in opposite directions on a string and approach each other. The shape of the one
pulse in inverted with respect to the other. HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_14
(A) the pulses will collide with each other and vanish after collision
(B) the pulses will reflect from each other i.e., the pulse going towards right will finally move
towards left and vice versa.
(C) the pulses will pass through each other but their shapes will be modified
(D*) the pulses will pass through each other without any change in their shape
<i - n - < (+ -=i ll- l<zii~i n nl-ni- t -ii (+ < = +i -+ ~i-i t (+ - < +i ~i+i < = + =i -i
--i t HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_14
(A) -< (+ <= = +in -ii := ++ + i< in ti in
(B) - < (+ < = = il- - ti n ~ii - <ii -+ i- ini - < ~-- n ii -+ i ni -ii :=i +i ii in
<ii -+
(C) -< (+ <= = n in nl+- --+i ~i|l- <nni
(D*) -< (+ <= = n in nl+- --+i ~i|l- -ti <nni
Page # 6
15. Two periodic waves of amplitudesA
1
andA
2
pass through a region. If A
1
>A
2
, the difference in the maximum
and minimum resultant amplitude possible is : HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_15
A
1
-ii A
2
~iin ini <i ~i-i -n l+=i -i zi = n -i t l< A
1
>A
2
t. -i =-i ~li+-n -ii - --n
liini ~iin +i ~-- t
(A) 2A
1
(B*) 2A
2
(C) A
1
+ A
2
(D) A
1
A
2
16. Twowaves of equal amplitudeA, and equal frequencytravels inthesame directioninamedium. Theamplitude
of the resultant wave is HCV_Ch-15_Obj 1_16
=ni- ~iin -lii =ni- ~il-i +i <i -n l+=i nin n(+ ti l<zii n (+ ti l<zii n nn- + ti t liini
- n +i ~iin t
(A) 0 (B) A (C) 2A (D*) between 0 and 2A.
(0 -ii 2A + i-)
17. Two sine waves travel in the same direction in a medium. The amplitude of each wave is A and the phase
difference between the two waves is 120. The resultant amplitude will be
l+=i nin n <i i+i -n (+ ti l<zii n nn- + ti t + -n +i ~iin At -ii <i-i -ni n
+ni-- 120 t liini ~iin tini
(A*) A (B) 2A (C) 4A (D) A 2
18. The fundamental frequency of a string is proportional to
(A*) inverse of its length (B) the diameter (C) the tension (D) the density
19. A tuning fork of frequency 480 Hz is used to vibrate a sonometer wire having natural frequency 240 Hz. The
wire will vibrate with a frequency of HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_19
240 t i+l-+ ~il-i in -nii + -i +i +l-- +- + ln. 480 t ~il-i +i -lzi l,i +-
l+i i-i t -i l--- ~i l-i = +--- + ni
(A) 240 Hz (B*) 480 Hz (C) 720 Hz (D) will not vibrate
(A) 240 t (B*) 480 t (C) 720 t (D) +--- -ti ti ni
20. A tuning fork of frequency 480 Hz is used to vibrate a sonometer wire having natural frequency
410 Hz. The wire will vibrate with a frequency HCV_Ch-15_Obj I_20
410 t n n +i ~i l-i in -nii + -i +i +l-- +- + ln . 480 t +i ~i l-i +i -lzi l,i +-
l+i i-i t -i l= ~il-i = +--- +ni. t t
(A) 410 Hz (B*) 480 Hz (C) 820 Hz (D) 960 Hz
(A) 410 t (B*) 480 t (C) 820 t (D) 960 t
21. Asonometer wire of length lvibrate in fundamental mode when excited by a tuning fork of frequency 416 Hz.
If the length is doubled keeping other things same, the string will
416 t ~il-i + -lzi l,i ,ii --il- l+i i-i t -i -nii +i ln-i: +i -i :=+i nn
lii n +--- +-i t l< ~- ilzii +i =ni- i- t(. l< n-i: < n-i + <i i . -i ii
(A*) vibrate with a frequency of 416 Hz (B) vibrate with a frequency of 208 Hz
(C) vibrate with a frequency of 832 Hz (D) stop vibrating
(A*) 416t ~i l-i = +--- +ni (B) 208 t ~i l-i = +--- + ni
(C) 832 t ~i l-i = +--- + ni (D) +--- +-i -< + < ni
22. Asonometer wire supports a 4 kg and load and vibrates in fundamental mode with a tuning fork of frequency
416 Hz. The length of the wire between the bridges is nowdoubled. In order to maintain fundamental mode,
the load should be changed to -
(+ -nii + -i = 4l+n i. ii n+ii ni t -ii t 416 t ~i l-i + -lzi + =ii n n li n +---
+-i t ~ = - ~i + n -i +i n-i: < n-i + <i i-i t n n li +i = l-lz-- +- + ln . ii ll- -
++ +-i ti ni
(A) 1 kg (B) 2 kg (C) 8 kg (D*) 16 kg.
Page # 7
Objective - II
1. A mechanical wave propagates in a medium along the X-axis. The particles of the medium
HCV_Ch-15_Obj II_1
(A) must move on the X-axis (B) must move on the Y-axis
(C*) may move on the X-axis (D*) may move on the Y-axis
X-~-i + ~- l<zi nin n (+ i lzi+ - n nl-ni- t nin + +i -
(A) X-~-i nl- +-i ti -ilt( (B) Y-~-i nl- +-i ti -ilt(
(C*) X-~-i nl- + =+-i t (D*) Y-~-i nl- + =+-i t
2. Atransverse wave travels along the Z-axis. The particles of the mediummust move
(A) along the Z-axis (B) along the X-axis (C) along the Y-axis (D*) in the X-Yplane
(+ ~- -i -n Z-~-i + ~- l<zi (+ i lzi+ - n nn- + ti t nin + +i
(A) Z-~-i + ~- l<zi (B) X-~-i + ~- l<zi (C) Y-~-i + ~- l<zi (D*) X-Y -n n
3. Longitudinal waves cannot HCV_Ch-15_Obj II_3
(A) have a unique wavelength (B) transmit energy
(C) have a unique wave velocity (D*) be polarized
~-< -n n -ti ti-i t
(A) ~l,-i -n< (B) -i -ii-i-i
(C) ~l,-i -n n (D*) i l-
4. A wave going in a solid
(A) must be longitudinal (B*) may be longitudinal
(C) must be transverse (D*) may be transverse
ai= n nn- + ti -n ti-i t
(A) l-lz-- = ~-< (B*) ~-< ti =+-i t
(C) l-lz-- = ~- -i ti-i t (D*) ~- -i ti =+-i t
5. Awave moving in a gas HCV_Ch-15_Obj II_5
(A*) must be longitudinal (B) may be longitudinal
(C) must be transverse (D) may be transverse
n= n nn- + ti -n ti-i t
(A*) l-lz-- = ~-< (B) ~-< ti =+-i t
(C) l-l-- = ~--i ti-i t (D) ~- -i ti =+-i t
6. Two particles Aand B have a phase difference of t when a sine wave passes through the region
HCV_Ch-15_Obj II_6
(A) A oscillates at half the frequency of B
(B*) A and B move in opposite directions
(C) A and B must be separated by half of the wavelength
(D*) the displacements at Aand B have equal magnitudes
l+=i -izi = (+ i+i -n n-i t. <i +ii A B + n +ni-- t t
(A) A , B +i ~iii ~i l- = <i n- +ni
(B*) A -ii B li- l<zii n nl- +n
(C) A B + n ~i - n< +i ~--in ti ni
(D*) A-ii B l-ii- +i lnii (+ =ni- tini
7. A wave is represented by the equation y = (0.001 mm) sin [(50 s
1
) t + (2.0 m
1
) x] HCV_Ch-15_Obj II_7
(A) the wave velocity = 100 m/s (B) the wavelength = 2.0 m
(C*) the frequency = 25/t Hz. (D*) the amplitude = 0.001 mm.
(+ -n l--- =ni+i ,ii +- +i i-i t y = (0.001 mm) sin [(50 s
1
) t + (2.0 m
1
) x]
(A) -n n = 100 m/s (B) -n< = 2.0 m
(C*) ~il- = 25/t t (D*) ~iin = 0.001 mm.
Page # 8
8. Astanding wave is produced on a string clamped at one end and free at the other. The length of the string
HCV_Ch-15_Obj II_8
(A*) must be an integral multiple of /4 (B) must be an integral multiple of /2
(C) must be an integral multiple of (D) may be an integral multiple of /2
(+ l= +=i t: -ii < = l= n +- i i n ~nini -n --- ti-i t i i +i n-i:
(A*) l-lz-- = /4 +i i ni tini (B) l-lz-- = /2 +i i ni tini
(C) l-lz-- = +i i ni tini (D) /2 +i i ni ti =+-i t
9. Mark out the correct options. HCV_Ch-15_Obj II_9
(A) the energy of any small part of a string remains constant in a travelling wave
(B*) the energy of any small part of a string remains constant in a standing wave
(C) the energies of all the small parts of equal length are equal in a travelling wave
(D) the energies of all the small parts of equal length are equal in a standing wave.
=ti +i- +i -- +il
(A) -n + nni- n ii + l+=i ~- iin +i -i l-- t-i t
(B*) ~ nini - n n i i + l+=i ii ~- iin +i -i l-- t-i t
(C) -n + nni- n =ni- n-i: + =n-- ~- iini +i -i( (+ =ni- ti-i t
(D) ~ nini - n n =ni- n-i: + =n-- ~- iini +i -i ( (+ =ni- ti -i t
10. In a stationary wave, HCV_Ch-15_Obj II_10
(A) all the particles of the medium vibrate in phase
(B) all the antinodes vibrate in phase
(C*) the alternate antinodes vibrate in phase
(D*) all the particles between consecutive nodes vibrate in phase
l+=i ~nini -n n
(A) nin + =n-- +i =ni- +ni n +--- +- t
(B) =n-- -< =ni- +ni n +--- +- t
(C*) (+i- -< =ni- +ni n +--- +- t
(D*) <i +nin- l--<i + i- in =n-- +i =ni- +ni n +--- +- t
WORKED OUT EXAMPLES
1. The displacement of a particle of a string carrying a travelling wave is given by
y = (3.0 cm) sin 6.28 (0.50x 50t),
where x is in centimeter and t in second. Find (a) the amplitude, (b) the wavelength, (c) the frequency and (d)
the speed of the wave.
Sol. Comparing with the standard wave equation
y = Asin (kx et) = A sin 2t |
.
|
\
|

