abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions Introduction to Hydrocarbon Exploitation 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Work over & Well Intervention Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Workovers any work performed after the initial completion that alters the well performance or mechanical structure. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Well Servicing & Workovers Potential Well Problems Well Servicing and Workover Techniques Intervention Techniques Wireline Coiled Tubing Hydraulic Snubbing Units Surface Well Intervention Technique Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Well Servicing & Workovers During the conceptual design stage it is important to identify any potential reasons for workovers and the applicable techniques. When reviewing the impact of well problems and Workover techniques on the initial completion design, it is important to recognise the risk associated with that problem and the potential consequences. Optimising the completion design around potential well problems and Workover techniques is, like many other issues, a question of balancing risk against likely consequence. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Types of Operations Measurements Maintenances Workover Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Types of Operations Measurements May involve the status of equipment Quality of pay zones-borehole connections Status of reservoir and well equipments etc. Maintenances Simple operations that can be done on a well during production operations Workovers Heavier operations that might require the well to be killed Sometimes carried out with the well under pressure Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Measurement Operations At the Wellhead Pressure and temperatures, variation would mean modification in production conditions. Pressures or loss in pressures in the annulus to check integrity of packers, casing and production strings. In artificial lift operations to monitor stress on rods, pumps or gas lift valves. Safety valve testing etc. At the Tubing Calibrations and checks Corrosion or deposit problems etc. At the Bottom hole Checking top of sediments Production logs density, flow rate or temperature Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Maintenance Operations At the Wellhead Routine operations such as adjusting flow rates Opening and shutting in well. Replacing faulty parts downstream Periodic verification of safety valves etc At the Tubing Operations connected with problems of deposits, corrosions etc Injection of inhibitors, chemicals, de-emulsifiers, anti foaming agents etc. Operations for exchange of equipments downhole etc. At the Bottom hole Sand control, further perforations etc Pumping chemicals etc. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Workover Operations At the Wellhead Leaks in lower master valves, tubing hanger. Problems with SSSV control lines etc Damaged back pressure valves and other wellhead components. At the Tubing Casing or tubing problems/leaks Collapsed, burst or broken pipe Tubing partially or totally plugged. At the Bottom hole Leaks in equipments that has seals such as packers, locators, slip joints etc. Gas lift valves, fish, broken rod, pumping problems Miscellaneous faulty downhole equipment such as sensors, control lines etc. Modification in production conditions Restoration to pay zone bore hole conditions Change in purpose of well Fishing Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Low Reservoir Pressure: The reduction in reservoir pressure and hence flowrates is particularly acute in dissolved gas drive reservoirs. In gas cap and water drive reservoirs, pressure maintenance techniques can often offset the reduction in pressure due to depletion. How to Solve it: Recomplete the well with either smaller tubing or some form of artificial lift. Injection Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Poor Permeability: Fields with low reservoir permeability suffer a rapid decline once the fluids near the wellbore are produced. Matrix acidising is only effective in this situation if formation damage is also present. How to solve it: The most effective method of improving productivity in these types of reservoir is to utilise a large hydraulic fracture treatment. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Wellbore Restrictions: Typical causes of restrictions include scale, sand, paraffin and asphalt etc. Many of these problems may not be apparent during early field life but can become a significant problem as the field matures. How to solve it: A number of techniques, both mechanical and chemical, exist to remove the restriction. However, these workover techniques are remedial techniques and consideration should always be given to the prevention of the problem. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Control of Water Production: Excessive water production can lead to a number of production problems including loss of production and eventual well death expensive treatment and disposal costs, corrosion and scaling. Recovery from water drive reservoirs Significant increase in water production rise in water/oil contact as a result of reservoir depletion How to solve it: Squeeze cementing plugging back and re-completion Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Fingering Water migrating along a high permeability streak. Water Conning water is drawn up from the aquifer either across bedding planes leading to coning. How to solve it: Reduce off take from wells plugging back and re- completion Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Control of Gas Production: Excessive gas production from a well can result from solution gas in the oil evolving as the pressure declines, or as a result of gas encroachment from the gas cap. With pressure decline in saturated oil reservoirs, the gas evolved across the reservoir may migrate to the gas cap. However, the gas evolved near the wellbore as the oil is produced causes an increase in gas saturation and allows the gas to be produced with the oil. How to solve it: High gas/oil ratios (GORs) in this case are a function of the reservoir drive mechanism and cannot usually be remedied by a workover. An increase in GOR can also occur from a lowering of the gas cap into the producing zone and through channels in the cement or casing leaks. This increase in GOR can be temporarily remedied by squeeze cementing and lowering the perforated interval. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Mechanical Failures: Mechanical failures of tubing, casing and downhole equipment often require a workover to rectify the problem. Typical problems would include casing leaks, either as a result of corrosion or collapse, tubing failures, packer failures and downhole safety valve failures. How to solve it: Replacement of downhole components by work over units Expandable tubular Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Primary Cement Failures: A poor primary cement job which leaves channels behind the casing can lead to the influx of unwanted fluids and in certain instances casing collapse. How to solve it: Squeeze cementing Scab liners Expandables Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Potential Well Problems Sand Production: Failure of reservoir formations and subsequent sand production from wellbore can cause Erosion of tubular and components Productivity impairment Clogging of separators How to solve it: Mechanical sand control Screens Gravel pack Frac pack Expandables Sand Management- reservoir pressure maintenance Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Well Servicing & Workover Techniques The most commonly utilised workover techniques include: Wireline operations; slickline, braided line and electric line. Coiled tubing operations. Hydraulic workover operations. Remedial cementing. Concentric workover operations. Full rig workovers. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Operations Technique used to operate in a producing and injecting well by means of a steel cable, to enter, run. set and retrieve measurement tools and instruments needed for production. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Operations Advantages Work can be done inside tubing without killing the well. Operations performed quickly due to lightweight and mobile units. Pay zone not damaged during operation Relatively easy to handle, saving money and number of resources to operate. Limitations Highly skilled personal required to operate. Risky to work in highly deviated wells Can work in tension and moderate loads, no rotation and circulation possible. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Operations Classification Checking and cleaning tubing or bottom hole (checking corrosion, clogging, top of sediment etc. Carrying out measurements (BHT and Pressure, locating surfaces, production logging etc) Running & retrieving operations (setting and pulling SSSV, plugs, chokes, gas lift valves etc) Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Operations Slickline. This is a solid single strand of wire, the commonest size being 0.108in Braided line. This wireline consists of stranded wire resulting in a higher load capacity than slickline. Commonly used sizes are 3/16 and 5/16in commonly used in fishing operations where slickline has insufficient strength to impart the required loads. Electric line. This consists of stranded wire and a conductor capable of transmitting an electrical signal to the surface. any application where an electrical signal needs to be transmitted up or down the well. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Operations The main functions of slickline are as follows: Installation and retrieval of flow control equipment. Running of pressure, temperature and flow monitoring devices. Cleaning the tubing. Bailing fill. Swabbing the well. Fishing equipment. Wireline units are installed on various means of transport including trailers, trucks, boats and barges. Units used on offshore platforms are typically skid mounted. The wireline is spooled on to a reel that is usually hydraulically driven. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Equipment Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Equipment The minimum surface equipment required to perform wireline operations is: Wireline winch unit. Measuring device. Weight indicator. Hay pulley and wireline clamp. Stuffing box. Lubricator. Blowout preventer (BOP). Wireline. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Equipment Winch and Motor Steel drum that holds length of wire Driven by a diesel or gasoline engine or sometimes electrically operated. Engines rated output depends on working depth. Winches are either single or double drum. One spool with slickline and other with braided line used for considerable tension strength. The most common wireline winch unit is skid mounted and has a double drum, one with 20 000 ft of 0.108in wire and the second with 15 000 ft of 7/32in wire. Source :United drilling Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Equipment Cable Steel wire drawn in one piece without any welding or brazing in accordance with API SPEC 9 A. Common diameters are 0.066,0.072,0.082,0.092 and 0.105. Three types of wires are used Ordinary steel Galvanized steel Stainless steel with good H 2 S resistance. The measuring device as the name implies, provides the operator with the location of his tool relative to some datum, usually the swab valve. The operator uses this device to locate the tool string, monitor the speed, and to avoid running the tool string into the stuffing box when pulling out of the hole. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Equipment The weight indicator displays the total load or line tension and is critical to jarring operations to avoid breaking the wire. Types Hydraulic electric The device will also indicate restrictions in the tubing, changes in fluid density losses or increases in weight when setting or retrieving downhole equipment. The hay pulley guides the wire down from the lubricator and out parallel to the floor to the winch drum. The hay pulley is attached to the Xmas tree via the load cell for the weight indicator. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Equipment Lubricator Placed on top of the x-mas tree to allow tools to be run into pressurized well. Serves as intermediary between surface and well. Lower part has quick union on end. Common sections are 8ft long and depend upon length of string that is going to be run. Widespread diameters are 2 to 4and series from 3000 to 10,000 psi. At the base there is a bleed off valve, used when BOP is closed Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Equipment The wireline clamp is used to secure the wire when required e.g. when removing the lubricator. The stuffing box provides the pressure seal on the wire and consists of a packing gland that can be adjusted by means of an external nut. In the event that the wire breaks and is forced out of the packing, there is a an internal BOP plunger that is designed to seal off the stuffing box. Source:www.uniteddrilling.com Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Equipment BOP or wireline valve Located between lubricator and top of wellhead. provides a means of well control in emergency situations. BOPs can either be single or double. The BOP can isolate pressure with or without wire in the well. The BOP rams have resilient seals which can close and seal around a wire, without damaging or cutting the wire. Dual BOPs are normally employed for braided line or fishing operations. Source: Well completions-Perrin Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tool String All equipment placed above specialized tools and run in hole along with them. It is connected to the wire by special socket. Rope Socket Threaded on its lower end and connected to the wire by a knot Spring placed in machine cavity acts as shock absorber. Used to connect the tools to wireline. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tool String Knuckle Joint Provides flexibility to the tool string in deviated holes etc. Prevents wire from twisting around due to tool string dragging against wall Jars Makes it possible to hammer with stems at end of stroke to shear pin. Use for maintenance and fishing operations. Mechanical jars can move upwards/downwards by sudden pulling Hydraulic jars allow only upward pulling Wireline stem or sinker bars Heavy bars that allow string to be run into well despite wellhead pressure and friction. Aids in the jarring of tools. Available in sizes of 2,3 or 5 feet. Knuckle Joint Mechanical Jar Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tools Wireline tools fall into 4 categories- Checking and maintenance tools Running and pulling tools Lock mandrels, downhole tools and others Fishing tools Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tools Checking and maintenance tools Tools screwed directly on the bottom of wireline tool string. Checking and cleaning inside of tubing & bottom of well Swaging tools Straighten tubing walls that have been slightly deformed allowing free passage of wireline tools Gage Cutters Run prior to wireline operations to check the way is clear. Allows some deposits to be cleared. Remove corrosion, paraffin etc. Source: www.rebcooiltools.com Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tools Sand Bailers Used to take sediment fill at the bottom of the well or even clean the bottom Equipped with a check valve Mechanical or hydraulically activated. Scratchers Used to clean the inside of tubing. Source: www.rebcooiltools.com Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tools Running and Pulling tools Specialized tools for pulling and retrieving downhole tools. Downhole tools are attached to the tool string by means of the standard landing and fishing heads located in the upper part of each tool Running tools Run and set downhole tools in well. Holding on to them by retainer pins and gripping dogs Allow downhole tools to be landed and locked, then to free them by jarring Pulling tools Gripping and retrieving downhole tools from well to surface. Gripping dogs latch onto fishing head that can be unseated and pulled up by jarring. Combination tools Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tools Source: D PERRIN Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tools Other Tools Locking Mandrel Carry tools screwed on under them. Landed and locked into landing nipples integrated in the tubing or sometimes