Dhanesha Senevirathne.

ICT (2009/2010) Batch Collage of Technology Kandy [A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]

1
Dhanesha Senevirathne - University of Vocational Technology 2010-2013


A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design.


What is a System:
A system is a group of interrelated components that function together to achieve a desired result.

E.g.:
The human body regarded as a functional physiological unit.
An organism as a whole, especially with regard to its vital processes or functions. A group of
physiologically or anatomically complementary organs or parts:
the nervous system
the skeletal system

A group of interacting mechanical or electrical components.
A network of structures and channels, as for communication, travel, or distribution.
A network of related computer software, hardware, and data transmission devices.
A naturally occurring group of objects or phenomena.
the solar system

What is a Sub System:
A unit or device that is part of a larger system.
Carries part of the system function.
Helped to handle system complexity & improve the system.
Sub system communicates each other by passing massage between them.

E.g.:
A disk subsystem is a part of a computer system.
A bus is a part of the computer. A subsystem usually refers to hardware, but it may be used
To describe software. However, "module," "subroutine" and "component" are more typically
Used to describe parts of software.

What is a System Environment:
This means choosing which entities are inside the system and which are outside, which affect the system
behavior in the environment.

E.g.:
The entire set of conditions under which one operates a computer, as it relates to the hardware,
Operating platform, or operating system.
An area of a computer's memory used by the operating system and some programs to store certain
Variables to which they need frequent access.

What is a System Boundary:
The line between the inside & outside the system.






System Environment


System Boundary

System

Dhanesha Senevirathne. ICT (2009/2010) Batch Collage of Technology Kandy [A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]

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Dhanesha Senevirathne - University of Vocational Technology 2010-2013


System
Open/Closed
System
Open System
Closed System
Simple/Complex
System
Simple System
Complex System
Natural System
Man maid System
Automated
System
Information
System


Elements of A System:
Basically there are three major components in every system, namely input, processing and output.





Input:
Whatever System task from its environment in order.
Output:
Whatever System return to the environment.

Data & Information:
Data:
Row facts about the organization and its business transaction.
Information:
Is data that has been refine and organized by processing.

System Classification:






























Processing

Input

Output
Receive inputs & provide
outputs to their environment.
No transaction with the environment.
Mechanical System.
System with Sub System & they are
interact with each other.
They are exiting in nature & not created by man
E.g.: solar system, living system
Designed & operated by human.
Which are automated by using computer.
Is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and information
technology that interact to collect, process, store, and provide
as output the information needed to support an organization.

Dhanesha Senevirathne. ICT (2009/2010) Batch Collage of Technology Kandy [A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]

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Dhanesha Senevirathne - University of Vocational Technology 2010-2013


Information System:
Is an arrangement of people, data, processes, and information technology that interact to collect, process,
store, and provide as output the information needed to support an organization.

Levels of Management & Organization:













Information System Classification:

1. Transaction processing systems (TPS). (Lower or Operational Level)
Process business transactions.
E.g.:
Such as time carts, orders, payments and reservation e.t.c
Bank transactions: deposits & withdraw.

2. Management information systems (MIS). (Middle or Tactitial Level)
Use transaction data to produce information needed by managers to run the business.
Can present detact information & exception information.

3. Decision support systems (DSS). (Middle or Tactitial Level)
Helps various desertion makers identify & choose between option or decisions.
Analyst the information, already captured by a TPSs & MISs.
In order to support unstructured decision making management level.

4. Executive Information system (EIS). (Top or Upper Level)
EIS is a DSS maid specially for top managers.
Specifically support strategic desisition making also called Executive support systems (ESS).

5. Expert systems (ES).
Capture & reproduce the knowledge of & expert problem solver or decition maker & then
simulate the thinking of that expert


-The Work System Framework-

-Levels of Management & Organization-
Top or
Upper Level

Middle or Tactitial
Level

Lower or Operational Level


Dhanesha Senevirathne. ICT (2009/2010) Batch Collage of Technology Kandy [A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]

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Dhanesha Senevirathne - University of Vocational Technology 2010-2013


System
Stakeholders
System owners One/More
Middle or
Execute
Manager
System users
Internal user
Extrenal user
System
builders
Application
Programmer
Database
Programmer
System
Programmer
Network
Administrator
Seciurity
Administrator
Web Master
Software
Intergrater
System
Designer
Systems Analyst
6. Office automation systems.
Information system that support the wide range of business office activities that work flow
between workers.
E.g.:
Word process - MS Office Word.
Presentation Power Point.
Accounting Excel.
Database Access.
E mail Out Look Express, Websites.

System Stakeholders.
Is any person who has an interest in an existing or proposed information system. Stakeholders can be
technical or nontechnical workers. They may also include both internal and external workers.




























Stems to be interested in, how much
wills the system cost, how much
value or what benefits will that
system return the system.


E.g.:
Critical service, workers, technical
& professional staff, supervisors,
managers (Middle Level)


E.g.:
Customers, suppliers, pertness,
employees


Technical specialist
who constructs
information system &
components based on
the design
specification generated
By the system
designer.


A specialist who
studies the problems
and needs of an
organization to
determine how
people, data,
processes, and
information
technology can best
accomplish
improvements for the
business.