T
t x
we see that,
amplitude = A = 3.0 cm,
wavelength = =
50 . 0
1
cm = 2.0 cm,
and the frequency = v =
T
1
= 50 Hz.
The speed of the wave is u = v
= (50 s
1
) (2.0 cm) = 100 cm/s.
2. The equation for a wave travelling in x-direction on a string is
y = (3.0 cm) sin (3.14 cm
1
) x (314 s
1
) t].
(a) Find the maximum velocity of a particle of the string.
(b) Find the acceleration of a particle at x = 6.0 cm at time t = 0.11 s.
Sol. (a) The velocity of the particle at x at time t is
v =
t
y
c
c
= (3.0 cm) ( 314 s
1
) cos [(3.14 cm
1
) x (314 s
1
)t]
= ( 9.4 m/s) cos [(3.14 cm
1
) x (314 s
1
) t].
Page # 9
The maximum velocity of particle will be
v = 9.4 m/s.
(b) The acceleration of the particle at x at time t is
a =
t
v
c
c
= (9.4 m/s) (314 s
1
) sin [(3.14 cm
1
) x (314 s
1
) t ]
= (2952 m/s
2
) sin [(3.14 cm
1
) x (314 s
1
) t]
The acceleration of the particle at x = 6.0 cm at time
t = 0.11 s is a = (2952 m/s
2
) sin [6t 11t] = 0.
3. A long string having a cross-sectional area 0.80 mm
2
and density 12.5 g/cm
3
, is subjected to a tension of 64
N along the X-axis. One end of this string is attached to a vibrator moving in transverse direction at a
frequency of 20 Hz. At t = 0, the source is at a maximum displacement y = 1.0 cm. (a) Find the speed of the
wave travelling on the string. (b) Write the equation for the wave. (c) What is the displacement of the particle
of the string at x = 50 cm at time t = 0.05 s? (d) What is the velocity of this particle at this instant ?
Sol.(a) The mass of 1 m long part of the string is
m = (0.80 mm
2
) (1 m) (12.5 g /cm3)
= (0.80 10
6
m
3
) (1.25 10
3
kg/m
3
)
= 0.01 kg.
The linear mass density is = 0.01 kg/m. The wave speed is u = / F
=
m / kg 01 . 0
N 64
= 80 m/s.
(b) The amplitude of the source is A= 1.0 cm and the frequency is v = 20 Hz. The angular frequency is e = 2tv
= 40 ts
1
. Also at t = 0, the displacement is equal to its amplitude i.e., at t = 0, x =A. The equation of motion
of the source is, therefore,
y = (1.0 cm) cos [(40t s
1
)t] ..........(i)
The equation of the wave travelling on the string along the positive X-axis is obtained by replacing t with t x/
v in equation (i). It is, therefore,
y = (1.0 cm) cos (
|
.
|
\
|
t

v
x
t ) s 40 (
1
= (1.0 cm cos (
|
.
|
\
| t
t

x m
2
t ) s 40 (
1 1
, ...........(ii)
(c) The displacement of the particle at x = 50 cm at time t = 0.05s is by the equation (ii),
y = (1.0 cm) cos [(40 t s
1
)] (0.05 s)
|
.
|
\
| t
1
m
2
(0.5 ml)]
= (1.0 cm) cos (
t
t
4
2
=
2
cm 0 . 1
= 0.71 cm
(d) The velocity of the particle at position x at time t is, by equation (ii),
v =
t
y
c
c
= (1.0 cm) (40 t s
1
) sin (
|
.
|
\
| t
t

x m
2
t ) s 40 (
1 1
.
Putting the values of x and t,
v = (40t cm/s) sin
|
.
|
\
| t
t
4
2
=
2
40t
cm/s = 89 cm/s
4. The speed of a transverse wave, going on a wire having a length 50 cmand mass 5.0 g, is 80 m/s. The area
of cross-section of the wire is 1.0 mm
2
and its Youngs modulus is 16 10
11
N/m
2
. Find the extension of the
wire over its natural length.
Sol. The linear mass density is
=
m 10 50
kg 10 5
2
3
= 1.0 10
2
kg/m.
Page # 10
The wave speed is v = / F .
Thus, the tension is v = F = v
2
=
|
.
|
\
|

m
kg
10 0 . 1
2
6400
2
2
s
m
= 64 N.
The Youngs modulus is given by
Y =
L / L
A / F
A
.
The extension is, therefore,
AL =
AY
FL
=
) m / N 10 16 ( ) m 10 0 . 1 (
) m 50 . 0 ( ) N 64 (
2 11 2 6

