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Title
LABORATORY
PRACTTICUM
Edition I
Revision No. I
Effective date. 5t3t2008
Amendment Date
5BnA08
COT]RSE DESCRIPTION
COURSE TITTLE: THNPYODYNAMICS LABORATARY
TOPIC: DMSEL ENGINE TEST STAND AND HEAT BALANCE
(Exp 1: Heat equilibrium.)
l-o oBJEgfn/E.
Measurement of the output power curve, the specific fuel consumption and etrerry balance of a
diesel engrne using an internal combustion engine test stand.
2.O E)GERIMENT EQUIPMENT
Compression Ignited Combuustion Engine Test Bed-
J.O THEORY
3-l Introduction
Internal combustion engine generallay operates wilhin an useful range of speeds. At each speeed the
out put power variesm and its has a maximum usable value- The ratio of the power developed to the
maximum power at the same speed called load- The specific fuel consumption varies with load and
speed. The performance of an engine depends on inetr-relationship benveen the power
developed,speed and the specific fuel consumption at each operation condition within the range of
speed and load.
Fundamental principte
The enerry of a diesel engine comes from the combustion of fuel and air within the reciprocating
cyclinder- Air is compressed at high temperature before the feul is injected to initiate the
combustion.Heat generated
by this process is partly converted into the mechanical power which we
can measure in term of speed (rpm) and the torque (Nm).
Prepared by : Panel of Thermo-fluid
Tandatangan'
-
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Nama: En.Winardi Sani
Tarikh: I8/09/2006
Approved by: Head of Automotive aod Pht Dept
siw,^n*--*S6t6f{A
frrlfii.rio FA-HHI BIN ABD' GHAFFIR
Narne:
Kaitre Jebatan
;iUaran lGirrutcn an Lofr &n A
Date: I s/oe7f,HY*X*TflH*1,Hffffi"- 8/09[OHTffTTffiffi;,H;
-
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tJ.1r
I
,
,\
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ReferenceNo.
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2
Dm.5
Document
Title
LABORATORY
PRACTTICUM
Edition I
Revision No. I
Effective date. st3t2008
Amendment Date 5t3D0A8
{2)
irease the engine temperature that must be continuously
rejected to avoid overheating. Water is utilized hereby to cool the engine. The oxidation process of
ttre fuel element is then passes to the exhausL
Output powerP
With M is the torque and n is rotational sped the output powerof an engine is calculated aas
follows:
P:Llt+n+M
Specific fuel consumption sfc
The specific fuel consumption of a diesel is given by equation (l):
ir)"
-m
sJc
=-
p
with
^:
Y
P*,
(3)
Where
p :lbedensity of the fuel. g/cm3, p
*r=
0.88 g I cm3
rr:filel mass flow rate, kg/h
7r:out
power, kW
P:Volumetric flow rate, mVs
To measure the volumehic flow rate, a measuring tube with markinp for the amount of fuel
consurne4 is used. The marks divide the tube into sections of 25 ml, 50 ml and 100 ml. Using a stop
watch the value for Z can be determined:
(4)
t
Note that AZ is the volume of each section in the tube.
,,-AV
r
--
Z
-
__{-1
,
,\
*
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ReferenceNo.
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Dm.5
Document
Title
LABORATORY
PRACTTICUM
Edition I
Revision No. I
Effective date. st3t2008
AmendmentDate 5BD0A8
{2)
crease the engine temperature that must be continuously
rejected to avoid overheating. Water is utilized hereby to cool the engine. The oxidation process of
ttre fuel element is then passes to the exhausl
Output
powerF
With M is the torque and n is rotational sped the output powerof an engine is calculated aas
follows:
P:2t* n+ M
Specific fuel consumption sfc
The specific fuel consumption of a diesel is given by equation (1):
ir)"
-m
sJc:-
p
with
^=,
p*,
(3)
Where
p :thedensity of the fuel. g/cm3, p
*r=
0.88 g / cm3
rn: fhel mass flow rate, kglh
7z:out
power, kW
P:Volumetric flow rate, ml/s
To measure the volumetric flow rate, a measuring tube with markinp for the amount of fuel
consgrned is used. The marks divide the tube into sections of 25 ml, 50 ml and 100 ml- Using a stop
watch the value for Z can be determined:
t
Note that AZ is the volume of each section in the tube.
