BOOK OF DATA

FOR
TEACHERS
OF
CHEMISTRY

Department of Science, Health and Physical Education

National Institute of Education
Maharagama

2010

First Edition 2010

TO THE CHEMISTRY TEACHER

This Book of Data for Teachers of Chemistry has been compiled to ease your burden
in searching for data at the stage of planning lessons.
The data contained in this book will provide you with material for the
preparation and presentation of your lessons.
planning and developing exercises, assignments and projects for your students.
preparation of visual aids - graphs and charts - to be displayed in the classroom.
The material could also be used to motivate your students to further their interest in chemistry.
I am confident that the use of this book will contribute to better teaching and learning of chemistry
in Sri Lanka.

Prof. W.M. Abeyrathna Bandara

Director General
National Institute of Education,
Maharagama.

Supervision
Mr. C.M.R. Anthony
Director - Department of Science, Health and Physical Education

Chemistry Committee
Mr. A.D.A. de Silva - Project Leader - (Chief Project Officer)
Mr. L.K. Waduge
(Chief Project Officer)
Mrs. M. Ragavachari (Project Officer)

National Institute of Education,

Maharagama.
2010

BOOK OF DATA
FOR TEACHERS OF CHEMISTRY
Contents

Page

1. Relative atomic masses of elements

01

2. Spectra of atomic hydrogen

04

3. Electro magnetic spectrum

05

4. Physical properties of elements

06

5. Physical constants

09

6. Electronegativities of elements

09

7. Ionization energies of elements

10

8. Successive ionization energies of elements

11

9. Successive ionization energies of calcium and sodium

13

10. Standard enthalpies of combustion and formation

14

11. Standard enthalpies of atomization of elements

16

12. Electron affinities

17

13. Average bond enthalpies

17

14. Enthalpies of hydration of some ions and ionic radi

18

15. Lattice energies of alkali metal halids

18

16. Lattice energies of some compounds

18

17. Standard enthalpies of formation of some compounds of

19

Group I elements
18. Standard enthalpies of formation of some compounds of

19

Group II elements
19. Melting and boiling points of hydrides of Groups IV, V, VI, VII

20

elements and inert gases

20. Properties of elements of the 3rd row of periodic table

21

21. Properties of the oxides, chlorides and hydrides of the

22

elements of rows 2 and 3 of the periodic Table

22. Decomposition temperatures of carbonates of s block elements

24

23. Melting and boiling points of organic compounds

24

24. Dissociation constants of some acids

28

25. Dissociation constants of some bases

29

Contents

Page

26. Ionic product of water at different temperatures

29

27. Solubility products of compounds

30

28. Acid-base indicators

31

29. Variation of pH in acid-base titrations

32

30. Selected constant boiling point (azeotropic) binary mixtures

32

31. Composition and boiling points of an ideal mixture of liquids A and B

33

32. Saturation vapour pressure of water

33

33. Standard reduction electrode potentials

34

34. Composition of the elements of the earths crust (by weight)

35

35. Minerological composition of the earths crust

35

36. Composition of dry air

36

37. Composition of sea water

36

38. Mineral resources of Sri Lanka

37

39. Some of the major constituents in selected essential oils

41

40. Selected thermodynamic data

43

References

46

1. RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES OF ELEMENTS

Name
Actinium
Aluminium
Americium
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkelium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Einsteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen

Symbol

Atomic number

Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cl
Cr
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H

89
13
95
51
18
33
85
56
97
4
83
5
35
48
55
20
98
6
58
17
24
27
29
96
66
99
68
63
100
9
87
64
31
32
79
72
2
67
1

Relative Atomic
mass
(227)
26.9815
(243)
121.75
39.948
74.9216
(210)
137.34
(249)
9.0122
208.980
10.81 + 0.003*
79.909 + 0.002**
112.40
132.905
40.08
(251)
12.0115 + 0.00005*
140.12
35.453
51.996
58.9332
63.54
(247)
162.50
(254)
167.26
151.96
(253)
18.994
(223)
157.25
69.72
79.59
196.967
178.49
4.0026
164.930
1.00797

RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES OF ELEMENTS (Contd.)

Name
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium
Mercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praseodymium
Promethium
Protactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium

Symbol

Atomic number

In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Lw
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Md
Hg
Mo
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Re
Rh
Rb
Ru

49
53
77
26
36
57
103
82
3
71
12
25
101
80
42
60
10
93
28
41
7
102
76
8
46
15
78
94
84
19
59
61
91
88
86
75
45
37
44

Relative Atomic
mass
114.82
126.9044
192.20
55.857+0.003**
83.80
138.92
(257)
207.19
6.959
174.970
24.312
54.9380
(256)
200.59
95.94
144.24
20.138
(237)
58.71
92.906
14.0067
(254)
190.2
15.9994
106.4
30.9738
195.09
(242)
(210)
39.102
140.92
(145)
(231)
(226)
(222)
186.20
102.905
85.47
101.07

Several of the more recently discovered elements are only known to exist as unstable isotopes.
For these elements the mass of the most stable isotopes is given in parenthesis.
* These elements have variable atomic masses because of natural variations is isotopic
composition.
* The values for these elements are believed to have experimental uncertainties as indicated.

2. SPECTRA OF ATOMIC HYDROGEN (Wavelength in nm)

Lyman series
Ultra-violet, nm

Balmer series
Visible, nm

92.3
92.6
93.1
93.8
95.0
97.3
102.6
121.6

656.3
486.1
434.0
410.2
397.0
388.9
383.5

Series limits for the ultra-violet spectra of the alkali metals

Element
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Caesium

Series limit, cm-1

43,480
41,450
35,010
33,680
31,410

3. ELECTRO MAGNETIC SPECTRUM

Wavelength
103

102

Frequency

Wavelength

Radio Waves

km 0.01
m 10
cm

10-1

10-2

10-3

Micro
wave

Far
IR

IR

10 1

1
100
10

10-2
102
105

nm
0
A

Hz
kHz
MHz
cm-1

3x108 3x1010
3x105 3x107
300 3x104
0.01
1

10-4

3x1012
3x109
3x106
100

10-5

103
104

14
m 3x10

104

Low energy
Long wavelength
Low frequency

10-6

10-7 10-8 10-9 10-10

Vacuum
UV

Near IR
Visible
UV

104

cm

Xrays

10-2
10
100

3x1016

3x1018

106

108

10-2

3x1020

1010

High energy
Short wavelength
High frequency

Frequencies and wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum.

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS

Symbol

Rel.At. Density
Mass gcm-3(20 0C)

At.Vol.
cm3 mol-1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu

1
4
6.94
9
10.8
12
14
16
19
20.2
23
24.3
27
28.1
31
32
35.5
39.95
39.1
40
45.0
47.9
50.9
52.0
54.9
55.9
58.9
58.7
63.5

0.071
0.125
0.53
11.84
2.34
2.25
0.81
1.14
1.15
1.20
0.97
1.74
2.70
2.42
2.34
2.07
2.00
1.66
0.87
1.55
3.0
4.5
6.0
7.2
7.4
7.86
8.9
8.93
8.93

14.1
31.8
13.1
04.9
04.3
5.4
17.3
14.0
17.1
16.8
23.7
14.0
10.0
16.6
14.1
15.5
18.7
24.0
45.0
26.0
15.0
10.6
8.3
7.2
7.4
7.1
6.6
6.6
7.1

Sp.Ht.
Jg-1K-1
6
14.42
5.23
3.30
1.88
1.63
0.69
1.03
0.91
0.75
1.23
1.02
0.90
0.68
0.74
0.73
0.48
0.52
0.74
1.25
0.56
0.52
0.5
0.46
0.48
0.46
0.41
0.44
0.38

M.Pt.
0
C

B.Pt.
0
C

Ht. Fusion
kJ mol-1

Ht.Vap.
kJ mol-1 `

10

-259
-270
180
1283
2030
3600
-210
-218
-220
249
97.8
651
660
1410
44
113
-103
-189
63
840
1540
1680
1910
1900
1250
1535
1495
1450
1083

-253
-268.9
1330
3000
2550
4800
-196
-183
-188
-245
890
1100
2500
3265
280
445
- 35
-186
766
1500
2400
3277
3376
2642
2041
3000
2900
2837
2582