= 0.02 mm.
5. Auniform rope of length 12 m and mass 6 kg hangs vertically from a rigid support. Ablock of mass 2 kg is
attached to the free end of the rope. Atransverse pulse of wavelength 0.06 m is produced at the lower end of
the rope. What is the wavelength of the pulse when it reaches the top of the rope?
Sol. As the rope is heavy, its tension will be different at different points. The tension at the free end will be (2 kg)
g and that at the upper end it will be (8 kg) g.
Wehave, v = v
or, / F = v
or,
/ F
= v ..........(i)
The frequency of the wave pulse will be the same everywhere on the rope as it depends only on the frequency
of the source. The mass per unit length is also the same throughout the rope as it is uniform. Thus, by (i)
F
is constant.
Hence,
m 06 . 0
g ) kg 2 (
=
1
g ) kg 8 (
,
where
1
is the wavelength at the top of the rope. This gives
1
= 0.12 m.
6. Two waves passing through a region are represented by
y = (1.0 m) sin [(3.14 cm
1
) x (157 s
1
) t]
and y = (1.5 cm) sin [(1.57 cm
1
)x (314 s
1
) t].
Find the displacement of the particle at x = 4.5 cm at time t = 5.0 ms.
Sol. According to the principle of superposition, each wave produces its disturbance independent of the other and
the resultant disturbance is equal to the vector sum of the individual disturbance. The displacements of the
particle at x = 4.5 cm at time t = 5.0 ms due to the two waves are,
y
1
= (1.0 cm) sin [(3.14 cm
1
) (4.5 cm)]
(157 s
1
) (5.0 10
3
s)]
= (1.0 cm) sin (
t
t
4
5 . 4
= (1.0 cm) sin (
t
+ t
4
4
=
2
cm 0 . 1
and
y
2
= (1.5 cm) sin [(1.57 cm
1
)(4.5 cm) (314 s
1
) (5.0 10
3
s)]
Page # 11
= (1.5 cm) sin (
t
t
2
25 . 2
= (1.5 cm ) sin (
t
t
4
2
= (1.5 cm) sin
4
t
=
2
cm 5 . 1
The net displacement is
y = y
1
+ y
2
=
2
cm 5 . 0
= 0.35 cm.
7. The vibrations of a string fixed at both ends are described by the equation
y = (5.00 mm) sin [(1.57 cm
1
) x] sin [(314 s
1
)t].
(a) What is the maximum displacement of the particle at x = 5.66 cm? (b) What are the wavelengths and the
wave speeds of the two transverse waves that combine to give the above vibration? (c) What is the velocity of
the particle at x = 5.66 cm at time t = 2.00 s? (d) if the length of the string is 10.0 cm, locate the nodes and
the antinodes. Howmany loops are formed in the vibration?
Sol. (a) The amplitude of the vibration of the particle at position x is
A = |(5.00 mm) sin [(1.57 cm
1
) x ]|.
For x = 5.66 cm,
A = (

t
66 . 5
2
sin ) mm 00 . 5 (
=
|
.
|
\
| t
+ t
3
5 . 2 sin ) mm 00 . 5 (
=
3
cos ) mm 00 . 5 (
t
= 2.50 mm
(b) From the given equation, the wave number k = 1.57 cm
1
and
the angular frequency e= 314 s
1
.
Thus, the wavelength is
=
k
2t
=
1
cm 57 . 1
14 . 3 2
= 4.00 cm
and the frequency is v =
1
1
cm 57 . 1
s 314
2

=
t
e
= 50 s
1
.
The wave speed is v = v = (50 s
1
) (4.00 cm) = 2.00 m/s.
(c) The velocity of the particle at position x at time t is given by
v =
t
y
c
c
= (5.00 mm) sin [(1.57 cm
1
) x ]
[314 s
1
cos (314 s
1
)t]
= (157 cm/s) sin (1.57 cm
1
) x cos (314 s
1
) t.
Putting x = 5.66 cm and t = 2.00 s, the velocity of this particle at the given instant is
(157 cm/s) sin
|
.
|
\
| t
+
t
3 2
5
cos (200 t)
= (157 cm/s) cos
3
t
1 = 78.5 cm/s.
(d) the nodes occur where the amplitude is zero i.e.,
sin (1.57 cm
1
) x = 0.
or,
|
.
|
\
| t
1
cm
2
x = nt,
where n is an integer.
Thus, x = 2 n cm.
The nodes, therefore, occur at x = 0,2 cm, 4 cm, 6 cm, 8 cm and 10 cm. Antinodes occur in between them
i.e., at x = 1 cm, 3 cm, 5 cm, 7 cm and 9 cm. The string vibrates in 5 loops.
8. A guitar string is 90 cm long and has a fundamental frequency of 124 Hz. Where should it be pressed to
produce a fundamental frequency of 186 Hz?
Sol. The fundamental frequency of a string fixed at both ends is given by
Page # 12
v =
L 2
1
F
.
As F and are fixed,
1
2
2
1
L
L
v
v
=
or, L
2
=
2
1
v
v
L
1
=
Hz 186
Hz 124
(90 cm) = 60 cm.
Thus, the string should be pressed at 60 cm from an end.
9. A sonometer wire has a total length of 1m between the fixed ends. Where should the two bridges be placed
belowthe wire so that the three segments of the wire have their fundamental frequencies in the ration 1 : 2 :
3 ?
Sol. Suppose the lengths of the three segments are L
1
, L
2
and L
3
respectively. The fundamental frequencies are
v
1
=

F
L 2
1
1
v
2
=

F
L 2
1
2
v
3
=

F
L 2
1
3
so that v
1
L
1
= v
2
L
2
= v
3
L
3
. ....(i)
As v
1
: v
2
: v
3
= 1 : 2 : 3, we have
v
2
= 2 v
1
and v
3
= 3 v
1
so that by (i)
L
2
=
2
1
v
v
L
1
=
2
L
1
and L
3
=
3
L
L
v
v
1
1
3
1
=
As L
1
+ L
2
+ L
3
= 1 m,
we get L
1
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
3
1
2
1
1
= 1m
or, L
1
=
11
6
m.
Thus, L
2
=
2
L
1
=
11
3
m and L
3
=
11
2
3
L
1
=
m.
one bridge should be placed at
11
6
m from one end and the other should be placed at
11
2
m from the other
end.
10. A wire having a linear mass density 5.0 10
3
kg/m is stretched between two rigid supports with a tension of
450 N. The wire resonates at a frequency of 420 Hz. The next higher frequency at which the same wire
resonates is 490 Hz. Find the length of the wire.
Sol. Suppose the wire vibrates at 420 Hz in its nth harmonic and at 490 Hz in its (n + 1)th harmonic.
420 s
1
=
L 2
n
F
....(i)
and 490 s
1
=
L 2
) 1 n ( +
F
....(ii)
This gives
420
490
=
n
1 n +
or, n = 6.
Putting the value in (i),
Page # 13
420 s
1
=
L 2
6
m / kg 10 0 . 5
N 450
3
=
L
900
m/s
or, L =
420
900
m = 2.1 m
EXERCISE
1. A wave pulse passing on a string with a speed of 40 cm/s in the negative x-direction has its maximum at x
= 0 at t = 0. Where will this maximum be located at t = 5 s ?
(+ ii n (+ -n -< +iin+x- l<zii n 40 cm/s -in = nn- + ti t. t = 0 :=+i -l--a x = 0
t t = 5 =+ t -l--a +ti tini`
1. At x = 2m
2. The equation of a wave travelling on a string stretched along the X-axis is given by
y = A
2
T
t
a
x
e
|
.
|
\
|
+
(a) Write the dimensions of A, a and T. (b) Find the wave speed. (c) In which direction is the
wave travelling? (d) Where is the maximum of the pulse located at t = T? At t = 2T?
2. (a) L, L, T (b) a/T (c) negative x-direction (d) x = a and x = 2a
X-~-i + ~-l<zi --i t: i i n nn- + ti - n +i =ni+i
y = A
2
T
t
a
x
e
|
.
|
\
|
+
(a) A, a -ii T +i lni( lnli
(b) -n +i -in ai- +il
(c) -n l+= l<zii n nn- + ti t ?
(d) t = T?At t = 2T ~li+-n -< l+= -ii-i tin
3. Figure shows a wave pulse at t = 0. The pulse moves to the right with a speed of 10 cm/s. Sketch the shape
of the string at t = 1 s, 2 s and 3 s.
l-zi n t = 0 (+ - n -< <ziii ni t -< <ii ~i 10 cm/s -in = nl-ziin t t = 1 =+, 2 = + -ii
3 = + i i +i ~i+ l- -i:
4. A pulse travelling on a string is represented by the function
y =
2 2
3
a ) vt x (
a
+
,
where a = 5 mm and v = 20 cm/s. Sketch the shape of the string at t = 0, 1 s and 2s. Take x = 0 in the
middle of the string.
l+=i ii n nn- + ti - < l--- +n- ,ii +- l+i i-i t
y =
2 2
3
a ) vt x (
a
+
,
ti a = 5 lnni -ii v = 20 cm/s t t = 0, 1 s -ii 2s ii +i ~i+l- +i iil-zi -i: ii + n l-<
x = 0 ni- lnl
5. The displacement of the particle at x = 0 of a stretched string carrying a wave in the positive
x-direction is given by f(t) =Asin (t/T). The wave speed is v. Write the wave equation.
Page # 14
(+ --i t : i i n i-in+x-l<zii n nn- + ti - n + +ii x= 0 +i +i l-ii- f(t) =Asin (t/T) ,ii +-
l+i i-i t - n +i -in v t - n =ni+i lnli [HCV_Ch-15_Ex_5]
5. f(x, t) = A sin
|
.
|
\
|