Technical specialist who translate system users
business requirements & constrains in to technical
solution.
He designs the computer database, inputs, outputs,
screen, network & software that will meet the
system user requirements.


1. Application Programmer.
2. Data Base Programmer.
3. System Programmer.
4. Network Administrator.
5. Security Administrator.
6. Web Master.
7. Software Integrator.
Skills & Knowledge Of a system Analyst:
1. System Analyzing & Designing skills.
2. Working knowledge of information
technologies.
3. Computer Programming
experiences.
4. General Knowledge on business
process terminology.
5. General Problem solving skills.
6. Good interpersonal
communicational skills.
7. Good interpersonal relational skills.
8. Flexibility & Char actor.


Dhanesha Senevirathne. ICT (2009/2010) Batch Collage of Technology Kandy [A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]

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Dhanesha Senevirathne - University of Vocational Technology 2010-2013


System development process.
Is a set of activities, methods, best practices, deliverables, and automated tools that stakeholders use to develop and
maintain information systems and software.
A general problem-solving approach:

1. Identify the problem.
2. Analyze and understand the problem.
3. Identify solution requirements or expectations.
4. Identify alternative solutions and choose the best course of action.
5. Design the chosen solution.
6. Implement the chosen solution.
7. Evaluate the results. (If the problem is not solved, return to step 1 or 2 as appropriate).

A Simple System Development Process:















System Development Process Overview:

1. System initiation
The initial planning for a project to define initial business scope, goals, schedule, and budget.
Project Scope:
Define the area for a project to define initial business, score, goals, and budget.

2. System analysis
The study of a business problem domain to recommend improvements and specify the business
requirements and priorities for the solution.

3. System design
The specification or construction of a technical, computer-based solution for the business requirements
identified in a system analysis.

4. System implementation
The construction, installation, testing, and delivery of a system into production.





System Development
Process
General Problem-Solving Steps
System initiation
1. Identify the problem.
System analysis
1. Analyze and understand the problem.
2. Identify solution requirements or
expectations.
System design
1. Identify alternative solutions and
choose the best course of action.
2. Design the chosen solution.
System implementation
1. Implement the chosen solution.
2. Evaluate the results. (f the problem is
not solved, return to step 1 or 2 as
appropriate).

Dhanesha Senevirathne. ICT (2009/2010) Batch Collage of Technology Kandy [A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]

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Dhanesha Senevirathne - University of Vocational Technology 2010-2013



System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) :
A framework describes the activities performed at each stage of a software development project.

Phases of SDLC/The process of developing information systems through:

Problem definition. (Identify the problem).
Feasibility study.
System analysis.
System designing.
System development.
Testing.
Implementation
Maintenance
Various SDLC Approaches:

1. Waterfall
2. Evolutionary/ prototyping development
3. Rapid-application development
4. Spiral development

1. Waterfall Model:

Definition:
Process of understanding how & information system can support business needs, designing a system
Building in to a user.
One of the classic approaches.
Describe a development method that is linear sequential.
Once the work has started and down to next phase, it cannot turn back.


1. Planning:

What do we built.
Define clearly all aspects of the problem.
* What is input (Valid, Invalid)?
* What assumptions are possible?
* Are there special cases?

2. Analyzing :
Technical, economical and organizational.
This study is carry out by gathering data using following tools.
By inspecting written document.
By conducting interviews.
On site observation.
By questionnaires.

* Gathered data must be then analysts documented and in the form of Data Flow Diagram
(DFD), Data Dictionary (list of terms and there definition), Logical Data Structure etc.

* System analysis also includes sub definition of entire system in to smaller sub process,
functions.

Planning
Analyzing
Designing
Implementation

Dhanesha Senevirathne. ICT (2009/2010) Batch Collage of Technology Kandy [A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]

7
Dhanesha Senevirathne - University of Vocational Technology 2010-2013


3. Designing :

Divide in to meaningful parts (modules).
Specify each modules purpose, assumption, inputs and out puts.
Develop algorithm.
Look for exiting software components.

4. Implementation:

Translate the algorithm into a particular programming language.

5. Testing:
Answer, did we build it correctly.
Develop as many test cases as possible.
Try to make the software fail.
Define the solution.
Re test after any changes are made and distribute and install software.

6. Maintain:

Fix previously understanding bug.
Enhance all the all features.
Generally the most costly phases (80% total costs).

Advantages of Waterfall Model:

Clear project objectives.
Stable project requirements.
Progress and system is measurable.

Disadvantages of Waterfall Model:

Time consuming.
Never backward.
Little room for iteration.
Difficult responding to change.

2. Prototyping Model:















Initial Analysis Define Objectives
Specify
Constructed Evaluate
Prototyping
Complete

Dhanesha Senevirathne. ICT (2009/2010) Batch Collage of Technology Kandy [A Framework for Systems Analysis and Design]

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Dhanesha Senevirathne - University of Vocational Technology 2010-2013


Definition:

Is a system or priairly complete system that is built quickly to explore aspect of system requirements
and that is not intended as the finally working system.

A Prototype built typically lack full functionality.
It may have limited data processing capacity.
It may exhibit poor performances characteristics or may have been developed with quality
assurance.
Use rapid development tools.
Prototype may be constructed with various objectives of mine.
Prototype is a Prototype may be use to investing user requirements.