M900/M1800 GSM SYSTEM

BSC Training Document

OMA0000 GSM Fundamentals
Huawei Technologies CO., Ltd.
Training Center
Contents
1 GSM F!"AM#!TALS................................................................................................................................ ..........$
1.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEM......................................................................................................3
1.2 GSM NETWORK COMPONENTS................................................................................................................................9
1.3 TERRESTRIAL INTERFACE.......................................................................................................................................30
1.4 SERVICE AREA AND NUMBER PLANNING..................................................................................................................40
1.5 CHANNELS ON THE AIR INTERFACE.........................................................................................................................54
1. RADIO TECHNOLOGIES..........................................................................................................................................!1
1.! THE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT.................................................................................................................................."1
1 GSM Fundamentals
1.1 Basic Concepts of Cellular Moile S!stem
4
Each cell in the Cellular Network requires a RF carrier. A RF carrier is a pair o
ra!io requencies. "ne is use! in each !irection #inclu!ing transmitting an!
recei$ing% so that inormation ma& 'e passe! in 'oth !irections simultaneousl&.
The requenc& spectrum allocate! or cellular s&stem is onl& a narrow 'an!wi!th.
The 'an!wi!th or the (S) s&stem is *+),-. The transmitting an! recei$ing
requencies in (S) are separate! '& 4+),- to a$oi! intererence. The requenc&
'an!wi!th use! or the !ownlink #rom 'ase station to )S% is ./+0.12),-. The
requenc& 'an!wi!th or the uplink #rom )S to 'ase station% is 3.20.4+),-. The
channel 'an!wi!th is *22 5,-.
Consi!ering the intererence to other s&stems6 the $er& irst carrier is not use!.
Thus6 there are onl& 4*4 RF carriers in the (S) requenc& 'an!.
+
The Frequency Spectrum
The Frequency Spectrum
Separation" 9#M$%
C&annel Band'idt&" (00)$%
Base Station *ecei+e
1,10 1,8# 180# 1880M$%
Base Station Transmit
-CS 1800
-CS 1800
The 'an!wi!th or the DCS4322 s&stem is 7+),-. The transmitting an! recei$ing
requencies in DCS4322 are separate! '& .+),- to a$oi! intererence.
The requenc& 'an!wi!th use! or the !ownlink #rom 'ase station to )S% is 432+0
4332),-. The requenc& 'an!wi!th or the uplink #rom )S to 'ase station% is
47420473+),-.
The channel 'an!wi!th is *22 5,- 8ust the same as (S). Due to intererence to
other s&stems6 the $er& irst carrier is still not use!. Thus6 there are /74 RF
carriers in the DCS4322 requenc& 'an!.
Thus6 DCS 4322 has three times the requenc& allocation o (S) .22. So &ou will
un!erstan! that DCS4322 can meet the requirements o high traic in the large
!ensel& populate! area6 while (S) .22 can meet the requirements o large
co$erage.
1
The he9agonal regions in this !iagram are known as cells an! represent the
geographic area co$ere! '& one RF carrier. Sure it is reall& like the shape o 'ee:s
cell. Now &ou will un!erstan! that wh& it is calle! as cellular s&stem.
Cellular s&stem in$ol$es !i$i!ing a large ser$ice area into regions calle! ;cells;.
Each cell has the equipment to switch6 transmit an! recei$e calls rom an&
su'scri'er locate! within its< ra!io co$erage area.
Cells are con$entionall& regar!e! as 'eing he9agonal6 'ut in realit& the& are
irregularl& shape!. The cell shape is !etermine! '& the nature o the surroun!ing
area such as hills6 tall 'uil!ings etc.
=n "mni 0Directional Cells6 all the cells ha$e their own Cell Site this is known as an
"mni cell. >hen traic !ensit& is $er& high6 cells can 'e re!uce! into man& smaller
si-e calle! as ?sectoring ;.
=n 4*2 Degree Sectors6 the original cell is !i$i!e! into three smaller cells. These
cells share the same cell site 'ut each has its own allocation o ra!io carriers.
7
Because the requenc& spectrum allocate! or cellular s&stem is onl& a narrow
'an!wi!th6 it is $er& clear that there are not enough requencies a$aila'le or e$er&
cell to ha$e a !ierent RF carrier. Thereore the requencies must 'e reuse!. =t
means that the same RF carrier can 'e use! in other se$eral !ierent cells at the
same time. B& reusing requencies6 man& more phone calls ma& 'e ma!e.
The ra!io requencies a$aila'le are allocate! accor!ing to a regular pattern. =n this
wa&6 each carrier use! repeate!l& throughout the co$erage area accor!ing to a
requenc& re0use pattern.
This !iagram illustrates 4@/ Re0 Ase Battern. =t means that 4 sites share the same
group requencies an! each site has / cells. These group requencies can 'e
reuse! in another 4 sites.
Care must 'e taken to make the cells which are using the same requencies ar
enough apart rom one another to pre$ent intererence.
3
1.( GSM .et'or/ Components
.
This !iagram shows a simpliie! (S) network. The main components o a (S)
S&stem areC BSS6 NSS an! ")C
The )o'ile Station #)S% is the onl& !irect part o the network that the su'scri'er
can see.
BSS means Base Station Su's&stem. BSS is responsi'le or the s&stem unctions
relate! to ra!io an! transmission o the (S) s&stem. BSS inclu!es BSC an! BTS.
BSC means 'ase station controller. BTS means 'ase transcei$er station.
NSS means Network Su's&stem. NSS is compose! o )SCDEFR6 ,FRDAuCDE=R.
NSS is the control an! switching part o the whole (S) s&stem.
)SC means )o'ile Switching Center. ,FR means home location register. AuC
means authentication center. E=R means equipment i!entiication register. )SC
pro$i!es the interace 'etween (S) network an! the Bu'lic Switche! Telephone
Network #BSTN%.
")C means operation an! maintenance center. =t is use! to conigure an!
maintain the network rom a central location. ")C is connecte! to BSS an! NSS
through FAN or >AN.
42
The )o'ile Station consists o two parts6 the )o'ile Equipment #)E% an! an
electronic ?smart car!G calle! a Su'scri'er i!entit& mo!ule #S=) car!%.
The )o'ile Equipment is the har!ware use! '& the su'scri'er to access the
network. This ma& 'e a telephone6 a9 machine etc. The har!ware has an i!entit&
num'er which is unique or that particular !e$ice an! permanentl& store! in it. This
ena'les stolen mo'ile equipment to 'e !etecte! '& (S) s&stem. This i!entit&
num'er is calle! an =nternational )o'ile Equipment =!entit& #=)E=%.
The S=) is a car! which plug into the )o'ile Equipment. This car! i!entiies the
mo'ile su'scri'er an! also pro$i!es other inormation regar!ing the ser$ice. The
su'scri'er is i!entiie! '& an i!entit& num'er calle! the =nternational )o'ile
Su'scri'er =!entit& #=)S=%.
)o'ile Equipment ma& 'e purchase! rom an& store 'ut the S=) car! must 'e
o'taine! rom the (S) network operator. >hen S=) car! is not inserte! into the
mo'ile equipment6 onl& the emergenc& calls can 'e ma!e.
44
The S=) car! as mentione! pre$iousl& is a ;smart car!; which plugs into the
mo'ile equipment an! contains inormation a'out the mo'ile su'scri'er. The S=)
car! contains the ollowing inormationC
=nternational )o'ile Su'scri'er =!entit& #=)S=% 0 This num'er i!entiies the mo'ile
su'scri'er. =t is onl& transmitte! o$er the air interace !uring initiali-ation.