(4)
2
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TitIC
II.BORATORY
PRACTTICIJM
Edition I
RevisionNo. I
Effective date. sBna08
AmendmentDate st3t2008
Energr balance
The energr produced by combustion of fuel and air is utilized to genarated the mechanical work.Not
all combustion energt is oonverted to mechanical worlg the combustion product must must be
exhausted from the cyclinder. The enerry balance of internal combustion engine govems the
following equation :
Q,:Q*+Qr+P*Q,*,
Combustion energ/
Q"
:frn,
.*
LCY
LCV:4lMJlkg
Heat absorbed by cooling water
e*
,ir**co*Qo
_
tr)
c
o
:4.18
kJ/kgK
Heat due to the burnt gases
Q* =itn"*cr*(r,
- ru)
,
,',r
.(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
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Title
LABORATORY
PRACTIICUM
Edition I
Revision No. I
Effective date. st3D008
Amendment Date 51312008
4.O E)PERIMENT PROCEDT]RES
4-l Before starting experimen! serveral items should be inspeccted:
4.1.1 Fuel supplyshouldbe enough
4-1.2 Engine oil
4-1.3 Cooling system
4.1.4 Inlet water for dynamometer
t -.'
4-2 Starting The engine:
4-2-7 Connect electrical supply to the control panel.
4.2-Z Stu.t *r" engine
4.2-3 Slowly, increase engine speed until reaches l50O r.p.m
4-2.4 Allow the engine to be stable for atleast l0 minutes.
4-3 Constant Throttling tes! (See table I -)
4.3-1 Slowly set the engine speed to be 300O r.p.m.
a Without changing the throttle positioq increase brake load with the
increment of 5 - l0 units dynamometer measuring instrument. There will be
drops in the engine speed. Record the decreasing in data sheet for each
increament of the brake load.
b. Beside recording the engine speed, measure also the time to consume 25 ml
of fuel by closingthe fuel inlet valve.
c. Record al least 5 set of data in the data sheet-
4.4 Constant Speed Test.
4.4-l Adjust brake load and engine throttle to set the engine speed to 3000 r.p.m
4-4-2 Increase brake load until read '5' al the measurement irutrument on
dynamometer. At the same time ensure that the ensine soeed is constant at
2500 rp.m
r-
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Title
LABORATORY
PRACT-TICUM
Edition I
RevisionNo. I
Effective date- 51312008
Amendment Date 5/312008
4.4-3 Let the engine to stable and then close tlre fuel inlet valve and measure &e
time taken for the engine to consume 25ml of fuel.
4.4.4 Open the fuel inlet valve and increase the brake load with the increment of
5 unit and ttie same time maintain engine speed at 2500 r-p-m. For each
incremen! record data as required in the data sheel
5.O E)(PERIMENT RESULT AND DISCUSSION }:
a- Afler complete in the table I, you shall plot the following curve:
.
Specific fuel constrmption, sfc, as a function ofthe engine out put power, F.
.
Torque as a function of speed
o
Out put porver as a firnction speed, n,
b- Evaluate the energy balance after completing the table 1- State your conment according the
. results-
c- Explain briefly each of the curves you have plotted in item a.
6-O
QUESTIONS
a Describe the firnction of the dynometer used in this experiment?.
b- Sketch in p
-
v diagram hoe the four-stroke compresstion engine work?.
c' Wbat is different between petrol combustion engine with the diesel counterpart?.
7-O CONCLUTION.
Give conclution of the experimenl
0
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"t4.
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