vT
x
T
t
6. A wave pulse is travelling on a string with a speed v towards the positive X-axis. The shape of the string at t
= 0 is given by g(x) = A sin (x/a), where A and a are constants.
(a) What are the dimensions of Aand a? (b) Write the equation of the wave for a general time
t, if the wave speed is v. [HCV_Ch-15_ExI_6]
(+ ii n -n - < i-in+ X-~-i + ~- l<zi v -in = nn- + ti t t = 0 i i +i ~i+ l- g(x) =Asin (x/
a), ,ii +- +i i-i t. ti A-ii a l--i+ t
(a) A-ii al--i+ ? (b) l< -n +i -in v t -i l+=i =n t -n +i =ni+i lnli
6. (a) L, L (b) f(x, t) = A sin
a
vt x
7. Awave propagates on a string in the positive x-direction at a velocity v. The shape of the string at t = t
0
is given
by g(x, t
0
) =Asin(x/a). Write the wave equation for a general time t.
l+=i i i n (+ - n v -in = i-in+x-l<zii n nn- + ti t t = t
0
i i +i ~i+ l- g(x, t
0
) =Asin(x/a) ,ii
+- +i i-i t l+=i =n t + ln - n =ni+i lnli
7. f(x, t) = A sin
a
) t t ( v x
0

