Management Information System:

a. Management:
1. Art of getting things donethrough and with the people in formally organized groups
2. The act of coordinating the efforts of people to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently
and effectively.
3. Comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more
people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.
b. Information:
1. Means to processed data that helps the management in planning, controlling and operations.
2. Data means all the facts arising out of the operations of the concern.
3. Data is processed i.e. recorded, summarized, compared and finally presented to the management in the form of MIS report.
c. System:
1. A set of interconnected elements to achieve a common objective
2. Data is processed into information with the help of a system
3. A system is made up of inputs, processing, output and feedback or control.
4. Composed of sub-systems, which in turn may be made up of other subsystems
Information System:
An information system can be any organized combination of people, hardware, software, communication networks, and data
resources that collects, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization.
Information Technology:
is the application of computers and telecommunications equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data
used as a synonym for computers and computer networks
but it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and telephones
Several industries are associated with information technology, such as computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors,
internet, telecom equipments, e-commerce and computer services.
Importance of MIS:
Decision making (rational) managerial function - Provides Information at various levels of decision-making
Reliable, timely info essential- Often not adequately planned for provides inaccurate, irrelevant, or obsolete info
MIS a logical, well-structured method of info collection, processing, and disseminating to decision-makers - Was unrecognized,
but vital
Era of liberalization and globalization - Now business and management have grown to unprecedented levels of complexity
Era of computers and IT - Environmental pressures necessitates that info be an important resource
MIS nerve center - Computer based Management Info Systems (CBMIS) organizations cannot survive without
Managers are transducers transfer info to decisions
MIS Defined:
MIS provides information that organizations require to manage themselves efficiently and effectively. Management information
systems are typically computer systems used for managing five primary components:
a. Hardware,
b. Software,
c. Data (information for decision making),
d. Procedures (design,development and documentation), and
e. People (individuals, groups, or organizations).
An MIS is an integrated (computer-based) user-machine system for providing information to support decision-making functions in an
organization
Characteristics of MIS:
1. System approach - Takes Comprehensive view in the light of its objective
2. Management oriented : Top down approach followed: Derived from the overall business objectives
3. Need based: Caters to info needs at different levels
4. Exception based : Exception based reporting principle
5. Futuristic: On the basis of projections
6. Integrated: Blends info from several operational areas
7. Common data flows : Should avoid data duplication and redundancy
8. Long term basis : Strive to be futuristic
9. Divide and conquer : Use partitioning into subsystems
10. Central database: Let subsystems access the master data
Advantages:
Companies are able to highlight their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue reports, employees' performance
record etc.
Giving an overall picture of the company and acting as a communication and planning tool.
The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business processes according to the needs
of the customers.


MIS Functions:
Data capturing
Processing of data
Storage
Retrieval
Dissemination of MI finished product of MIS
Information System Resource:
People:
1. End Users Customer, Salesman , Engineer, Clerk etc
2. IS Specialist Develop and operate information system Includes system analyst, software developers, system operators, and
other managerial, technical and clerical IS personnel.
Hardware Resources:
All physical devices and materials used in information processing. It includes not only machines, such as computers and other
equipment, but also all data media, that is, tangible objects on which data are recorded, from sheets of paper to magnetic or optical
disk.
Examples of hardware in computer-based information system are:
- Computer System
- Computer Peripherals
Software Resources
The concept of software resources includes all sets of information processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes
not only the sets of operating instructions called programs, which direct and control computer hardware, but also the set of
information processing instructions called procedures that people need.
The following are the examples of software resources:
- System Software
- Application Software
- Procedures
Data Resources
Data are more than the raw material of information system. The concept of data resources has been broadened by managers and
information system professionals. They realize the data constitute valuable organizational resources. Thus, we should view data as
data resources that must be managed effectively to benefit all end users in an organization.
The data resources information systems are typically organized, stored and accessed by a variety of data resources management
information into:
Database that hold processed and organized data
Knowledge bases that hold knowledge in a variety of forms such as facts, rules, and case examples about successful
business practices
Network Resources
Telecommunication Technologies and networks like the Internet, intranets and extranets have become essential to the successful
electronics business and commerce operations all types of organizations and their computer based information systems.
Telecommunication networks consist of computers, communications processors, and other devices interconnected by
communications media and controlled by communications software.
Network resources include:
Communication Media
Network support

Computer Hardware for Information Systems: