All About Cells

Written By Kadimahs 6
TH
& 7
TH
Grade
2

Table of Contents


Theodore Schwann--------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.1
Matthias Schlieden---------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.2
Rudolf Virschow------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.3
Robert Hooke------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.4
Anton van Leeuwenhoek----------------------------------------------------------------pg.5
Microscope-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.6
Cell Theory----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.7
Bacteria Cell--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.8
Difference between Prokaryote and Eukaryote-------------------------pg.9
Chloroplasts------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.10
Cell Wall-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.11
Cell membrane--------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.12
Cytoskeleton-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.13
Vacuole--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.14
Ribosomes----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.15
Vesicles--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.16
Cytoplasm----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.17
Lysosomes----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.18
Golgi-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.19
Mitochondria-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.20
Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum------------------------------------pg.21
Centrioles----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.22
Nucleus--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.23
Nucleolus-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------pg.24

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1

Theodore Schwann


Schwann was born in
Neuss, December 7, 1810. He
studied at the Jesuits College
at Cologne, and then went to
Bonn, where he met
Johannes Mller, his
influencer. Assisting Mller,
Schwann microscopically
viewed animal tissues. He
found interest in nervous
tissues and muscular tissues.

He noticed cells that had
a covering associated with
nerve fibers, now we call
them Schwann cells. In 1837 he isolated an enzyme,
essential to digestion, and he named it Pepsin. He
went beyond others and discovered the
multiplication of yeast under alcoholic
fermentation.

Schwann concluded that all living things are
made of cells, and this became the cell theory
compatible with his observations across all the
tissues he investigated. Theodor Schwann died in
Cologne, January 11, 1882, at age 71.



2

Matthias Schleiden

Schleiden was born in Hamburg, April 5, 1804
he then educated at Heidelberg and also practiced
law there. He then began to notice his love for being
a botanist.

He began to study plants
under a microscope. When he
was a professor at the
University of Jena, he wrote a
book called Contributions to
Phytogenesis in 1838 stating in it
that different parts of the plant
organism are composed of cells.

He was also one of the first
German biologists to accept
Charles Darwins theory of
evolution. In 1863 he became professor at the
University of Dorpat. There he concluded that all
plants are made of cells and that an embryonic plant
organism arises from the one cell. Matthias Schleiden
died in Frankfurt on June 23, 1881 at the age of 77.

3

Rudolf Virchow

Rudolf Virchow was born on October 13
th
1821
in Germany. He was a German doctor,
anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist,
writer, editor, and politician, known for his
advancement of public health. He is famous for his
theory that cells only come from other cells. He is
known as the father of modern pathology.



Rudolf Virchow Virchows cell theory
4

Robert Hooke

Robert Hooke was a
scientist. He was one of the
few people to make a
microscope. Hooke was
also the first person to
discover the cell.

Hooke had an intense
rivalry with Sir Isaac
Newton due to jealousy of
the inventions that Hooke
had prepared first. In fact
Newton hated Hooke had
prepared first. Newton actually hated Hooke so
much that Newton burned the only picture of
Hooke. Because of that, we have no exact pictures of
what Hooke looked like.

Hookes inventions
were the diaphragm,
balance wheel, and
universal joint. These
inventions contributed to
the people then, and today
quite a lot. He discovered
the law of elasticity,
which is now known as
Hookes Law.

Under the microscope Hooke looked at a cork.
That was when he discovered the cell. He also
thought that the cells looked like little animals.
5

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Anton van Leeuwenhoek was born on October
24, 1632. He made over 500 microscopes and there
are only about ten left to this day. He made single
microscopes, which only have one objective lens. His
microscopes magnified over 200 times. In 1673 he
started to write letters to newly-formed Royal
Society. On September 17 1683, he wrote a letter to
the royal society about the plaque in his teeth.
Leeuwenhoek studied animal and plant tissues.

6

Microscope

The optical microscope was the first one
developed. Galileo got credit for making the first
simple microscope in 1610. On October 9 Anton van
Leeuwenhoek reported the discovery of micro-
organisms. Microscopes are in different classes.
There are different types of microscopes. There are
simple microscopes, compound microscopes, and
optical microscopes. The optical microscope is the
most common
Microscope.
7

The cell theory


The 3 parts of the cell theory are:

