CHAPTER 1: THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT LEARNERS (midterm reviewer)

*CHILDHOOD DEFINITIONs:

- refers to the time or state of being a child.
- the early stage in the existence or development of something.
- connotes a time of innocence where one is free from responsibility.
- a period where one enjoys closeness with parents and shared expectations.

A. EARLY CHILDHOOD:

for parents:
- a problem age or a troublesome age
- a toy age

for educators:
- a preschool age

for psychologists:
- a pre-gang age
- exploratory age
- question age
- imitative age
- creative age

B. LATE CHILDHOOD:

for parents:
- a troublesome age
- sloppy age
- quarrelsome age

for educators:
- elementary school age
- a critical period in the achievement drive

for psychologists:
- gang age
- age of conformity

*CHANGING PATTERNS OF CHILDHOOD:

a. 20TH CENTURY:

- the typical child is confronted with more complex forces in the environment and in particular in a
society that offers varied rules and choices and institutions.

- scientists developed vaccinations for childhood scourges (small pox, measles) to extend average life
expectancy.

b. MID-19TH CENTURY:

- "extension of childhood" (a stretching of adolescence).

- in america, the transition from child to adult could take place as room as the available formal schooling
was completed and skill was learned.

*1960's :
- lawmakers recognized lengthening of childhood of girls by raising the age of consent (27 fell to 22)

- attempts to strengthen weak child labor laws.


* ADOLESCENCE:

- latin: adolescentia, from adolescere (to grow up)
- dolor: pain

- it is the period of psychological and social transition between childhood and adulthood.

-adolescent/teenager

- adolescence is also defined as the transitional stage (biological, social, psychological) of human
development in which a juvenile matures into an adult.

*WHO: world health organization
- defines adolescence as the period of life between 10 and 19 years of age.

- in the US, it is the period that begins between 12 and 14 and end at 19 or 20. (children go through
stages of puberty)

*TEENAGER OR TEEN:
- a person whose age is a number ending in "teen," someone from the age of 13 to 19.

CHAPTER 2: LEARNING DISABILITIES & ADHD Child and Adolescence (midterm reviewer)

Learning disabilities include problems among children related to disorders in understanding or using
spoken/written language.

The learning disabilities could be symptoms of worldwide problems.
Today, such is called sensory integration or sensory dysfunction.

*SENSORY INTEGRATION
- refers to the ability of the individual to process information coming from the environment and make use
of the information in the processes.

The senses are:

1. AUDITORY
2. TACTILE
3. VESTIBULARY
(balance in the inner ear)
4. PROPRIOCEPTIVE
(muscles, joints, tendons)
5. VISUAL

- this definition provides identification of students qualified for educational services depending on three
conditions:

1. NORMAL INTELLIGENCE:
(refers to child's performance at above normal range using non-verbal measures which include
language concepts.)

2. ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT DEFICIT:
(condition where child shows academic achievement deficit in at least one subject, such as oral
expression, listening, comprehension, mathematical calculation, and spelling)

3. ABSENCE OF OTHER HANDICAPPING CONDITIONS:
(there must be no manifestation of visual or hearing impairment, mental retardation, severe cases of
emotional disturbance, and cultural neglect)

Learning disability is characterized by poor academic performance, social and psychological problems,
and delayed physical development.

*The different types of learning disabilities are:

1. DYSLEXIA
(reading)
2. DYSGRAPHIA
(writing)
3. VISUAL AGNOSIA
(sight)
4. MOTOR APHASIA
(speaking)
5. DYSARTHRIA
(stuttering)
6. AUDITORY AGNOSIA
(hearing)
7. OLFACTORY AGNOSIA
(smelling)
8. DYSCALCULIA
(math)

*THERE ARE THREE GENERAL CAUSES OF LEARNING DISABILITIES:
1. Problematic pregnancies, occuring before, during, and after delivery causing injury whether minimal
or severe to brain and brain dysfunction.

2. Biochemical imbalance caused by intake of done with artificial done colorings and flavorings.

3. Environmental factors caused by emotional disturbance, poor quality of instruction and lack of
motivation.


*ADHD: ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

- interferes with an individual's ability to focus (inattention), regulate activity level (hyperactivity), and
inhibit behavior (impulsivity).

- one of the most common learning disorders among children and adolescents.

- the young with ages 9 to 17 are affected for at least six months and are more common in boys than
girls.

