LESSON

1
LECTURE
MECHANALYSIS THE KEY TO
MACHINERY CONDITION
SUB - OBJECTIVE
At the end of the leon the T!"#nee $#ll %e "%le to de&ont!"te "n 'nde!t"nd#n( of
Me)h"n"l*# The +e* to M")h#ne!* Cond#t#on,,
1,- INTRODUCTION
Have you ever heard someone say somethings wrong with this machine; its
making a funny noise! !r; "ts natura# to associate a machines condition with the
#eve# of noise or vi$ration it makes% &nd' if it shakes or ratt#es more than usua#' we
$egin to sus(ect mechanica# trou$#e%
"n recent years' this idea of re#ating a machines condition to its #eve# of vi$ration
and noise has $ecome the $asis of a new techni)ue for contro##ing machinery
condition% This techni)ue is ca##ed *ECH&+&L,-"-%
*echana#ysis is the contraction f the two words mechanica# and ana#ysis% This word
is used to descri$e any measurement such as machinery vi$ration' shaft movement
or machinery noise . any measurement that (ermits us to determine a machines
condition whi#e it o(erates as it norma##y does%
*echana#ysis techni)ues do work; and the reasons are fair#y sim(#e;
/irst' its natura# for machines to vi$rate and make noise% Even machines in the $et
of o(erating condition wi## have some vi$ration and noise $ecause of sma## minor
defects% Therefore' each machine whether its a 01'111 R2* com(ressor' a steam
tur$ine generator' a #athe or a vacuum c#eaner wi## have a #eve# of vi$ration and
noise which may $e regarded as norma# or inherent%
-econd#y' when machinery noise and vi$ration increase or $ecome e3cessive' some
mechanica# trou$#e is usua##y' the reason% *achinery noise and vi$ration 4ust do not
increase or $ecome e3cessive for no reason at a##% -omething causes it un$a#ance'
misa#ignment' worn gears or $earings' #ooseness' etc%
/ina##y' each mechanica# defect generates vi$ration and noise in its own uni)ue way%
This makes it (ossi$#e to (ositive#y identify a (ro$#em $y sim(#y measuring and
noting its noise and vi$ration characteristics%
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8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+ LE--!+ 0 2&5E 0
THE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS .RO/RAM
To effective#y a((#y *echana#ysis techni)ues to contro# machinery condition' a tota#
(rogram is re)uired' invo#ving 6ETECT"!+' &+&L,-"- &+6 C!RRECT"!+%
DETECTION
The first ste( of the (rogram . 6ETECT"!+ . uses a (orta$#e' hand he#d meter' is%
07;0;0' for taking (eriodic vi$ration and noise measurements on each critica#
machine% The vi$ration (icku( is he#d against or mounted to the machine' and the
amount of vi$ration noted on the meter% To measure machinery noise' /ig% 07;0;<' a
micro(hone is used in (#ace of the vi$ration (icku(%
This *&+U&L *!+"T!R"+5 of machinery noise and vi$ration is carried out with the
on#y o$4ective to see if there has $een an increase . the sign of deve#o(ing
mechanica# trou$#e% Readings for the day' recorded on a data sheet #ike that shown
in fig% 07;0;7' (rovide a history of a machines mechanica# condition and warn
su(ervisory (ersonne# of im(ending trou$#e%
Using a sim(#e meter' one man can take noise and vi$ration readings on many
machines throughout a (#ant in a re#ative#y short (eriod of time% However' some
machines are not we## suited to manua# monitoring High;(erformance machines
such as steam and gas tur$ines' high s(eed centrifuga# (um(s and com(ressors
can deve#o( (ro$#ems very )uick#y' with #itt#e or no (re#iminary warning% /or these
machines' continuous or &UT!*&T"C *!+"T!R"+5 is necessary%
0#(, 11-1-1, M"n'"l Mon#to!#n( $#th "n IRD h"nd-held V#%!"t#on Mete! !e2e"l
"n* )h"n(e #n &")h#ne!* )ond#t#on,
*ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07 -2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER-
LE--!+ 0 2&5E < 8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+
0#(, 11-1-3, .e!#od#) no#e &e"'!e&ent '44le&ent 2#%!"t#on !e"d#n( fo!
