SUBMITTED TO TANU ALLEN:

SUBMITTED TO TANU ALLEN SUBMITTED BY ARSHIA BERRY CHIRAG SHARMA GARIMA SINGH KAVYA
MAMGAIN SHANI THANKACHEN LAND RESOURCES

PowerPoint Presentation:
Land ecosystems cover nearly 30% of the Earths surface. The land surface changes over days, seasons, decades, and longer.
Vegetation boundaries shift, cities grow, rain forests and farm lands shrink, amounts of trace chemicals in the air increase and
decrease, rivers flood, forests burn, and volcanoes erupt. Activities of the growing human population cause or influence many of
these changes.

PowerPoint Presentation:
"Land is a delineable area of the earth's terrestrial surface, encompassing all attributes of the biosphere immediately above or
below this surface, including those of the near-surface climate, the soil and terrain forms, the surface hydrology (including
shallow lakes, rivers, marshes, and swamps), the near-surface sedimentary layers and associated groundwater reserve, the plant
and animal populations, the human settlement pattern and physical results of past and present human activity (terracing, water
storage or drainage structures, roads, buildings, etc.)."

INTRODUCTION:
Resources that can obtained from the land is called land resources. Almost every man-made product is composed of products of
land resources. A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as
a fish, or it may exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such as metal ores, oil, and most forms
of energy. INTRODUCTION

PowerPoint Presentation:
Land is the most important resource existing. It is the major source of important energy resources like fossil fuels. Agriculture is
not possible without land resources. Land also harbors all crucial minerals.

LAND RESOURCES:
LAND RESOURCES

PowerPoint Presentation:
LAND USE WORLD WIDE

PowerPoint Presentation:
LAND USE IN INDIA

LAND RESOURCES IN INDIA:
LAND RESOURCES IN INDIA Land Resources in India enclose approximately 1.3 million sq miles and is a cape, protruding
into the Indian Ocean, in between the Bay of Bengal on the east and Arabian Sea on the west. Indian land resources are
segmented into varied relief features, 43% of land area is plain region; Indian mountain region constitutes 30% of the area, where
as plateaus account for 27 % of the total surface area on the nation

PowerPoint Presentation:
USE OF SOME LAND RESOURCES

FOREST:
Role in Hydrologic Cycle (right) Food source Commercial use Soil conservation Pollution moderator Wildlife habitat O 2
producer and CO 2 sink FOREST

DEFORESTATION:
Temporary or permanent clearance of large expanses of forest for agriculture or other use World forests shrank 90 million acres
from 20002005 Causes Fire Expansion of agriculture Construction of roads Tree harvest Insect and disease DEFORESTATION

PowerPoint Presentation:
RESULTS Decreased soil fertility Uncontrolled soil erosion Production of hydroelectric power (silt build up behind dams)
Increased sedimentation of waterways Formation of deserts Extinction of species Global climate changes

PowerPoint Presentation:
DESERTIFICATION IN HILLY REGIONS OF THE HIMALAYA Deforestation in himalaya involving clearance of natural
forests and plantation of monocultures like Pinus roxburghi , Eucalyptus camadulensis etc. have upset the ecosystem by changing
various soil ( edaphic ) and biological properties. Nutrient cycling has become poor, original rich germplasm is lost and the area
is ivaded by exotic weeds. These ares are not able to recover and are losing their fertility. The entire west Khasi hill district of
Meghalaya in North east Himalayas, Ladakh and parts of Kumaon and Garhwal are now facing the serious problem of
DESERTIFICATION CASE STUDY

MINERALS :
Minerals can be obtained by the mining process. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from
the earth. Materials recovered by mining include base metals, precious metals, iron, uranium coal, diamonds, limestone, oil
shale, rock salt and potash. Any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, or created artificially in
a laboratory or factory, is usually mined. MINERALS

PowerPoint Presentation:
Udachnaya pipe, an open pit diamond mine in Siberia . Gold mine of johansburg (south africa ) Coal mine of vietnam Uranium
mine of australia

PROCESS OF MINING:
PROCESS OF MINING A large area of forest cleaned out Removal of upper layer of land for surface mining Use of heavy
machinery for digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits for underground mining. Often use of
dynamites Extraction of ores