0.06
0.02
3.30
10.0
22
0.4
0.22
0.8
0.33
2.6
9.00
10.7
46.5
0.6
1.2
3.2
1.12
2.3
8.7
16.0
15.5
17.6
14.0
14.6
15.4
15.0
17.6
13.0

.45
.084
138.0
310.0
536.0
718.0
2.8
3.4
3.135
1.67
93
128
290
397
12.8
10
10
6.7
79
161
305
429
458
347
220
350
382
372
305

Covalent
Radii
nm
11
.03
.123
.090
.082
.077
.075
.073
.072
.071
.156
.136
.12
.117
.11
.103
.099
.098
.203
.174
0.144
0.132
0.122
0.118
0.117
0.117
0.116
0.115
0.117

Van der waal

Radii
nm
12
.12
.155
.112
.098
.091
.15
.14
.135
.131
.19
.16
.14
.13
.128
.127
.174
.235
.197
0.162
0.147
0.134
0.13
0.135
0.126
0.125
0.124
0.128

Ionic
Radii
nm
13
(-1).208
.068
.035
.023
.061
.17
.14
.136
.112
.095
.066
.051
.042
.212
.184
0.181
.133
.099
0.081
(+2).09
(+3).074
(+3).069
(+2).08
(+2).074
(+2).072
(+2).069
(+2).069

Symbol

Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Rn
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs

30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55

65.4
69.7
72.6
74.9
79.0
79.9
83.8
85.5
87.6
88.9
91.2
92.9
95.9
99.0
101.1
102.9
106.4
107.9
112.4
114.8
118.7
121.8
127.6
126.9
131.3
132.9

7.1
5.9
5.46
5.72
4.8
3.12
3.00
1.53
2.6
4.47
6.44
8.57
10.2
11.5
12.4
12.44
12.2
10.5
8.65
7.3
7.3
6.6
6.25
4.9
1.87

Rel.At. Density
Mass gcm-3(20 0C)

9.2
11.8
13.3
13.1
16.5
25.6
32.3
55.7
33.7
19.9
14.2
10.8
9.4
8.6
8.4
8.3
8.8
10.3
13.1
15.7
16.3
18.2
20.5
25.7
42.9
71.0

At.Vol.
cm3 mol-1

0.38
0.33
0.31
0.34
0.35
0.29
0.33
0.33
0.30
0.33
0.27
0.28
0.24
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.20
0.20
0.22
0.20

Sp.Ht.
Jg-1K-1

420
30
937
613
220
-7.2
-157
39
800
1500
1952
2500
2620
2140
2425
1960
1550
961
321
157
232
630
450
113
-112
28

M.Pt.
0
C

908
2237
2837
Subl
685
58.5
-153
700
1400
3227
4377
4927
4800
4627
4111
3960
3127
2227
765
2000
2300
1380
1390
184
- 108
685

B.Pt.
0
C

7.4
5.6
31.8
27.7
5.4
5.4
1.6
2.3
9.0
17.0
17.0
11.0
28.0
23.0
25.5
21.0
16.7
11.2
6.2
3.3
7.2
20.0
17.5
8.0
2.2
2.1

Ht. Fusion
kJ mol-1

115
256
330
32
27
15
9.2
75
140
393
581
283
540
577
567
495
392
255
100
225
290
195
50
21
12.54
66

10

Ht.Vap.
kJ mol-1 `

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS (Contd.)

0.125
0.125
0.122
0.121
0.117
0.114
0.112
0.316
0.191
0.162
0.145
0.134
0.13
0.127
0.125
0.125
0.128
0.134
0.144
0.144
0.14
0.141
0.137
0.133
0.131
0.235

Covalent
Radii
nm
11
0.138
0.138
0.137
0.139
0.200
0.195
0.189
0.248
0.215
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
.144
.15
_
.162
.22
.22
.215
.21
.267

Van der waal

Radii
nm
12

.074
(+1).113
(+2).093
(-3).222
(-2).195
.195
.147
.112
(+5).069
(+6).062
(+7).056
(+4).067
(+3).056
(+2).08
.126
.097
(+3).08
(+2).112
(+5).076
(+4).07
(-1).216
_
.167

Ionic
Radii
nm
13

4. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS (Contd.)

Symbol

Rel.At. Density
Mass g cm-3(20 0C)

At.Vol.
cm3 mol-1

56
58.
79.
80.
82.
83.
85.
86.
87.
88.

Ba
Pt
Au
Hg
Pb
Bi
At
Rn
Fr
Ra

137.3
195.1
197.0
200.6
207.2
209
210
222
223
226

3.5
21.4
19.3
13.6
11.3
9.8
-

39.2
9.1
10.2
14.7
18.3
21.4
50.5
45

Sp.Ht.
J g-1K-1

M.Pt.
0
C

B.Pt.
0
C

Ht.Fusion
kJ mol-1

Ht.Vap.
kJ mol-1

0.28
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
-

725
1770
1063
-39
327
271
72
27
700

1140
4300
2600
357
1750
1560
-62
677
1527

7.6
20
13
2.3
5
1.9
2.93
2.09
8.36

M = Metallic radius

10

Covalent
Radii
nm
11

Vanderwall
Radii
nm
12

Ionic
Radii
nm
13

150
510
325
58
179
151.32
16.30
63.54
136.69

0.198
0.13
0.134
0.147
0.154
.148
.145
-

.222
.139
.146(M)
.157(M)
.175(M)
.17
.176
.25
-

.134
(+2).096
.137
.112
(+2).12
(+5).074
(+7).062
.18
.14

5. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS

Universal gas constant

Velocity of light
Avogadro constant
Faraday constant
Mass of an electron
Charge of an electron
Mass of a proton
Mass of a neutron
Atmospheric pressure

(R)
(C)
(L)
(F)
(mc)
(e)
(mp)
(mn)

8.314 J mol-1 K-1

2.997 x108 m s-1
6.022 x1023 mol-1
96490 C mol-1
9.1096 x10-28 g
1.6022 x10-19 C
1.6726 x10-24 g
1.6749 x10-24 g
101 325 N m-2

6. ELECTRO NEGATIVITY VALUES OF SOME ELEMENTS (PAULINGS SCALE)

H
2.1
Li
1.0

Be
1.5

B
2.0

C
2.5

N
3.0

O
3.5

F
4.0

Na
0.9

Mg
1.2

Al
1.5

Si
1.8

P
2.1

S
2.5

Cl
3.0

K
0.8

Ca
1.0

Ga
1.6

Ge
1.8

As
2.0

Se
2.4

Br
2.8

Rb
0.8

Sr
1.0

In
1.7

Sn
1.8

Sb
1.9

Te
2.1

I
2.5

Cs
0.7

Ba
0.9

Tl
1.8

Pb
1.9

Bi
1.9

Po
2.0

At
2.2

7. FIRST IONIZATION ENERGIES OF THE ELEMENTS

(a) First Ionization Energies

H
1310

He
2370

10

Li
519

Be
900

B
799

C
N
O
1090 1400 1310

Na
494

Mg
736

Al
577

Si
786

P
S
Cl
Ar
1060 1000 1260 1520

K
418

Ca
590

Sc
632

Ti
661

V
648

Cr
653

Mn
716

Fe
762

Co
757

Ni
736

Cu
745

Zn
908

Ga
577

Ge
762

As
966

Se
941

Br
1140

Rb
402

Sr
548

Y
636

Zr
669

Nb
653

Mo
694

Tc
699

Ru
724

Rh
745

Pd
803

Ag
732

Cd
866

In
556

Sn
707

Sb
833

Te
870

I
Xe
1010 1170

Cs
376

Ba
502

La
540

Hf
531

Ta
577

W
770

Re
762

Os
841

Ir
887

Pt
866

Au
891

Hg
TI
1010 590

Pb
716

Bi
774

Po
812

At

Fr
318

Ra
510

Ac
669
Ce
665

Pr
556

Nd

Pm
607

Sm
556

Eu
540

Gd
548

Tb
594

Dy
648

Ho
657

Er

Tm

Yb
598

Lu
481

Th
674

Pa

U
385

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

10

F
1680

Ne
2080

Kr
1350

Rn
1040

8. SUCCESSIVE I. E.S OF ELEMENTS in KJ mol-1

Atomic
number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42

Element

H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo

1st

2nd

3rd

1310
2370
519
900
799
1090
1400
1310
1680
2080
494
736
577
786
1060
1000
1260
1520
418
590
632
661
648
653
716
762
757
736
745
908
577
762
966
941
1140
1350
402
548
636
669
653
694