Temporar& )o'ile Su'scri'er =!entit& #T)S=% 0 This num'er i!entiies the
su'scri'er6 it is perio!icall& change! '& the s&stem in or!er to protect the
su'scri'er rom 'eing i!entiie! '& someone monitoring the ra!io interace.
Focation Area =!entit& #FA=% i!entiies the current location o the su'scri'er.
Su'scri'er Authentication 5e& #5i% 0 This is use! to authenticate the S=) car!.
)o'ile Station =nternational =SDN Num'er #)S=SDN% 0 This is the telephone
num'er o the mo'ile. =t is comprise! o a countr& co!e6 a national co!e an! a
su'scri'er num'er.
)ost o the !ata containe! within the S=) is permanent #such as 5i an! =)S=%.
Some o the parameters #such as FA=% will 'e continuousl& up!ate! to relect the
current location o the su'scri'er.
The S=) car! has high securit& an! pro$i!es protection or the su'scri'er<s
inormation to 'e !iicult to !uplicate. The S=) can 'e also protecte! '& use o
Bersonal =!entit& Num'er #B=N% passwor!. B=N is similar to cre!it car! passwor!
4*
an! it is use! to pre$ent unauthori-e! use o the car!. The S=) car! also e9ecutes
the Authentication Algorithm in which 5i is use!.
4/
The BSS pro$i!es the connection 'etween the mo'ile equipment an! the )o'ile
Switching Center. The BSS consists o two ma8or har!ware componentsC
The BSC pro$i!es the control or the BSS an! communicates !irectl& with the
)SC. The BSC ma& control one or more BTS.
The BTS comprises o a com'ination o RF equipment that pro$i!es the air
interace or a particular cell. This is the part o the (S) network that
communicates with the mo'ile station. The antenna is inclu!e! as part o the BTS.
The Transco!er is use! to compress the signals so that the& can 'e more
eicientl& sent o$er the terrestrial interaces. =n act it will con$ert !ata 'etween
14k'ps an! 41k'ps.
Su'0)ultiple9er is use! to com'ine the !ata in or!er to sa$e the transmission cost
'etween )SC an! BTS. Although the Transco!er is consi!ere! to 'e part o the
BSS6 'ut it is $er& oten locate! closer to the )SC in or!er to optimi-e the
transmission 'etween )SC an! BTS.
)a&'e &ou are won!ering how TC an! S) can sa$e the transmission line. "k6 the
!etaile! reason will 'e !escri'e! in the ne9t sli!e.
44
=t is known that the 145'ps Bulse Co!e )o!ulation #BC)% circuits are a!opte! in
BSTN. So i 14k'ps rom the )SC transmitte! on the air interace without
mo!iication6 it woul! occup& an e9cessi$e amount o ra!io 'an!wi!th. This woul!
use the a$aila'le ra!io spectrum ineicientl&.
Then the Transco!er is require! to con$ert the speech or !ata output rom the
)SC into the !ata rate speciie! '& (S) stan!ar!. For e9ample6 14k'psDBC) is
con$erte! to 4/k'ps speech or /.1D1D4*k'ps !ata o$er the interace 'etween BSS
an! )S. The require! 'an!wi!th is thereore re!uce!.
Transco!er ma& 'e locate! with the )SC or BSC. = it is locate! at the )SC6 the
4/k'ps channels are transmitte! to the BSS '& inserting a!!itional s&nchroni-ation
!ata to 41k'ps an! then com'ining our o them into each 14k'ps terrestrial circuit.
Thus each /2 channel *)'ps BC) link can carr& 4*2 (S)0 speciie! $oice
channels. =t o'$iousl& costs sa$ings or the s&stem operator.
Thereore6 Transco!er is commonl& arrange! to 'e locate! with the )SC si!e an!
it will re!uce the num'er o * )'ps link require!.
4+
The Network Switching S&stem inclu!es the main switching unctions o the (S)
Network. =t also contains the !ata'ases require! or su'scri'er !ata an! mo'ilit&
)anagement. =ts main unction is to manage communications 'etween the (S)
Network an! other networks.
The components o the Network Switching S&stem are liste! 'elowC
4. )o'ile Switching Center 0 )SC
*. ,ome Focation Register 0 ,FR
/. Eisitor Focation Register 0 EFR
4. Equipment =!entit& Register 0 E=R
+. Authentication Center 0 AAC
1. =nter0>orking Function 0=>F
7. Echo Canceller 0EC
=n a!!ition to mo'ile switching center6 NSS has Focation Register network entities.
These entities are the ,ome Focation Register #,FR%6 Eisitor Focation Register
#EFR%6 Equipment =!entit& Register #E=R%. Normall&6 ,FR6 AuC an! E=R are locate!
in the same ph&sical entit&6 an! )SCDEFR can also 'e co0locate! in one ph&sical
entit&. All the !ata'ase registers are use! to manage su'scri'er !ata an! keep
track o a mo'ile su'scri'er:s location as it roams aroun! the network.
41
Functionall&6 the =nter working Function an! the Echo Canceller ma& 'e
consi!ere! as parts o the )SC since their acti$ities are linke! with the switch.
Echo Canceller is use! 'etween BSTN an! )SC. =nter working Function is use!
'etween )SC an! other network.
47
The main unction o )SC is or call0 switching in (S) s&stem. =ts o$erall purpose
is the same as that o an& telephone e9changer.
The )SC will carr& out se$eral !ierent unctions !epen!ing upon its position in
the network. >hen the )SC pro$i!es the interace to BSTN6 it will 'e known as a
(atewa& )SC #()SC%. =n this position it will pro$i!e the switching require! or all
mo'ile originate! or terminate! traic.
The (S) network t&picall& contains more than one )SC6 each )SC pro$i!es
ser$ice to mo'iles locate! within a !eine! geographic co$erage area. The
unctions carrie! out '& the )SC are liste! 'elowC
4. Call Brocessing unction 0 =nclu!es o !ataD $oice call setup6 inter 0 BSS an!
=nter 0 )SC ,an!o$er an! control o mo'ilit& management.
*. "peration an! )aintenance Supporting unction 0 =nclu!es !ata'ase
management6 traic measurement an! a man machine interace.
/. =nter0network H =nter0working unction 0 )anages the interace 'etween the
(S) network an! the BSTN
4. Billing unction0 Collects call 'illing !ata an! transit the 'ills to the centrali-e!
'illing center.
43
The ,FR is the !ata'ase or su'scri'er parameters. Earious i!entiication num'ers
an! a!!resses are store! as well as authentication parameters. This inormation is
entere! into the !ata'ase '& the network operator when a new su'scri'er is a!!e!
to the s&stem.
The parameters store! in the ,FR are liste! 'elowC
4. Su'scri'er =D #=)S= an! )S=SDN%
*. Current su'scri'er EFR #Current location%
/. Supplementar& ser$ice inormation #e.g. Current orwar!ing num'er %
4. Su'scri'er status #registere! D !e0registere! %
+. Authentication ke& an! AAC unctionalit&
1. Temporar& )o'ile Su'scri'er =!entit& #T)S=%
7. )o'ile Su'scri'er Roaming Num'er #)SRN%
The ,FR !ata'ase contains the master !ata'ase o all the su'scri'ers in (S)
s&stem. =t:s !ata can 'e remotel& accesse! '& all the )SCs an! EFRs in the
network.