dete)t#n( )h"n(e #n &")h#ne!* )ond#t#on No#e !e"d#n( 4!o4e!l* !e)o!ded
et"%l#h )o&4l#"n)e $#th 2"!#o' fede!"l "nd lo)"l no#e !e('l"t#on,
-2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER- *ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07
8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+ LE--!+ 0 2&5E 7
*ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07 -2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER-
LE--!+ 0 2&5E = 8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+
0#(, 11-1-1, .e!#od#) no#e "nd 2#%!"t#on !e"d#n( 4!o4e!l* !e)o!ded $"!n of
de2elo4#n( t!o'%le,
&utomatic monitoring re)uires an instrument ca##ed a 8i$ration *onitor% & ty(ica#
vi$ration monitor instrument is shown in /ig% 07;0;=% 8i$ration (icku(s are
(ermanent#y insta##ed at strategic (oints on the machine to continuous#y sense the
vi$ration% >hen the vi$ration e3ceeds a (resent #eve#' a re#ay in the monitoring
instrument o(erates to (rovide a warning a#arm% -hou#d the vi$ration continue to
increase to the danger (oint a second re#ay o(erates to (rovide either a shutdown
a#arm or to actua##y start the se)uence that automatica##y shuts the machine down%
These are the $asic functions of a vi$ration monitor% However' there are a variety of
(icku(s' instruments and au3i#iary e)ui(ment to choose from de(ending u(on the
ty(e of (rotection desired%
ANALYSIS
8i$ration monitoring is on#y the detection (art of the tota# (rogram to contro#
machinery condition% !nce trou$#e has $een detected' the ne3t ste( is to determine
the nature of the (ro$#em%
This is the (ur(ose of &+&L,-"- . to (in(oint a s(ecific machinery (ro$#em $y
identifying its uni)ue vi$ration or noise characteristics%
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8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+ LE--!+ 0 2&5E ?
/or ana#ysis of machinery noise and vi$ration' an instrument such as the ana#y@er in
/ig% 07;0;? is re)uired% The ana#y@er uses the same vi$ration (icku(s Aor
micro(honeB used for manua# and automatic monitoring% This instrument has a## the
(rovisions necessary to measure the detai#ed characteristics of noise and vi$ration%
9y com(aring this information with what is known a$out the machine' its s(eed or
s(eeds' what it does' and the various causes of noise and vi$ration; the trou$#e can
$e readi#y (in(ointed and corrections (rescri$ed%
CORRECTION
>ith machinery (ro$#ems detected and diagnosed in their ear#y stages' correction
can $e schedu#ed for a convenient time% *achinery fau#ts such as $ad $earings'
fau#ty gears' such as $ad $earings' fau#ty gears' #ooseness or misa#ignment can $e
corrected using (rocedure we## known $y maintenance (eo(#e throughout industry%
However' (ro$#ems such as un$a#ance' resonance and noise reduction re)uire
some s(ecia# ski## and know#edge to correct%
/ortunate#y' when the machinery (ro$#em is un$a#ance' the correction can norma##y
$e made in;(#ace with the same $asic ana#y@er used to diagnose the (ro$#em% The
ana#y@er shown in /ig% 07;0;? is we## suited for in;(#ace $a#ancing' and the
(rocedures for using the instrument to $a#ance a (art are covered in detai#ed in
Cha(ter vC% Techni)ues for reducing machinery noise and so#ving resonance
(ro$#em are a#so covered in Cha(ter v%
BALANCIN/ ON A BALANCIN/ MACHINE
Tota##y enc#osed machines such as e3(#osion and s(ash (roof e#ectric motors'
(um(s' com(ressors and others are not easi#y $a#anced in (#ace $ecause e3tensive
disassem$#y is re)uired in order to add or remove weight for $a#ance corrections%
Therefore' it is fre)uent#y necessary to disassem$#e the machine and remove the
rotor for $a#ancing on a $a#ancing machine%
The machinery manufacturer a#so $a#ances rotors such as this on a $a#ancing
machine $efore the machine is assem$#ed%
The $a#ancing machine i##ustrated in /ig% 07;0;D wi## acce(t work(ieces weighing
on#y a few ounces or those weighing severa# thousand (ounds% The anti;friction
$earing su((orts e#iminate the need to search for $earings for each different (art'
and a varia$#e s(eed drive motor (ermits $a#ancing at the most desira$#e s(eed%
The same vi$ration (icku(s' (orta$#e ana#y@er instrument and $a#ancing techni)ues
used for in;(#ace $a#ancing are used on this ty(e $a#ancing machine% !r' s(ecia#
!ne Run instrumentation /ig% 07;0;E' which (rovides a direct readout of the
re)uired corrections on the very first run can $e (rovided%
*ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07 -2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER-
LE--!+ 0 2&5E D 8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+
0#(, 11-1-5, .e!&"nentl* #nt"lled 2#%!"t#on &on#to! 4!o2#de 35 ho'!