5250
7300
1760
2420
2350
2860
3390
3370
3950
4560
1450
1820
1580
1900
2260
2300
2660
3070
1150
1240
1310
1370
1590
1510
1560
1640
1750
1960
1730
1980
1540
1950
2080
2080
2370
2650
1060
1180
1270
1380
1560

11800
14800
3660
4610
4590
5320
6040
6150
6940
7740
2740
3230
2920
3390
3850
3950
4600
4940
2390
2720
2870
2990
3250
2960
3230
3390
3550
3828
2960
3300
2730
3090
3460
3560
3850
4120
1980
2220
2430
2620
11

4th

21000
25000
6220
7480
7450
8410
9290
9540
10500
11600
4360
4960
4540
5150
5770
5860
6480
7110
4170
4600
4770
5190
5400
5100
5400
5690
5980
6190
4390
4850
4140
4850
5020
5110
5440
3310
3690
4480

5th

32800
37800
9440
11000
11000
12100
13400
13600
14800
16000
6280
6990
6540
7240
7990
8120
8870
9620
6280
7070
7360
7620
7910
7620
7990
8280
8700
8950
6020
7030
5770
6370
6850
6940
8000
4850
5400

6th

7th

8th

47000
53200
13300
15100
15200
16600
18000
18400
20000
21200
8490
9330
8790
9620
10700
10700
11600
12400
8700
9750
10100
10500
10900
10500
11000
11400
11900
12300
7870
8370

64300
71000
17900
20000
20100
21700
23400
23600
25900
27100
11000
12000
11400
12300
13600
13600
14600
16600
11500
12800
13300
13800
14300
13900
14400
14900
15400
16000
10000

84100
91600
23000
25500
25600
27500
29100
30500
31700
33600
13800
14900
14600
15300
17000
16700
17700
18800
14600
16400
17000
17500
18100
17700
18200
18900
19500
20300

9600
10000
7100

11000
12000
12000

14000
14000
15000

8. SUCCESSIVE I. E.S OF ELEMENTS in KJ mol-1 (Contd.)

Atomic
number
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92

Element

Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba
La
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Th
Pa
U

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

699
724
745
803
732
866
556
707
833
870
1010
1170
376
502
540
531
577
770
762
841
887
866
891
1010
590
716
774
812

1470
1620
1740
1870
2070
1630
1820
1410
1590
1800
1840
2050
2420
966
1100
1440
1560
1710
1600
1630
1550
1870
1980
1810
1970
1450
1610

2800
2740
3000
3180
3360
3620
2700
2940
2440
3010
2040
3100

1040 1930
381
510
979
669 1170
674 1110

3390
1850
2010
2150
2330
2500
2400
2600
2750
2940
3300
2870
3080
2460

5th

6th

4100
4500
4400
4730
5000

5900
6300
6300
6300
6700

7500
7900
8400
8800
8400

9200
9600
10000
10000
11000

15000
11000
12000
13000
13000

5230
3930
4270
3680
4030

7780
5360
5860

5900
6300
6700
7100
7200
7100

7500
8000
8400
8800
9200

9600
10000
10500
11000

3010
3190
3420
3600
3800
3800
3970
4200

4350
4600
5000
5000
5400
5400
5400

4900
4080
4350

6700
5400

2890

4250

5310

1930

2760

385

12

7th

8th

9. SUCCESSIVE I. E.S OF CALCIUM AND SODIUM

Number of electrons
removed
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Ionization Energy of calcium

kJ mol-1
590
1145
4912
6474
8145
10496
12320
14207
18192
20385
57048
63333
70052
78792
86367
94000
104900
111600
494790
527759

13

Ionization Energy of sodium

kJ mol-1
496
4578
6792
9576
13440
16674
20166
25578
29022
141540
159600

10. STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF COMBUSTION,

AND
STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION,
Physical state

Standard Enthalpy of
Combustion

Standard Enthalpy of
Formation

HYDROCARBONS
Alkanes
Methane
Ethane
Propane
n-butane
n-pentane
n-hexane
n-heptane
n-octane

(g)
(g)
(g)
(g)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

- 889
-1565
-2228
-2888
-3523
-4159
-4807
-5445

- 75
- 85
- 104
- 146
- 174
- 200
- 225
- 237

Alkenes
ethene
propene

(g)
(g)

-1362
-2058

+ 54
+ 21

Alkynes
ethyne
propyne

(g)
(g)

-1310
-1953

+ 228
+ 186

Benzene compounds
Benzene
Toluene
Ethylbenzene

(l)
(l)
(l)

-3284
-3923
-4436

+ 49
+ 50.1
- 11.7

ALDEHYDES
Methanal
Ethanal
Propanal

(l)
(l)
(l)

- 552
-1172
-1823

- 116
- 167
- 206

KETONES
Propanone
Butanone
Pentan-3-one

(l)
(l)
(l)

-1792
-2446
-3089

- 249
- 272
- 310

ACIDS
Methanoic
Ethanoic
Propanoic (propionic)
Butanoic (butyric)
Oxalic

(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(s)

- 271
- 879
-1582
-2175
- 246

14

411
490
511
543
700

10. STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF COMBUSTION,

AND
STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION,
(Contd.)

Physical state

Standard Enthalpy of
Combustion

Standard Enthalpy of
Formation

ALCOHOLS
Methanol
Ethanol
Propan-l-ol
Butan-l-ol
Pentan-l-ol
Hexan-l-ol
Heptan-l-ol
Octan-l-ol
Propan-2-ol

(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)
(l)

- 729
-1372
-2022
-2680
-3330
-3985
-4630
-5287
-1994

-239
-279
-302
-333
-360
-386
-413
-435
-312

Standard enthalpy of formation of selected compounds

(kJ mol at 250C and 1 atm; g = gas, l = liquid, s = solid, aq = aqueous)
-1

Compound
AgBr(s)
BaCl2(s)
BaCl2.2H2O(s)
CH4(g)
C2H6(g)
C3H8(g)
n-C4H10(g)
C6H6(g)
C6H6(l)
CO(g)
CO2(g)
Fe2O3(s)

Compound
- 100.4
- 858.6
-1461
- 74.81
- 84.68
-103.8
-124.7
82.93
49.03
-110.5
-393.5
-824.2

Fe3O4(s)
HI(g)
H2O(g)
H2O(l)
H2O2(g)
H2SO4(l)
NaHCO3(s)
Na2CO3(s)
NH3(g)
O3(g)
SO2(g)
SO3(g)

15

-1118
26.5
-241.8
-285.8
-136.3
-814.0
-947.7
-1131
-46.19
442
-296.8
-395.7

11. STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF ATOMIZATION OF ELEMENTS

Elements

kJ mol-1

Aluminium
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Caesium
Calcium
Carbon (graphite)
Carbon (diamond)
Chlorine
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
Gold
Hydrogen
Iodine
Iron
Lead
Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorous (white)
Phosphorous (red)
Potassium
Radium
Rubidium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulphur
Tin
Zinc

326.4
263.6
288.7
174.4
327.4
207.1
553.0
224.2
12.1
78.2
177.4
714.0
713.0
242.0
397.5
424.0
339.3
158.2
368.2
436.0
213.4
417.5
195.8
160.7
147.7
279.0
61.1
428
946
498.8
316.3
333.8
89.6
161.9
82.0
443
286.2
107.5
163.6
274.5
301.2
130.5

16

12. ELECTRON AFFINITIES OF SOME ELEMENTS

Electron Affinity kJ mol-1

H
O

-75
-139

OS
SF
Cl
Br
I

+794
-231
+567
-351
-349
-344
-318

13. AVERAGE BOND ENTHALPIES AT 298 K

Bond
H-H
D-D
C-C
C=C
C-C (benzene)
Si-Si
N-N
N=N
P-P
O-O
O=O
S-S
F-F
Cl-Cl
Br-Br
I-I
H-Se
H-Te
O-Si
O=S

Bond
436
442
348
612
837
518
176
163
409
944
112
146
496
264
158
242
193
151
305
238
464
523

C
N N
C

C-H
Si-H
N-H
P-H
O-H
S-H
F-H
Cl-H
Br-H
I-H

412
318
388
322
463
338
562
431
366
299

C-O
C=O
C-N
C=N

360
743
305
613
890
489
338
276
238

C-F
C-Cl
C-Br
C-I

17

14. ENTHALPIES OF HYDRATION OF SOME IONS AND IONIC RADII

Ion

Enthalpy of hydration

Ionic Radius
nm

-499
-399
-305
-290
-1891
-1562
-2101
-2045
-4613
-457
-381
-351
-307
-251
-1415
-1275
-1890
-4340
-4350