4.
Although the network ma& contain more than one ,FR6 there is onl& one !ata'ase
recor! per su'scri'er 0 each ,FR is thereore han!ling a portion o the total
su'scri'er !ata'ase.
The su'scri'er !ata ma& 'e accesse! '& either the =)S= or the )S=SDN num'er.
The !ata can also 'e accesse! '& an )SC or a EFR in a !ierent network an!
allow inter0network calling an! inter0countr& roaming.
*2
The EFR contains a cop& o most o the !ata store! at the ,FR. ,owe$er6 =t is a
temporar& !ata that e9ists or onl& as long as the su'scri'er is ;acti$e; within the
EFR co$erage.
So6 the EFR pro$i!es a temporar& local !ata'ase or the su'scri'er. This unction
re!uces the nee! or e9cessi$e an! time0consuming reerences to the ;home; ,FR
!ata'ase.
The a!!itional !ata store! in the EFR is liste! 'elowC
4. )o'ile status #'us& DreeDno answer etc.%
*. Focation Area =!entit& #FA=%
/. Temporar& )o'ile Su'scri'er =!entit& #T)S=%
4. )o'ile Station Roaming Num'er#)SRN%
*4
The E=R contains a centrali-e! !ata'ase or $ali!ating the =nternational )o'ile
Equipment =!entit& #=)E=%.
This !ata'ase is concerne! solel& with )S equipment an! not with the su'scri'er.
The E=R !ata'ase consists o lists o =)E=s organi-e! as ollowsC
4. >,=TE F=ST contains those =)E=s that ha$e 'een assigne! to $ali! mo'ile
Equipment.
*. BFAC5 F=ST Contains =)E=s o mo'iles which ha$e 'een reporte! stolen or
which are ha$e or'i!!en ser$ice or some other reason.
/. (REI F=ST Contains =)E=s o mo'iles that ha$e pro'lems #e.g. ault& sotware%.
These are not suicientl& signiicant to enter into a ;'lack list;.
**
The AAC is a processor s&stem. =t perorms the ;authentication ; unction. =t will
normall& 'e co 0locate! with the ,FR. The authentication process will usuall& take
place each time the su'scri'er ;initiali-es ;on the s&stem.
=n the authentication process6 secure !ata store! on the S=) car! is calculate! an!
compare! with the !ata hel! in the ,FR !ata'ase. The Authentication Brocess is
as ollowsC
A ran!om num'er is sent to the )o'ile rom the AAC.
This num'er is calculate! together with Authentication 5e& #5i% store! in the S=)
car! '& authentication algorithms6 which is hel! in the S=) car!.
The calculation o the ran!om num'er an! 5i will get two results. "ne is a
response calle! as SRES6 which are returne! to the AAC. Another is an Encr&ption
5e& calle! as 5c which is store! in the S=) car!. The Encr&ption ke& is use! to
encr&pt !ata that is sent o$er the air interace in or!er to make the interace more
secure.
4. >hile the mo'ile is carr&ing out these calculations6 the AAC carries out e9actl&
the same calculations using the ran!om num'er an! ki store! in the ,FR. Then
AAC also gets a response.
*/
*. The AAC compares it with the response rom the su'scri'er. = the responses
pro!uce! '& the AAC an! the su'scri'er are the same6 the su'scri'er is permitte!
to access the network.
/. The Encr&ption 5e& pro!uce! '& the AAC is store! an! sent to the BTS to
ena'le ciphering to take place.
The irst time a su'scri'er attempts to make a call6 the ull authentication process
takes place. ,owe$er6 or su'sequent calls6 authentication ma& not 'e necessar&.
*4
The =>F pro$i!es the unction to ena'le the (S) s&stem to connect with the
$arious orms o !ata networks.
The 'asic eatures o the =>F are liste! 'elowC
4. Rate Con$ersion unction
*. Brotocol A!aptation unction
(S) s&stem ma& require =>F capa'ilit& or not. This !epen!s upon the network to
which it is 'eing connecte!.
*+
An Echo Canceller is use! 'etween BSTN an! )SC or all $oice circuits. Echo
control is require! at the )SC 'ecause the (S) s&stem !ela& can cause an
unaccepta'le echo con!ition e$en on a short !istance with BSTN.
The (S) s&stem !ela& ma& 'e cause! '& call processing6 speech enco!ing an!
!eco!ing etc. The total roun! trip !ela& is appro9imatel& 432ms.
This woul! not 'e apparent to the call 'etween )S. But this case will 'e $er&
!ierent or the call 'etween )S an! lan! su'scri'er.
=t is well known that6 in the BSTN a *0 wire to 40 wire h&'ri! transormer is require!
in the circuit 'ecause the stan!ar! telephone connection is *0 wire. This
transormer causes the echo6 which !oes not aect the lan! su'scri'er. During a
normal BSTN lan! to lan! call6 no echo is apparent 'ecause the !ela& is too short
an! the user is una'le to !istinguish.
,owe$er6 with the (S) roun! trip !ela& a!!e! an! without the EC6 the eect
woul! 'e $er& irritating to the )S su'scri'er an! !isrupting speech. Thus6 Echo
controller is require! 'etween BSTN an! )SC.
*1
The operation an! maintenance su'0 s&stem pro$i!es a capa'ilit& to manage the
(S) network remotel&.
"peration an! )aintenance Center is a centrali-e! acilit& that supports !ail&
management or the whole (S) s&stem inclu!ing )SC6 ,FR6 BSC an! BTS.
The ")C pro$i!es a central point rom which to control an! monitor the whole
network entities as well as monitor the qualit& o ser$ice pro$i!e! '& the network.
Because (S) !oes not speciie! the ")C speciication an! it is let to the
network operator to !eci!e what capa'ilities the& wish it to ha$e. Thus6 at present6
(S) manuacturers ha$e their own ")Cs6 which are not compati'le with those o
other manuacturers.
(enerall&6 an ")C onl& manages a certain area o (S) network. Another
equipment Network )anagement Center0N)C shoul! 'e mentione! here. N)C
has a $iew o the entire BF)N an! is responsi'le or the management o the
network as a whole. The N)C locates at the top o the hierarch& an! pro$i!es
glo'al network management.
*7
There are two t&pes o ")C as 'elowC
4. ")C #R% 0 =t is assigne! speciicall& to the Base Station S&stem.
*. ")C #S% J =t is assigne! speciicall& to the Network Switching S&stem.
These two parts can 'e locate! together or work in!epen!entl& accor!ing to the
practical requirements.
*3
The ")C Functional Architecture is illustrate! in this !iagramC
The ")C shoul! support the ollowing unctions as recommen!ationsC
4. E$entDAlarm )anagement
*. Fault )anagement
/. Berormance )anagement
4. Coniguration )anagement
+. Securit& )anagement
*.
1.0 Terrestrial 1nterface

/2
Each (S) component is !esigne! to communicate o$er an interace speciie! '&
the (S) stan!ar!s. This pro$i!es le9i'ilit& an! ena'les a s&stem operator to
a!opt s&stem components rom !ierent manuacturers. For e9ample )otorola
BSS equipment ma& 'e couple! with a ,uawei NSS.
Each interace within the (S) s&stem has a speciie! name associate! with it.
This ta'le illustrates the names o all the interaces speciie! '& (S).