&")h#ne!* 4!ote)t#on,
0#(, 11-1-6, A 4o!t"%le IRD V#%!"t#on An"l*7e! # 'ed to #dent#f* 4e)#f#)
&")h#ne!* 4!o%le& "nd )"n "lo %e 'ed fo! #n 4l")e d*n"&#) %"l"n)#n(,
-2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER- *ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07
8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+ LE--!+ 0 2&5E E
THE BENE0ITS O0 MECHANALYSIS
The success of a com(any often de(ends on the continued' safe' (roductive
o(eration of rotating machinery% &nd' the way machines are maintained determines
how #ong they wi## run as we## as how safe and (roductive they wi## $e% >ith this in
mind' consider the three genera# ways machines can $e maintained .
9RE&F6!>+ *&"+TE+&+CE' 2ER"!6"C 6"-&--E*9L, &+6 "+-2ECT"!+
&+6 !+;-TRE&* 6ETECT"!+ &+6 6"&5+!-"-%
BREAKDO8N MAINTENANCE
>ith $reakdown maintenance' a machine is a##owed to run unti# com(#ete fai#ure'
inefficiency or (roduct s(oi#age forces a shutdown%
&#though many machines are maintained this way' $reakdown maintenance has
severa# disadvantages% /irst' fai#ures can $e most untime#y% &nd' there is #itt#e one
can do $efore hand to antici(ate too#' man(ower and re(#acement (art
re)uirements% -econd#y' machines a##owed to run unti# fai#ure often re)ui?re more
e3tensive re(air than wou#d have $een re)uired if the (ro$#em had $een detected
and corrected ear#y% -ome fai#ures can $e catastro(hic' re)uiring tota# re(#acement
of the machine% This a#so suggests a safety (ro$#em to o(erators and other
(ersonne#% "n addition' the added cost of #ost (roductions whi#e the unit is down can
$e staggering%
.ERIODIC DISASSEMBLY AND INS.ECTION
Com(ared to $reakdown maintenance' a (rogram of (eriodic disassem$#y and
ins(ection has the distinct advantages of #essening the fre)uency of $reakdown
re(airs and (ermitting schedu#ed shutdown% Under this (rogram' each critica#
machine is shut down after a s(ecified (eriod of o(eration and (artia##y or
com(#ete#y disassem$#ed for a thorough ins(ection and re(#acement of worn (arts .
