Chap. 1.

BEAMS AND PILLARS.

445
.iiakes a hole in a plate. Faii"l)aini lias deduced the f:illowing laws from his cx]ieriments
:
I. That the ultimate resistance to sliearing in any bolt or rivet, is ])ro|jortional to the sec-
tional aria of the bar torn asunder. IL That the ultimate resisiance ot" any bar to a
shearing strain is nearly the san.e as tlie ultimate resistance of the same bar to a direct
longitudinal tensile strain.
Table of the Resistance of INIaterials to Shearing and DiSTORTio>f.
1
1
Resistance to Shearing,
Trnnsverse Elasiicitv, nr
Resistance tci Distortion,
1
per square inch.
Us. avoirdupois. lbs. avoirdupois.
Brass wire, drawn
-
5,3SO,000
Coi)i)er
... -
6,200,000
Cast iron ... 27,700 to 32,500 2,850,000
AVrought iron 50,000 8,500,000 to 9,500,000
Pine, red . . - 500 to 800 62,000 to 116,000
Fir, Spruce
- - . 600

I>arcli
- . - - 970 to 1,700
.

Oak, English 2,300 82,000

Poplar 1,800

Ash and Elm L400 76,000
Deal . - - - 592
"1
Cast iron ... 7.3,000 f
\
Warr. Kankine.
Wrought iron 45,000 to 53,000
J
1631o. To find the length between the end of a beam and the foot of a strut or of a
ra(ter, necessary to resist the tiirust of the latter, so as to prevent the detrusion of the
4h . .
beam, the formula to be used is
^
= the length in inches. Here b tlie breadth of the beam
in inches; h horizontal tlirust in pounds; and S, the cohesive strengtli in pounds of a
square inch of the material. Tredgold states that 4 is a sufficient value for a factor of
safety in this case ; S
= 600 lbs. per square inch for fir, and 2 300 lbs. for oak. Tlie strap
or bolt usually employed to bind the rafter and beam t(igether, sliould be at as acute an
angle as ])ossible, and holds the rafter in its place should the end of the beam give way.
163Ip. Iron fastenings to joints. In forming eyes by welding, at the end of iron bars
for ciiain links and other jiurposes, the bar is found to be weaker than in its plain form.
In iron plate work, tlie joints are made by riveting on which the whole efficacy of the
built-up plate work depends. Taking the strength of the i)lain plate as 100, a double-
J
- 8
o ooo O o o
o ooo ooo
o ooo oo oo
o oo O O
Fig. Cllj.
riveted plate will be 70; and a single-riveted, 56- Again, with Angle plate jointinos
having a top and bottom covering plate over the joint, and with half inch rivets, as A,
/J^. 613x, the phites were torn asunder tiirough the rivet-iioles, with 2441 tons in the
square inch. Witli a double plate, having a single covering plp.te on the side of the joint,
as B, the plates broke asunder by shearing off the rivets close to the plate, with 18-73 tons
per square incli ; but the rivets having been made larger, a similar strength to the previous
experiment was realised. A plain phite broke with 22
-78 tons mean value.
163 liy. Fairbairn recommends the flanges or double plates to be used as long as possible,
and the joints to be carefully united by covering plates, i/iain-rireled, as C, with three or
more rows of rivets according to the widths of the plates. Eight rivets are required in
each of the lines, four on each side of the joints, to give sufficient strength, and the area of
the rivets collectively should be equal to the area of the jointed plates taken transverseW
through one line of the rivets, the area of the parts punched out in that line being deducted
These proportions give the required security to the joint, and afford nearly the same
strength to a tensile strain as the solid
i
late ; that is, if the coveiing plates be as muc)
thicker as will give the same area ot seciion through tiie rivet- holes as the unperforatec
double pla'e. {par. 1629e.)
163 Ir. Rivets are made of the most tough and ductile iron. It is essentially necessary
that the rivet should tightly fit its hole; and the longitudinal compression to which rivets
are sid)jected during the formation of its head, whether by hand or machinery, tends to
produce that result The diameter of a rivet for plates less than half an inch thick, is