Name =nterace
Am
A'is
A
B
C
D
E
F
(
,
)S BTS
BTS BSC
BSC )SC
)SCEFR
)SC,FR
EFR ,FR
)SC)SC
)SCE=R
EFR EFR
,FR AAC
This section will intro!uce the terrestrial interaces. =t comprise all the connections
'etween the (S) s&stem entities6 while the Am6 or air J interace is not inclu!e!
since it 'elongs to ra!io interace an! will 'e intro!uce in the ne9t section.
/4
The (S) interaces conorm to =TA speciications6 which wi!el& use! throughout
the worl!.
This !iagram shows the (S) s&stem with the *)'ps interaces6 which are
highlighte!. These interaces carr& traic rom the BSTN to the )SC6 'etween
)SCs6 rom an )SC to a BSC an! rom a BSC to remotel& site! BTSs. These
links are also use! 'etween the )SC an! =>F.
/*
This !iagram illustrates the structure o *)'ps.
Each is a *.243 )'ps link pro$i!es /2@145'ps channels a$aila'le to carr& speech6
or !ata an! two channels or control inormation.
The speech or !ata channels ma& contain CCS7 FABD or K.*+ ormatte!
inormation.
Thereore6 these *)'ps links commonl& act as the ph&sical 'earer or all the
interaces use! 'etween the (S) s&stem entities.
//
This !iagram shows the interace in (S) s&stem with the K.*+ packet !ata
connections or TCBD=B with highlight.
The K.*+ or TCBD=B pro$i!e the ")C with communications to all the entities6 such
as 'etween ")C an! )SC6 'etween ")C an! BSC6 etc.
/4
This !iagram illustrates the use o CCS7 in the (S) s&stem6 carr&ing signaling
an! control inormation 'etween most ma8or entities an! to an! rom the BSTN.
The ollowing message protocols6 which are part o CCS76 are use! to
communicate 'etween the !ierent (S) network entities.
The structure o CCS7 conorms to "S= structure. The let si!e is "S= 7 la&er. The
right si!e is the CCS7 use! in (S) s&stem.
The irst le$el is ph&sical la&er with *)'ps trunk6 also calle! as )TB le$el 4.
The secon! le$el is link la&er with )TB le$el *
The thir! le$el is network la&er with )TB le$el / an! SCCB.
The la&ers rom la&er 4 to la&er 1 are not use! in (S) CCS7 structure.
The se$enth le$el is application la&er6 such as TAB6 =SAB6 )AB6 TCAB an! BSSAB.
/+
This sli!e lists the a''re$iation o CCS7.
)TB )essage Transer Bart
TCAB Transaction Capa'ilities Application Bart
SCCB Signaling Connection Control Bart
TAB Telephone Aser Bart
=SAB =SDN Aser Bart
)AB )o'ile Application Bart
BSSABBase Station S&stem Application Bart
BSS)AB BSS )anagement Application Bart
DTAB Direct Transer Application Bart
As or the !etaile! !escription6 please reers to the course o CCS7
/1
This sli!e intro!uces the CCS7 protocols use! on the (S) interaces.
=nter 0 acing the BSTN6 the )SC perorms call signaling unctions using the
Telephone Aser Bart #TAB% while inter 0 acing the =SDN6 the =SDN Aser Bart
#=SAB% will 'e use!.
Between the )SC an! the BSC6 the Base Station S&stem )anagement
Application Bart #BSS)AB% is use!. The Direct Transer Application Bart #DTAB% is
use! to sen! messages 'etween the )SC an! the mo'ile station #)S%. )AB is
use! 'etween the )SC an! the EFR6 E=R6 an! ,FR.
/7
A'is is the interace 'etween BSC an! BTS. Because the (S) speciications or
this interace are not $er& speciic6 thereore A'is interace is not an open an!
stan!ar! interace. Thus6 the A'is interace o !ierent manuacturers is $arie!.
This means that one manuacturer<s BTS will not work with another manuacturer<s
BSC. That is to sa&6 BSC an! BTS must come rom the same manuacture.
Through A'is interace6 a !ierent t&pe o protocol is require!. (S) has speciie!
the use o FABD protocol in A'is interace.
/3
The FABD protocol uses the stan!ar! rame structure shown in this sli!e.
The irst an! last 'it are lag 'its. Between them6 there are rame check sequence6
inormation6 control an! a!!ress.
/.
1.2 Ser+ice 3rea and .umer 4lannin5
42
)S ser$ice area is su'!i$i!e! into ollowing si9 le$elsC S&stem area6 BF)N ser$ice
area6 )SC ser$ice area6 Focation area6 Base station area6 an! ra!io cell
4. The S&stem area comprises one or more international BF)N ser$ice area. =n
this area6 the other users rom BF)NBSTN an! =SDN can connect with the
)S without knowing where it is.
*. BF)N ser$ice area is ser$e! '& one operator. The BF)N ser$ice area is
ser$e! '& one or more ,FR. There are the same num'ering plan an! the
routing plan in BF)N ser$ice area. BF)N ser$ice area comprises one or more
)SC ser$ice area.
/. )SC ser$ice area is ser$e! '& one )SC. =t ma& 'e a part o a cit& or an entire
countr& area. )SC ser$ice area comprises one or more Focation area.
4. Focation area is !etermine! '& the operator to ulill the requirements impose!
'& traic an! low6 population !ensit& an! su'scri'er mo'ilit&. Focation area
comprises one or more Base station area.
+. Base station area is ser$e! '& one or more BTS. =t consists o one cell i the
antenna is omni0!irectional6 or more than one cell i the antenna is !irectional.
Base station area comprises one or more ra!io cell.
44
1. Ra!io cell is ser$e! '& a !irectional or omni0!irectional antenna. =t is the
smallest ser$ice area in (S) s&stem. =n ra!io cell6 speciic ra!io channel
!e$ices are use! or each ra!io connection.
4*
=n the (S) s&stem6 For i!entiication purpose6 >e !eine! the num'er or (S)
s&stem equipment6 mo'ile su'scri'er6 mo'ile equipment an! cell.
)SCDEFR num'er is use! to i!enti& )SCDEFR. The ormat is CCLNDCLFSB
CC means Countr& Co!e. For e9ampleC The CC o China is ;31;.
NDC means National Destination Co!e. For e9ampleC The NDC o China )o'ile is
4/.4/34/74/14/+.
FSB means Focall& Signiicant Bart. =t is !eine! '& Telecom operator.
For e9ample6 a )SCDEFR num'er is 3104/.022/44
Since the )SC an! the EFR are usuall& co0locate! together6 so the )SC0Num'er
an! the EFR0Num'er are the same in most case.
4/
,FR num'er is use! to i!enti& ,FR.
The ormat isCCLNDCL,2 ,4 ,* ,/ 2222.
CC Countr& Co!e. For e9ampleC The CC o China is ;31;.
NDC National Destination Co!e. For e9ampleC The NDC o China )o'ile is
4/.4/34/74/14/+.
,2,4,*,/ is !eine! '& Telecom operator.
For e9ampleC 3104/.0211102222
44
The =)S= is the unique international co!e or the mo'ile su'scri'er within the (S)
s&stem area. But it is not known to the mo'ile su'scri'er. =)S= is store! in S=)
car! an! is assigne! to the )S=SDN in the ,FR. =t is also store! in ,FR an! EFR.
The structure o =)S= is shown in this !iagram
)CC)o'ile Countr& Co!eit consists o / !igits. For e9ampleC The )CC o
China is ;412;.
)NC)o'ile Network Co!eit consists o * !igits. For e9ampleC The )NC o
China )o'ile is ;22;.