0.06
0.095
0.133
0.148
0.065
0.099
0.069
0.074
0.050
0.136
0.181
0.195
0.216
0.169
0.113
0.135
0.076
0.064
0.069

Li+
Na+
K+
Rb+
Mg2+
Ca2+
Cu2+
Zn2+
Al3+
FClBrICs+
Sr2+
Ba2+
Fe2+
Fe3+
Cr3+

15. LATTICE ENERGIES OF ALKALI METAL HALIDES in kJ mol-1

Elements

Fluoride

Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Caesium

1008
895
798
764
731

Chloride
836
769
697
676
638

16. LATTICE ENERGIES OF SOME COMPOUNDS

Lattice energies
Compounds
kJ mol-1
AgCl
AgBr
AgI
ZnS
MgCl
MgCl2
MgCl3

916
908
865
3615
753
2502
5440
18

Bromide
794
735
668
647
613

Iodide
731
689
634
609
584

17. STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF SOME COMPOUNDS OF

GROUP I ELEMENTS

X2O
kJ/mol

XOH
kJ/mol

XF
kJ/mol

XCl
kJ/mol

XBr
kJ/mol

XI
kJ/mol

Lithium
Li

-596

-486

-612

-408

-351

-271

Sodium
Na

-416

-426

-573

-411

-360

-288

Potassium
K

-362

-423

-569

-435

-393

-328

Rubidium
Rb

-330

-420

-548

-428

-389

-329

Caesium
Cs

-318

-418

-531

-433

-395

-337

18. STANDARD ENTHALPIES OF FORMATION OF SOME COMPOUNDS OF

GROUP II ELEMENTS

XO
kJ/mol

X(OH)2
kJ/mol

XF2
kJ/mol

XCl2
kJ/mol

XBr2
kJ/mol

XI2
kJ/mol

Beryllium
Be
Magnesium
Mg
Calcium
Ca
Strontium
Sr
Barium
Ba

-599

-904

-1009

-493

-370

-212

-603

-922

-1121

-642

-518

-360

-1113

-636

-984

-1215

-795

-675

-535

-1207

-590

-953

-1215

-828

-716

-567

-1218

-557

-945

-1200

-860

-755

-602

-1219

19

XCO3
kJ/mol

19. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF HYDRIDES OF GROUP IV, V, VI, VII
ELEMENTS AND INERT GASES

Compound

M.P. 0C

B.P. 0C

CH4
SiH4
GeH4
SnH4

-183
-185
-165
-150

-162
-112
- 90
- 52

NH3
PH3
AsH3
SbH3

- 78
-134
-116
- 88

OH2
SH2
SeH2
TeH2

0
- 85
- 66
- 48

100
- 60
- 41
- 2

HF
HCl
HBr
HI

- 83
-114
- 86
- 51

Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe

-249
-189
-157
-112

-246
-186
-153
-108

20

33
88
55
17

19
85
66
35

20. PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS OF THE 3RD ROW OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

Properties

Na

Nature of the Element

metal

Mg

Al

Si

metal

metal

non-metal non-metal

Cl

non-metal

non-metal

Melting point

98

651

660

1416

44

119

-10.1

Boiling point

892

1107

2467

2355

280

445

-34.5

Electronegativity

1.0

1.25

1.45

1.74

2.05

2.45

2.85

1st I.E.

495

738

577

787

1060

100

1255

21

- 67

26

135

60

196

-348

23.7

14.0

10

12

17

15.4

22.7

NaCl

MgCl2

PCl3

SCl2

Cl2

PCl5

SCl4

Electron affinity
Atomic volume
cm3/mole
Formulae of chlorides

AlCl3

SiCl4

Bond Type

Ionic

Ionic

--

Covalency

Increases

Formulae of oxides

Na2O

MgO

Al2O3

SiO2

P2O3

SO3

Cl2O7

Valency

Bonding

Ionic

Ionic

Covalency

Formulae of hydride

NaH

MgH2

AlH3

Bonding

Ionic

Increases

Covalent

SiH4
Covalency

Covalent

PH3
Increases

SH2
Covalent

Covalent
ClH
Covalent

21. PROPERTIES OF THE OXIDES, CHLORIDES AND HYDROXIDES OF THE

ELEMENTS OF ROWS 2 AND 3 OF PERIODIC TABLE
OXIDES OF THE ELEMENTS OF ROW 2 AND 3
Row 2
Melting point/0C

Li2O
s
>1690

BeO
s
2550

-660

-610

Structure
Action of water

Basic

B2O3
s
450

-427
Giant
Covalent
lattice
Weakly
Weakly
amphoteric acidic

21

CO2
g
-55
(5 atm)
-200

N2O5
s
30

O2
g
-218

F2O
g
-223

-8

-20

Neutral

Strongly
acidic

Row 3
Melting point/0C

Na2O
s
1280 sub

MgO
s
2850

Al2O3
s
2080

SiO2
s
1610

-410

-600

-560
Giant
Covalent
lattice
No
action

-455

Structure

Action of water

Basic

P2O5
s
580
(>1 atm)
-300
Polymeric

CHLORIDES OF THE ELEMENTS OF ROWS 2 AND 3

22

SO3
l
17

Cl2O7
g
-90

-147

+38

Row 3
Melting point/0C
Structure
Action of water

NaH
s
dec. 800
-56
Ionic

MgH2
s
dec. 290
-38
Polymeric
Basic;
H2 evolved

AlH3
s
+42

SiH4
g
-185
-15
Insoluble

PH3
g
-133
+2

Springly
soluble
neutral
Increasingly (+) ve charge on hydrogen

23

SH2
g
-85
-10
Weakly
acidic

ClH
g
-115
-92
Strongly
acidic

22. DECOMPOSITION TEMPERATURES (0C) OF SOME CARBONATES OF

s-BLOCK ELEMENTS

Group I

Decomposition
Temperature/0C

Group II

Decomposition
Temperature/0C

Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Caesium

1267
V. high
V. high
V. high
V. high

Beryllium
Magnesium
Calcium
Strontium
Barium

97
197
897
1277
1357

23. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Name

ALKANES
methane
ethane
propane
butane
2-methylpropane
pentane
2-methylbutane
2, 2-dimethylpropane
hexane
2-methylpentane
2, 2-dimethylbutane
2, 3-dimethylbutane
heptane
octane
2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane
cyclohexane

24

Melting
Point 0C

Boiling
Point 0C

-182.0
-183.2
-187.8
-135.0
-159.4
-129.0
-158.0
- 15.9
- 94.0
-153.4
- 98.2
-128.0
- 90.6
- 56.8
-107.4
6.5

-160.0
- 88.0
- 41.4
0.8
- 10.9
37.8
28.0
10.0
69.0
60.2
49.7
57.9
98.4
125.7
99.2
80.7

23. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Contd.)

Name

Melting
Point 0C

Boiling
Point 0C

ALKENES
ethene
propene
but-1-ene
but-2-ene
2-methylprop-1-ene
pent-1-ene
cyclohexene
buta-1, 3-diene
isoprene

-169.1
-184.9
-185.3
-138.7
-139.0
-165.2
-103.7
-136.3
-146.0

- 103.7
- 47.7
- 6.2
- 3.7
- 6.9
29.9
83.3
10.3
34.1

ALKYNES
ethyne
propyne
but-2-yne

- 81.5
-102.7
- 32.2

ALKYL HALIDES
chloromethane
dichloromethane
trichloromethane
tetrachloromethane
bromomethane
dibromomethane
tribromomethane

ALCOHOLS
methanol
ethanol
propan-l-ol
propan-2-ol
butan-1-ol
butan-2-ol
2-methylpropan-2-ol
2-methylpropan-1-ol
pentan-l-ol (Amyl)
pentan-2-ol
pentan-3-ol
25

sub.
-23.2
27.0

97.7
96.7
63.5
22.9
93.6
52.7
8.3

-23.7
40.2
61.2
76.8
3.5
97.0
149.6

- 97.6
-114.5
-126.5
- 89.5
- 89.5
- 89.0
25.0
-108.0
- 78.8

64.6
78.5
97.1
82.4
117.2
99.5
82.5
108.0
138.2
119.8
116.1

23. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Contd.)