*ADHD CLASSIFICATION:

1. Predominantly inattentive
2. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive
3. Combined type


*ADD : ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER

- in the absence of hyperactivity;
- refers to children with inhibited behavior, inattentive, and without focus tend to be withdrawn, polite.

CAUSES:
- nuerogically based medical problem caused by a number of factors. Exact causes are however
unknown.

- according to research studies, the disorder results from an imbalance in certain nuerotransmitters
(most likely DOPAMINE and SEROTONIN). These substances help the brain to achieve focus and
regulate behavior.

CHAPTER 2: SENSORY IMPAIRMENTS: VISUAL Child & Adolescent (midterm reviewer)

Sensory impairment encompasses visual loss (including blindness and partial sight), hearing loss
(including the whole range) and multisensory impairment (which means having a diagnosed visual and
hearing impairment with at least a mild loss in each modality or deaf blindness).

*VISUAL IMPAIRMENT (partially sighted)
*BLINDNESS (inability to see anything)

COMMON VISUAL PROBLEMS:
1. Reduced visual acuity (poor sight)
2. Amblyopia (lazy eye)
3. Hyperopia (farsightedness)
4. Myopia (nearsightedness)
5. Astigmatism (imperfect vision)

OTHER VISUAL IMPAIRMENTS:
1. Albinism (involuntary side movement of eyeball)
2. Cataracts (eye lens are cloudy or opaque)
3. Macular Degeneration (macula of retina is affected; can see large objects and colors but not to read)
4. Diabetic Retinopathy (vision is blurred or distorted due to hemorrhaging of tiny vessels of retina)
5. Glaucoma ( increased pressure within the eye, gradual loss of vision, beggining with the peripheral
vision)
6. Retinitis Pigmentosa (loss of night vision; dark pigment of retina is lost; inherited condition)

7. Retinophathy of Prematurity (deterioration of retina due to high level of oxygen)

CHAPTER 2: SENSORY IMPAIRMENTS: HEARING Child & Adolescent (midterm reviewer)

DEAFNESS is a partial or total inability to hear.

*PRELINGUAL
- deafness is present at birth or occuring before language development

*POSTLINGUAL
- occurs after language development

*SENSORY
- physical impairment of the inner ear

CAUSES OF DEAFNESS:

1. PRE-NATAL:
a. Toxic conditions
b. Viral diseases (mumps, influenza, rubella)
c. Congenital defects

2. PERINATAL:
a. Injury sustained during delivery
b. Anoxia
c. Heavy sedation due to overdose of anesthesia
d. Blockage of infant's respiratory passage

3. POST-NATAL:
a. Diseases, ailments (*external otitis - inflamed outer ear
*otitis media - infection of middle ear)
b. Accidents, traumatic falls, head bumps, over-exposure to high frequency sounds

4. OTHER CAUSES:
a. Heredity
b. Prematurity
c. Malnutrition
d. Rh factor
e. Overdosage of medicine


CLASSIFICATION OF HEARING IMPAIRED CHILDREN:
1. ACCORDING TO AGE AT ONSET OF DEAFNESS:

*congenitally deaf (born deaf)
*adventitously deaf (born with normal hearing but became deaf)
(PRESBYACUSIS - hearing loss that occurs in older people as they age.)

2. ACCORDING TO LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT:

*prelingual deafness
*postlingual deafness

3. ACCORDING TO PLACE OF DEVELOPMENT:

*conductive hearing loss (impaired hearing due to interference in sound transmission particularly in
outer and middle ear)

*sensory neural hearing loss (impaired due to abnormal inner ear)

*mixed hearing loss/flat loss (combination of conductive and sensory)

4. ACCORDING TO DEGREE OF HEARING LOSS:

a. Slight
b. Mild
c. Moderate
d. Severe
e. Profound


*OTOLARYNGOLOGISTS
- problems of ears, nose, throat

*OTOLOGISTS
- ear specialists

*OTORHYNOLARYNGOLOGISTS
- diagnoses and treats nasal disorders

*AUDIOLOGISTS
- hearing expert

*OTOSCOPE
- instrument used

*COCHLEAR IMPLANT
- surgically implanted electronic device that provides sound.

*Types of newborn hearing screening test:
- AABR (automated auditory brainstem response)
- OAE (otoacoustic emissions)