Pushover Analysis Overview

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PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS

ASEP SUMMIT 2012
JUNE 8-9, 2012
LA BREZA HOTEL, QUEZON CITY
ULPIANO P. IGNACIO, JR., M.Sc., F.ASEP, PICE
PROFESSOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES DILIMAN
Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
March 23-24, 2012
Regalia Tower Hotel Suites, Cubao, Quezon City
2
To introduce the basic concept of Pushover Analysis of
Buildings
To discuss the uses of a pushover analysis and a pushover
curve
To describe the different procedures for structural analysis
To present the general procedure in performing a pushover
analysis
Objectives
March 23-24, 2012
3
Outline:
Types of Structural Analysis Procedures
What is Pushover Analysis?
How is a Pushover Curve constructed?
What are the uses of Pushover Analysis?
March 23-24, 2012
4
Types of Structural Analysis
ANALYSIS
RESPONSE
ACTION
STRUCTURE (MODEL)
ACTION : DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, WIND LOAD, SEISMIC, BLAST, ETC.
STRUCTURE: MATERIALS, COMPONENTS, GEOMETRY, SUPPORTS, ETC.
RESPONSE: DISPLACEMENTS, STRESSES, MOMENTS, SHEARS, ETC.
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS determination of the RESPONSE
of a STRUCTURE due to external ACTIONS.
March 23-24, 2012
STRUCTURE
(MODEL)
Materials may be ELASTIC or INELASTIC
ACTION (FORCE OR EXCITATION) may be:
STATIC constant, slowly applied load
or
DYNAMIC time varying loads
STRUCTURE consists of elements or components
made of materials and connected in
a specific geometric arrangement.
RESPONSE may be LINEAR or NONLINEAR
March 23-24, 2012
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Types of Material and Geometric Response Behavior
STRUCTURE
(MODEL)
STRUCTURE: MATERIALS, GEOMETRY
NONLINEAR- ELASTIC
LINEAR- ELASTIC
LINEAR - INELASTIC
NONLINEAR- INELASTIC
Figures from ACECOMS, AIT
March 23-24, 2012
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STRUCTURE: MATERIALS, GEOMETRY
Of the four combinations, the LINEAR-
INELASTIC and the NONLINEAR-
ELASTIC behavior are unlikely to
happen in practical structural cases.
Hence, only the LINEAR-ELASTIC and
the NONLINEAR-INELASTIC cases are
entertained. They will simply be called
LINEAR AND NONLINEAR behavior,
respectively.
March 23-24, 2012
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Types of Structural Analysis Procedures
Together with the nature of the ACTION,
whether STATIC or DYNAMIC, we have the
following four types of structural analysis
procedures:
NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE
NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE
LINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE
LINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE
March 23-24, 2012
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LINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE (LSP)
An example of an LSP is the Static Force Procedure
of Sec. 208.5.2 of the NSCP. In this procedure, the
effect of the ground motion on the building is
converted to a Design Base Shear, V. This V is
converted into a set of equivalent static lateral
forces applied at the floor levels.
The structure is modeled and its properties are
given by its stiffness matrix, [K]. In this procedure,
the [K] remains constant.
March 23-24, 2012
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LINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE (LDP)
An example of an LDP is the Dynamic
Analysis Procedure of Sec. 208.6 of the
NSCP. In this procedure, an elastic dynamic
analysis utilizing the peak modal response
based on the response spectrum for all
significant modes is made.
To obtain the total response, the maximum
modal contribution of significant modes are
combined in a prescribed manner, e.g. SRSS
or CQC method.
March 23-24, 2012
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NONLINEAR STATIC PROCEDURE (NSP)
An example of a NONLINEAR STATIC
PROCEDURE is a PUSHOVER ANALYSIS.
Oftentimes the Nonlinear Static Procedure
is called Pushover Analysis
March 23-24, 2012
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NONLINEAR DYNAMIC PROCEDURE (NDP)
nonlinear dynamic procedures consider the time
history of the ground shaking
they incorporate inelastic member behavior under
cyclic earthquake ground motions
they explicitly simulate hysteretic energy
dissipation in the nonlinear range
being more rigorous they require more time and
computational effort and resources to perform
Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure is also called
Nonlinear Time History Analysis.
March 23-24, 2012
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Outline:
March 23-24, 2012
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Pushover Analysis is an incremental static
analysis used to determine the force-
