1

AE 321 Solution of Homework #3

1. (8 POINTS) The components of the traction at a given plane are given by
j ji j ij
n
i
n n T o o = =
) (
or T
n ( )
| |
= o | | n | |, (1)
where
ij
o represents the symmetric stress tensor and
j
n represents the j component of the
normal unit vector of the plane under consideration.
(a)(i) State of stress:
0
0
0 0
ij
o o
o o o
o
(
(
( =

(
(

with unit vector normal to the plane:
1 1
3 2
3 1 1
2 3 2
0 0
j
n
( (
( (
( (
( (
( = =
( (
( (
( (
( (


After substituting into Equation (1), we obtain the traction on the plane under consideration
( )
2 2 1
2 2
2
0
1 2 2
0
2 2 2
0 0
0
0
n
T
o o
o o
o o
o o
o
(
(
+
(
(
(
( (
(
( (
(
= = +
(
( (
(
( (

(
(
(
(

(

or
( )
1 2
2 ( )
n
T e e o = +
(b)(i) State of stress:
0
0
ij
o o
o o o o
o o
(
(
( =

(
(

the plane under consideration is the same as in (a)(i).
Applying Equation (1):
2
( )
2 2 1
2 2
2
0
1 2 2
2 2 2
0
0 2
2
n
T
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o o
o
(
(
+
(
(
(
( (
(
( (
(
= = +
(
( (
(
( (

(
(
(
(

(

or
( )
1 2 3
1
2 ( )
2
n
T e e e o = + +
(a)(ii) State of stress:
0
0
0 0
ij
o o
o o o
o
(
(
( =

(
(

with unit vector normal to the plane:
1 1
3 2
3 1 1
2 3 2
0 0
j
n
( (
( (
( (
( (
( = =
( (
( (
( (
( (


After substituting into Equation (1), we obtain the traction on the plane under consideration
( )
2 2 1
2 2
2
0
1 2 2
0
2 2 2
0 0
0
0
n
T
o o
o o
o o
o o
o
(
(

(
(
(
( (
(
( (
(
= =
(
( (
(
( (

(
(
(
(

(

or
( )
0
n
T =
(b)(ii) State of stress:
0
0
ij
o o
o o o o
o o
(
(
( =

(
(

the plane under consideration is the same as
in (a)(ii).
Applying Equation (1)
3
( )
2 2 1
2 2
2
0
1 2 2
2 2 2
0
0 2
2
n
T
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o o
o
(
(

(
(
(
( (
(
( (
(
= =
(
( (
(
( (

(
(

(
(

(

or
( )
3
2
2
n
T e
o
=
2. (6 POINTS)
a. Compute the components of traction on the plane passing through P whose normal vector n
makes equal angles with the coordinate axes.

Determination of n : using the equal angle condition:
u cos
3 2 1
= = = e n e n e n

then
1 2 3
cos cos cos u u u = + + n e e e
because it is a unit vector:
cos 3 cos cos cos
1
2 2 2 2
u u u u = + + =
=
n n
n n

Thus:
3
1
cos = u , or
( )
1 2 3
1

3
n e e e = + +
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 16
3 3
10 2 4
1 11
2 15 2 kPa
3 3
4 2 3
1 9
3 3
n
i ij j
T T
T n T T
T T
o
( (
( (
( ( ( ( (

( ( ( ( (
= = = =
( ( ( ( (
( ( ( ( (

( (
( (



b. Compute the normal and tangential components of traction on this plane.
Magnitude of normal component: n T
n
nn
= o
4
( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
16 11 9 1 14
3 3 3 3 3
nn nn
e e e e e e kPa o o
| |
= + + + =
|
\ .

Thus:
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 1 2 3
14 1 14 3
3 9 3
nn
N n e e e N e e e o
(
= = + + = + +
(


Tangential component:
1 2 3 1 2 3
2 2 2
16 14 11 14 9 14 34 47 13
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1156 2209 169
34 47 13
27 27
S T N e e e e e e
S
| | | | | |
= = + + = +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ +
= + + =

Thus, the magnitude of S is 11.44 kPa.
3. (4 POINTS) Given the state of stress o
ij | |
=
o
11
o
12
o
13
o
12
o
22
o
23
o
13
o
23
o
33





(

(
(
(

and the unit vector normal to the plane under consideration is
1
1
5
3
3 1 1
3 5 5
1
3
3
15
j
n
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
( = =
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(


.
Find the conditions for the traction that is represented by
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
0
0
& 1 1
0 0
n n n n
i i i
T T T T
(
(
(
(
( (
= = =
(
(
(
(



5
From Equation (1), we have the following relation:
11 12 13
12 22 23
13 23 33
1
5
0
1
1
5
0
3
15
o o o
o o o
o o o
(
(
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (

(
(

,
from the previous relation, we obtain the following three equations
11 12 13
3 0 o o o + + = (a)

12 22 23
3 5 o o o + + = (b)

13 23 33
3 0 o o o + + =

(c)

Thus, the conditions satisfying the requirements of the problem are given by Eqs. (a), (b) and (c).

4. (4 POINTS) For a stress field to be possible (admissible) in a body, it must satisfy the
equilibrium equations. The equilibrium equations are given in indicial notation as:

o
ij, j
+ f
i
=
co
ij
cx
j
+ f
i
= 0 (3 equations) (2)
where f
i
represents body forces. If there are no body forces, then expression (2) becomes

o
ij, j
=
co
ij
cx
j
= 0 (3 equations) (3)
In this problem the given stress field must satisfy the equilibrium equations. Since there are no
body forces, we use expression (3):
6
x-direction:
0
8 8 0 0 equilibrium equation in the -direction is satisfied.
xy
xx xz
x y z
x x x
o
o o
c
c c
+ + =
c c c
+ + =

y-direction:
0
8 8 0 0 equilibrium equation in the -direction is satisfied.
yx yy yz
x y z
y y y
o o o c c c
+ + =
c c c
+ =

z-direction:
0
6 0 6 0 equilibrium equation in the -direction is satisfied.
zy
zx zz
x y z
z
o
o o
c
c c
+ + =
c c c
+ + =

Since the equilibrium equations are satisfied, the given stress field is admissible in a body where
there are no body forces.

5. (6 POINTS)
a. To determine the body forces we must the equilibrium equations given by expression (2):
x-direction:
3
0 0 4 1 0 1 4 /
xy
xx xz
x x x
f y f f y kN m
x y z
o
o o
c
c c
+ + + = + + + = =
c c c

y-direction:
3
0 0 3 0 0 3 /
yx yy yz
y y y
f z f f z kN m
x y z
o o o c c c
+ + + = + + + = =
c c c

7
z-direction:
3
0 10 0 4 0 10 4 /
zy
zx zz
z z z
f x y f f x y kN m
x y z
o
o o
c
c c
+ + + = + + + = =
c c c

Therefore:
( )
3
(1 4 ) (3 ) (10 4 ) /
x y z
f y e z e x y e kN m = + + + +

b. In order for the body forces to correspond to gravity, it is necessary that:
3 3 3
0 / , 0 / , 9.81 /
x y z
f kN m f kN m f N m = = =
Take =1 Kg/m
3
and then f
z
= -9.81 N/m
3

Thus,
1
0 1 4 0
4
x
f y y = = =
0 3 0 0
y
f z z = = =
1
4
3 3 3
3
1
9.81 / 10 4 9.81*10 10 4 9.81*10
4
9.81*10 1
0.100981
10
y
z
f N m x y x
x x
=

| |
= = =
|
\ .
+
= =


Then: ( , , ) (0.1, 1/ 4,0) x y z =