8. The equation of a wave travelling on a string is
y = (0.10 mm) sin (31.4 m
1
)x + 314 s
1
)t ]
(a) In which direction does the wave travel?
(b) Find the wave speed, the wavelength and the frequency of the wave.
(c) What is the maximum displacement and the maximum speed of a portion of the string ?
8. (a) negative x-direction (b) 10 m/s, 20 cm, 50 Hz (c) 0.10 mm, 3.14 cm/s
i i n nn- + ti -n +i =ni+i l--- t
y = (0.10 mm) sin (31.4 m
1
)x + 314 s
1
)t ]
(a) - n l+= l<zii n nn- +ni ?
(b) -n + ln . -n +i -in. -n< -ii ~i l- ai- +il
(c) i i + l+=i iin +i. ~li+-n l-ii- -ii ~li+-n -in l+--i ti =+-i t ?
8. (a) negative x-direction (b) 10 m/s, 20 cm, 50 Hz (c) 0.10 mm, 3.14 cm/s
9. Awave travels along the positive x-direction with a speed of 20 m/s. The amplitude of the wave is 0.20 cmand
thewavelength2.0cm. (a) writeasuitablewaveequationwhichdescribes this wave. (b) What is thedisplacement
and velocity of the particle at x = 2.0 cm at time t = 0 according to the wave equation written? Can you get
different values of this quantity if the wave equation is written in a different fashion?
(+ -n i-in+ x-l<zii n 20 m/s -in = nn- + ti t -n +i ~iin 0.20 cm -ii -n< 2.0 cm.
(a) := -n +i +- +- ini -l-- -n =ni+i lnli-
(b) lnli t: =ni+i + ~-=i =n t = 0 . x = 2.0 =ni l-i- +i +i l-ii- ( n l+--i tini `
l< - n =ni+i l+=i ~- n lnii i-i -i +i ~i :- ilzii + li-- ni- i-- +- `
9. (a) y = (0.20 cm) sin [(t cm
1
) x (2t 10
3
s
1
)] (b) zeor, 4t m/s
10. A wave is described by the equation
y = (1.0 mm) sin t
|
|
.
|
\
|
s 01 . 0
t
cm 0 . 2
x
.
(a) Find the time period and the wavelength. (b) write the equation for the velocity of the particles. Find the
speed of the particles at x = 1.0 cm at time t = 0.01 s. (c) what are the speeds of the particles at x = 3.0 cm,
5.0 cm and 7.0 cm at t = 0.01 s ? (d) What are the speeds of the particles at x = 1.0 cm at t = 0.011, 0.012,
and 0.013 s?
10. (a) 20 ms, 4.0 cm (b) zero (c) zero (d) 9.7 cm/s, 18 cm/s, 25 cm/s
(+ - n l--- =ni+i ,ii +- +i i-i t
Page # 15
y = (1.0 mm) sin t
|
|
.
|
\
|
s 01 . 0
t
cm 0 . 2
x
.
(a) ~i-+in -ii -n< ai- +il (b) +i + n +i =ni+i lnli =n t = 0.01 =+ x = 1.0 = ni
l-i- +i +i -in ai- +il (c) =n t = 0.01 = + x = 3.0 =ni, 5.0 = ni -ii 7.0 = ni l-i- +i +i
-in ai- +il (d) x = 1.0 =ni l-i- +ii +i -in t = 0.011, 0.012, -ii 0.013 =+ +i tini `
10. (a) 20 ms, 4.0 cm (b) zero (c) zero (d) 9.7 cm/s, 18 cm/s, 25 cm/s
11. A particle on a stretched string supporting a travelling wave, takes 5.0 ms to move from its mean position to
the extreme position. The distance between two consecutive particles, which are at their mean positions, is
2.0 cm. Find the frequency, the wavelength and the wave speed.
(+ --i t : i i +i +i. l=n (+ - n nn- + ti t . ni l-il- = ~ l-n l-il- -+ nl- +- n 5.0 lnni = +
nni-i t ni l-il-i l-i- <i +nin- +ii + n +i < i 2.0 = ni t ~i l- - n< -ii - n +i -in ai-
+il
11. 50 Hz, 4.0 cm, 2.0 m/s
12. Figure shows a plot of the transverse displacements of the particles of a string at t = 0 through which a
travelling wave is passing in the positive x-direction. The wave speed is 20 cm/s. Find (a) the amplitude,(b)
the wavelength, (c) the wave number and (d) the frequency of the wave.
(+ i i n (+ - n i-in+x-l<zii +i ~i nn- + ti t . l-zi n t = 0 :=+ +ii + ~- -i l-ii-i <zii -i
nii t -n +i -in 20 cm/s t ai- +il (a) ~iin,(b) -n<, (c)-n =i -ii (d) -n +i ~il-i
12. (a) 1.0 mm (b) 4 cm (c) 1.6 cm
1
(d) 5 Hz
13. A wave travelling on a string at a speed of 10 m/s causes each particle of the string to oscillate with a time
period of 20 ms. (a) What is the wavelength of the wave ? (b) If the displacement of a particle is 1.5 mm at a
certain instant, what will be the displacement of a particle 10 cm away from it at the same instant ?
(+ i i n 10 m/s -in = nn- + ti -n + +ii i i +i + +i 20 lnni =+ ~i- +in + =ii <in-
+-i t (a) -n +i - n< l+--i t` (b) l< l+=i -ii (+ +i l-ii- 1.5 lnni t -i :=i -ii :== 10
=ni < l-i- l+=i +i +i l-ii- l+--i tini `
13. (a) 20 cm (b) 1.5 mm
14. A steel wire of length 64 cm weighs 5 g. If it is stretched by a force of 8 N, what would be the speed of a
transverse wave passing on it?
64 =ni n- +i -in + -i +i ii 5 nin t l< :=+i 8 Nn = -i-i i . :== n- ini ~- -i - n
+i -in l+--i ti ni `
14. 32 m/s
15. A string of length 20 cm and linear mass density 0.40 g/cm is fixed at both ends and is kept under a tension
of 16 N. Awave pulse in produce at t = 0 near an end as shown in figure, which travels towards the other end.
(a) When will the string have the shape shown in the figure again? (b) Sketch the shape of the string at a time
half of that found in part (a). [HCV_Ch-15_Ex_15]
20 =ni n-i -ii 0.40 n in=ni li < ni- i- ini ii +i <i -i l=i +=+ 16 -- --i = -i-i ni
t l-zii- =i t = 0 :=+ (+ l= (+ - n - < --- l+i ni t. i < = l= +i ~i nn- + ti t (a)
i i +i ~i+ l- - l-zii- =i + ti ni ` (b) iin(a) n i-- =n = ~ii =n i i +i ~i+ l- +i iil-zi -i:
15. (a) 0.02 s
16. A string of linear mass density 0.5 g/cm and a total length 30 cm is tied to a fixed wall at one end and to a
frictionless ring at the other end (figure). The string can move on a vertical rod. Awave pulse is produced on
Page # 16
the string which moves towards the ring at a speed of 20 cm/s. The pulse is symmetric about its maximum
which is located at a distance of 20 cmfrom the end joined to the ring. (a) Assuming that the wave is reflected
fromthe ends without loss of energy, find the time taken by the string to regain its shape. (b) The shape of the
string changes periodically with time. Find this time period (c) What is the tension in the string ?
(+ i i +i li < ni- i- 0.5 n in= ni t -ii :=+i + n n-i: 30 = ni t . :=+i (+ l=i <ii n +=i t ~i
t -ii < =i l=i (+ ii i lt- n = ii t ~i t (l-zi). n -i i z nl- + =+-i t i i n (+
- n- < --- l+i ni t i n +i ~i 20 = ni= -in = nn- + ti t ` - < n = i t( l= = 20
= ni < t -ii :=+ ----n l-< + <i -i ~i =nln- t (a) t ni- nil l+ - n l=i l-i -i til- + il- -
ti -i t . i i +i - ti ~i+ l- i-- +- n nn- ini =n ai- +il (b) i i +i ~i l- =n + =ii ~i-i
= ll- - ti -i t. ~i- +in ai- +il (c) i i n --i l+--i t ` [HCV_Ch-15_Ex_16]
16. (a) 2 s (b) 3 s (c) 2 10
3
N
17. Two wires of different densities but same area of cross-section are soldered together at one end and are
stretched to a tensionT. The velocity of a transverse wave in the first wire is double of that in the second wire.
Find the ratio of the density of the first wire to that of the second wire.
li--li-- i- l+-- =ni- ~- -i +i -i zi+n in <i -i (+ l= nin + i n t (soldered) -ii T --i
= -i- n t in -i n (+ ~- -i - n +i n. < = -i n n +i <n-i t in -i + i- = <= -i +
i- +i ~-i- ai- +il
17. 0.25
18. Atransverse wave described by
y = (0.02 m) sin [(1.0 m
1
) x + (30 s
1
) t]
propagates on a stretched string having a linear mass density of 1.2 10
4
kg/m. Find the tension in the
string.
(+ ~--i -n l---i-=i +- +i i-i t
y = (0.02 ni.) sin [(1.0 ni.
1
) x + (30 =.
1
) t]
t (+ --i t : i i n nn- +-i t l=+i li+ < ni- i- 1.2 10
4
l+n iini. t i i n --i ai- +il
18. 0.108 N
19. Atravelling wave is produced on a long horizontal string by vibrating an end up and down sinusoidally. The
amplitude of vibration is 1.0 cmand the displacement becomes zero 200 times per second. The linear mass
density of the string is 0.10 kg/mand it is kept under a tension of 90N. (a) Find the speed and the wavelength
of the wave. (b) Assume that the wave moves in the positive x-direction and at t = 0, the end x = 0 is at its
positive extreme position. Write the wave equation. (c) Find the velocity and acceleration of the particle at x
= 50 cm at time t = 10 ms.
(+ n-i -i l- i i + (+ l=i +i i+i = - -i- +--- +i+ :=n (+ nini - n --- +i i-i
t +--- +i ~iin 1.0 = ni t -ii l-ii- l- = +200 i zi - ti i-i t i i +i li+ < ni- i- 0.10
l+nini t -ii :=n --i 90 -- t (a) -n +i -in -ii -n --i < ai- +il (b)ni- nil l+ -n
i-in+x l<zii n nn- + ti t -ii t = 0 :=+i x = 0 l=i i-in+ ~li+-n l-il- n t - n =ni+i lnli
(c) =n t == 10 lnni =+ x = 50 =ni l-i- +i +i n -ii i ai- +il
19. (a) 30 m/s, 30 cm (b) y = (1.0 cm) cos 2t (
s 01 . 0
t
cm 30
x
(c) 5.4 m/s, 2.0 km/s
2
20. A string of length 40 cm and weighing 10 g is attached to a spring at one end and to a fixed wall at the other
end. The spring has a spring constant of 160 N/m and is stretched by 1.0 cm. If a wave pulse is produced on
the string near the wall, how much time will it take to reach the spring? HCV_Ch-15_ExI_20
40 = ni n-i -ii 10 n in ii ini i i +i (+ l=i l- n = -ii < =i l=i <ii = i t ~i t l- n l--i +160
- -ni. t -ii t 1.0 = ni =il- t l< i i n <ii + =ni - n- < --- l+i i -i t l- n -+ l+--
=n n t-ni`
Ans. 0.05 s
Page # 17
21. Two blocks each having a mass of 3.2 kg are connected by a wire CDand the systemis suspended fromthe
ceiling by another wireAB (figure). The linear mass density of the wireAB is 10 g/m and that of CD is 8 g/m.
Find the speed of a transverse wave pulse produced inAB and in CD
(+ -i CD= <i n + t ( t . + +i < ni-3.2 l+n i t -ii t l-+i (+ ~- -i AB ,ii z- = n+ii
ni t (l-zi) -i AB +i li+ i- 10 n inni. -ii CD +i 8 n inni. t AB ( CDn --- ~--i - n - < +i
-in ai- +il
21. 79 m/s and 63 m/s
22. In the arrangement shown in figure, the string has mass of 4.5 g. Howmuch time will it take for a transverse
disturbance produced at the floor to reach the pulley ? Take g = 10 m/s
2
.
l-zi n <zii i ni -ii n . i i +i < ni- 4.5 g t i i n +zi + =ni --- ~- v-i l-ii i +i li-i -+ t --
n l+--i =n nnni ? g = 10 m/s
2
nil-( [M.Bank(07-08)_HCV_Ch.15_Ex._22]
Ans. 0.02 s
Sol. v =