if any%
This a((roach to machinery maintenance' too' has disadvantages% /irst' to
(eriodica##y disassem$#e every critica# (iece of e)ui(ment in the (#ant is e3(ensive
and time consuming% -econd#y' the interva# $etween (eriodic ins(ections is difficu#t
to (recict% "f the (rogram is so successfu# that no machinery fai#ures occur' it may
$e that the interva# is too short and money is $eing wasted% Third' a machine which
is o(erating satisfactori#y may actua##y $e ham(ered $y fre)uent disassem$#y%
There is a#ways chance that a gasket or sea# wi## $e im(ro(er#y seated' $o#ts not
tightened (ro(er#y' or the origina# a#ignment or $a#ance of the machine distur$ed
during re;assem$#y% "n addition' some machinery (ro$#ems as un$a#ance are
evident on#y during o(eration%
ON-STEAM DETECTION AND DIA/NOSIS
!n;stream detection and diagnosis of machinery (ro$#ems is o$vious#y the most
desira$#e way to machinery%
"f a (ro$#em can $e detected ear#y' $efore e3tensive fai#ure occurs' and if we can
diagnose the nature of the (ro$#em as the machine runsG
*ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07 -2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER-
LE--!+ 0 2&5E H 8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+
0% -hutdown for re(air can $e schedu#ed for a convenient time%
<% & work schedu#e together with re)uirements for man(ower' too#s and
re(#acement (arts can $e (re(ared $efore the schedu#ed shutdown% "n
addition' e3tensive damage to the machine resu#ting from forced fai#ure is
minimi@ed% &## this means re(air time can $e ke(t down' resu#ting in #ess
machinery downtime%
7% E#iminating machinery fau#ts that cause e3cessive vi$ration a#so reduces
machinery noise% This serves to su((ort a noise contro# (rogram' which may
$e re)uired $y the many federa# and #oca# regu#ations now in force%
=% !f course' machines in good o(erating condition can continue to run as #ong
as no (ro$#ems deve#o(% Time and money are not wasted disassem$#ing
machines which are a#ready o(erating smooth#y%
To carry out the *echana#ysis (rogram of on;stream detection and diagnosis' a##
thats re)uired is that we $e a$#e to measure some characteristic of the machine
which tru#y ref#ects its condition% &nd' as we have a#ready (ointed out' the
characteristics common to a## machines which do' in fact' ref#ect machinery
condition are 8"9R&T"!+ &+6 +!"-E%
SOME TY.ICAL CASE HISTORIES
The fo##owing are actua# case histories which serve to i##ustrate the va#ue of using
vi$ration and noise to detect and (in(oint machinery trou$#es%
CASE HISTORY 9 1
Routine vi$ration checks on critica# machinery in a #arge gas (rocessing (#ate
revea#ed e3cessive vi$ration on a centrifuga# air com(ressor% & fo##ow;u( ana#ysis of
the machines vi$ration disc#osed misa#ignment $etween the com(ressor and s(eed
increase% "n addition' a high fre)uency vi$ration on the gear $o3 indicated that the
$u## gear of the s(eed increase was damaged% Later' visua# ins(ection revea#ed a
fine crack in the gear%
-ince a re(#acement gear was not avai#a$#e at the time' containing ho#es were
dri##ed at $oth ends of the crack to kee( it from e3tending further% The unit was
rea#igned and the e)ui(ment continued in o(eration whi#e a new gear was $eing
fa$ricated%
>hen the re(#acement gear was ready' the unit was shut down' the gear r=e(#aced
and the com(ressor returned to norma# service% &#though this took four days' a
fai#ure on .steam cou#d have caused a D;month shutdown%
CASE HISTORY 9 3
&n overhau# had 4ust $een com(#eted on three identica# gear driven centrifuga#
chi##er com(ressors used to air condition a #arge office $ui#ding% -hort#y after startu(
of the three units a distur$ing' high fre)uency noise deve#o(ed% -oon' the noise
#eve# $ecame so intense it cou#d $e heard distinct#y $ui#ding owner refused (ayment
for the overhau# unti# the noise (ro$#em was corrected%
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8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+ LE--!+ 0 2&5E I
&na#ysis of the noise )uick#y traced the (ro$#em to a gear $o3 on one of the units'
a#though an ear#ier ins(ection revea#ed that the gears were satisfactory% & vi$ration
ana#ysis confirmed the noise source and fre)uency' and disc#osed a very high #eve#
of vi$ration at the out;(ut $earing of the gear $o3% This fact' together with the noise
and vi$ration fre)uency noted indicated that the $earing Aa s#eeve ty(eB was
res(onsi$#e% & visua# ins(ection showed that $earing c#earance was e3cessive $y
severa# thousandths of an inch% Re(#acing the $earing with one having the
s(ecified c#earance e#iminated the distur$ing noise and vi$ration%
CASE HISTORY 9 1
This incident invo#ves another com(ressor' a E111 R2* ammonia com(ressor used
in the (roduction of ferti#i@er%
0#(, 11-1-:, IRD B"l"n)#n( M")h#ne 4e!&#t %"l"n)#n( " 2"!#et* of !oto!