Name

2-methylbutan-1-ol
3-methylbutan-1-ol
3-methylbutan-2-ol
2-methylbutan-2-ol
2, 2-dimethypropan-1-ol
glycerol
ETHERS
demethyl ether
methyl ethyl ether
diethyl ether
methyl-n-butyl ether
ethylene oxide

Melting
Point 0C

Boiling
Point 0C

-117.2
17.0
- 8.6
52.0
18.2

128.0
132.0
112.9
101.9
113.0
290.0

-141.5
-116.3
-115.5
-111.7

- 24.8
7.0
34.5
70.3
10.7

ALDEHYDES
methanal
ethanal
propanal
butanal
2-methyl proponal

- 92.0
-123.5
- 80.5
- 99.0
- 65.9

- 21.0
20.2
47.9
74.7
64.2

KETONES
acetone
butanone
pentan-3-one
pentan-2-one
3-methylbutan-2-one
pentan-2-one
4-methylpentan-2-one

- 94.81
- 86.9
- 39.9
- 77.8
- 92.0
- 56.9
- 84.7

56.1
79.5
102.0
102.4
95.0
127.2
117.0

AMINES
methylamine
ethylamine
propylamine
butylamine
triethylamine

- 92.5
- 80.6
- 83.0
- 50.0
- 114.7
26

- 6.0
16.6
49.0
77.8
89.4

23. MELTING AND BOILING POINTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (Contd.)

Name

Melting
Point 0C

Boiling
Point 0C

ACIDS
methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
butanoic acid
2-methylpropanoic acid
chloroacetic acid
dichloroacetic acid
trichloroacetic acid

8.4
16.6
- 20.8
- 5.5
- 46.1
63.0
9.7
58.0

100.8
117.8
140.8
164.0
154.7
189.4
194.4
196.0

ACID DERIVATIVES
methanamide
ethanoic anhydride
ethanoyl chloride
ethanamide
urea

2.6
- 73.0
- 112.0
81.0
132.7

193.0
140.0
51.0
221.0
decomposes

ESTERS
ethyl methanoate
methyl ethanoate
ethyl ethanoate
iso-butyl ethanoate

- 79.4
98.7
- 83.6
- 98.9

54.2
57.3
77.2
118.0

5.5
- 95.0
- 6.1
- 45.2
5.7
- 26.0
122.4
40.9
- 15.2
- 25.2
- 47.9
13.3
80.2

80.1
110.6
184.4
132.4
210.9
179.1
250.0
181.8
205.4
144.4
139.1
138.4
218.4

AROMATIC
benzene
toluene
aniline
chlorobenzene
nitrobenzene
benzaldehyde
benzoic acid
phenol
benzyl alcohol
o-xylene
m-xylene
p-xylene
napthalene

27

24. DISSOCIATION CONSTANTS OF SOME ACIDS AT 298 K

Acids

Ka

Methanoic acid
Ethanaoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid
Mono fluoro ethanoic acid
Mono chloro ethanoic acid
Mono bromo ethanoic acid
Mono iodo ethanoic acid
Di chloro ethanoic acid
Tri chloro ethanoic acid
Benzoic acid
Phenol
4-Nitro phenol
2, 4-Dinitro phenol
2,4, 6-trinitro phenol
Carbonic acid
Bicarbonate ion
Hydrofluoric acid
Bi sulphate ion
Hydrogen sulphide 1
Hydrogen sulphide 2
Phosphoric acid 1
Phosphoric acid 2
Phosphoric acid 3
Nitrous acid
Hypochlorous acid
Sulphurous acid 1
Sulphurous acid 2

28

1.8 x 10-4
1.8 x 10-5
1.32 x 10-5
1.51 x 10-5
2.19 x 10-3
1.4 x 10-3
1.35 x 10-3
7.41 x 10-4
5.7 x 10-2
2.2 x 10-1
6.7 x 10-5
1.3 x 10-10
6.4 x 10-8
1.0 x 10-4
1.6 x 10-1
4.6 x 10-7
4.4 x 10-11
3.53 x 10-4
1.26 x 10-2
9.1 x 10-8
1.1 x 10-12
7.52 x 10-3
6.23 x 10-8
2.2 x 10-13
4.6 x 10-4
2.95 x 10-8
1.54 x 10-2
1.02 x 10-7

25. DISSOCIATION CONTANTS OF SOME BASES AT 298K

Base
Ammonia
CH3NH2
(CH3)2NH
(CH3)3N
N2 H 4
C2H5 NH2
(C2H5)2NH
C6H5 NH2

Kb
1.77 x 10-5
4.2 x 10-4
5.9 x 10-4
6.3 x 10-5
3.0 x 10-6
5.62 x 10-4
9.55 x 10-4
3.80 x 10-16

26. IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

Temperature
0
C
0
10
20
25
50
100

Kw(mol2 dm-6)
0.11x10-14
0.30x10-14
0.68x10-14
1.00x10-14
5.47x10-14
51.30x10-14

29

27. SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS AT 25 0C

Name

Formula

Solubility
Product

aluminium hydroxide
barium carbonate
barium chromate
barium sulphate
beryllium hydroxide
bismuth suphide
cadmium hydroxide
cadmium sulphide
calcium carbonate
calcium hydroxide

Al(OH)3
BaCO3
BaCrO4
BaSO4
Be(OH)2
Bi2S3
Cd(OH)2
CdS
CaCO3
Ca(OH)2

1x10-33
5x10-9
1x10-10
1x10-10
3x10-18
1x10-97
4x10-15
8x10-27
3x10-9
4x10-6

calcium fluoride
calcium oxalate
calcium sulphate
chromium(II) hydroxide
chromium(III) hydroxide
cobalt(II) hydroxide
cobolt(III) hydroxide
cobalt(I) sulphide
copper(I) bromide
copper(I) chloride
copper(II) hydroxide
copper(I) iodide
copper(II) sulphide
copper(I) thiocynate
gallium hydroxide
iron(II) hydroxide
iron(III) hydroxide
iron(II) sulphide
lead carbonate
lead chloride
lead hydroxide
lead sulphate
lead sulphide

CaF2
CaC2O4
CaSO4
Cr(OH)2
Cr(OH)3
Co(OH)2
Co(OH)3
CoS
CuBr
CuCl
Cu(OH)2
CuI
CuS
CuSCN
Ga(OH)3
Fe(OH)2
Fe(OH)3
FeS
PbCO3
PbCl2
Pb(OH)2
PbSO4
PbS

3x10-11
2x10-9
9x10-6
1x10-17
1x10-33
6x10-15
3x10-41
4x10-21
5x10-9
2x10-7
2x10-19
1x10-12
4x10-36
1x10-14
8x10-40
8x10-16
4x10-40
5x10-18
6x10-14
2x10-5
8x10-16
2x10-8
7x10-28

30

27. SOLUBILITY PRODUCTS AT 25 0C (Contd.)

Name

Formula

Solubility
Product

magnesium carbonate
magnesium hydroxide
manganese(II) hydroxide
manganese(II) sulphide
mercury(I) chloride
mercury(I) hydroxide
mercury(II) hydroxide
mercury(I) sulphate
mercury(II) sulphide
nickel hydroxide
silver acetate
silver bromide
silver carbonate
silver chloride
silver chromate
silver cyanide
silver hydroxide
silver iodide
silver sulphide
silver thiocyanate
strontium carbonate
strontium sulphate
tin(II) hydroxide
tin(II) sulphide

MgCO3
Mg(OH)2
Mn(OH)2
MnS
Hg2Cl
Hg2(OH)2
Hg(OH)2
Hg2SO4
HgS
Ni(OH)2
CH3COOAg
AgBr
Ag2CO3
AgCl
Ag2CrO4
AgCN
AgOH
AgI
AgS
AgSCN
SrCO3
SrSO4
Sn(OH)2
SnS

3x10-8
1x10-11
2x10-13
3x10-10
1x10-18
2x10-24
4x10-26
7x10-7
1x10-52
2x10-15
3x10-3
5x10-13
8x10-12
2x10-10
2x10-12
1x10-16
2x10-8
8x10-17
6x10-50
1x10-12
1x10-10
3x10-7
8x10-29
1x10-26