)S=N)o'ile Su'scri'er =!entiication Num'er. =ts ormat is ,4,*,/ S ABCDEF.
The irst / !igits ,4,*,/ o the )S=N i!enti& the ,FR =!entiication.
N)S= National )o'ile Su'scri'er =!entiication )NC an! )S=N orm N)S=
#$%&#'&(.
For e9ample o =)S=C 412022 J1110.777224
Note that =)S= shoul! 'e not more than 4+ !igits.
4+
)S=SDN is use! in the ollowing casesC
4. B& the caller to set up a connection to this mo'ile su'scri'er
*. B& the )SCD(atewa& )SC to a!!ress the ,FR when inquiring the $isitor
location o the mo'ile su'scri'er.
)S=SDN is store! as semi0permanent !ata in the !ata'ase o ,FR an! EFR. =t is
transerre! on )AB interace.
The structure o )S=SDN is shown in this !iagram.
CC Countr& Co!e. For e9ampleC The CC o China is ;31;.
NDCNational Destination Co!e. For e9ampleC The NDC o China Telecom is
4/.6 4/36 4/76 4/16 4/+.
SN Su'scri'er Num'er. =t:s ormatC ,2 ,4 ,* ,/ ABCD
For an E9ample o )S=SDNC 3104/.0211104*/4
41
=)E= means =nternational )o'ile Station Equipment =!entiication. =t is the unique
num'er or mo'ile equipment. Blease note the !ierence 'etween =)S= an! =)E=.
=)S= is the i!entiication or mo'ile su'scri'er6 =)E= is the i!entiication or mo'ile
equipment.
The structure o =)E= is shown as ollows.
TAC000T&pe appro$al co!e. =t is a!ministere! '& the t&pe appro$al center.
FAC0000Final assem'l& co!e. =t is a!ministere! '& the manuacturer.
SNR0000Serial num'er. =t is issue! '& the manuacturer o the )S.
SB0000000Not use!.
47
T)S= means Temporar& )o'ile Su'scri'er =!entiication.
4. The T)S= is assigne! onl& ater successul su'scri'er authentication.
*. The EFR controls the allocation o new T)S= num'ers an! notiies them to the
,FR.
/. T)S= is use! to ensure that the i!entit& o the mo'ile su'scri'er on the air
interace is kept secret. The T)S= will 'e up!ate! requentl&M this makes it
$er& !iicult or the call to 'e trace! an! thereore pro$i!es a high !egree o
securit& or the su'scri'er.
4. The T)S= consists o 4 '&tes #3 ,EK num'ers% an! !etermine! '& the
telecom operator.
43
)SRN means )o'ile Su'scri'er Roaming Num'er
,"N means ,an!0o$er Num'er
The )SRN is not a !irect su'scri'er num'er. At the request o ,FR the EFR
allocates a )SRN. Then the )SRN is transerre! to the ,FR. The ,FR passes the
)SRN on to the original )SC rom which a call is then set up.. The )SRN is then
use! to route the call to the )SC which )S is currentl& locate!. At the en! o call
setup this )SRN is release! again or urther call setup processes. So6 )SRN is a
temporar& num'er.
During han!o$er process6 For e9ample6 when the )S is mo$ing rom )SC0A to
)SC0B6 the )SC0B will request a ,"N rom it<s EFR an! transers it to the )SC0A.
The ,"N is use! '& the )SC0A to set up a connection to the )SC0B.
Asuall&6 )SRN an! ,"N share the same num'ering plan.
The ormat o )SRND,"N is CCLNDCLin!i$i!ual num'er. CC an! NDC is the
same as that o )S=SDN. The in!i$i!ual num'er is taken rom a pool o num'ers
speciall& reser$e! or )SRND,"N. =n act6 the ormat o )SRND,"N is 'ase! on
)SC num'er an! another se$eral !igits are a!!e!
4.
FA= means location area i!entiication. The FA= is the international co!e or a
location area.
Each EFR controls se$eral FAFs an! as a su'scri'er mo$es rom one FA= to
another6 the FA= is up!ate! in the EFR. As the su'scri'er mo$es rom one EFR to
another6 the EFR a!!ress is up!ate! at the ,FR.
The ormat o FA= is shown in this sli!e.
)CC)o'ile Countr& Co!eit consists o / !igits.
For e9ampleC The )CC o China is ;412;
)NC)o'ile Network Co!e=t consists o * !igits.
For e9ampleC The )NC o China )o'ile is ;22;
FAC Focation Area Co!e=t is a two '&tes BCD co!e #he9%.
The $alue 2222 an! FFFF is in$ali!.
For e9ample o FA=C 41202202244
+2
C(= means cell glo'al i!entiication. The C(= is a unique international i!entiication
or a cell.
The ormat is FA=LC=
FA=Focation Area =!entiication
C= Cell =!entit&. This co!e uses two '&tes BCD co!e #he9% to i!enti& the ra!io
cells within a FA=.
For e9ample o C(=C 4120220224402224
+4
RSN= means Regional Su'scription None =!entit&. =t is use! '& the operators to
!etermine )S roaming permission or restriction.
This !iagram shows the structure o RSN=
CCNDCC Same as that o )S=SDN
NC #None Co!e%C is !esigne! '& telecom operator an! store! in the EFR.
+*
BS=C means Base Station =!entiication Color Co!e
The structure o BS=C shows in this !iagram.
NCC0000BF)N network color co!e. =t comprises / 'its. =t allows $arious
neigh'oring BF)Ns to 'e !istinguishe!.
BCC0000BTS color co!e. =t comprises / 'its. =t allows !istinction
Between !ierent ra!io requenc& channels using the same requenc& in
neigh'oring cells.
+/
1.# C&annels on T&e 3ir 1nterface
+4
The channels use! in the air interace are !i$i!e! into two t&pesC ph&sical channel
an! logical channel.
The ph&sical channel is the me!ium o$er which the inormation is carrie!6 in the
case o a terrestrial interace this woul! 'e a ca'le. The logical channels consist o
the inormation carrie! o$er the ph&sical channel.
First ph&sical channels will 'e intro!uce!.
A single (S) RF carrier can support up to eight mo'ile su'scri'ers
simultaneousl&. This !iagram shows how this is accomplishe!. Each channel
occupies the carrier or one eighth o the time. This is a technique calle! Time
Di$ision )ultiple Access #TD)A%.
Time is !i$i!e! into !iscrete perio!s calle! ;time slot;. The time slots are arrange!
in sequence an! are con$entionall& num'ere! 2 to 7. Each repetition o this
sequence is calle! a ;TD)A rame;.
Each mo'ile telephone call occupies one time slot #207% within the rame until the
call is terminate!6 or a han!o$er occurs. The TD)A rames are then 'uilt into
urther rame structures accor!ing to the t&pe o channel. >e later shall intro!uce
how the inormation 'uil!s into rames an! multi J rames.
The inormation carrie! in one time slot is calle! a ;'urst;. Each !ata 'urst
occupies its allocate! time slot an! pro$i!es a single (S) ph&sical channel.
++
There are two main groups o logical channels6 traic channels an! control
channels.
The traic channel carries speech or !ata inormation.
A ull rate TC,DF carries inormation at a gross rate o **.3k'ps. The raw !ata rate
or each TC, is 4/k'ps an! ..1k'ps6 4.3k'ps an! *.4k'ps or !ata
A hal rate TC,D, carries inormation at hal o the ull rate channel or at the gross
rate o 44.4k'ps. The !ata rate associate! with the hal rate TC, are 4.3k'ps an!