d#ffe!ent #7e; $e#(ht "nd )onf#('!"t#on,
0#(, 11-1-:, The IRD Model 33- 4!o2#de " d#!e)t !e"do't of %"l"n)e
)o!!e)t#on on the f#!t !'n,
*ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07 -2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER-
LE--!+ 0 2&5E 01 8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+
Here' (eriodic checks revea#ed increasing vi$ration on the tur$o;e3(ander used to
drive the com(ressor% & vi$ration ana#ysis traced the (ro$#em to a fau#ty cou(#ing
$etween the e3(ander and com(ressor% 9y this time' the #eve# of vi$ration was
sufficient#y high to warrant immediate shutdown% However' (roduction demands
were such that a shutdown was J4ust not (ossi$#e% &s a resu#t' five days after the
diagnosis was made' the sus(ected cou(#ing fai#ed%
&#though a re(#acement cou(#ing was on;hand' the forced fai#ure of the cou(#ing
(#us continued o(eration at e3cessive #eve#s of vi$ration resu#ted in e3tensive
damage to e3(ander and com(ressor shafts and $earings%
Re(airs to (ut the unit $ack in o(eration re)uired = days' working around the c#ock%
Had the cou(#ing $een re(#aced at the time recommended' e3tensive damage might
have $een avoided' and tota# down time reduced to an estimated H hours for the
cou(#ing change%
These case histories are on#y three of virtua##y hundreds of e3am(#es of where
routine noise and vi$ration checks have detected (otentia##y serious (ro$#ems% "n
the one case re(orted' a warning of high vi$ration was ignored' yet the cost#y fai#ure
that resu#ted is not rea##y sur(rising% E3(erience has (roven time and time again
that machinery vi$ration does ref#ect machinery condition%
ADDITIONAL A..LICATIONS 0OR MECHANALYSIS TECHNI<UES
Thus far' we have em(hasi@ed to a((#ication of *echana#ysis techni)ues for
machinery maintenance% &s a matter of fact' a recommended detai#ed (rogram of
(reventive maintenance $ased of the detection' ana#ysis and correction of
machinery noise and vi$ration is the su$4ect of Cha(ter 8" of this te3t% However'
(reventive maintenance is' $y no means' the on#y a((#ication% There are many
additiona# a((#ications where *echana#ysis techni)ues are e)ua##y we## suited%
-ome e3am(#es are discussed in the fo##owing (aragra(hs%
INCOMIN/ INS.ECTION
*any com(anies (erform noise' vi$ration and $a#ance checks on (urchased (arts
inc#uding (u##eys' $#ower whee#s' f#ywhee#s and cou(#ings' to make sure they meet
s(ecified )ua#ity standards% !ne com(any recent#y re(orted setting u( a test faci#ity
to check the )ua#ity of new re(#acement $earings%
These com(anies know that detecting fau#ty com(onents $efore they are insta##ed is
easier and #ess cost#y than tracing the (ro$#em down after insta##ation and startu(G
"n addition' machinery manufacturers rea#i@e that using )ua#ity' trou$#e;free
com(onents wi## resu#t in #onger trou$#e;free service from their (roducts%
MACHINERY ACCE.TANCE
*any com(anies as we## as government agencies have esta$#ished acce(tance
standard for vi$ration and noise #eve#s on new#y insta##ed machinery% They have
found too fre)uent#y from e3(erience that machinery (urchased on (rice a#ong has
$een #ess than satisfactory%
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8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+ LE--!+ 0 2&5E 00
Thus' $y inc#uding in the machinery s(ecifications the ma3imum acce(ta$#e #eve#s
of vi$ration and noise' they have assurance that the unit wi## $e we## a#igned'
$a#anced and in good o(erating condition ca(a$#e of giving smooth' trou$#e;free
service for a reasona$#e (eriod of time%
<UALITY CONTROL
*any manufacturers use *echana#ysis techni)ues in various ways to reduce waste
and to insure the )ua#ity of the (roducts they manufacture% /or e3am(#e' a #arge
auto maker was e3(eriencing serious re4ection rates on engine $#ocks $ecause of
(oor cy#inder $ore finish% & *echana#ysis vi$ration monitor insta##ed on the 0D