T
t =
v
2
=

T
2
= 2
LMg
m
t = 2
) 10 ( ) 2 ( ) 25 . 2 (
10 5 . 4
3
= 0.02 sec.
23. A 4.0 kg block is suspended from the ceiling of an elevator through a string having a linear mass density of
19.2 10
3
kg/m. Find the speed (with respect to the string) with which a wave pulse can proceed on the
string if the elevator accelerates up at the rate of 2.0 m/s
2
. Take g = 10 m/s
2
.
(+ ln+ +i z- = 19.2 10
3
l+n ini. li+ i- ini i i +i =ti-i = (+40 l+n i < ni- +i n +i n+ii
ni t l< ln+ 2.0 ni.= .
2
+i < - +i ~i l- ti ti ti -i i i n (+ -n - < + nn- +i -in(i i
+ =i -i) ai- +il
23. 50 m/s
24. Aheavy ball is suspended from the ceiling of a motor car through a light string. Atransverse pulse travels at
a speed of 60 cm/s on the string when the car is at rest and 62 cm/s when the car accelerates on a horizontal
road. Find the acceleration of the car. Take g = 10 m/s
2
.
(+ ni +i +i z- = (+ t-+i i i +i =ti-i = (+ iii n < n+ii ni t +i lini-ii n t -i (+
~- -i -< i i n 60 =ni= -in = -ii +i -il- =+ l- t -i 62 =ni= -in = nn- +-i t
+i +i i ai- +il ( g = 10 ni.=.
2
)
24. 3.7 m/s
2
25. A circular loop of string rotates about its axis on a frictionless horizontal plane at a uniform rate so that the
tangential speed of any particle of the string is v. If a small transverse disturbance is produced at a point of
the loop, with what speed (relative to the string) will this disturbance travel on the string ?
Page # 18
(+ -i l- ( ii i lt- =n-n (+ i i +i -ii+i n ~-i ~-i + il- (+ =ni- < = i i - + ti t .l==
i i + l+=i ii +i +i -zi ii -inv t l< n + l+=i l-< (+ ~- ~- -i l-ii i --- l+i i .
-i t l-ii i i i l+= -in = (i i + =i -i ) nn- + ni `
25. v
26. A heavy but uniformrope of length L is suspended from a ceiling. (a) Write the velocity of a transverse wave
travelling on the string as a function of the distance from the lower end. (b) If the rope is given a sudden
sideways jerk at the bottom, how long will it take for the pulse to reach the ceiling? (c) Aparticle is dropped
from the ceiling at the instant the bottom end is given the jerk. Where will the particle meet the pulse?
26. (a) gx (b) g / L 4 (c) at a distance
3
L
from the bottom
L n-i: +i (+ iii l+-- (+ =ni- -=i z- = n+ii ni t (a) i i n nn- +- in ~- -i = + - +i -in.
i i + l--n l= = < i + +n- + n lnli (b) l< i i +i -i- ~-i-+ nn n n+i l<i i . z- -+
=+- t-- n l+--i =n nnni ` (c) Aparticle is dropped from the ceiling at the instant the bottom end is
given the jerk. Where will the particle meet the pulse?
26. (a) gx (b) g / L 4 (c) at a distance
3
L
from the bottom
27. Two long strings A and B, each having linear mass density 1.2 10
2
kg/m, are stretched by different
tensions 4.8 N and 7.5 N respectively and are kept parallel to each other with their left ends at x = 0. Wave
pulses are produced on the strings at the left ends at t = 0 on stringAand at t = 20 ms on string B. When and
where will the pulse on B overtake that on A?
<i n-i i li A-ii B + +i li+ < ni- i- 1.2 10
2
l+n ini. t . li--li-- --ii +nzi 4.8 - - (
7.5 -- = --i t: t -ii ili :-+i ii l=i x = 0 i- t( - =ni-i- ii ni t ii An t = 0
-ii Bn t = 20 lnni = + i li + i l= ~- -i -< --- l+ i- t + -ii l+= -ii-
ii B +i -< ii A+ -< = ~in l-+n ini `
27. at t = 100 ms at x = 2.0 m
28. Atransverse wave of amplitude 0.50 mm and frequency 100 Hz is produced on a wire stretched to a tension
of 100 N. If the wave speed is 100 m/s, what average power is the source transmitting to the wire?
100 - - --i = -- t( -i n 0.50 lnni ~iin -ii 100 t ~il- +i ~--i - n --- +i i-i t l<
- n +i -in 10 ni= t . -zii - ,ii -i +i ~i =- l+--i zil+- -ii-i -l- +i i ti t
28. 49 mW
29. A200 Hz wave with amplitude 1 mmtravels on a long string of linear mass density 6 g/mkept under a tension
of 60 N. (a) Find the average power transmitted across a given point on the string. (b) Find the total energy
associated with the wave in a 2.0 m long portion of the string. [HCV_Ch-15_Ex_29]
6 g/m < ni- i- -ii 60 N--i = --i t : (+ n-i i i 200 Hz ~i l- -ii 1 mm~iin ini - n nl-ni-
t (a) i i + l+=i l< n l-< = = -l- ~i =- zil+- ai- +il( (b) i i + 2.0 mii n- iin n - n = =-z
+n -i ai- +il(
29. (a) 0.47 W (b) 9.4 mJ
30. A tuning fork of frequency 440 Hz is attached to a long string of linear mass density 0.01 kg/m kept under a
tension of 49 N. The fork produces transverse waves of amplitude 0.50 mm on the string. (a) Find the wave
speed and the wavelength of the waves. (b) Find the maximum speed and acceleration of a particle of the
string. (c) At what average rate is the tuning fork transmitting energy to the string?
49 - - --i = --i t : -ii 0.01 l+n ini li+ < ni- i- ini i i = 440 t ~i l- +i (+ -lzil,i
i t ~i t -lzi ii n 0.50lnni ~iin +i ~- -i - n --- +-i t (a) - ni +i - n -in -ii - n <
ai- +il (b) i i + l+=i +i +i ~li+-n -in ( i ai- +il (c) -lzi l+= ~i =- < = i i +i -i
-ii-i-l- + ti t `
30. (a) 70 m/s, 16 cm (b) 1.4 m/s, 3.8 km/s (c) 0.67 W
31. Two waves, travelling in the same direction through the same region, have equal frequencies, wavelengths
and amplitudes. If the amplitude of each wave is 4 mm and the phase difference between the waves is 90,
what is the resultant amplitude?
(+ ti -i zi n <i - n (+ ti l<zii n nn- + ti t . :-+i ~i l-i . - n< ( ~iin (+ =ni- t l< + - n
Page # 19
+i ~iin 4 lnni t -ii - ni + n +ni-- 90 t. liini ~iin l+--i tini`
31. 4 2 mm
32. Figure shows two wave pulses at t = 0 travelling on a string in opposite directions with the same wave speed
50 cm/s. Sketch the shape of the string at t = 4 ms, 8 ms and 12 ms. [HCV_Ch-15_Ex_32]
l-zi n <ziii ni t l+ (+ ii n t = 0 <i -n - < ll- l<zii n =ni- -n -in 50 =ni= = nn- +
t t t = 4 lnni =+ 8 lnni =+ ( 12 lnni =+ i i +i ~i+l- +i iil-zi -i:
33. Two waves, each having a frequency of 100 Hz and a wavelength of 2.0 cm, are travelling in the same
direction on a string. What is the phase difference between the waves (a) if the second wave was produced
0.015 s later than the first one at the same place, (b) if the two waves were produced a distance 4.0 cm
behind the second one? (c) If each of the waves has an amplitude of 2.0 mm, what would be the amplitudes
of the resultant waves in part (a) and (b) ?
(+ i i n (+ ti l<zii n <i - n nn- + ti t . + +i ~i l- 100 t -ii - n< 2.0 = ni t - ni + n
+ni - l+--i ti ni (a) l< l,-i - n 0.015 = + z-i- --- +i n: in -=i -ii- ii (b) l< <i -i
- n (+ ti -ii --- +i ni l+-- in < =i = 4.0 = ni iz --- +i ni` (c) l< l+-- - n +i ~iin 2.0
lnni t. -i iin (a) -ii (b) n liini -ni + ~iin l+-- ti n `