*.4k'ps.
The !ierent t&pes o traic channel are liste! 'elowC
TC,DFS Full rate speech channel
TC,D,S ,al rate speech channel
TC,DF..1 ..15'ps ull rate !ata channel
TC,DF4.3 4.35'ps ull rate !ata channel
TC,DF*.4 *.45'ps ull rate !ata channel
TC,D,4.3 4.35'ps hal rate !ata channel
TC,D,*.4 *.45'ps hal rate !ata channel
+1
There are our main groups o control channel that are liste! 'elowC
4. Broa!cast Control Channel 0 BCC,
*. Transmitte! at all times con$e& inormation a'out cell timing an!
coniguration.
/. Common Control Channel 0 CCC,
4. Ase! '& BSS an! )S when tr&ing to initiate a connection o$er the air.
+. De!icate! Control Channel DCC,
1. This !e!icate! channel is use! to con$e& signaling inormation !uring call set
0 up.
7. Associate! Control Channel 0 ACC,
The associate! channels are use! to transmit signaling inormation when a call is
in progress.
+7
The Broa!cast Control Channel is transmitte! '& the BTS at all times. The RF
carrier use! to transmit the BCC, is calle! as the BCC, carrier. The inormation
carrie! on the BCC, is monitore! '& the mo'ile perio!icall& #at least e$er& /2s%
when it is switche! on an! not in a call.
Broa!cast Control Channel #BCC,% 0 Carries the ollowing inormation #this is onl&
a partial list%C
4. Focation Area i!entit& #FA=%
*. Fist o neigh'oring cells that shoul! 'e monitore! '& the mo'ile
/. Fist o requencies use! in the cell
4. Cell i!entit&
+. Bower Control in!icator
1. DTK permitte!
7. Access Control #e.g. Emergenc& calls6 call 'arring%
3. CBC, !escription
The BCC, is transmitte! at constant power at all times an! its signal strength is
measure! '& all mo'iles which ma& seek to use it.
+3
Frequenc& Correction Channel #FCC,% is transmitte! requentl& an! is more easil&
!etecte! '& the mo'ile than SC,. >hen the FCC, is !etecte!6 the mo'ile corrects
the requenc&. =t is then a'le to !etect the SC, which contains the precise
s&nchroni-ation inormation.
S&nchroni-ation Channel #SC,% carries the inormation to ena'le the mo'ile to
s&nchroni-e to the TD)A rame structure. The ollowing parameters as also
carrie!.
4. Frame Num'er
*. Base Site =!entit& Co!e #BS=C%
The mo'ile will monitor BCC, inormation rom surroun!ing cells an! store the
inormation rom the 'est si9 cells. The SC, inormation on these cells is also
store! so that the mo'ile ma& quickl& re0s&nchroni-e when it enters a new cell.
+.
The common control channel #CCC,% is responsi'le or transerring control
inormation 'etween all mo'iles an! the BTS. This is necessar& or the
implementation o ;call origination; an! ;call paging; unctions.
=t consists o the ollowing t&pesC
Ran!om Access Control Channel #RAC,% 0 Transmitte! '& the mo'ile when it
wishes to access to the s&stem. This occurs when the mo'ile initiates a call or
respon!s to a page.
Baging Channel #BC,% 0 Transmitte! '& the BTS when it wishes to contact a
mo'ile.
Access (rant Control Channel #A(C,% 0 Transmitte! '& the BTS. The A(C, is
use! to assign !e!icate! resources to an )S such as a Stan!alone De!icate!
Control Channel #SDCC,%.
Cell Broa!cast Channel #CBC,% 0 This channel is use! to transmit messages to 'e
'roa!cast to all mo'iles within a cell e.g. traic ino. The CBC, will steal time rom
an SDCC,.
Acti$e mo'iles must requentl& monitor 'oth BCC, an! CCC,. The CCC, will 'e
transmitte! on the RF carrier with the BCC,.
12
De!icate! control channels #DCC,% are assigne! to a single mo'ile connection or
call setup or or measurement an! han! o$er purposesC
Stan!alone De!icate! Control Channel #SDCC,% 0 This supports the transer o
!ata to an! rom the mo'ile !uring call setup. =t also carries inormation or call
orwar!ing an! transmission o short messages.
Associate! Control Channels J ACC,
These channels can 'e associate! with either an SDCC, or a TC,. The& are use!
or carr&ing inormation associate! with the process 'eing carrie! out on either the
SDCC, or the TC,.
Slow Associate! Control Channel #SACC,% 0 Con$e&s power control an! timing
inormation in the !ownlink !irection #towar!s the )S% an! Recei$e Signal
Strength =n!icator #RSS=% an! link qualit& reports in the uplink !irection.
Fast Associate! Control Channel #FACC,% 0 the FACC, is transmitte! instea! o a
TC,. The FACC, ;steals; the TC, 'urst an! inserts its own inormation. The
FACC, is use! to carr& out user authentication an! han!o$er.
14
The !ierent logical channel t&pes mentione! pre$iousl& are groupe! into what are
calle! channel com'inations. The our most common channel com'inations are
liste! 'elowC
4. Full Rate Traic Channel Com'ination 0 TC,3DFACC, L SACC,
*. Broa!cast Channel Com'ination 0 BCC, L CCC,
/. De!icate! Channel Com'ination 0 SDCC,3 L SACC,3
4. Com'ine! Channel Com'ination 0 BCC, L CCC, L SDCC,4 L SACC,4
As or the hal rate channel com'ination will not intro!uce here 'ecause it will 'e
pro$i!e! in the uture.
1*
Now the relation 'etween Channel Com'inations an! Time slots will 'e intro!uce!.
The channel com'inations are sent o$er the air interace in a selecte! time slot.
Some channel com'inations ma& 'e sent on an& time slot 'ut others must 'e sent
speciic time slots. Below is a ta'le mapping the channels com'ination to their
respecti$e time slots.
Channel Com'ination Time slots
Traic An& time slot
Broa!cast 26*6461#2 must 'e use! irst%
De!icate! An& time slot
Com'ine! 2 onl&
This !iagram gi$es an e9ample.
=n the low capacit& cell6 ts2 is use! as com'ine! channel6 while other time slots
use! or traic channels.
=n the higher capacit& cell6 ts2 is use! as 'roa!cast channel6 ts4 is use! as
!e!icate! channel6 while other time slots use! or traic channels.
1/
This !iagram illustrates how these !ierent channel com'inations ma& 'e mappe!
onto the TD)A structure.
Se$eral logical channels share one time slot. The in!i$i!ual channels are
sequence! so that each recei$es the amount o time it requires. This sequencing is
carrie! out '& the use o multi0rames6 each channel com'ination has a !ierent
multi0rame coniguration.
This !iagram shows the time relationship 'etween time slot6 TD)A rame6 an!
multi0rame or traic channels. Traic channels occup& a *1 0 rame multi0rame
structure.
14
This multi0rame structure or control channels is !ierent rom traic channel.
The !iagram shows the time relationship 'etween time slot6 TD)A rame6 an!
multi0rame or control channels. Control channels occup& a +4 0 rame multi0rame
structure.
1+
This !iagram illustrates a *1 rame multi0rame structure6 this is use! to transmit a
Traic Channel Com'ination #TC, D SACC, D FACC,%. Note the FACC, is not
shown in the !iagram as it !oes not recei$e its own time allocation. The FACC,
steals a time perio! rom the TC, when it is require!.