28. ACID-BASE INDICATORS

Name

Concentration of
solution

Colour

pH range

Thymol blue
Methyl yellow
Methyl orange
Methyl red
Bromothymol blue

0.1% in water
0.1% in 90% alc.
0.1% in water
0.1% in water
0.1% in water

red-yellow
red-yellow
red-yellow
red-yellow
yellow-blue

1.2-2.8
2.9-4.0
3.1-4.4
4.4-6.2
6.0-7.6

1.7
3.7
5.1
7.0

Phenol red
Thymol blue
Phenolphthalein
Alizarin yellow

0.1% in water
0.1% in water
0.1% in 70% alc.
0.1% in water

yellow-red
yellow-blue
colourless-red
yellow-lilac

6.8-8.4
8.0-9.6
8.3-10.0
10.1-12.0

7.9
8.9
9.6
-

31

pKa=-log Ka

29. VARIATION OF pH IN AN ACID-BASE TITRATION

Addition of 0.1 mol dm-3 NaOH to 25 ml 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl

Volume of base added (cm3)
pH

0.0
1

5.0
1.2

Volume of base added (cm3)

pH

24.4
4.0

Volume of base added (cm3)

pH

25.4
10.9

10.0
1.4

15.0
1.6

20.0
2.0

24.0
2.7

24.2
3.0

24.8
4.6

24.90 24.95 25.0

5.0 5.2
7

25.1
9.8

25.2
10.6

25.6
11.2

25.8
11.3

35.0
12.2

26.0
11.4

30.0
11.9

30. SELECTED CONSTANT BOILING-POINT (AZEOTROPIC) BINARY MIXTURES

1. Minimum boiling-point systems
A

Mole% A

Wt % A

bp/K

H2O
H2O
H2O
CH3OH
CH3OH
CH3CO2H
C2H5OH
C2H5OH

C2H5OH
(C2H5)2O
C6H6
(CH3)2CO
C6H6
C6H6
C6H6
C6H12

10.6
5.6
44.4
20.0
61.4
97.5
44.8
33.2

4.43
1.26
15.6
12.2
39.5
96.8
32.4
21.4

351.4
357.4
342.6
328.9
331.5
353.3
341.4
331.9

2. Maximum boiling-point systems

A
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
HCl
CHCl3
HCO2H
C6H5OH
C6H5OH

B
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
HClO4
HNO3(735 Torr)
HCO2H
(CH3)2O
(CH3)2CO
(C2H5)2CO
C6H5CH2OH
C6H5CHO

Mole% A

Wt % A

bp/K

65.4
88.9
83.1
84.3
32.0
62.2
43.3
65.0
65.5
48.0
8.0
54.0

62.9
79.8
96.7
43.1
32.0
7.79
15.6
59.5
79.6
33.0
7.04
51.0

384.6
381.8
399.2
400.2
476.2
393.7
380.3
271.7
378.6
337.7
479.2
458.8

32

31. COMPOSITION AND BOILING POINTS OF AN IDEAL

MIXTURE OF LIQUIDS A AND B
Boiling Points 0C
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130

Liquid Phase A % (moles)

0
18
33
45
56.5
66
74.5
82
89
95
100

Vapour Phase A % (moles)

0
1.8
6.6
13.5
22.6
33
44.7
57.4
71.2
85.5
100

32. SATURATED VAPOUR PRESSURE OF WATER

Temperature
0
C
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38

S.V.P.
mm Hg
9.2
9.8
10.5
11.2
12.0
12.8
13.6
14.5
15.5
16.5
17.5
18.7
19.8
21.1
22.4
23.8
25.2
26.7
28.3
30.0
31.8
33.7
35.7
37.7
39.9
42.2
44.6
47.1
49.7

Temperature
0
C
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60

33

S.V.P.
mm Hg
52.4
55.3
58.3
61.5
64.8
68.3
71.9
75.7
79.6
83.7
88.0
92.5
97.2
102.1
107.2
112.5
118.0
123.8
129.8
136.1
142.6
149.2

34. STANDARD REDUCTION (ELECTRODE) POTENTIALS

Half reaction

E(V)

Very weak
oxidizing
agents

Very strong
reducing
agents

Very weak
reducing
agents

Very strong
oxidizing
agents

34

34. COMPOSITION OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH CRUST (BY WEIGHT)

Oxygen ................................................................................... 46.71%
Silicon
................................................................................... 27.60%
Aluminium................................................................................... 8.07%
Iron
................................................................................... 5.05%
Calcium ................................................................................... 3.65%
Sodium ................................................................................... 2.75%
Potassium ................................................................................... 2.58%
Magnesium.................................................................................. 2.08%
Other elements ........................................................................... 1.14%

COMPOSITION OF THE ELEMENTS OF THE EARTH AS A WHOLE

(BY WEIGHT)
Iron
................................................................................... 36.9%
Oxygen ................................................................................... 29.3%
Silicon
................................................................................... 14.9%
Magnesium.................................................................................. 7.4%
Nickel
.................................................................................. 3.0%
Calcium ................................................................................... 3.0%
Aluminium................................................................................... 2.4%
Sulphur .................................................................................. 0.9%
Titanium ................................................................................... 0.6%
Sodium ................................................................................... 0.6%
Other elements ........................................................................... 1.0%

35. MINEROLOGICAL COMPOSITIONS OF THE EARTHS CRUST

Feldspar
...................................................................... 59.5%
Horn Blende
Pyroxene
...................................................................... 16.8%
(Complex Silicate)
Quartz
....................................................................... 12.0%
Mica
....................................................................... 3.8%
Other elements ....................................................................... 7.9%

35

36. COMPOSITION OF DRY AIR

Dry gas

By volume

By weight

He
Ne
N2
Ar
O2
Kr
Xe
CO2

1 volume in 200,000 volumes

1 volume in 65,000 volumes
78.03%
0.94%
20.99%
1 volume in 1,000,000 volumes
1 volume in 11,000,000
0.03%

75.53%
1.27%
23.16%
0.033%

The following gases are found in very small quantities O3, N2O, CH4, CO.
In an industrial environment there would be traces of H2S and SO2.
37. COMPOSITION OF SEA WATER
Total percentage of dissolved salt in sea water
Density of sea water

Percentage of each compound

in dissolved salt (w/w)
NaCl
MgCl2
MgSO4
CaSO4
KCl
CaCO3
MgBr2

= 3.5 (w/w)
= 1.008 g/ml

Percentage of each compound

in sea water (w/w)
2.731x10-2
3.225x10-3
2.286x10-3
1.218x10-3
7.385x10-4
1.155x10-4
8.750x10-5

78.04
9.21
6.53
3.48
2.11
0.33
0.25

The total ion concentration in sea water (mol/dm-3)

4.705x10-3
10.134x10-4
10.192x10-5
9.99x10-5
5.49x10-3
2.82x10-4
1.164x10-5
9.586x10-6

Na
Mg2+
Ca2+
K+
ClSO42CO32Br-

36

38. MINERAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA

Type

Chemical formula

Oxides
Limonite
Geothite
Magnetite

Location

Utilization

Iron Minerals
Fe2O3.2H2O
Fe2O3.H2O
Fe3O4
CuFeS2.Fe3O4

Ratnapura, Galle
Matara
Panerendawa,
Wilagedera, Seruwila

Iron
and
Steel

Alkaline Earth Minerals

Carbonates
Limestone

CaCO3

K.K.S., Puttalam
Ambalangoda,
Hungama.

Cement & Building

Ceramics

Dolomite

CaCO3.MgCO3

Kandy, Matale, Badulla

Habarana, Ratnapura.

Fertilizer & source

of magnesia

Magnesite

MgCO3

Wellawaya, Randeniya.

Refractorys furnace
linings

Beach Minerals
Oxides
Ilmenite

FeO.TiO2

Rutile
Baddeleyite

TiO2
ZrO2

Silicates
Zircon

ZrSiO4

Sillimanite

Al2O3.SiO2

Garnet

Fe3Al2(SiO4)3

Phosphate
Phosphate

ThO2(Ce La Y)PO4

Pulmoddai and Southern coast Titanium metal and

pigments
Pulmoddai and Southern coast Refractory
Pulmoddai and South coast
Refractory

Pulmoddai and Southern coast Ceramics and

refractories
Pulmoddai and Southern coast Ceramics and
refractories
Hambantota, Kirinda
Abrasive and paving
floors

Pulmoddai, Kaikawala

37

Source of thorium,
rare earths and
phosphates

38. MINERAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA (Contd.)

Type

Chemical formula

Location

Utilization

Carbon Minerals
Graphite

Bogala, Kolongaha
Kahatagaha

Peat

Hydrocarbons
(H and C)

Muthurajawela

Manufacture of
electrodes, crucibles,
lubricants.
Fuel and used in
agriculture.

