Botany2601 07/03/2014

Question 1
1.1) Angiosperm wood is typically your ardwood also te wood is more
inomogeneous. Angiosperm wood can !e o" 2 di#erent arrangements te wood
can a$e ring saped pores or scattered pores. %ardwoods come "rom dicots.
%ardwoods a$e a more comple& structure tan so"twoods' and li(e mentioned
a!o$e on o" tese tings is pores. Anoter e$olutionary ad$ancement is it also
as $essels wit per"oration plates and tic(ening in te secondary cell wall o"
tese scleri"orm $essels. )any angiosperms are deciduous and also usually sow
annual growt rings.
1.2) *ran+ in ,erman means wreat and tere"ore re"ers to an arrangement o"
!undle seat cells wic are surrounded !y mesopyll cells in c4 plants. -e
arrange ma(es sure tat tese mesopyll cells are no more tan 2 to 4 layers
away "rom te !undle seat. .o tere"ore te c4 meta!olites are transported
troug tese layers $ia plasmosdesmata.
1.3) /lowers contain 0oral nectaries tese are glands witin te 0ower' tese
pro$ide "ood and secrete sugars and amino acids. 1ecteries elp to attract
pollinators suc !ees' !utter0ies and umming !irds ect. -ese insects eat te
nectar and in turn pollinate te 0ower wen te $isit oter 0owers. 1ectar is
ecologically important item "or e&ample te sugar source "or oney and "or
agricultural orticulture.
Question 2
2.1) te main materials responsi!le "or te transport o" water in plants are te
$ascular !undles tat are present trougout te plant in te root' stems and
lea$es. 2ascular !undles consist o" &ylem and ploem. 3ylem is te main
transportation means o" water. 3ylem are long' ollow dead tu!es "orming
continuous columns "rom te roots all te way to te lea$es. 4eposits o" lignin
strengten te &ylem walls. 5its are also present in &ylem walls' tese pits allow "or
ori+ontal transportation o" te water !etween &ylem $essels. -ere are 2 types o"
&ylem cells namely traceid6s and $essel elements. 7it traceid6s te water mo$es
!etween traceids $ia pits only. -e $essel elements on te oter and allow water
to tra$el !etween tem troug pits and per"orations. -raceids are deri$ed "rom a
single cell wile $essel elements are deri$ed "rom a pile o" cells. -raceid6s are also
a lot more narrower tan tat o" te tic(er $essel elements' -raceid6s are also
longer tan $essel elements.
2.2) structural di#erences !etween monocot and dicot
Monocots dicots
)onocotyledons a$e one cotyledon -e dicotyledons em!ryo as two
cotyledons
8ea" $eins are parallel 8ea" $eins are reticulated 9!ranced)
Bundles o" $ascular tissue scattered
trougout te stem wit no particular
Bundles o" $ascular tissue arranged in a
ring. -e $ascular system is di$ided into
Botany2601 07/03/2014
arrangement' and as no corte& a corte& and stele
/i!rous roots -aproot system
1 seed lea" 2 seed lea"
secondary growt not present :"ten as secondary growt
5ollen wit single "urrow or pore 5ollen wit tree "urrows or pores
Question 3
3a) structure and composition o" cell walls
.clerencyma ;ollencyma
-ic( secondary cell walls irregularly tic(ened cell walls
/i!ers< elongated' sclerids 9stone
cells) = relati$ely sperical
prism saped
te cell wall contains oles called pits "ound >ust !elow te epidermis in
petiole
3!) /unctions
.clerencyma ;ollencyma
support support
protection some in$ol$ement in transport o"
nutrients
transport o" water and nutrients
3c) 5osition in plants
.clerencyma ;ollencyma
mature parts o" te plant/ woody
parts
"ound >ust !elow te epidermis
2ascular !undles 8ea$es
.tems ?oung stems
Question 4
:rigin o" root ape&@A primary root meristem generates two tissues
simultaneously' te main root a&is e&tending pro&imally towards te soot' and te
root cap. .o meaning it6s te part o" te root were growt and de$elopment starts.
-e Auiescent center does "unction as te +one o" initials' te di$ision o" te initials
in te Auiescent center is te source or te root apical meristem.
.tructure@-e root ape& consists epidermis' corte&' and stele and a a root cap. -e
rootcap is "ound at te $ery end o" te root tip te you get te +one o" cell di$ision'
ten +one o" elongation' ten' +one o" maturation.
/unction@ te part o" te root were growt and de$elopment starts is te root
ape&. ;lose to te tip is were te production o" new cells and te elongation o" te
recently made cells ta(e place and ten can mature and speciali+e. te root cap is
Botany2601 07/03/2014
made wic elps te root to penetrate te soil witout damaging itsel" !y
producing a )usigal seat o$er itsel"