The 4/th rame is use! '& the SACC, #Slow Associate! Control Channel% which
carries link control inormation to an! rom the mo'ile an! BTS. Also note that the
*1th rame is i!le which will 'e use! when hal rate speech channel is a realit&.
11
The +4 0 rame structure use! or control channels is consi!era'l& more comple9
than the *1 rame structure use! or the traic channels.
The +4 J rame multi0rame structure occurs in se$eral orms6 !epen!ing on the
t&pe o control channel an! the s&stem operator<s requirements.
This !iagram gi$es an e9ample.
=n the !ownlink !irection #rom BSS to )S%6 the time slot is share! '& se$eral
logical channel t&pes. Some o the channels are repeate! requentl& e.g. SC, an!
FCC, while others less requentl& e.g. BCC,.
=n the uplink !irection #rom )S to BSS%6 all time slots are allocate! to RAC,. This
is 'ecause RAC, is the onl& control channel in the BCC,DCCC, group6 which
operates in the uplink !irection.
17
This !iagram shows the +4 0 rame structure use! to accommo!ate 3 SDCC,s
although6 as it takes two repetitions o the multi0rame to complete the entire
sequence6 it ma& 'e more logical to think o it as a 42* 0 rame structureO This
structure ma& 'e transmitte! on an& time slot.
Note that the 3 SACC,s #sha!e!% are associate! with the 3 SDCC,s. =t is
important to remem'er that each SDCC, has an SACC, 8ust like a traic channel.
13
This !iagram illustrates the +4 0 rame Control Channel com'ine! )ulti0rame.
=n this coniguration the BCC, an! SDCC, share a common time slot6 this means
that each logical channel has less time than it woul! i one o the other
conigurations were use!. Because each channel has less time6 ewer su'scri'ers
can 'e supporte!. Thereore the com'ine! channel com'ination is use! in areas
where traic !ensit& is low.
Fike the SDCC, multi0rame6 it takes two repetitions o the +4 0 rame multi0rame
to complete the sequence6 this is reall& a 42* 0 rame structure.
1.
B& the en! o this section6 Super rames an! h&per rames will 'e intro!uce!.
From the pre$ious sli!e6 we ha$e known that the control channel multi0rame is
not a !irect multiple o the traic channel multi0rame. This case is not '& acci!ent.
From the !iagram6 it can 'e seen that an& gi$en rame num'er will onl& occur
simultaneousl& in 'oth multi0rames e$er& 4/*1 TD)A rames #*1P+4%. This
num'er o TD)A rames is calle! a ;super rame; an! it takes 1.4*s to transmit.
This arrangement means that the timing o the traic channel multi0rame is alwa&s
mo$ing in relation to that o the control channel multi0rame. This ena'les a mo'ile
to recei$e an! !eco!e BCC, inormation rom surroun!ing cells.
= the two multi0rames were e9act multiples o each other6 then control channel
time slots woul! 'e permanentl& <maske!< '& traic channel time slot acti$it&. This
changing relationship 'etween the two multi0rames is particularl& important.
The ;h&per rame; consists o *243 super rames6 this is use! in connection with
ciphering an! requenc& hopping6 the h&per rame lasts or o$er three hours6 ater
this time the ciphering an! requenc& hopping algorithms are restarte!.
72
1.6 *adio Tec&nolo5ies
74
=t is well known that there are three metho!s o mo!ulating a signal so that it ma&
'e transmitte! o$er the airC
4Amplitu!e )o!ulation #A)%
*Frequenc& )o!ulation #F)%
/Bhase )o!ulation #B)%
The mo!ulator causes the requenc&6 amplitu!e or phase o an RF carrier to 'e
$arie! in proportion to the signal it is going to carr&.
(S) uses a !igital air interace. =t means that !igital signals are transmitte! on the
ra!io channel.
Digital signals can use an& o the mo!ulation metho!s 'ut phase mo!ulation
pro$i!es the 'est noise tolerance. Since phase mo!ulation can 'e implemente!
easil& or !igital signals6 this is the metho!6 which is use! or the (S) air interace.
Bhase )o!ulation is known as Bhase Shit 5e&ing when applie! to !igital signals.
7*
Bhase )o!ulation pro$i!es a high !egree o noise tolerance6 howe$er there is a
pro'lem with this mo!ulation. >hen the signal changes phase a'ruptl&6 high
requenc& components are pro!uce!6 thus6 a wi!e 'an!wi!th woul! 'e require! or
transmission.
>e ha$e mentione! pre$iousl& that (S) has a narrow 'an!wi!th an! to 'e as
eicient as possi'le with the a$aila'le 'an!wi!th. Thereore6 a more eicient
!e$elopment o phase mo!ulation calle! as (aussian Shit 5e&ing#()S5% is
actuall& use! '& the (S) air interace.
>ith ()S5 the phase change !oes not occur instantaneousl&. =nstea! it occurs
o$er a perio! o time an! thereore the a!!ition o high requenc& components to
the spectrum is re!uce!.
>ith ()S56 irst the !igital signal is iltere! through a (aussian ilter. This ilter
causes !istortion to the signal6 the corners are roun!e! o. This !istorte! signal is
then use! to phase shit the carrier signal. The phase change thereore is no
longer instantaneous 'ut sprea! out.
7/
=n (S) s&stem6 one o the main actors which restrict re!ucing the si-e o a mo'ile
station is the 'atter&.
A 'atter& must 'e large enough to maintain a telephone call or an accepta'le
amount o time without nee!ing to 'e recharge!. Since there is !eman! or
mo'iles to 'ecome smaller an! lighter the 'atter& must also 'ecome smaller an!
lighter.
Four eatures which ena'le the lie o a (S) mo'ile 'atter& to 'e e9ten!e!.
4. Bower Control
*. Eoice Acti$it& Detection 0 EAD
/. Discontinuous Transmission 0 DTK
4. Discontinuous Reception 0 DRK
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B">ER C"NTR"F is a eature o the (S) air interace which allows the operator
to not onl& compensate or the !istance rom mo'ile to BTS as regar!s timing6 'ut
can also cause the BTS an! mo'ile to a!8ust their power output. This eature
sa$es ra!io 'atter& power at the mo'ile6 an! helps to re!uce co 0channel an!
a!8acent channel intererence.
Both Aplink an! Downlink power settings can 'e controlle! in!epen!entl& an!
in!i$i!uall&.
=nitial power setting or the )S is set '& the inormation pro$i!e! on Broa!cast
Control Channel #BCC,% or a particular cell.
The BSS controls the transmit power o 'oth the mo'ile an! the BTS .The recei$e!
mo'ile power is monitore! '& the BSS an! the recei$e BTS power is monitore! '&
the mo'ile an! then reporte! to the BSS. Asing these measurements the power o
'oth mo'ile an! BTS can 'e a!8uste! accor!ingl&
7+
E"=CE ACT=E=TI DETECT="N 0 EAD is a mechanism where'& the source
transmitter equipment i!entiies the presence or a'sence o speech.
EAD implementation is eecte! in speech mo!e '& enco!ing the speech pattern
silences at a rate o +22 'itDs rather than the ull 4/ 5'itDs. This results in a !ata
transmission rate or 'ackgroun! noise6 which is regenerate! in the recei$er6
known as ;comort; noise.
Comort noise is necessar&. Because without ;comort; noise the total silence
'etween the speech woul! 'e consi!ere! to 'e !istur'ing '& the listener.
