Lymphatic System functions

returns excess interstitial fluid to the blood, absorbs fats and fat-soluble vitamins from the digestive system,
provides defense against invading microorganisms and disease

Lymphatic System consists
of the lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic organs

Lymphatic vessels carry fluid away from tissues and return it to the venous system

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body and empties into the right
subclavian vein

The thoracic duct begins in the upper abdomen and drains the other 3/4s of the body

Lymphatic vessels have thin walls and have valves to prevent backflow of lymph

Lymph Nodes consist of dense masses of lymphocytes

Inguinal lymph nodes are located in the groin

Axillary lymph nodes are located in the armpits

Cervical lymph nodes are located in the neck

No lymph nodes are associated with the central nervous system

Tonsils lymphatic tissue in the region of the nose, mouth, and throat

Pharyngeal Tonsils aka adenoids; are near the opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx

Palatine Tonsils are located at the opening of the oral cavity into the pharynx

Lingual Tonsils are located at the base of the tongue

Spleen is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, posterior to the stomach; filters blood; is a reservoir
for blood

Thymus located anterior to ascending aorta and posterior to sternum; produces thymosin; primary function is
processing and maturation of T-cells

Pathogen disease producing organism

Nonspecific defense mechanisms 1 Barrier (unbroken skin) and fluids (such as tears, saliva, and urine) 2
Chemical action - compliment protein (causes bacteria to rupture and enhances phagocytosis and inflammation) 3
Interferon (stops viruses from replicating) 4 Phagocytosis - neutrophils and macrophages destroy and ingest
particles 5 Inflammation - local (red, hot, swollen (pain)) 6 Inflammation - systemic (throughout body, WBC
production by bone marrow, pyrogen production to induce fever, vasodilation to increase capilllary permiability)

Specific defense mechanisms distinguish between self and nonself

T-cell type of lymphocyte that engulf particles and is non-specific

B-cell lymphocyte with a "memory"

Specific immunity first exposure 1 Antigen enters the body 2 T-cells are activated 3 T-cells fight antigen 4 T-
helper cells recruit more T-cells 5 continue until antigen is destroyed 6 T-suppressor cells call off the t-cells and cells
get destroyed

Specific immunity first exposure aftermath Once T-cells fight antigens a B-cell is formed to remember that
antigen; the next time that antigen is introduced to the body the B-cells get activated to destroy it

Specific immunity subsequent exposure 1 antigen enters body again 2 T-cells are activated 3 T-helper cells
recruit additional T-cells and the B-cells are activated 4 T-cells and B-cells fight until antigen is destroyed 5 T and B
suppressor cells call off the fight 6 cells are destroyed

Naturally acquired active immunity 1 exposed to antigen or pathogen 2 stimulates the immune response 3 B
cells are formed

Naturally acquired passive immunity 1 antibodies are passed to fetus 2 also passed to newborn from breast milk
3 mother's antibodies are passed to child

Artificially acquired active immunity 1 vaccine 2 live/dead sample of antigen is injected so
B-cells can be produced 3 stimulates immune response without full exposure to the disease

Artificially acquired passive immunity 1 injection of gammaglobulins containing antibodies 2 short term
immunity without stimulating an immune response (antibodies are directly injected in extreme and rare cases
(rubella, small pox))

Autoimmunity Body sees itself as an antigen and fights it

Lymph is a clear, watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of thin-walled lymph
vessels (the lymphatic system) that extends through out the body.

lymphocyte and Monocyte 2 components of Lymph

Interstitial fluid surrounds the body cells.

Lymph Capillaries begin at the spaces around cells throughout the body.

Lymph Vessel have thicker walls than those of lymph capillaries and, like veins, contain valves so that
lymph flows in only one direction, toward the thoracic cavity

Lymph nodes Collection of stationary lymph tissue, they located along the path of the lymph vessels. It
has a mass of lymph cells and vessels, surrounded by a fibrous, connective tissue capsule.

Macrophages special cells, that is located in lymph nodes (spleen, liver, and lungs), swallow foreign
substance.

B Lymphocytes (b Cells) present in nodes, produce antibodies. It originates from bone marrow stem
cells. When it is confronted with a specific type of antigen, it transforms into an anti-body cell known as
plasma cells

T lymphocytes (T cells) attack bacteria and foreign cells by accurately recognizing a cell surface protein
as foreign, attaching to the foreign or cancerous cell, poking holes in them, and injecting them with toxic
chemicals. They multiplies rapidly to produce specific types of cells that destroy the antigen. They are
processed in the thymus gland.

Cervical, Axilliary, mediastinal, inguinal, tonsils, adenoids, right lymphatic ducts, thoracic
duct, large veins major sites of lymph nodes concentration

Tonsils masses of lymph tissue in the throat near the back of the mouth
Adenoids are enlarged lymph tissue in the part of the throat near the nasal passages
Spleen organ near the stomach that produces, stores, and eliminates blood cells.
Thymus Gland lymphatic organ located in the upper mediastinum between the lungs.It plays an
important role in the body's ability to protect itself from disease. It is composed of nests of lymphoid cells
resting on a platform of connective tissue.
It condition T lymphocytes to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
Tolerance when lymphocytes learn to recognize and accept the body's own antigen as "self" or friendly.

Autoimmune disease when tolerance fails, immune cells react against normal cell.

Antigen toxins, bacterial proteins or foreign blood cells.

Leukocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages), Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes,
spleen, thymus gland) What immune system includes?

