Skeletal System

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.
, publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Skeletal System
Parts of the skeletal system
Bones (skeleton)
Joints
Cartilages
Ligaments
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Functions of Bones
Support of the body
Protection of soft organs
Movement due to attached skeletal
muscles
Storage of minerals and fats
Blood cell formation
The adult skeleton has 206 bones
Two basic types of bone tissue
Compact bone
Homogeneous
Spongy bone
Small needle-like
pieces of bone
Many open spaces
Figure 5.2b
Classification of Bones on the Basis of
Shape
Figure 5.1
Classification of Bones
Long bones
Typically longer than
wide
Have a shaft with heads
at both ends
Contain mostly
compact bone
Examples: Femur,
humerus
Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone
Diaphysis
Shaft
Composed of
compact bone
Epiphysis
Ends of the bone
Composed mostly of
spongy bone
Figure 5.2a
Structures of a Long Bone
Periosteum
Outside covering of
the diaphysis
Fibrous connective
tissue membrane
Sharpeys fibers
Secure periosteum to
underlying bone
Arteries
Supply bone cells
with nutrients
Figure 5.2c
Structures of a Long Bone
Medullary cavity
Cavity of the shaft
Contains yellow
marrow (mostly fat)
in adults
Contains red marrow
(for blood cell
formation) in infants
Figure 5.2a
Short bones
Generally cube-
shape
Contain mostly
spongy bone
Examples:
Carpals, tarsals
Flat bones
Thin and flattened
Usually curved
Thin layers of
compact bone
around a layer of
spongy bone
Examples:
Skull, ribs,
sternum
Irregular bones
Irregular shape
Do not fit into
other bone
classification
categories
Example:
Vertebrae and
hip
Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
Osteon (Haversian System)
A unit of bone
Central (Haversian) canal
Opening in the center of an osteon
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Perforating (Volkmans) canal
Canal perpendicular to the central canal
Carries blood vessels and nerves
Figure 5.3
Lacunae
Cavities containing
bone cells (osteocytes)
Arranged in concentric
rings
Lamellae
Rings around the
central canal
Sites of lacunae
Detail of Figure 5.3
Canaliculi
Tiny canals
Radiate from the
central canal to
lacunae
Detail of Figure 5.3
Types of Bone Cells
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
Osteoclasts
Break down bone matrix for remodeling and
release of calcium
BONE MARKINGS PROJECTIONS
Tuberosity
- large rounded
projection;
maybe roughened
ex. Radial tuberosity
Crest
- narrow ridge of bone,
usually prominent
ex. Iliac crest
Line
- narrow ridge of bone
less prominent than a
crest
ex. Intertrochanteric
line
Trochanter
- very large, blunt,
irregularly shaped
process
ex. Greater trochanter
Tubercle
- small rounded
projection or process
ex. Greater and lesser
tubercle of the
humerus
Epicondyle
- raised area on or
above a condyle
ex. Medial epicondyle
of radius
Spine
- sharp, slender, often
pointed projection
ex. Spinous process
of the vertebrae
Head
- bony expansion
carried on a narrow
neck
ex. Head of femur

Facet
- smooth, nearly flat
articular surface
ex. Facet of
vertebrae

Ramus
- arm like bar of bone
ex. Ramus of mandible
BONE MARKINGS- DEPRESSIONS AND
OPENINGS
Meatus
- canal-like passageway
ex. External acoustic
meatus
Sinus
- cavity within a bone
- filled with air and lined with mucous
membrane

Fossa
- Shallow basin-like
depression serving as
articular surface
ex. Iliac fossa

Fissure
- Narrow slit-like
opening
ex. Orbital fissure

Foramen
-Round or oval opening
ex. Foramen magnum

Groove
- Furrow
ex. Radial groove
Intertubercular
groove

Divided into two divisions
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
The Axial Skeleton (80 Bones)
Forms the longitudinal part of the body
Skull
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
Auditory Ossicles
The Axial Skeleton
Figure 5.6
The Skull
Two sets of bones
Cranium
- encloses and protects the brain
Facial bones
- hold the eyes in an anterior position
- allow facial muscles to show our feelings
Bones are joined by sutures
Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
CRANIAL BONES
8 Large Flatbones
- 1 Frontal
- 2 Parietal
- 2 Temporal
- 1 Occipital
- 1 Ethmoid
- 1 Sphenoid
Figure 5.7
Frontal bone
Forehead, bony
projection of
the eyebrows,
and superior
part of the orbit

Parietal
Bone
Superior and
lateral walls of the
cranium
Sagittal sutures
Parietal bones
meet at the center
Coronal sutures
Parietal bone
meets the frontal
bone

Temporal Bone
Inferior to
parietal bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
joins parietal
bone

