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Spring 2004
PHY 2053C: College Physics A
Today:
v Work and Energy
Conserved quantities
Work, Force and Displacement
Kinetic and Potential Energy
Conservation of Energy
n Motion, Forces, Energy, Heat,
Waves
n Dr. David M. Lind
n Dr. Kun Yang
n Dr. David Van Winkle
L8Ch6
Important Points from last Lecture
n Uniform circular motion implies presence of a
Centripetal Force
n This force can be delivered by friction, normal,
gravity or any other force you can think of.
n Gravity is a general force between any objects
with mass
n For orbital motion (planets, moon, satellites),
gravity provides the centripetal force:
F
G
G
m
1
m
2
r
2
G
m
1
m
2
r
2
m
1
v
2
r
<=> G
m
2
2
2
r
3
T
2
2
Principle of Conserved
Quantities
n This week we will study Energy,
n Next week we will study Momentum, both are
conserved quantities:
n In an isolated system, they can not be
changed by any process, be it physical,
chemical or biological.
n Energy can be transformedbetween several
different forms or transfered from one part of
the system to another.
n We will find that conserved quantities can
simplify many of our calculations!
definition: Work
n Work is defined as
force applied along a distance
n The unit of work is
1 J oule: 1J = 1 N
.
m= 1kg
.
m
2
/s
2
W F d F dcos
Work is done on the barbells!!
-- F and d parallel
Example 1: weightlifter
Force
distance
3
A woman lifts a bowling ball from the ground up
to shoulder height. The work she does is
1.) equal to zero
2.) cannot be calculated without more
information
3.) is equal to mgh
Question 1
A woman holds a bowling ball in a fixed position.
The work she does is
1.) equal to zero
2.) cannot be calculated without more
information
3.) is equal to mgh
Question 2
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Work-Energy Principle
n Work can become several forms of energy.
In this chapter, we will talk about:
n Kinetic energy(energy of motion)
n Gravitational potential energy
n Elastic potential energy (energy associated with position)
Later (Chapter 14) we will see that:
n Heat is also energy.
n Energy is stored work, which can be retrieved or
changed from one form to another.
n units: same as work -- J oule
n The net work done on an object is equal to its change
in kinetic energy.
n Assume a constant net force applied to a car
over a distance d : What is the work done?
n We define as the translational
kinetic energyof an object.
n Note that this is the net work on object: change in energy
Kinetic Energy
d
F
net
v
1
F
net
v
2
from v
2
2
v
1
2
2ad
W
net
F
net
d mad m
v
2
2
v
1
2
2d
d
W
net
1
2
mv
2
2 1
2
mv
1
2
KE
2
KE
1
KE
1
2
mv
2
F ma, with a
v
2
2
v
1
2
2
d
5
Retrieving Kinetic Energy
n The hammer's kinetic energy KE
h
is used up as work on the nail:
n As it strikes the nail, the nail exerts a
force on the hammer, slowing
it down with a constant force F
n from Action = -Reaction,
n The work done on the nail is equal to KE
H
. Therefore
all KE is used up as work on the nail.
W
h
F
h
d m
0
2
v
1
2
2d
d
W
h
1
2
mv
1
2
KE
h
W
n
F
n
d F
h
d KE
h
-F
Potential Energy: Gravitational
n Lift a brick of mass mfrom y
1
to y
2
What is the work done on the brick ?
n But W
ext
can be retrieved:
take the hand away and the brick will
retrieveit as kinetic energy:
n Work had been stored by raising the
brick's position: This form of energy is
Gravitational Potential Energy
W
ext
F
ext
d mghcos 0 mgh
F
G
=mg
F
ext
by hand
d = h
y
2
y
1
PE mgh
v
2
2 gh
=> KE
1
2
mv
2 1
2
m 2 gh mgh
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Potential Energy: Elastic
(Hookes Law) Springs
If a person stretches or compresses a
spring with a force F
P
, the spring
exerts an opposing restoring force
F
S
= -F
P
, which is proportional to the
elongation or compression x
restoring means the spring tries
to go back to position to x=0
The constant k is called spring
constant. units: N/ m
kx
F
P
kx
F
S
kx
x = 0 x
Equilibrium position
of spring
Force of
spring
+kx
Potential Energy: Elastic
(Hookes Law) Springs
kx
+kx
n How much work is done by compressing the spring ?
n The force increases while we
are pushing!
n But we can use the average force to
calculate work
n Work had been stored in the
compressed spring:
n this is the Elastic Potential Energy.
F
P
kx
F
P
1
2
kx
f
PE W F
P
x
f
1
2
kx
f
2
kx
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Potential Energy: Properties
n Potential Energy is an energy associated with
the position of an object.
Notes:
i) The gravitational PE depends on the height above a
certain reference level. You may choose any point as
the y = 0 point. But, be consistent!
ii) Therefore, the value of PE is not unique even for a
given position. But, PE is the physically meaningful
quantity and PE does NOT depend on the choice of
the reference level.
PE mg h (gravitational)
PE
1
2
k x
2
(elastic)
Conservation of Energy
n We just looked at an example, where
potential energy of the brick is
converted to kinetic energy as it falls
n For those and all points in-between,
the total energy is constant:
Initially PE E
P
mgh
Finally KE E
K
1
2
mv
2
E KE PE
1
2
mv
2
mgy const.
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Question 3: Water Slides
Two water slides are shaped differently,
but have the same length and start at
the same height:
Which rider is traveling faster at the
bottom?
1) Paul
2) Kathleen
3) Not enough information
4) Both the same
Stay tuned...
n Friday: CAPA5/ Recitation
n Monday: Chapter 7: Linear Momentum
Texts to evaluate!!! We would like everyone in the class
to evaluate the quality of a potential new textbook.
n We will give everyone who turns in an evaluation
sheet on Monday comparing their chapter on
Work and Energy the same extra credit points as
a chapter summary.
n There will also be a raffle of all those who turn in an
evaluation sheet for the chance at a free DVD
player.
S p e c i a l t r e a t :