1. cells are the basic building blocks of life

2. cells come only from other cells

3. cells make up all living things



8

Bacteria Cell

Bacteria cells are unicellular cells meaning made
of one cell. Although they are unicellular they have
many organelles such as Pili, DNA, Capsule, Cell
Wall, Plasma Membrane, Flagellum, Basal Body,
Cytoplasm, and Ribosomes. Some Bacteria Cells are
Hetetrophs meaning they eat other organisms others
are Autotrophs meaning they make their own food.
Bacteria grow in colonies and reproduce fast by
fission or asexual budding t5he cells grow and than
split in two. There are many different kinds of
Bacteria like bacilli rod-shaped, cocci circular,
Spirilli incomplete spirals. Bacteria Cells are almost
everywhere on earth. Even though Bacteria cells
make many illnesses they also have many positive
effects. Bacteria also gives nitrogen to plants.
9

Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells are the two
different types of cells. Prokaryotes have no nucleus
as well as no membrane bound organelles.



Eukaryotes
have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
There are many other differences between
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells.


For example, in Prokaryotic cells the DNA floats
freely. Although in Eukaryotic cells the DNA is
inside the membrane.
Eukaryotic cells came to be when some
prokaryotes ate mitochondria (Endosybiosis), and
then they became an early form of Eukaryotic cells.

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Chloroplast

Plants use chloroplasts to turn sunlight into
CO2 and food for themselves. Chloroplasts also give
plants their green color. They look like flat stacks of
disks. The Chloroplasts use Chlorophyll that allows
the plant to absorb energy from the sun and is a
critical part in the photosynthesis process.


Chloroplast has 6 parts the outer membrane, the
granum, the lumen, the inner membrane, the stroma,
and the thylakoids.
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Cell Wall

The cell walls main purpose, like the cell
membranes, is to support and protect the cell from
the items that surround it. The difference between
the cell wall versus the cell membrane is that the cell
wall is only found
in plant cells.

Most of the
time, the cell wall is
flexible, but
sometimes it can
also be strong and
rigid. These layers
surround the cell.
In plant cells, the
cell wall is around
the cell membrane.
One of the very
important jobs of
the cell wall is to be
a pressure vessel.
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This means that the cell wall prevents water from
entering the cell.

The cell wall is composed of polysaccharides. In
some cells, Cell walls are found in
plants, bacteria, fungi, algae, and some archaea.


13

Cell Membrane

The main purpose of the cell membrane is to
protect the cell from
its surroundings.
The cell membrane
also plays a key role
in cell adhesion,
which is when the
cell attaches to
something. The
membrane is found
in both plant and
animal cells. The cell membrane is very important in
the cell.
The cell membrane is composed of phospholipid
bilayer filled with proteins. The phospholipid
bilayer is two thin layers of lipid molecules. The cell
membrane is filled with
four proteins, such as
Sodium, Potassium,
Calcium and Chloride. It is
very important that the
cell gets these proteins.
There are two
different names for the cell
membrane. One is the
plasma membrane, and the
other is the cytoplasmic membrane.


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Cytoskeleton


The cytoskeleton is a structure that gives a cell
shape, it also holds organelles in place, and lets parts
of the cell move. It consists of three proteins-
microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and
microtubules. Microfilaments allow the contraction
and expansion of a cell, which allows the cell to
move. These are the smallest and thinnest part of the
cytoskeleton. The intermediate filaments hold the
organelles in place and
also anchor the
nucleus in place. They
are much thicker then
the microfilaments,
but thinner than the
microtubules. The
microtubules are the
thickest out of all
three in the cytoskeleton. It creates a 3D network in
the cell allowing organelles to move inside the cell.
As you can see, the cytoskeleton plays a very
important role in the cell.



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Vacuole

Vacuoles are storage bubbles that store any type
of nutrient a cell might need to survive. Vacuoles can
also hold waste, protecting the cell from
contamination. The waste
always eventually leaves the
vacuole. The vacuole has a
membrane that surrounds a
fluid filled with nutrients and
waste products.

Vacuoles are also closely
related to vesicles which are
found throughout the cell.
Vacuoles are found in both
animal and plant cells.

As you can see in the
picture, the plant cell has a
very large vacuole, bigger than
the one in the animal cell, and
also stores large amounts of the
cells water, waste and food.
The waste products are slowly
broken down, so they cannot hurt the cell. It can
sometimes take up more than half the cells volume,
depending on how much water the cell has. Vacuoles
can hold on to whatever the cell might need, acting
like a backpack.




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Ribosome
The ribosome is a part of a cell that makes
proteins and spreads them amongst the cell in the
membrane. Sometimes the cell will discharge the
ribosomes from the cell. Ribosomes can be found on
the rough endoplasmic reticulum and can also be
found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell as well.