D=SC"NT=NA"AS TRANS)=SS="N 0 DTK increases the eicienc& o the s&stem
through a !ecrease in the possi'le ra!io transmission intererence le$el. =t !oes
this '& ensuring that the )o'ile Station !oes not transmit unnecessar& message
!ata. DTK can 'e implemente!6 as necessar& on a call6 its< eects will 'e most
noticea'le in communications 'etween two )o'ile Stations.
>hen implemente! at the mo'ile station DTK also result in consi!era'le power
sa$ing. = the mo'ile !oes not transmit !uring <silences< there is a re!uction in the
o$erall power output requirement.
The unction o DTK ma& 'e selecte! '& the s&stem operator an! there are
!ierent speciications applie! or !ierent t&pes o channels.
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D=SC"NT=NA"AS RECEBT="N J DRK allows the mo'ile station to eecti$el&
;switch 0o; !uring times when reception is !eeme! unnecessar&.
Ater initiall& locking on to a BCC,6 )S will monitor BCC,6 FCC, an! SC,. The
)o'ile is aware o the Frame Num'er an! repetition ormat or rame
s&nchroni-ation. Thereore6 it can !etermine when ne9t rele$ant inormation is to
'e transmitte!. This allows the mo'ile to <go to sleep an! listen 0in onl& Q. This is
calle! DRK. =t also eecti$el& sa$es in power usage.
EAD6 DTK an! DRK result in 'atter& use time 'eing consi!era'l& e9ten!e! an!
can re!uce the eecti$e 'atter& si-e nee!e!.
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)ulti path Fa!ing results rom a signal tra$eling rom a transmitter to a recei$er '&
a $ariet& o routes. This is cause! '& the signal 'eing relecte! rom o'8ects6 or
'eing inluence! '& atmospheric eects as it passes6 or e9ample6 through la&ers
o air o $ar&ing temperatures an! humi!it&.
The recei$e! signals will thereore arri$e at !ierent times an! not 'e in phase with
each other6 the& will ha$e e9perience! time !ispersion. >hen the recei$e antenna
is mo$ing6 the e9act phase o each path changes an! consequentl& the com'ine!
signal0strength is also continuall& changing.
(S) oers man& techniques6 which com'at multi0path a!ing eects. =n the
ollowing6 Di$ersit& an! Frequenc& ,opping will 'e intro!uce!.
73
Signals arri$e at the recei$e antenna rom multiple paths. The signals are thereore
recei$e! '& the antenna at !ierent phases6 some at a peak an! some at trough.
This means that some signals will a!! together to orm a strong signal while others
will su'tract causing a weak signal
>hen !i$ersit& is implemente!6 two antennas are situate! at the recei$er. These
antennas are place! se$eral wa$elengths apart to ensure minimum correlation
'etween the two recei$e paths .The two signals are then com'ine!6 this ensures
that a low signal strength is less likel& to occur.
7.
.
Frequenc& hopping means each time the BTS or mo'ile transmits a 'urst on a
!ierent RF carrier requenc&. =n one wa&6 Frequenc& hopping 'rings the securit&
'eneit to (S) s&stem. The other main reason is to re!uce multi path a!ing
eects
The hopping must use a pre!etermine! sequence so that 'oth transmitter an!
recei$er must hop in s&nchroni-ation. This sequence is store! in a <requenc&
hopping ta'le<.
Care shoul! 'e taken to that BCC, is not requenc& hoppe! an! it is alwa&s
transmitte! at the same requenc&. This is 'ecause the BCC, in an& cell must 'e
transmitte! on a !e!icate! RF carrier 6otherwise mo'iles woul! 'e una'le to in!
an! !eco!e it.
There are two metho!s o requenc& hopping6 S&nthesi-er ,opping an! Base'an!
,opping. Both are slow requenc& hopping techniques. This means that the
requenc& o the transmission onl& changes once e$er& time a 'urst is transmitte!.
=n S&nthesi-er ,opping6 each time slot on a gi$en transcei$er can transmit at a
!ierent requenc&. The transcei$er retunes 'etween time slots. This is an eicient
metho! or small sites with ew transcei$ers.
=n Base'an! ,opping6 each transcei$er sta&s at the same requenc& an! !ata is
switche! to the appropriate .The num'ers o hopping requencies is limite! to the
num'er o transcei$ers.
32
1., T&e Future -e+elopment
34
Nowa!a&s6 The mo'ile communication market has e9perience! rapi! growth.
(S) s&stem wins wi!el& market applications. ,owe$er6 it represents a large an!
continuousl& increasing percentage o all new mo'ile su'scri'ers in the worl!.
All proessional )arket Forecasts sa& (S) will sta& in the Fea! in the recent
se$eral &ears.
From this !iagram6 &ou can know a'out the a$erage growth o (S) mo'ile
su'scri'es in the worl!. Fast &ear6 the num'er o mo'ile su'scri'ers reaches more
than *22millions. =n *2246 it will reach a'out /22 millions.
3*
=t is o'$ious that the !e$elopment o technologies is !ri$en '& market orces. =n ol!
!a&s6 $oice ser$ice represents the tra!itional ser$ice an! can meet !eman!s o
most customers. Nowa!a&s6 the customers ha$e !i$ersit& !eman!s or ser$ices.
For e9ample6 the !eman! or !ata communication is growing ast. Suring on the
=nternet is not a new thing6 it has 'ecoming the people:s !ail& necessar& an!
change the people:s lie st&le. From this !iagram6 &ou can know a'out the
!e$elopment tren!s o ser$ice require! '& the customers.
3/
The growing !eman!s or !ata communication not onl& occurs in the i9e!
telephone su'scri'er. =t also occurs in the mo'ile su'scri'er. The !eman!s o
suring on the =nternet through )S also are require! '& more an! more customers.
Although it:s growth is slower than the telephone su'scri'er. But it will represent
the uture !e$elopment o mo'ile communication. ,ow to meet these requirements
is a se$ere challenge or 'oth the mo'ile manuactures an! the telecommunication
operators.
34
Dri$en '& the market orce6 cellular s&stem e9perience! three generations. (S)
an! DCS 4322 'elong to Secon! (eneration cellular technologies
=n recent &ears secon! generation technologies ha$e 'een !e$elope! to (BRS
calle! *.+( to support high0spee! !ata packet ser$ices. =ts ma9imum rate can
reach 44+k'ps.
A thir! generation s&stem is 'eing !e$elope!. =t aims at integrating an! merging a
range o communication ser$ices an! pro$i!ing high0spee! an! wi!e0'an!
ser$ices.
(S) will 'ecome the 'asis or the Thir! (eneration #/(% s&stem will e$ol$e
rom (S). The ma9imum rate o )o'ile multime!ia ser$ices can reach *)'ps.
3+
Summar&C
The contents o this course are mainl& !i$i!e! into se$en sectionsC
Section 4 !eal with principles o the Cellular Telecommunication6 where we !iscuss
the concepts o cell an! requenc& spectrum use! in cellular s&stem.
Section * pro$i!es a !etaile! !iscussion o (S) Network Components an! their
unctions.
Section / !escri'es ser$ice Area an! Num'er Blanning
Section 4 is !e$ote! to Terrestrial =nterace in (S) s&stem.
Section + pro$i!es a !etaile! !iscussion o Channels on the Air =nterace
Section 1 !eals with ra!io interaces6 where we !iscuss the 'asic concepts o ra!io
technologies.
Section 7 'riel& intro!uces the Future De$elopment o mo'ile communication
So much or the courses or (S) un!amentals. Thank &ou.
31