EFFECT ON LAND AND ENVIRONMENT:
Soil erosion Loss of biodiversity Affect human health Pollution of land and water Use of dynamites and heavy machinery loosen
soil and ultimately leads to land slides lowering of water table EFFECT ON LAND AND ENVIRONMENT Iron hydroxide
precipitate stains a stream receiving acid drainage from surface coal mining

PowerPoint Presentation:
JHARIA COAL FIELD, JHARKHAND have been posing a big problem to the local residents due to underground fires and they
are asked to vacant the area. The proposal of large scale evacuation of about 0.3 million population of Jharia immediately raises
the question of their relocation and rehabilitation for which proper planning is required . Some 115 crores of rupees have been
spent to put out the fire since 1976, still the problem persists. The people of Jharia are being asked to evacuate the area, but till
now there is no alternative land and rehabilitation package prepared ,as the result local people formed Jharia coalfield bachao
samiti Accoding to the latest estimate 18,000 crores will be spent to shift Jharia population and around 8,000 crores for
extinguishing the fire CASE STUDY

AGRICULTURAL LANDS:
AGRICULTURAL LANDS Agricultural lands feed our increasing population Approximately 12% of total land area is used as
agricultural lands . India rank second worldwide in farm output Agriculture output purely depends on land resource. Thus, lack of
access to land, increases incidence of poverty in rural areas. Quality of land has a direct bearing on the productivity of
agriculture, which is not true for other activities.

AGRICULTURAL MISMANAGEMENT:
Excessive use of fertilizers Heavy irrigation Use of pesticide Slash and burn cultivation AGRICULTURAL
MISMANAGEMENT

PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE:
Low productivity of crops and labour Constraints of Financial Resources and Indebtedness Lack of Land Reforms Small Farm
Size and Fragmentation of Landholdings PROBLEMS OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE

PowerPoint Presentation:
In India per capita land availability has declined from 0.89 ha in 1951 to 0.3 ha in 2001. The per capita availability of agriculture
land has declined from 0.48 ha in 1951 to 0.14 ha in 2001 (Source: Care for Earth Foundation, 05-06) More than 40% of the
farmers in India were found to be reporting poor yields not due to sub-standard seeds, irrigation problems etc. but due to
degrading land quality (Source: Centre for science and Environment) It is estimated that 5 million tonnes of top soil is eroded
every year and 20 % of such land is so damaged that it is categorized as wasteland (Source: TERI Year Book 2004-05)

PROTECTION:
In 1982 the UN developed the World Charter for Nature in which it recognised the need to protect nature from further depletion
due to human activity. They state the measures needed to be taken at all societal levels, from international right down to
individual, to protect all resources. They outline the need for sustainable use of natural resources and suggest that the protection
of resources should be incorporated into the law system at state and international level. To look at the importance of protecting
natural resources further. The World Ethic of Sustainability, developed by the IUCN, WWF and the UNEP in 1990 which set out
eight values for sustainability, include the need to protect natural resources from depletion. Since these documents, there have
been many measures taken to protect natural resources, some of these ways include Conservation biology and Habitat
Conservation. PROTECTION

PowerPoint Presentation:
Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species,
their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on sciences,
economics, and the practice of natural resource management. The term conservation biology was introduced as the title of a
conference held University of California at San Diego in La Jolla, California in 1978 organized by biologists Bruce Wilcox and
Michael Soul . Habitat conservation is a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore, habitat areas for
wild plants and animals, especially conservation reliant species, and prevent their extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range

LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA:
The Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India, has recently created a Department of Land Resources Management.
At the conceptual level it has been realised that the management rather than the mere use of land is the central theme. There is no
dearth of land, the real issue is management which should include: dynamic conservation, sustainable development and equitable
access to the benefits of intervention. LAND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN INDIA

PowerPoint Presentation:
The concept of sustainable development focuses on help for the very poor because they are left with no option but to destroy
their own environment. It also includes the idea of cost-effective development using differing economic criteria to the traditional
approach; that is to say development should not degrade environment quality, or reduce productivity in the long run. The greater
issues of health control, appropriate technologies, food self-reliance, clean water and shelter for all are to be addressed. Equitable
access to the benefits of development could be achieved either through land reforms or a dedicated and institutionalised mode of
peoples participation.


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