Radioactive Minerals
Oxides
Thorianite

U3O2.ThO2

Bambarabotuwa,
Kaikawela

Nuclear energy
Source of Th and U.

Phosphate
Monazite

ThO2(Ce La Y)PO4

Pulmoddai,
Kaikawela

Source of Thorium and

Rare Earths.

Phosphorus Minerals
Phosphates
Apatite

Ca5(PO4)3F, Cl

Eppawala

Phosphorus compounds
and fertilizer.

Mica Minerals
Silicates
Phlogopite

K2O.6MgO.Al2O3
.6SiO2 .2H2O

Wariyapola

Insulator for electricity

filler for paints and
plastics etc.

Muscovite

K2O-3Al2O3-6SiO2
-2H2O

Badulla, Haldumulla

Insulator for electricity,

filler for paints and
plastic etc.

Biotite

K2O6(Mg.Fe)O.Al2O3
6SiO2 2H2O

Madampe, Maskeliya

Insulator for electricity,

filler for paints and
plastic etc.

38

MINERAL RESOURCES OF SRI LANKA (Contd.)

Type

Chemical formula

Location

Utilization

Copper Minerals
Sulphides
Copperpyrites
associated with
Magnetite

CuFeS2

Seruwila

Source of copper

Silica Minerals
Oxides
Quarts
Silica Sands

SiO2
SiO2

Opanaike, Pelmedulla
Rattota, Madampe,
Nattandiya,
Trincomalee, Jaffna

Ceramics and glass

Industry

Silicates
Felspar

K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2

Talagoda, Koslanda

Cordierite
Serpentinite

2MgO.Al2O3.5SiO2
Mg6Si4O10(OH)8

Gampaha & Avissawella

Uda Walawe

Allanite

(CaFe)2(AlFeCe)3
(SiO4)4(OH)

Rattota

Ceremics and glass

Industry
Ceremic industry.
Used for fertilizer
(fused magnesium
phosphate)
Source of thorium and
rare earths

Clay Minerals
Kaolin or China
Clay & Ball Clay
Kaolinite
Montmorillonite

Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
(MgCa)O.Al2O3.5SiO2
.6H2O
Pipe Clay
(MgCa)O.Al2O3.5SiO2
6H2O
Brick & Tile Clay (MgCa)O.Al2O3.5SiO2
.6H2O
Clay for Cement (MgCa)O.Al2O3.5SiO2
.6H2O

Boralesgamuwa,
Meetiyagoda,
Dediyawala.

Used in the ceremics

industry.

Dry Zone areas

Manufacture of clay
products and cement.

Puttalam & Murunkan

39

GEM MINERAL (IMPORTANT VARIETIES)

Mineral

Chemical Formula

Varieties

Corundum

Al2O3

Chrysoberyl
Beryl
Topaz

BeO.Al2O3
3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2
Al2(FOH)3.SiO4

Tourmaline

Complex Boro Silicate

Sapphire, Ruby Star,

Sapphire, Star Ruby, Yellow,
White & Orange Sapphire.
Alexandrite, Cats eye.
Emerald, Aquamarine.
White & Yellow Topaz.
Blue, Green, Violet and Red Topaz.
Black, Pink, Blue tourmaline.

Garnet
Pyrope
Alamandine
Grossularite
Spinel
Zircon

MgAl2(SiO4)3
Fe3Al2(SiO3)4
Ca3Al2(SiO4)3
MgO.Al2O3
ZrSiO4

Quartz

SiO2

Felspar
Cordierite

KAISiO3O8
(MgFe)2Al2Si5O8

Deep red to black.

Deep crimson to violet.
Yellow to brown.
Deep red, green, violet spinel.
Hyacinth, red, orange, brown and
yellow zircon.
Rock crystal, amethyst, rose quartz,
smokey quartz, citrine, cats eye quartz.
Moonstone, amazon stone.
Iolite.

40

39. SOME OF THE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS IN SELECTED ESSENTIAL OILS

(in percentage)
Cinnamon

Leaf oil

Bark oil

Root bark oil

Eugenol
Cinnamic aldehyde
Benzyl benzoate
Caryiphyllene
Linalool
1:8 - Cineole
Camphor

70-80
6-10
3
2
2
0.2
trace

8-10
75
1
1.5
3
2
trace

5
4
0.4
trace
1
6
65

Citronella oil
Geraniol
Citronellol
Limonene
Camphene
Borneol
Citronellal
Geranyl formate
Methyl iso eugenol
Caryophyllene
Pinene

20
10
10
8
7
6
5
4
3
3

Pepper oil
Caryophyllene

25

Nutmeg oil
-Pinene
-Pinene
Sabinene
Limonene

30
20
15
10

Lemon grass
Citral A and B
(Geranial, normal)

65

41

39. SOME OF THE MAJOR CONSTITUENTS IN SELECTED ESSENTIAL OILS

(in percentage) (Contd.)
Cardamon oil
Terpenyl accetate
1:8 Cineole
Sabinnene
Linalool

Clove oil
Eugenol
Caryophyllene
Pinene

Eucalyptus
1:8 Cineole

Leaf oil
30
05
03
03

90

80

42

40. Selected Thermodynamic Data

Substance
and State

Substance
and State

Aluminum
Al(s)
Al2O3(s)
Al(OH)3(s)
AlCl3(s)

0
-1676
-1277
-704

0
-1582
-629

111

Barium
Ba(s)
BaCO3(s)
BaO(s)
Ba(OH)2(s)
BaSO4(s)

0
-1219
-582
-946
-1465

0
-1139
-552

67
112
70

-1353

132

Beryllium
Be(s)
BeO(s)
Be(OH)2(s)

0
-599
-904

0
-569
-815

10
14
47

Bromine
Br2(l)
Br2(g)
Br2(aq)
Br-(aq)
HBr(g)

0
31
-3
-121
-36

0
3
4
-104
-53

10
245
130
82
199

Cadmium
Cd(s)
CdO(s)
Cd(OH)2(s)
Cds(s)
CdSO4(s)

0
-258
-561
-162
-935

Calcium
Ca(s)
CaC2(s)
CaCO3(s)
CaO(s)
Ca(OH)2(s)
Ca3(PO4)2(s)
CaSO4(s)
CaSiO3(s)
Carbon
C(s) (graphite)
C(s) (diamond)
CO(g)
CO2(g)
CH4(g)
CH3OH(g)
CH3OH(l)
H2CO3(g)
HCOOH(g)

28
51

0
-228
-474
-156
-823

52
55
96
65
123

0
-63
-1207
-635
-987
-4126
-1433
-1630

0
-68
-1129
-604
-899
3890
-1320
-1550

41
70
93
40
83
241
107
84

0
2
-110.5
-393.5
-75
-201
-239
-201
-363

0
3
-137
-394
-51
-163
-166
-163
-351

6
2
198
214
186
240
127
240
249

43

HCN(g)
C2H2(g)
C2H4(g)
CH3CHO(g)
C2H6(g)
C3H6(g)
C2H8(g)
C2H4O(g)
CH2=CHCN(l)
CH3COOH(l)
C6H12O6(s)

135.1
227
52
-166
-84.7
20.9
-104
-53
152
-484
-1275

125
209
68
209
-32.9
62.7
24
-13
190
-389
-911

202
201
219
250
229.9
266.9
270
242
274
160
212

0
-23
-167
-92

0
7
-131
-95

223
121
57
187

Chromium
Cr(s)
Cr2O3(s)
CrO3(s)

0
-1128
-579

0
-1047
-502

24
81
72

Copper
Cu
CuCO3
Cu2O
CuO
Cu(OH)2(s)
CuS(s)

0
-595
-170
-156
-450
-49

0
-518
-148
-128
-372
-49

33
88
93
43
108
67

Fluorine
F2(g)
F-(aq)
HF(g)

0
-333
-271

0
-279
-273

203
14
174

Hydrogen
H2(g)
H(g)
H+(aq)
OH-(aq)
H2O(l)
H2O(g)

0
271
0
-230
-286
-242

0
203
0
-157
-237
-229

131
115
0
-11
70
189

Chlorine
Cl2(g)
Cl2(aq)
Cl-(aq)
HCl(g)