displacement relationship for a structure or
structural element.
The analysis involves applying horizontal
loads, in a prescribed pattern, to a computer
model of the structure incrementally, and
plotting the total applied shear force and
associated lateral displacement at each
increment, until the structure reaches a limit
state or collapse condition.
March 23-24, 2012
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As individual components of a structure yield or
fail, the earthquake forces on the building are
shifted to other components.
A pushover analysis simulates this phenomenon by
applying loads until the weak link in the structure is
found and then revising the model to incorporate
the changes in the structure caused by the yielding
or failing of the weak link.
A second iteration is then performed to study how
the loads are redistributed in the structure. The
structure is pushed again until the second weak
link is discovered.
March 23-24, 2012
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This process continues until the yield pattern
for the whole structure under seismic loading
is identified.
The plot of the total lateral force (base shear)
vs. the displacement of a reference point
(usually the center of mass of the roof level) is
the pushover curve or capacity curve.
March 23-24, 2012
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A pushover analysis is an approximation
of the more accurate and more
complicated Nonlinear Dynamic Procedure
A pushover analysis is only useful for
evaluating nonlinear structures for which
the fundamental mode dominates and is
not suitable for certain irregular or
dynamically complex structures.
March 23-24, 2012
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March 23-24, 2012
Adapted from a presentation presentationpresentation made by Ron Ham burger atat Earth arth quake Anal ysis Methods : Predicting Building Behavior Behavior , a FEMA-Sponsored
EERI Technical Seminar , 1999
March 23-24, 2012
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1
2
4
6
8
10
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Outline:
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How is a Pushover Curve constructed ?
2 types of pushover analysis:
FORCE CONTROLLED - the force is incrementally
increased
DISPLACEMENT-CONTROLLED the displacement
of the reference point is
incrementally increased
The displacement controlled pushover analysis is
generally preferred over the force controlled one
because the analysis could be carried out up to the
desired level of the displacement.
Pushover Analysis is carried out using computer
software.
March 23-24, 2012
Create
Mathematical
Model
Apply gravity load to
determine
initial nodal
displacements and
member forces
Apply increment of
lateral load
Update nodal
displacements and
member forces
Modify structural
stiffness to
represent yielding
< <
limit
YES
NO
Plot F vs.
Flowchart of Procedure (Force-Controlled)
March 23-24, 2012
Create
Mathematical
Model
Apply gravity load to
determine
initial nodal
displacements and
member forces
Apply increment of
displacement pattern
Update nodal
displacements and
member forces
Modify structural
stiffness to
represent yielding
< <
limit
YES
NO
Plot F vs.
Flowchart of Procedure (Displacement-Controlled)
March 23-24, 2012
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Create Mathematical Model of the Structure
Geometry
Element Types limit states
Truss yielding/buckling
Beam major axis bending and shear (M,V)
Column Axial, bending in 2 axes, shear
(P-M1-M2 and V)
Panel zone shear yielding
In-fill panel shear failure
Shear Wall P-M-V interaction
Spring for support modeling
Potential Plastic Hinge
Location
(must be predicted and
revised as needed)
March 23-24, 2012
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Define Material Properties
concrete, steel, reinforcing bars, etc.
density, strength, yield point, modulus of
elasticity, poissons ratio, shear modulus, etc.
Define Section Properties
Beam Properties (dimensions, reinforcement,
steel section, etc.)
Column Properties (dimensions,reinforcement,
steel section, etc.)
March 23-24, 2012
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Define Element and Hinge Properties
General Force-Deformation Relationship
B
A
C
D E
F
o
r
c
e
Deformation
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Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone
Span Loads Flexible
Connection
Shear Hinge
Modeling Beam Element
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Plastic Hinge Rigid Zone
Shear Hinge
Modeling Column Element
March 23-24, 2012
P
M
Modeling Column Element
Axial Load Moment Interaction (RC)
March 23-24, 2012
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Start with Gravity Loads
Dead Load
Some portion of Live Load
Select Lateral Load Pattern