s(ind#e $oring mi## reduced re4ects and im(roved finish% >hen the vi$ration reaches
a (reset #eve#' the monitor shuts the mi## down and identifies the defective s(ind#e
for immediate correction% 6etecting' (in;(ointing and correcting e3cessive vi$ration
in machine too#s im(roves (roduct )ua#ity and increases too# #ife% "n;(#ace $a#ancing
of grinding whee#s saves time and assures continued (roductivity and )ua#ity%
8i$ration and noise check of assem$#ed or (artia##y assem$#ed units is another
check of (roduct )ua#ity% *any manufacturers inc#ude dynamic $a#ancing of rotating
com(onents as a natura# ste( in (roduction%
EN/INEERIN/
8i$ration and noise measurement and ana#ysis (#ay an im(ortant ro#e in the
deve#o(ment and testing of new or (rototy(e machines% &na#ysis revea#s trou$#es
that are the resu#t of im(ro(er insta##ation and ad4ustment as we## as trou$#es
attri$uted to im(ro(er design and construction%
>ith increasing em(hasis on machinery noise contro#' machinery manufacturers are
$eing re)uired to redesign machines to reduce noise out(ut% +oise ana#ysis
(rovides information needed to define noise sources $efore se#ecting the most
(ractica# a((roach to noise reduction%
0IELD SERVICE
"n s(ite of the many engineering tests and )ua#ity contro# ins(ections' (ro$#ems do
occur during norma# o(eration under fie#d conditions% 9ecause of the many factors
that can change rotor un$a#ance from factory to insta##ation' many manufacturers
inc#ude a trim $a#ancing as a norma# (art of the work to $e done% Trim $a#ancing
assures a smooth turning machine that shou#d $e virtua##y trou$#e;free%
!ften unforeseen trou$#es deve#o( during o(eration that no amount of engineering
know;how and e3(erience can antici(ate% *echana#ysis techni)ues he#( service
men identify the true cause of such machinery noise and vi$ration com(#aints%
!ften the cause of vi$ration and noise is a fau#t of the foundation or insta##ation%
2ositive identification of the trou$#e not on#y (in(oints the res(onsi$i#ity' $ut a#so
c#ear#y indicates the (ath re)uired for a satisfactory so#ution to the (ro$#em% /or
e3am(#e% *any machinery insta##ations invo#ve severa# com(anies% -ometimes the
drive system is su((#ied $y one contractor' the driven machine $y another with the
fina# insta##ation hand#ed $y a third (arty% & com(#ete vi$ration and noise ana#ysis of
the insta##ed system is often the on#y way to c#ear#y #earn the sources of any trou$#e
for correction on the s(ot%
*ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07 -2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER-
LE--!+ 0 2&5E 0< 8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+
SUMMARY
Regard#ess of the a((#ication . (reventive maintenance' )ua#ity contro#' fie#d
service' etc% . the fact remains that *echana#ysis techni)ues do work% To make
them work re)uires the (ro(er noise and vi$ration measurement' ana#ysis and
dynamic $a#ancing e)ui(ment% ,our Com(any has a#ready invested in this
e)ui(ment% E)ua##y im(ortant' if not more so' is the o(erator . (ro(er#y trained to
effective#y use the e)ui(ment%
The instrument wi## (rovide the necessary information a$out a machines noise and
vi$ration % However' it is you who must study' eva#uate and inter(ret the data to
(in(oint the (ro$#em and (rescri$e correction% To a((#y *echana#ysis techni)ues
re)uires two im(ortant ski##s% The first one' which you a#ready have' is a $asic
know#edge of how machines work' the (ro$#ems common to these machines' and
how to re(air them% The second ski## is the a$i#ity to recogni@e and (in(oint
mechanica# difficu#ties accurate#y and ear#y in their deve#o(ment% 8i$ration and
noise measurement and ana#ysis is the FE, to this ski## and the su$stance of this
training (rogram%
-2EC"/"C C!UR-E /!R E+5"+EER- *ECH&+"C&L *&"+TE+&+CE *!6ULE 07
8"9R&T"!+ &+&L,-"- : C!RRECT"!+ LE--!+ 0 2&5E 07