A fuid machine is a device which converts the energy stored by a fuid in to mechanical energy or work. What are positive displacement machines ? The machine unctioning depend essentially on the change o volume o a certain amount o fuid within the machine. There is a physical displacement o the boundary o certain fuid hence it is called positive displacement machine. !ased on the direction o fuid fow how are the fuid machines classi"ed ? According to the fow direction o fuid# the fuid machines are classi"ed as A$ial fow machines - The main fow direction is parallel to the a$is o the machine. %adial fow machines - The main fow direction is perpendicular to the a$is o the machine ie. in radial direction Mi$ed fow machines - The fuid enters radially and leaves a$ially or vice- versa. What is a turbine ? A turbine converts the energy o the fuid in to mechanical energy which is then utili&ed in running a generator o a power plant. 'tate the di(erence between impulse and reaction turbines ? At the inlet o the turbine the energy available is only kinetic energy# the turbine is known as impulse turbine. ) the inlet o the turbine# possesses kinetic energy and pressure energy# the turbine known as reaction turbine. What are *omologous units ? )n utili&ing scale models in designing turbo machines# geometric simililitude is necessary as well as geometrically similar velocity diagrams at entrance and e$it rom impellers. Two geometrically similar units having similar vector diagrams are called homologous units. +e"ne speci"c speed based on power. The speci"c speed ,-s . o turbine is de"ned as the speed o some unit o series o such si&e that it produces unit power with unit head. . +e"ne speci"c speed based on discharge. The speci"c speed , -s . o the pump is de"ned as the speed o some unit o the series o such si&e that it delivers unit discharge at unit speed What is the signi"cance o speci"c speed ? The speci"c speed inversely proportional to the head across the machine. 'o low speci"c speed corresponds to high head across it and vice-versa. The speci"c speed is directly proportional to the discharge through the machine or power produced by the machine. 'o low speci"c speed thereore reers to low discharge or low power machine and vice-versa. -ame the main parts o a radial fow reaction turbine ? i. /asing ii. 0uide vane iii. %unner iv. +rat tube. What is the purpose o the guide vanes in radial fow reaction turbine ? The purpose o the guide vane is to convert a part o pressure energy o the fuid at its entrance to the kinetic energy and then direct the fuid on to the number o blades. What is a drat tube ? )n which turbine it is mostly used. The drat tube is a conduit which connects the runner e$it to the trail race# when water is being "nally discharged rom the turbine. )n reaction turbine # the drat tube is mostly used. What is the primary unction o a drat tube ? The primary unction o the drat tube is to reduce the velocity o the discharged water to minimi&e the loss o kinetic energy at the outlet. -ame the main parts o 1aplan turbine. i.. 'croll casing ii.. 0uide vanes iii.. *ub with vanes iv.. drat tube -ame the main parts o pelton wheel . i. -o&&le ii. %unner with buckets iii. /asing. An inward fow reaction turbine running at 234rpm has +5 6 5m# b5 6 4.2m# +2 6 4.3m and b7 6 4.7m. ) the water enters the wheel radially at 7.3m8s velocity# determine the discharge and velocity o the fow at the outlet. Assume vane thickness at the e$tremities to be negligible. Q = p D1 b1 Uf1 = p D2 b2 Uf2 = p x 1 x 0.2 x 3.5 = 2.199 m3/s Uf2 = 2.99/ (p x 0.5 x 0.3) = 4.666 m/s What are the di(erent perormance characteristic curves ? i. 9ariable speed curves ,or. main characteristics ii. /onstant seed curves ,or. operating characteristics iii. /onstant e:ciency curves ,or. Muschel characteristics 0ive an e$ample or a low head turbine # a medium head turbine and a high head turbine. ;ow head turbine - 1aplan turbine Medium head turbine - <rancis turbine *igh head turbine - Pelton wheel. what are the purposes o casing o a centriugal pump i. To provide water to and rom the impeller ii. To partially convert the kinetic energy in to pressure energy What are the di(erent types o casing in centriugal pump ? i. 9olute casing ii. Turbine casing ,or. casing with guide blades What is a positive displacement pump ? )n the case o positive displacement pumps# the fuid is physically pushed rom an enclosed space. The positive displacement pumps can be either reciprocating type or rotary type. Where is the reciprocating pump well suited ?= The reciprocating pump is well suited or relatively small capacities and high heads. what are the main components o a reciprocating pump ? 5.cylinder 2. Piston 7. suction valve >. +elivery valve 3. 'uction pipe ?. delivery pipe @. crank shat and connecting rod mechanism. +e"ne coe:cient o discharge o reciprocating pump. The ratio between the actual discharge and theoretical discharge is known as coe:cient o discharge. /d 6 Aact 8 Athe. +e"ne slip o the reciprocating pump. When does the negative slip occurs ? The di(erence between theoretical discharge and actual discharge is called the slip o the pump. 'lip 6 Athe. - Aact # B o slip 6 ,Athe. - Aact . $ 544 8 Athe. -egative slip occurs when delivery pipe is short suction pipe is long and pump is running at high speed. +i(erentiate between single acting and double acting reciprocating reciprocating pump. )n single acting pump# there is one suction valve and one delivery valve. Cn the backward stroke o the piston# the suction valve opens and water enters into the cylinder space. Cn the orward stroke# the suction valve closes and delivery valve opens# the water is orced through the delivery pipe. )n the double acting pump# there are two suction valves and two delivery vales one in the ront and one in the rear. When the piston moves backward# the suction valve in the ront opens and delivery valve in the rear opens and water is orced through it. When the piston moves orward# the suction valve in the rear opens and delivery valve in the ront opens and water is orced through it. What is an indicator diagram o a reciprocating pump ? The indicator diagram o a reciprocating pump is the diagram which shows the pressure head in the cylinder corresponding to any position during the suction and delivery strokes. A single acting single cylinder reciprocating pump has the ollowing characteristics. +ischarge 6 ? lps# suction head 6 >m# +elivery head 6 24m# <ind the energy reDuired to drive the pump. Energy reDuired 6 r g A , *s F *d . Watts 6 ,5444 $G.H5 $ ?$54-7 $ ,> F 24. 8 5444 6 5.>4G kW. What is an air vessel and what is its purpose ? An air vessel is a closed chamber connected on the suction or delivery or both sides o the reciprocating pump to obtain a more uniorm fow. -ame some rotary positive displacement pumps. a. 0ear pumps. b. 9ane Pumps. c. Piston pumps. d. 'crew pumps.
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