33. (a) 3t (b) 4t (c) zero, 4.0 mm
34. If the speed of a transverse wave on a stretched string of length 1 m is 60 m/s, what is the fundamental
frequencyof vibration?
l< 1 ni. n-i --i t: ii n ~- -i -n +i -in 60 ni= t. +--- +i nn ~il-i l+--i tini `
34. 30 Hz
35. Awire of length 2.00 m is stretched to a tension of 160 N. If the fundamental frequency of vibration is 100 Hz,
find its linear mass density.
2.00 ni. n-i (+ -i 160 - - --i = ii-i ni t l< +--- +i n n ~i l-i 100 t t . :=+i li+ < ni-
i- ai- +il
35. 1.00 g/m
36. A steel wire of mass 4.0 g and length 80 cm is fixed at the two ends. The tension in the wire is 50 N. Find the
frequency and wavelength of the fourth harmonic of the fundamental.
4.0 n in < ni- -ii 80 = ni n-i: ini -in +i (+ -i <i -i l=i +=i t ~i t -i n 50 - - --i t n n
= -- i =--il< +i ~il-i ( -n< ai- +il
36. 250 Hz, 40 cm
37. Apiano wire weighing 6.00 g and having a length of 90.0 cm emits a fundamental frequency corresponding to
the Middle C (v = 261.63 Hz). Find the tension in the wire.
li-i + -i +i ii 6.00 n in -ii n-i: 90.0 = ni t . t n C (v = 261.63 t ) + = n- (+ n n ~i l-i ---
+ ti t -i n --i ai- +il
37. 1480 N
38. Asonometer wire having a length of 1.50 mbetween the bridges vibrates in its second harmonic in resonance
with a tuning fork of frequency 256 Hz. What is the speed of the transverse wave on the wire?
(+ -nii + -i +i = - ~i + n n-i: 1.50 ni. t . t ~- l,-i =--i<i = +--- +-i t ~i 256 t ~i l-i
in -lzi + =ii ~- -i< --- + ti t -i n ~- -i -n +i -in l+--i t` [3 min.]
[M.Bank(07-08)_HCV_Ch.15__Ex._38]
Ans. 384 m/s
Page # 20
Sol. f =
m
T
2
P
1.5m
P = 2
f = 256 Hz
Speed V =
m
T
= f
P
2
= 256
2
5 . 1 2
= 384 m/s.
39. The length of the wire shown in figure between the pulleys is 1.5 mand its mass is 12.0 g. Find the frequency
of vibration with which the wire vibrates in two loops leaving the middle point of the wire between the pulleys
at rest.
l-zi n <lzi - -i +i lil-i + n n-i: 1.5 ni -ii :=+i < ni- 12.0 n in t <i -i lil-i + i- +i -i n
l-< lini-ii n t- t ( -i n i +--- + ti t . +--- +i ~il-i ai- +il
39. 70 Hz
40. Aone metre long stretched string having a mass of 40 g is attached to a tuning fork. The fork vibrates at 128
Hz in a direction perpendicular to the string. What should be the tension in the string if it is to vibrate in four
loops?
40 n in < ni- +i (+ ni n-i --i t : i i (+ n-+- l<zii n 128 t ~i l-i = +--- + ti t l< t
4 n i n +--- + ti t . i i n --i l+--i t ?
40. 164 N
41. A wire, fixed at both ends is seen to vibrate at a resonant frequency of 240 Hz and also at 320 Hz. (a) what
could be the maximumvalue of the fundamental frequency ? (b) If transverse waves can travel on this string
at a speed of 40 m/s, what is its length ? [HCV_Ch-15_ExI_41]
<i -i l=i +=i t ~i (+ -i 240 t ~- -il< ~i l-i -ii =ii ti 320 t ~i l-i + =ii +--- +-i t ~i < ii
i-i t (a) n n ~i l-i +i ~li+-n ni- l+--i ti =+-i t ? (b) l< := i i ~- -i - n 40 ni= -in = nn-
+-i t. :=+i n-i: l+--i t ?
41. (a) 80 Hz (b) 25 cm
42. Astring, fixed at both ends, vibrates in a resonant mode with a separation of 2.0 cmbetween the consecutive
nodes. For the next higher resonant frequency, this separation is reduced to 1.6 cm. Find the length of the
string. [HCV_Ch-15_ExI_42]
<i -i l=i +=i t : i i ~- -il< lii n := +i +--- + ti t l+ <i +nin- l-- <i + n2.0 = ni ~ -in
t ~nni --- ~- -il< ~i l-i + ln . t ~ -in +n ++ 1.6 = ni + l<i ni t i i +i n-i: ai- +il
42. 8.0 cm
43. A660 Hz tuning fork sets up vibration in a string clamped at both ends. The wave speed for a transverse wave
on this string is 220 m/s and the string vibrates in three loops. (a) Find the length of the string. (b) If the
maximum amplitude of a particle is 0.5 cm, write a suitable equation describing the motion.
660 t ~i l-i ini (+ -lzi l,i . <i -i l=i +=i t : i i n +--- --- + ti t := i i n ~- -i
- n + ln -n -in220 ni.= t -ii i i -i- ni n +--- + ti t (a) i i +i n-i: ai- +il (b) l<
l+=i +i +i ~li+-n ~iin 0.5 +- + ln -l-- =ni+i lnli
43. (a) 50 cm (b) (0.5 cm) sin [(0.06 t cm
1
)x] cos[(1320 t s
1
)t]
44. A particular guitar wire is 30.0 cm long and vibrates at a frequency of 196 Hz when no finger is placed on it.
The next higher notes on the scale are 220 Hz, 247 Hz, 262 Hz and 294 Hz. Howfar fromthe end of the string
must the finger be placed to play these notes?
(+ llzi lni +i -i 30.0 = ni n-i t -ii := +i : -nni ii t : -ti t 196 t ~i l-i = +---
+ ti t ni- 220 t , 247 t , 262 t -ii 294 t t :- ~i l-i (notes) +i i- + ln l= = l+--i
<i -nni i-i tini `
Page # 21
44. 26.7 cm, 23.8 cm, 22.4 cm and 20.0 cm
45. Asteel wire fixed at both ends has a fundamental frequency of 200 Hz. Aperson can hear sound of maximum
frequency 14 kHz. What is the highest harmonic that can be played on this string which is audible to the
person?
<i -i l=i = += t( (+ -in + -i +i nn ~i l-i 200 t t (+ l+- ~li+-n 14 l+ni t ~i l-i +i
-i =- =+`
45. 70
46. Three resonant frequencies of a string are 90, 150 and 210 Hz. (a) Find the highest possible fundamental
frequency of vibration of this string. (b) Which harmonics of the fundamental are the given frequencies ? (c)
Which overtone are these frequencies. (d) If the length of the string is 80 cm, what would be the speed of a
transverse wave on this string ? [HCV_Ch-15_Ex_46]
(+ i i +i -i- ~- -il< ~i l-ii 90, 150 ( 210 t t (a) := i i + +--- +i ~li+-n =-i n n ~i l-i ai-
+il (b) <i n: ~i l-ii n n +i +i -=i =--il< t ` (c) t ~i l-ii +i -= =--i< t (d) l< i i +i n-i: 80 = ni
t . := ii n ~- -i -n +i -in l+--i t`
46. (a) 30 Hz (b) 3rd, 5th and 7th (c)
47. Two wires are kept tight between the same pair of supports. The tensions in the wires are in the ratio 2 : 1,
the radii are in the radio 3 : 1 and the densities are in the ratio 1 : 2. Find the ratio of their fundamental
frequencies.
<i -i. =tii + (+ ti i + n += t ( t -ii n --ii +i ~-i- 2 : 1, lzii~i +i ~- i- 3 : 1 -ii i-i
+i ~-i- 1 : 2 t :-+i nn ~il-ii +i ~-i- ai- +il
47. 2 : 3
48. A uniform horizontal rod of length 40 cm and mass 1.2 kg is supported by two identical wires as shown in
figure. Where should a mass of 4.8 kg be placed on the rod so that the same tuning fork may excite the wire
on left into its fundamental vibrations and that on right into its first overtone? Take g = 10 m/s
2
.
40 = ni n-i -ii 1.2 l+n i < ni- ini (+ =n z l-zii- =i <i (+ =ni- -ii + =ti = n+i: n: t z
(+ 4.8 l+n i < ni- +ti ii i l+ (+ ti -lzi l,i i -i +i n n lii n -ii <i -i +i in =--i<
n +l-- +` (g = 10 m/s
2
)
48. 5 cm from the left end
49. Figure shows an aluminiumwire of length 60 cmjoined to a steel wire of length 80 cmand stretched between
two fixed supports. The tension produced in 40 N. The cross-sectional area of the steel wire is 1.0 mm
2
and
that of the aluminium wire is 3.0 mm
2
. What could be the minimum frequency of a tuning fork which can
produce standing waves in the system with the joint as a node? The density of aluminium is 2.6 g/cm
3
and
that of steel is 7.8 g/cm
3
.
l-zi n <zii i ni t l+ 60 = ni n-i -i -i n + 80 = ni n- -i = i i ni t -ii <i l-i =ti + n -i-i
ni t --- l+i ni --i 40 -- t -in + -i +i ~- -i +i +i -i zi+n1.0 mm
2
t -ii (- lnl-n +
-i +i 3.0 mm
2
t l+=i -lzi +i - --n ~i l-i l+--i ti -i -ilt l+ t := l-+i n = li l-- < i- t (
~nini -n --- + =+`(-lnl-n +i i- 2.6 g/cm
3
-ii -in +i 7.8 g/cm
3
t
49. 180 Hz
50. A string of length L fixed at both ends vibrates in its fundamental mode at a frequency v and a maximum
amplitudeA. (a) Find the wavelength and the ware number k. (b) Take the origin at one end of the string and
X-axis along the string. Take the Y-axis along the direction of the displacement. Take t = 0 and the instant
when the middle point of the string passes through its mean position and is going towards the positive y-
direction. Write the equation describing the standing wave. [HCV_Ch-15_Ex_50]
L n-i: +i (+ i i <i -i l=i +=i t : t -ii :=+i n n lii n v ~i l-i v ( ~li+-n ~iin A= +--- +
ti t (a) -n< -ii -n = i k ai- +il (b) ii + (+ l= n n l-< -ii X-~-i ii + ~- l<zi ni-
nil Y-~-i l-ii- + ~- l<zi ni- nil l= -ii i i +i n l-< ni l-il- = n ti t -ii
Page # 22
i-in+v l<zii n i ti t t = 0 ni- nil
50. (a) 2L, t/L (b) y =Asin (tx/L) sin (2tvb)
51. A 2 mlong string fixed at both ends is set into vibrations in its first overtone. The wave speed on the string is
200 m/s and the amplitude is 0.5 cm. (a) Find the wavelength and the frequency. (b) Write the equation giving
the displacement of different points as a function of time. Choose the X-axis along the string with the origin
at one end at t = 0 at the instant when the point x = 50 cm has reached its maximum displacement.
<i -i l=i +=i t : 2 ni. n-i (+ i i :=+ in =--i< = +l-- +i: i ti t ii n -n +i -in200
ni= -ii ~iin 0.5 =ni t (a) - n< -ii ~i l-i ai- +il (b) lli-- l-<~i l-ii- +i =n + +n-
+ n =ni+i lnli i i + ~- l<zi X-~-i -ii (+ l= n n l-< ni- nil ( x = 50 = ni l-i-
l-< ~li+-n l-ii- +i l-il- n ti-i t t = 0 ni- nil
51. (a) 2m, 100 Hz (b) (0.5 cm) sin [(tm
1
) x] cos [(200t s
1
)t]
52. The equation for the vibration of a string, fixed at both ends vibrating in its third harmonic, is given by
y = (0.4 cm) sin [(0.314 cm
1
) x] cos [(600 t s
1
) t].
(a) What is the frequency of vibration ? (b) What are the positions of the nodes ? (c) What is the length of the
string ? (d) What is the wavelength and the speed of two travelling waves that can interfere to give this
vibration ?
- -i =-iil< n +--- + ti. <i-i l=i +=i t: ii + +--- +i =ni+i l---i-=i +- +i i-i t
y = (0.4 cm) sin [(0.314 cm
1
) x] cos [(600 t s
1
) t].
(a) +--- +i ~i l-i +i t (b) l-- <i +i l-il-i +i t ? (c) i i +i n-i: l+--i t ? (d) := +--- +i ~ii l-
ti+ --- +- ini <i nini - ni +i ~i l-i ( -in +i t ?
52. (a) 300 Hz (b) 0, 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm (c) 30 cm (D)20 cm, 60 m/s
53. The equation of a standing wave, produced on a string fixed at both ends, is
y = (0.4 cm) sin [(0.314 cm
1
) x] cos [(600t s
1
) t].
What could be the smallest length of the string ? [HCV_Ch-15_Ex_53]
<i -i l=i +=i t : ii n ~ nini -n +i =ni+i t
y = (0.4 cm) sin [(0.314 cm
1
) x] cos [(600t s
1
) t].
ii +i ---n n-i: l+--i t?
53. 10 cm
54. A40cmwirehavingamass of 3.2 gis stretched between twofixed supports 40.05 cmapart. In its fundamental
mode, the wires vibrates at 220 Hz. If the area of cross-section of the wire is 1.0 mm
2
, find its Youngs
modulus.
32 n in <ni- +i 40 = ni n-i -i 40.05 = ni < <i l-i lzi+i + n ii- + +=i ni t :=+i nn lii
n +--- ~i l-i 220 t t l< -i + ~- -i +i +i -i zi+n1.0 mm
2
t . n +i i-i-i n ii + ai- +il
54. 1.98 10
11
N/m
2
55. Figure shows a string stretched by a block going over a pulley. The string vibrates in is length harmonic in
unison with a particular tuning fork. When a beaker containing water is brought under the block so that the
block is completely dipped into the beaker, the string vibrates in is eleventh harmonic. Find the density of the
material of the block.
l-zi n <lzi - i i. li-i = ti + n+i( n n + ,ii ii -i i ti t i i :=+ <= =--il< ,ii ii-i i ti
t i i :=+ <= =--il< n +--- +-i t : (+ llzi -lzi l,i + =ii =n-l- t n + + -i- i-i
= ii t ~i (+ izi nii i-i t ` l== n +i i-i n i i-i t . -i i i :=+ it =--il< n +--- +-i
t n+ + <ii +i i- ai- +il
55. 5.8 11
3
kg/m
3
56. A2.00 mlong rope, having a mass of 80 g, is fixed at one end and is tied to a light string at the other end. The
tension in the string is 256 N. (a) Find the frequencies of the fundamental and the first two overtones. (b) Find
the wavelength in the fundamental and the first two overtones.
Page # 23
(+2.00 ni. n-i i i +i < ni- 80 n in t . t (+ l= +=i t : t -ii < = l= (+ t-+i i i = ii t :
t i i n 256 - - +i --i t (a) n n lii -ii in <i =--i<i +i ~i l-ii ai- +il (b) n n lii -ii in
<i =--i<i +i -n < ai- +il
56. (a) 10 hz, 30 Hz, 50 Hz (b) 8.00 m, 1.60 m
57. Aheavy string is tied at one end to a movable support and to a light thread at the other end as shown in figure.
The thread goes over a fixed pulley and supports a weight to produce a tension. The lowest frequency with
which the heavy string resonates is 120 Hz. If the movable support is pushed to the right by 10 cmso that the
joint is placed on the pulley, what will be the minimum frequency at which the heavy string can resonate?
(+ iii ii +i (+ l=i (+ iii ( nl- +- n =-in =ti = iii n: t -ii :=+i < =i l=i l-zii- =i (+
iin = i ii ni t iini (+ l-i li-i = ti + n ti t -ii :== (+ ii ii t ~i t . l== --i --- ti -i
t - --n ~i l-i l== iii i i ~- -il<- ti =+-i t 120 t t l< nl-ziin =tii <ii ~i 10 = ni ii-i i-i
t . l== = li li--i ~i i-i t . t - --n ~i l-i l+--i ti ni. l== l+ iii i i ~- -il<- ti =+ `
57. 240 Hz.

Wave Motion and String Waves

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Droits d'auteur :

Wave Motion and String Waves

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Droits d'auteur :

Chapter # 15 Wave Motion and Waves on A string

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