The ribosomes found on the rough E.R. make
proteins and that is why the E.R. is rough.
Ribosomes also coat the nucleus as well as make
proteins for other parts of the cell. A protein created
in the nucleus called mRNA. After the protein is
made it is sent too the ribosomes then the ribosome
synthesizes the help the cell.
17

Vesicles
The Vesicles are like the highways of the cell and
they transport many different cellular substances
back and forth to various organelles within the cell.
Vesicles are also a basic tool used by the cell for
organizing cellular substances. Vesicles are involved
in metabolism, transport, buoyancy control,

and
enzyme storage.


18

Cytoplasm

The Cytoplasm is everything inside the cell
beside the nucleus. Both organelles and the cytosol
make up the Cytoplasm.

The cytoplasm is like the factory floor in the
cell, it keeps the whole thing together. It is a gel-like
substance enclosed in the cell membrane and
organelles. All of the contents of the cells of
prokaryote 0rganisms are contained with
cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is about 70% to 90% water and
is usually colorless.
19

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are organelles in the cell that breaks
down dead particles in the cell and when the cell
dies it eats the cell. A golgi complex makes
lysososmes.the lysosomes break down waste
materials and cellular debris. They can be described
as the stomach of the cell. Lysosomes digest excess or
worn-out organelles, food particles, and engulf
viruses or bacteria.











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21

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are the organelles that provide
energy for the cell. They have two membranes, and
can divide independently without the cell dividing.
That is one of the reminders that mitochondria were
not always organelles.

Around two billion years ago there were only
prokaryotic [no distinct nucleus with a membrane
or specialized organelles] cells. Mitochondria were
probably independent cells that were good at
digesting food.

Mitochondria were
good at digesting because
they had two membranes.
The inner membrane is a
complicated shape {see to the left} [the thin lines
going across the mitochondrion are the inner
membrane]. Since the inner membrane folds over so
much the cell has more surface area in a small
organelle. More space means more work done. The
fluid inside a mitochondrion is called the matrix.
Mitochondria have their own DNA.

The lysosomes send them the food, and when
they digest it they spit out energy. If the amount of
mitochondria in the cell gets out of control the cell
sends those same lysosomes. The difference is that
instead of sending the food they break the
mitochondria into pieces and use their proteins and
lipids to construct new cell parts.
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Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum


The rough ER is where ribosome dock and
release proteins which are synthesized and released
at the smooth ER to be sent around the cell. The
difference between smooth and rough endoplasmic
reticulum is that the rough ER has ribosomes on it to
make proteins which are released at the smooth ER.
Proteins make things in the cell and are very
important.
Smooth ER
Rough ER
23

Centrioles

Centrioles are organelles found only in animal-
like cells near the nucleus. They are made of
microtubules and they help the cell when it comes
time for the cell to divide. When the cell is in
division, they can not be seen.

A centriole is made of microtubules that are
arranged in a specific way. When pair of centrioles is
found next to each other, most of the time, they are
found at right angles. The centrioles are found in
pairs and move towards the opposite ends of the
nucleus when its time for cell division. During the
cell division, you might also be able to see groups of
threads attached to the centrioles called the mitotic
spindle.

Centrioles function is very needed in the cell. It
is involved in acts like cell division, cellular
organization, and animal development. If there
werent centrioles in cells, cell division would be not
as efficient.







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Nucleus

The nucleus is the known as
the most prominent organelle in a
cell. It is also the manager of the
entire cell. The nucleus is found in
only eukaryotic cells. It looks like a big dark spot in
the middle of the cell.

The nucleus serves as the administrative center
and information processing center of the cell. If
something in the cell happens, the nucleus will
probably know about it. It also coordinates the cells
activity, such as growth, metabolism, and cell
reproduction.

There is a double-layered membrane surrounding the
nucleus, separating the nucleoplasm from the
cytoplasm. It is in charge of other things like holding
the nucleus together and substances moving in and
out of the nucleus.

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Nucleolus

The nucleolus is in the center of the nucleus. The
nucleolus actually means little nucleus. Nucleolus
malfunctions are responsible for many human
diseases. Some cells have more than one nucleolus.
The nucleolus is made of three major things: is made
of fibrillar centers, the dense fibrillar component,
and granular components.





The nucleolus produces ribosomes. Ribosomes
are the protein builders for the cell. Here is where
path the ribosomes take:

(It looks like the ribosomes are coming from the
nucleus although that squiggly thing is the
nucleolus)

The nucleolus is an important part of the cell,
manufacturing ribosomes to help the cell grow.

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