Immunity the body's ability to resist foreign organism and toxins that damage tissues and organs

Natural Immunity protection that is inherited and is present at birth to fight off infection.

Acquired immunity this is the body's ability to form antibodies and mobilize lymphocytes to fight an
infection after exposure to an antigen. Ex. cold or flu

Vaccination acquired immunity. by exposing a person to proteins, killed viruses, or bacterial
components, it is possible to stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. These antibodies will protect
against an attack of the disease, should the person be exposed to the virus at a later time.

Antitoxins when immediate immunity is needed. Ex. Poisons

Immunoglobulins injection of antibodies, that can provide protection against disease and lessen its
severity

Maternal antibodies an acquired immunity, newborn receives this through the placenta or in breast
milk after birth

Plasma cells produce antibodies called immunoglobulins

Cytotoxic T cells, Helper T cells, Suppressor T cells Specific types of T cells

Cytotoxic T cells attach to antigens and kill the offending organism. They also produce proteins called
cytokines, such as interferons and interleukins, that aid other cells in antigen destruction

Helper T cells promote the responses of B cells and other T cells to neutralize antigens
Suppressor T cells (regulatory T cells) (tregs)
control B cell and T cell activity and stop the immune response when an antigen has been destroyed.
Compliment System
proteins in the blood that help antibodies and T cell kill antigens
Dendritic cell
it is a specialized macrophage that digest foreign cell and mark antigens for destruction
monoclonal antibodies (MoAb)
these are antibodies created in a laboratory by special reproductive techniques, designed to attach specific
cancer cells
Vaccines
these preparation contain antigens from tumor cells that stimulate T cells to recognize and kill cancer
cells. It may be injected or given as a nasal spray
Transfer of immune cells
in BMT bone marrow transplantation, T lymphocytes from a donor can replace a patient's immune system
with new cells that recognize tumor as foreign and kill them
immun/o
protection
lymph/o
lymph
lymphaden/o
lymph node
splen/o
spleen
thym/o
thymus gland
tox/o
poison
ana-
again, anew
inter-
between
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
group of clinical signs and symptoms associated with suppression of the immune system and marked by
opportunistic infections, secondary, neoplasms, and neurologic problems.
It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which destroys helper T cells.
allergy
abnormal hypersensitivity acquired by exposure to an antigen
lymphoma
malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissue
Hodgkin disease
malignant tumor of lymphoid tissue in the spleen and lymph nodes.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas
these include follicular lymphoma (composed of collections of small lymphocytes in a follicle or nodule
arrangement) and large cell lymphoma (composed of large lymphocytes that infiltrate nodes and tissues
diffusely. non-hodgkin lymphomas are mostly B cell lymphomas and rarely T cell malignancies
Thymoma
malignant tumor of the thymus gland
CD4+ cell count
measures the number of CD4+T cells (Helper T Cells) in the bloodstream of the patients
ELISA
screening test to detect anti-HIV antibodies in the bloodstream
immunoelectrophoresis
test that separates immunoglobulins
viral load test
Measurement of the amount of AIDS virus (HIV) in the bloodstream.
Computed tomography (CT) scan
X-ray imaging procedures cross-sectional and other views of anatomic structures.
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
CD4+ cell
Helper T cell
CD8+ cell
cytotoxic T Cell
CMV
cytomegalovirus
Crypto
Cryptococcus

ELISA
enzyme Linked immunosorbent assay

GM-CSF
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors

HAART
highly active antiretroviral therapy

HD
hodgkin disease

Histo
histoplasmosis

HIV
human immunodeficiency virus

HSV
herpes simplex virus

IgA, IgD, Ige, IgG, IgM
Immunoglobulins

Candidiasis
systemic yeast-like fungus

Cryptococcus
yeast like fungus in brain, lung, blood

Cryptospordiosis
parasitic infection in GI tract brain and spinal column

Cytomegalovirus Infectionvirus (CMV)
causes enteritis and retinitis (retina of the eye)

herpes simplex
viral infection causes small blisters on the skin of the lips or nose or on the genitals. can also cause
encephalitis

histoplasmosis (Histo)
fungal infection caused by inhalation of dust contaminated with Histoplasma capsulatum

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) complex infection
bacterial disease manifesting with fever, malaise, night sweats, anorexia, diarrhea, weight loss, and lung
and blood infection.

Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)
one celled organism (o.jiroveci) causes lung infection, with fever, cough, and chest pain/

Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)
parasitic infection involving the central nervous system (CNS) and causing fever, chills, visual disturbance,
confusion, hemiparesis, and seizures.

tuberculosis (tb)
Bacterial disease (caused by myobacterium tuberculosis) involving lungs, brain, and other organs.

ATOIC DERMATITIS
caused by rash from soaps, cosmetics, chemicals

asthma
caused by pollen, dust, molds

hives
caused by food or drugs

Allergic reaction
occurs when a sensitized person who has previously been exposed to an agent (allergen), reacts violently
to a subsequent exposure.

IL1 to IL15
interleukins

KS
kaposi sarcoma

MAI
mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex

Moab
monoclonal antibody

NHL
non-hodgkin lymphoma

PCP
prenumocystis pnuemonia

PI
protease inhibitor

RTI
reverse transcriptase inhibitor

SCID
severe combined immunodeficiency disease

T4 Cell
helper T cell, CD4+ cell

T8 Cell
cytotoxic T cell, CD8+ cell

Treg
regulatory T cell, suppressor T cell

Toxo
Toxoplasmosis