directly on tubing walls. Equalizing subs Inserted between mandrel and plug and allows pressure differential to be equalized across assembly before it is unseated. Kick over tools for installing side pocket mandrels in gas lift operations Swabbing tools to start and kick off well Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Wireline Tools Fishing Tools Wireline cutters Designed to cut the wire flush with rope socket when string is stuck. Wireline finders To find upper end of a broken wireline and tamp it down to make it into a nest. Bell shaped and very close to tubing diameters Wireline grabs Serve to catch wire and bring it to surface. Consist of 2 or 3 branches with teeth and diameter corresponding to inside tubing. Impression blocks Identify shape and condition of the head of fish Bell shaped and filled with lead Overshot Allows broken equipment to be fished. Bowl equipped with a grapple (basket) that latches onto head of fish. Wireline grab Impression block Overshot Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Electric Line The primary use is Cased-hole Formation Evaluation Production Logging. Perforating, setting bridge plugs and packers etc. Production logging is the term used for any survey which is run to evaluate the nature and behaviour of fluids in the well during production or injection. The applications of production logging include: Well test evaluation. Determining reservoir characteristics. Evaluating completion efficiency. Identifying unwanted fluid flow eg thief zones. Reviewing stimulation treatments, before and after. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Coiled Tubing Units (CTU) It consists of continuous pipe with a diameter of to 1 or even more, coiled up on a spool. Can be run in and pulled out of a pressurized well Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Coiled Tubing Equipment Injector head Uses friction drive system actuated hydraulically. Directs tubing into the well and supports it Equipped with gooseneck (guide), straightener , depthometer and weight sensor. Reel Diameter of about 8ft can contains the tubing and driven by hydraulic motor. Tubing up on the reel is connected by reel swivel to the rotation axis allowing pumping to continue Tubing Strip of mild steel rolled cylindrically and welded longitudinally Several hundred meters butted together by radial welding to make up coils up to 20,000ft long. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Coiled Tubing Equipment Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Coiled Tubing Equipment Safety Assembly Stripper with sealing elements and stack of safety rams. Stripper located above BOP, sealing element actuated hydraulically at a pressure that depends on wellhead pressure. BOP Stack consists of Pipe Rams-close and seal on tubing Slip rams-hold the tubing Shear rams-cut the tubing Blind rams-total closure over cut tubing Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Coiled Tubing Equipment Surface equipment Power pack consisting of diesel engine driving hydraulic pump required for all equipment. Control cab with control unit, gages and warning lights needed to operate and monitor. Hydraulic crane or mast to retrieve safety assembly and injector head. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Standard Coiled Tubing Operations Coiled tubing units are routinely used for the following operations: Nitrogen lifting. Sand lifting. Cleaning out the wellbore utilising a downhole motor. Circulating fluids. Drill stem testing (DST). Sand control. Corrosion inhibitor placement. Spotting acid, Spotting cement. Coiled tubing conveyed electric line services. Inflatable bridge plugs. Fishing operations. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Nitrogen Lifting Pumping nitrogen down coiled tubing to reduce the hydrostatic head of the well fluids is utilised in a number of well operations. Lifting unstable wells and circulating out completion fluids following a workover are common applications. The injection rate required to bring on the well is a function of the pipe size, depth, fluid characteristics and reservoir performance. Coiled tubing can also be used to provide the required underbalance prior to perforating. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Sand Lifting Coiled tubing can be used to clean out sand fill from sumps that has occurred during production or as a result of hydraulic fracturing operations. Coiled tubings ability to maintain circulation while running in or pulling out of hole make it ideally suited for this application. If possible sand lifting should be performed with the well flowing. This may alleviate the need for injecting gel, although cross linked polymer is usually injected. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Cleaning Out with DH Motors This technique is utilised when the deposits in the well are compacted or cemented and is particularly useful in the removal of insoluble scale deposits. A downhole motor is used to drill out the deposit which is then washed to the surface. The downhole motor operates on the Moineau principle which utilises fluid being forced through a progressive cavity to supply the rotational power. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Clean Out Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Circulating Fluids Coiled tubing obviously provides a convenient and economic means of circulating fluids and is used for such varied purposes as circulating kill fluid, washing drilling mud, and removing paraffin and salt using hot oil or water. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Drill Stem Testing Coiled tubing is often used as a means of artificial lift to assist wells which will not flow naturally during DSTs. Two methods are used, downhole jet pumping and nitrogen gas lift. The jet pumping method utilises the coiled tubing to both locate the jet pump module in a landing nipple and subsequently convey the power fluid. The power fluid is usually water, although a combination of water and nitrogen can be used for low GOR crudes. Heavy crude oils may also benefit from applying heat to the power fluid. The jet pumping technique is most appropriate for crudes with an API gravity of 12 or less. Nitrogen gas lifting is more suitable for the higher API crudes. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Sand Control Limitations on pump pressure and rates limit this application to shallow wells less than 6000 ft. Both resin coated sand and water activated plastic can be pumped with coiled tubing. To place water activated plastic: CT is run in the hole to the interval to be treated, and the well fluids are circulated out to diesel. With the wellbore free of water, the plastic is pumped through the coiled tubing with the annulus shut off. After the plastic is squeezed into the formation, the coiled tubing is shut in for 12 to 24 hours with sufficient wellhead pressure to prevent backflow of the plastic from the formation. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Corrosion Inhibitor Placement Coiled tubing has been used in conjunction with an inhibitor valve to atomise corrosion inhibitor and coat the tubular on low rate gas wells with potential carbon dioxide corrosion. However, in many cases the use of inhibitor to prevent corrosion has not proven to be cost- effective. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Stimulation Coiled tubing is ideally suited for the selective placement (spotting) of acid and can be used in a number of applications, including opening perforations and dissolving acid soluble scale deposits. Using coiled tubing in this manner avoids having to bullhead the well. Coiled tubing allows acid to be circulated across the perforations and take the returns back up the tubing. In this way smaller amounts of acid can be used at lower pressures and the contact time with the production tubing is reduced. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved CT Conveyed Electric Line Services Coiled tubing provides a convenient means of obtaining the functionality of electric line in highly deviated and horizontal wells. The system can be adopted in both cased and open hole. Coiled tubing has certain advantages over other systems in that no downhole wet connections are required and the tools are less prone to damage. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Inflatable Bridge Plugs Inflatable bridge plugs can be run through on coiled tubing, set in production liner and subsequently retrieved. The bridge plugs, manufactured by Lynes and Baker Oil Tools, consist of an inflatable element that is set by pumping down the tubing and a hydraulic disconnect which is activated by dropping a ball down the tubing and pressuring up. The tool has the advantage of being able to pass through restrictions in the tubing and set in relatively large diameters. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Fishing Operations Coiled tubing fishing techniques are proven successful, especially in the recovery of fish buried under sand, cement or scale. Fishing with coiled tubing allows fill to be cleaned out and the fish washed over and latched during the same operation. Application of this technology has potential in remote or offshore locations where rig availability is a problem or in cases where the CTU is already available on site. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Remedial Cementing Remedial cementing uses various techniques to place small volumes in specific targets. The type of operations fall into two categories: Cement squeezes, where cement is squeezed under pressure to seal perforations or defects in the primary cement sheath. Cement plugs, which are set to isolate part or all of the wellbore. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Remedial Cementing Remedial cementing is usually performed during the production phase to control the fluids entering the wellbore, or to restore pressure integrity. Common applications include: Recompletion or perforation squeeze. Repairing of channels. Repair of casing leaks. Supplementing top of cement. Plug and abandonment. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Rig Workovers Conventional rig workovers are usually employed to perform the following: Retrieving and running completion strings. Repairing or modifying the permanent downhole equipment e.g running scab liners etc. Changing the completion interval. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Concentric Workovers Concentric workovers involve the use of a smaller diameter workstring which is run inside the permanent completion. Concentric workover methods include coiled tubing, HWUs and small workover rigs. Coiled tubing and HWUs have the advantage of being able to be run in the well without killing the well. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Workover Units (HWU) A hydraulic workover or snubbing operates on the principle that pipe can be inserted or withdrawn from a well under pressure. The process utilises jointed tubing or drill pipe with a hydraulic snubbing unit to run the tubing string without killing the well, and allows small diameter tubing to be run through the completion. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved (HWU) The unit has to perform three basic functions: Feed the pipe into and out of the well in a controlled manner against wellhead pressure. Provide a seal which maintains integrity while at the same time allowing the pipe to be inserted or removed from the well. Provide a means of plugging the inside of the pipe. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Workover Units (HWU) Hydraulic workover units have several advantages over conventional workover rigs and greater capability than coiled tubing: The workover operation can be performed under pressure and in certain cases with the well still flowing. This eliminates the risk of formation damage in sensitive formations resulting from killing the well prior to a conventional workover. Mobilisation and demobilisation are shorter reducing the overall time a well is off production. The hydraulic workover unit is flexible, with a lifting capacity up to 340 000 lbs, allowing it to handle relatively large tools. The ability to rotate the pipe enables light drilling and milling work to be performed. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Workover Units (HWU) The primary use for HWU was for emergency and non- routine well interventions. This use has to some extent tarnished the reputation of HWU, in that most of the experience has been gained under difficult or emergency situations. Indeed, in many cases HWU was the only appropriate technique to control the well. However, for some of the reasons outlined above, the HWU is now becoming the preferred well servicing technique for certain situations. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Workover Units (HWU) Current applications include: Fishing or milling in casing. Cleaning out cemented solids in the tubing, liner or casing. Drilling out bridge plugs. Washing out frac materials. Pressure control/well killing. Circulating out heavy fluids. Acidising and washing. Running macaroni tubing to pump nitrogen in wells where depth and pressure preclude the use of coiled tubing. Running completions under pressure. Sand consolidation. Squeeze cementing or plugging back. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Snubbing Unit Hydraulic snubbing units are made up from modular units which can be easily transported and rigged up. When locating the unit, care should be taken to ensure that the structure or wellhead can support the weight of the unit together with any forces generated during the snubbing operation. A hydraulic workover unit (HWU) consists of the following components The hydraulic jack assembly, guide tube, window, travelling and stationary slips, rotary table and power tongs. The work basket and control panel. Hydraulic power pack and accessories. Circulating swivel, kelly hose and pumps. BOP stack. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved BOP Stack Configuration Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Snubbing Unit The main components of the BOP system are as follows: stripper rubber is located immediately below the window and is used for running pipe in and out of the hole without using the stripper rams. The stripper rubber is a solid synthetic rubber element that can stretch as couplings etc pass through, and maintain pressure integrity. Allows pipe to be stripped through the rubber under pressure. stripper rams Should always be incorporated in a snubbing BOP. The stripper rams provide pressure integrity at pressures above 3000 psi Facilitates the running of downhole tools. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Snubbing Unit Equalizing loop This loop runs from below the lower stripper ram to below the upper ram and is used to equalize the pressure above the lower ram before opening it. choke included in the loop to regulate the rate of equalisation. These chokes are changed out to suit the fluid in the well. Vent line ties in below the upper stripping ram and is run to safe point away from the snubbing unit. This line is used to bleed down the pressure between each stripper ram. Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Snubbing Unit Safety Rams located below the stripper rams and are used to contain the well pressure in the event of a stripper ram failure or change in the stack. Safety rams are pipe rams and the number used in the stack will depend on the well conditions and planned operations. At least one set of safety rams must be controlled from the basket. These are the same as blind rams used in a drilling BOP and are used to shut in the well when there is no pipe in the stack. Development Phase September October 2005 abalt solutions limited - 2005 INTRODUCTION TO HYDROCARBON EXPLOITATION Abalt Solutions W e l l I n t e r v e n t i o n & W o r k o v e r s 2005 Abalt Solutions Limited. All rights reserved Hydraulic Snubbing Unit Blind/shear rams will cut the pipe and close in the well in a emergency situation. The ram and blade type must be tested prior to rig-up, to ensure that they will cut the size and grade of pipe. Outlet spools provide access to the wellbore and should always be located above at least one pipe ram preventer and have double valve isolation. choke and kill lines attached to an outlet spool or ram body and as the name suggests are used to pump fluid into, or take returns from the well. These lines must have a working pressure equivalent to the BOPs.