Substance
Iodine
I2(s)
I2(g)
I2(aq)
I-(aq)

Iron
Fe(s)
Fe3C(s)
Fe0.95O(s)
(wustite)
FeO
Fe3O4(s)
(magnetic)
Fe2O3(s)
(hematic)
FeS(s)
FeS2(s)
FeSO4(s)

Substance

0
62
23
-55

0
19
16
-52

0
21

0
15

27
108

-264
-272

-240
-255

59
61

-1117

-1013

146

-826
-95
-178
-929

- 740
-97
- 166
- 825

90
67
53
121

Lead
Pb(s)
PbO2(s)
PbS(s)
PbSO4(s)

0
-277
-100
-920

0
-217
-99
- 813

65
69
91
149

Magnesium
Mg(s)
MgCO3(s)
MgO(s)
Mg(OH)2(s)

0
-1113
-602
-925

0
-1029
-569
-834

33
66
27
64

Manganese
Mn(s)
MnO(s)
Mn3O4(s)
Mn2O3(s)
MnO2(s)
MnO4-aq)
Mercury
Hg(l)
Hg2Cl2(s)
HgCl2(s)
HgO(s)
HgS(s)
Nickel
Ni(s)
NiCl2(s)
NiO(s)
Ni(OH)2(s)
NiS(s)

Nitrogen
N2(g)
NH3 (g)
NH3(aq)
NH4+(aq)
NO(aq)
NO2(g)
N2O(g)
N2O4(g)
N2O4(l)
N2O5(s)
N2H3CH3(l)
HNO3(aq)
HNO3(l)
NH4ClO4(s)

116
261
137
106

Oxygen
O2(g)
O(g)
O3(g)
Phosphorus
P(s) (White)
P(s) (red)
P(s) (black)
P4(g)
PF5(g)
PH3(g)
H3PO4(s)
H3PO4(l)
H3PO4(aq)
P4O10(s)

0
-46
-80
-132
90
34
82
10
-20
-42
54
-207
-174
-295

0
-16.6
-27
-79
87
52
104
98
97
134
180
-111
-81
-89

192
193
111
113
211
240
220
304
209
178
166
146
156
186

0
249
143

0
232
163

205
161
239

0
-18
-39
59
-1578
5
-1279
-1267
-1288
-3110

0
-12
-33
24
-1509
13
-1119
-1143
-2698

41
23
23
280
296
210
110
158
229

0
-385
-1387
-971
-521
-543

0
-363
-1280
-893
-466
-449

32
60
149
110
53
190

Potassium
K(s)
KCl(s)
KClO3(s)
KClO4(s)
K2O(s)
K2O2(s)
KO2(s)
KOH(s)
KOH(aq)

0
-436
-391
-433
-361
-496
-283
-425
-481

0
-408
-290
-304
-322
-430
-238
-379
-440

0
-265
-230
- 90
-58

0
-211
-184
-59
-49

76
196
144
70
78

Silicon
SiO2(s)(quartz) -911

-856

42

30
107
38
79
53

0
105
-100
146
-127
-712
-62
-31
-32

0
77
-97
164
-110
-622
-66
-11
-40

43
73
107
87
96
217
115
122
146

0
-316
-241
-538
-93

0
-272
-213
-453
-90

Silver
Ag(s)
Ag+(aq)
AgBr(s)
AgCN(s)
AgCl(s)
Ag2CrO4(s)
AgI(s)
Ag2O(s)
Ag2S(s)

44

64
83
143
151
98
113
117
79
9.20

Substance

Substance

and State

and State

Sodium
Na(s)
Na+(aq)
NaBr(s)
Na2CO3(s)
NaHCO3(s)
NaCl(s)
NaH(s)
NaI(s)

0
-240
-360
-1131
-948
-411
-56
-288

0
-262
-347
-1048
-852
-384
-33
-282

51
59
84
136
102
72
40
91

NaNO2(s)
NaNO3(s)
Na2O(s)
Na2O2(s)
NaOH(s)
NaOH(aq)

-359
-467
-416
-515
-427
-470

-366
-377
-451
-381
-419

116
73
95
64
50

Sulphur
S(s) (rhombic)
S(s) (monoclinic)
S2-(aq)
S8(g)
SF6(g)
H2S(g)
SO2(g)
SO3(g)
SO42-(aq)
H2SO4(l)
H2SO4(aq)

0
0.3
33
102
-1209
-21
-297
-396
-909
-814
-909

0
0.1
86
50
-1105
-34
-300
-371
-745
-690
-745

32
33
-15
431
292
206
248
257
20
157
20

Tin
Sn(s)(white)
Sn(s)(gray)
SnO(s)
SnO2(s)
Sn(OH)2(s)

0
-2
-285
-581
-561

0
0.1
-257
-520
-492

52
44
56
52
155

Titanium
TiCl4(g)
TiO2(s)

-763
-945

-727
-890

355
50

Uranium
U(s)
UF6(s)
UF6(g)
UO2(s)
U3O8(s)
UO3(s)

0
-2137
-2113
-1084
-3575
-1230

Xenon
Xe(g)
XeF2(g)
XeF4(s)
XeF6(g)
XeO3(s)

0
-108
-251
-294
402

0
-2008
-2029
-1029
-3393
-1150

0
-48
-121

Zinc
Zn(s)
ZnO(s)
Zn(OH)2(s)
ZnS(s)
(wurtzite)
ZnS(s)
(zinc blende)
ZnSO4(s)

50
228
380
78
282
99

170
254
146

45

0
-348
-642

0
-318

42
44

-201
-874

58
120

-193
-206
-983

REFERENCES
1. Dodd, I.R. (1968) Book of Data - Nuffield Advanced Science, Nuffield Foundation;
Longmans Penguin Books.
2. Lange N.A. (1961) Text Edition of Lange Hand Book of Chemistry, New York,
Toronto London; Mc Graw - Hill Book Company Inc.
3. Weast, R.C. (1972) Hand Book of Chemistry and Physics (Fifty-third Edition),
Cron wood, Parkway Clereland, Ohio : The Chemical Rubber Company.
4. Zumdhal S.S. (1986) Chemistry D-C Heath and Company, University of Illinois, U.S.A.

46

REFERENCES
Editors :
Aylward, G.H.
Findlay, T.J.V.

Chemical Data Book

(Second Edition)
Publisher:
John Wiley & Sons,
Sydney, New York, London.

D.H. Busch
H. Shull
R.T. Conley

Chemistry (Second Edition)

Publisher:
Allyn and Bacon, Inc.,
Boston, London, Sydney, Toronto.
Robert C. Weast

Hand Book of Chemistry & Physics

(Fifty-third Edition)
Publisher:
The Chemical Rubber Company,
Cronwood, Parkway, Clereland, Ohio.

W.R. Kneen
M.J.W. Rogers
P. Simpson

Samuel Rubers

Chemistry, Facts, Patterns & Principles

Publisher:
Addison - Wesley Publishers Limited,
Reading, London.
The Elements
Publisher:
Howard W. Sams & Comapny
The Boffs, Merrill Company.

Norbert Adolph Lange

Text Edition of Lange

Hand Book of Chemistry
Tenth Edition.
Publisher:
Mc. Graw - Hill Book Company Inc.,
New York, Toronto, London, 1961.

Ivan & Robin Dodd

Book of Data - Nuffield Advanced Science,

Published for the Nuffield Foundation.
Publisher:
Longmans Penguin Books, 1968.
47

References
Aylward, G.H.
Findlay, T.J.V.
Busch, D. H.
Shull, H.
Conley, R. T.
Weast, Robert, C.
Keen, W.R.
Rogers, M.J.W.
Simpson, P.
Samuel Rubers

Chemical Data Book.

John Wiley & Sons.
Chemistry.
Allyn and Bacon, Inc.,
Hand Book of Chemistry & Physics
The Chemical Rubber Company.
Chemistry, Facts, Patterns & Principles
Addison - Wesley Publishers Limited.
The Elements
Howard W. Sams & Company.
The Boffs, Merrill Company.

Lange, N.A.

Text Edition of Lange

Hand Book of Chemistry
Mc. Graw - Hill Book Company Inc. (1961).

Dodd, I.R.
Dodd, R.

Book of Data - Nuffield Advanced Science

Longmans Penguin Books (1968).

48

49