Temporal Bone
Inferior to
parietal bone
Squamous suture
Temporal bone
joins parietal
bone



Bone Markings
External auditory meatus
Leads to eardrum and
middle ear
Styloid process
Attachment of neck
muscles
Zygomatic process/arch
Bridge of bone that
joins the cheekbones
Mastoid process
Mastoid sinuses,
attachment of neck
muscles
Jugular foramen
Passage of jugular
vein, junction of
occipital and temporal
bones

Human Skull, Inferior View
Occipital Bone
Floor and back wall
of skull
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
meets parietal bones
Foramen magnum
allows spinal cord to
connect with brain
Occipital condyles
rest on the first
vertebra

Figure 5.9
Human Skull, Inferior View
Occipital Bone
Floor and back wall
of skull
Lambdoid suture
Occipital bone
meets parietal bones
Foramen magnum
allows spinal cord to
connect with brain
Occipital condyles
rest on the first
vertebra

Figure 5.9
Sphenoid Bone
Part of the floor and
lateral portion of the
cranium, and part of the
eye orbit
Extends at the center of
the skull, wings extend
to the sides of the skull
Sella turcica or Turks
saddle
Pituitary gland

Ethmoid Bone
Roof of the nasal cavity, and
medial wall of the orbit
Crista galli or cocks comb
attachment of covering of
the brain
Cribriform plates
allows fibers carrying
impulses from the
olfactory receptors

FACIAL BONES
14 facial bones
6 paired
Mandible and vomer
(single)
Maxillae
Palatine Bones
Zygomatic bones
Lacrimal Bones
Nasal Bones
Inferior Conchae
Figure 5.11
Maxillae/Maxillary
bones
Upper jaw
Keystone
Join all facial
bones except
mandible
Palatine process
Anterior part of
hard palate
Cleft palate

Palatine Bone
Posterior part of
hard palate

Zygomatic Bones
Lateral walls of the
orbit
cheekbones

Lacrimal Bones
forms the medial wall
of the orbit
Fingernail-sized
bone
Lacrimal groove

Nasal Bones
Rectangular bones
forming the bridge
of the nose

Vomer
Single bone in
the median line
of the nasal
cavity
Nasal septum

Inferior Nasal
Conchae
Thin curved bones
projecting from the
lateral walls of
nasal cavity

Mandible
Largest and strongest
bone of the face
Forms the only
movable joint in the
face with temporal
bone
Horizontal part forms
chin
Upright bars called
rami connect with
temporal bone

Hyoid Bone

Only bone not directly
articulated with another bone
Suspended in the midneck
region
Anchored by ligaments to the
styloid process of temporal
bone
1.Movable base of the tongue
2.Attachment point for neck
muscles
Horseshoe-shaped
Body
Horns or cornua

Auditory Ossicles
Malleus or hammer
Incus or anvil
Stapes or stirrup

The Vertebral Column
Axial support
Extends from skull to pelvis
Vertebrae 26
Cervical vertebrae 7
Thoracic vertebrae 12
Lumbar vertebrae 5
Sacrum (5 fused bones) 1
Coccyx (4 fused bones) 1
The Vertebral Column or Spine
Vertebrae separated
by intervertebral discs
The spine has a
normal curvature
Each vertebrae is
given a name
according to its
location
Figure 5.14
Primary curvatures
Thoracic
Sacral
Secondary curvatures
Cervical
Lumbar

Thoracic and Sacral curves
- termed Primary Curvatures
- present during fetal life
Cervical and Lumbar curves
- termed Compensatory or Secondary
Curvatures
- developed after birth
Cervical curve
- formed when the child is able to hold up its head
(at 3 or 4 months) and to sit upright (at 9 mos.)
Lumbar Curve
- formed at 12 or 18 mos. when the child begins
to walk

Common Features of Vertebrae
1. Body or centrum
- disc like, weight
bearing part
2. Vertebral foramen
- canal through which
the spinal cord passes
3. Transverse processes
- two lateral projections

Figure 5.16
4. Spinous process
- single projection
- arises from posterior aspect of vertebral arch
5. Superior and inferior articular processes
- paired projections
- allow vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae

Cervical Vertebrae C
7
C1-Atlas
- superior surface of
transverse processes with
depression
- no body , no spinous process
C2-Axis
- Odontoid process/dens
- Joint formed bet. C1 and C2
allows head to rotate


C3 C7
- Branched spinous
process
- Transverse processes
contain opening
(transverse foramen)
Thoracic Vertebrae T12

- with 2 demifacets (articulating surfaces) on each side
- spinous process are long and hooks sharply
downward
Lumbar Vertebrae L5

L1 L5
Massive block-like body
Hatchet-shaped spinous process
Sturdiest of the vertebrae