Lateral Load Patterns (Vertical Distribution)
Lateral Load Horizontal Distribution
Torsional Effects
Orthogonal Effects
Modeling Loads
March 23-24, 2012
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Uniform
Code Lateral Mode 1
Modeling Loads
Lateral Load Pattern
March 23-24, 2012
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F
1
F
2
F
3
i b
F V

V
b
E
S
Plotting the Pushover Curve
March 23-24, 2012
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Results of Analysis
March 23-24, 2012
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RESULTS - CAPACITY SPECTRUM
March 23-24, 2012
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Plot showing Hinge Location
March 23-24, 2012
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Plot of Moment Diagram
March 23-24, 2012
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Outline:

March 23-24, 2012
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Uses of Pushover Analysis
Assessment and Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings
1. Performance Check of Structures
Published Guidelines for Seismic Rehabilitation of
Buildings:
ATC-40 Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of
Concrete Buildings (1996)
FEMA 273 NEHRP Guidelines for the Seismic
Rehabilitation of Buildings (1997)
FEMA 356 Prestandard and Commentary for
the Seismic Rehabilitation of Buildings (2000)
FEMA 440 (ATC-55) - Improvement of Nonlinear Static
Seismic Analysis Procedures
March 23-24, 2012
Capacity Spectrum Method of ATC 40
Roof Displacement
B
a
s
e
S
h
e
a
r
Spectral Displacement
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
Convert Pushover Curve to Capacity Spectrum
Pushover Curve
Capacity Spectrum
March 23-24, 2012
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S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
Time Period
2.5C
A
C
V
/T
Response Spectrum ( at effective damping)
March 23-24, 2012
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S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
Time Period
T
0
S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
T
0
S
d
= S
a
T
2
/4p
2
Convert the Response Spectrum to Acceleration-
Displacement Response Spectrum Format
(Demand Spectrum)
March 23-24, 2012
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S
p
e
c
t
r
a
l
A
c
c
e
l
e
r
a
t
i
o
n
Demand Spectrum for effective
damping at performance point
Capacity Spectrum
Determine the Performance Point
March 23-24, 2012
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Deformation Measure
F
o
r
c
e
M
e
a
s
u
r
e
Performance Limits
(IO, LS, CP)
Expected Performance Point
for given Earthquake
Verification of Acceptance
IO Immediate Occupancy
LS Life Safety
CP Collapse Prevention
March 23-24, 2012
Displacement Coefficient Method
- described in FEMA-273
The performance point of the structure is obtained by the
determination of a target displacement using the Coefficient
Method outlined in FEMA 273.
March 23-24, 2012
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Where:
March 23-24, 2012
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2. Performance Based Design (PBD)
PBD is similar to assessment and rehabilitation
of buildings, except that we are dealing with new
buildings instead of existing ones.
In PBD, we design buildings so that they will
perform according to pre-determined standards
like IO, LS, and CP at corresponding levels of
seismic shaking.
Therefore, pushover analysis is a necessary
component of PBD.
March 23-24, 2012
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3. Development of Fragility and Vulnerability Curves
FRAGILITY CURVE (FUNCTION) - a curve (function)
that shows the relationship between structural
performance and ground motion. Specifically, it gives
the probability that a structure is in, or exceeding, a
given damage state due to a given ground motion
intensity. If given in a tabular form, it is called a Damage
Probability Matrix (DPM)
VULNERABILITY the degree of loss to a given element at
risk resulting from a given level of hazard (e.g. ground
motion intensity). It is defined as the ratio of the
expected loss to the maximum possible loss, on a scale
of 0 to 1 (or 0 to 100%)
March 23-24, 2012
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There are three methods used in developing
fragility curves. These are:
1. Empirical Method (observed data)
2. Analytical Method
3. Heuristic Method (Based on experts opinion)
The analytical method relies heavily on the use of
pushover analysis
March 23-24, 2012
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Typical example of a Damage Probability Matrix
MMI
Damage State V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
No Damage 90 20 5 0 0 0 0 0
Slight 10 35 40 15 0 0 0 0
Moderate 0 30 35 30 20 10 0 0
Extensive 0 5 20 30 40 50 20 0
Complete 0 0 0 25 40 40 80 100
(Damage in percent of building population)
March 23-24, 2012
Ground Motion Intensity
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Fragility Curves
March 23-24, 2012
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Example Vulnerability curve for a given type of
building
1.0
0.5
0
.
Ground Motion Intensity
D
a
m
a
g
e
R
a
t
i
o
March 23-24, 2012
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Summary
Pushover Analysis gives us a better idea how a structure will
perform when subjected to a given level of earthquake.
Design Earthquakes cause nonlinear behavior which cannot
be handled by linear static procedures.
Pushover analysis gives a better understanding of the
building behavior well into the inelastic region.
Pushover analysis Identifies weak elements with plastic hinge
formation and their order of formation. It gives realistic
prediction of element demands.
March 23-24, 2012
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It is a good substitute for the more accurate Nonlinear
Dynamic Analysis for buildings where the fundamental
mode of vibration dominates. For buildings with more
than one significant mode and buildings with irregular
features, nonlinear static pushover analysis may not be
accurate.
March 23-24, 2012
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Thank You
for listening!

Pushover Analysis Overview

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PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDINGS

Select Lateral Load Pattern

Seminar on WIND&EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING

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