Sacrum S1
formed by fusion of
5 vertebrae
Wing-like alae
Posterior wall of
pelvis
Sacroiliac joint
Sacrum meets
the iliac bone
of the pelvis

Median sacral
crest
Fused spinous
processes
Sacral canal
Continuous
with vertebral
canal

Coccyx C1

Human
tailbone
Fusion of 4
bones or 3-5
bones

The Bony Thorax
Made-up of
three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic
vertebrae
Figure 5.19a
Bony Thorax/Thoracic Cavity
Sternum (breastbone) 1
Manubrium
Body of the sternum
Xiphoid process
Attached to the first 7 pairs of ribs
Ribs 24
True ribs first 7 pairs
attached to the sternum by costal cartilage
False ribs next 5 pairs
Attached indirectly to the sternum
Last two are floating ribs (lack sternal attachments)
Thoracic vertebrae

The Appendicular Skeleton
Limbs (appendages)
Pectoral girdle
Pelvic girdle
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Composed of two bones
Clavicle collarbone
Scapula shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have
exceptionally free movement
PECTORAL GIRDLE
Clavicle or collarbone
Slender, doubly
curved bone
Articulates with
manubrium of
sternum medially
o Sternoclavicular
joint
Articulates with
acromion of
scapula laterally
o Acromioclavicular
joint

Scapula/ Shoulder Blades
Triangular, wing-like bone
Spine
Acromion articulates with clavicle laterally
Coracoid process anchors muscles
Borders
Superior, vertebral (medial), and axillary
(lateral)
Fossae
Supraspinous ,Infraspinous and Subscapular
Glenoid cavity or fossa receives head of
humerus


Bones of the Upper Limb
The upper arm is
formed by a single
bone
Humerus
Head received by
glenoid cavity
Greater and lesser
tubercle muscle
attachment
Deltoid tuberosity
midpoint of shaft
Trochlea distal,
medial end
Capitulum distal,
lateral end (round)
Coronoid fossa
anterior
Olecranon fossa
posterior
Medial and lateral
epicondyle


Upper Limb
The forearm has two bones
Ulna
Radius
Radius
Lateral bone
Head disk-shaped
Radial tuberosity
attachment of tendon of
biceps brachii
Styloid process

Ulna
Medial bone
Coronoid process
anterior
Olecranon process
posterior
Trochlear notch
separates coronoid
and olecranon
processes
Articulates with
trochlea pliers-like
manner

Figure 5.21ab
The hand
Carpals wrist
Metacarpals
palm
Phalanges
fingers
Figure 5.22
Carpals wrist
Scaphoid or
navicular
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Trapezium or
Greater multiangular
Trapezoid or Lesser
multiangular
Capitate
Hamate

Metacarpals
Bones of the palm
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle absent in
thumb
Distal

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
Hip bones (Coxal Bone/
Ossa Coxae)
Composed of three bones
fused bones
Ilium
Ischium
Pubic bone
The total weight of the
upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs
Reproductive organs
Urinary bladder
Part of the large intestine
The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone
Ilium
Large flaring
bones
Connects with
sacrum
sacroiliac joint
Iliac crest
Anterior superior
spine
Posterior superior
spine

Figure 5.23b
Ischium
Sitdown bone
Ischial tuberosity
Ischial spine
Superior to ischial
tuberosity
Narrows the outlet
of pelvis thru
which the baby
must pass
Greater sciatic
notch

Pubis
Most anterior
Obturator
foramen
- serves as
passageway of b.v
and nerves
Pubic symphysis
Acetabulum

Differences of Male and Female Pelvis
Female
Larger and more circular
Shallower, lighter and thinner
Flares more laterally
Sacrum is shorter and less curved
Ischial spines are shorter and farther
apart

Bones of the Lower Limbs

Femur thigh bone
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges

Figure 5.24ab
Femur or thigh bone
Head
Greater and lesser
trochanter
Intertrochanteric
crest
Gluteal tuberosity
Lateral and medial
condyles
Articulate with tibia
and patellar surface
Intercondylar fossa

The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.24c
Tibia
Larger and more medial
shinbone
Medial and
Lateral Condlyles
Tibial Tuberosity
Articulate with distal end of femur
Kneejoint
Medial Malleolus
Process forming inner bulge
of the ankle

Fibula
Thin and sticklike
no part in forming the
kneejoint
Lateral Malleolus
Process forming outer
bulge of the ankle

The foot
Tarsus ankle
Metatarsals sole
Phalanges toes
Figure 5.25

Tarsal bones
Composed of 7
bones
Talus and calcaneus
are the largest tarsals

Figure 5.25
Figure 5.25

Metatarsals
Bones of the sole of the foot
Phalanges
Proximal
Middle absent in
great toe
Distal
14 bones

Skeletal System

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Skeletal System

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Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

, publishing as Benjamin Cummings

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