Chap. II. STONE.

483
to contrast another sample formed of
"
all road scrapings from the neighbourhood of
Ijjswich
"
which at only tliree days old crushed with 28 tons; this was prob;ibly due to
the silex contained in it. As anotlier proof that its strength is entirely due to the com-
plete induration of tiie material, a nine-inch brick made of four parts of sand, four of fine
sand, and one of chalk, cracked when thirteen weeks old with 14 tons and crushed witli
35 tons; this specimen was gradually filled with chloride of calcium being poured over it,
and took fifteen minutes to saturate. Another at eight weeks with 4'2
and 30"0 tons
;
another with 2()'15 and 38"8 tons ;
while a fourth cracked at 6 tons and crushed with 6'65
tons ; tliese were staked in tlie chloride of calcium, Tiie tensile strength at twenty-eight
weeks old varied as 47, 74 and 67 lbs. per square inch ; while two specimens made of road
sciajjings, only three days old, broke wiih 101 and 97 lbs. per square inch, a strength also,
no doubt, due to the silex contained in it.
1667. A gallon of each solution is sufficient to produce a cubic foot of stone of the
finer quality ; but tlie cost of a block of coarser quality would be less than about half what
the other would be. To render this concrete stone perfectly non-absorbent, tlie surface of
the stone, after it is formed into blocks, is treated a second time with a was!i of tlie silicate
of soda, and a second application of the solution of chloride of calcium. These solutions
are also a))plied for the preservation of other stones, or of brickwork
;
the silicate beiu'^
diluted witli water in proportions according to the absorbent character of the material,
which must be clean and thoroughly dry before being operated upon. Tinting solutions
are also supplied for harmonising with the natural colour of the stones. About four
gi.llons of each solution will be, under ordinary circumstances, sufficient for each 100 yards
superficial of surface.
\661v. Experiments conducted by G. R. Burnell, and reported upon by Professor Ansted
in a paper read at the British Association at Cambridge, 18G2, showed that the transverse
strength of a beam 4 inches square resting one inch at each end, with 16 inches clear span,
sustained a weight of 2,122 lbs. or 132 lbs. per inch superficial; whilst a similar bar of
Portland stone broke with
759i
lbs., or nearly 42 lbs. per inch. The adhesive or tensile
strength was proved by pieces of stone notched for the purpose, the sectional area at the
weakest part being
5^
inches.
The patent concrete stone sustained - - 1980 lbs. =360 lbs. per inch.
Portland stone broke with
Bath stone

- -
Caen stone
,>
- -
1980 lbs. =360 lbs.
1104 lbs =200 lbs.
796 lbs. =say 150 lbs.
768 lbs. = say 150 lbs.
A 4-inch cube of the patent stone sustained a weight of 30 tons, nearly 2 tons per inch,
before it was crushed.
1667'. Tlie following result of chemical tests of tliis artificial stone, as compared with
natural ones, will be found instructive. They were made by Mr. E. Frankland at St.
Bartholomew's Hospital in December 1861.
"
The experiments were made in tlie follow-
ing manner. The samples were cut as nearly as possible of the same size and siiape, and
were well brushed with a hard brush. Each sample was then thoroughly dried at 212,
weighed, partially immersed in water until saturated, and again weighed ; the porosity or
absorptive power of the stone was thus determined. It was then suspended for forty-eight
iiour& in a very large volume of each of the following acid solutions, the alteration in
weight after each immersion being separately estimated. The sample was then boiled
with water until all acid was removed, and again weighed. Finally, it was dried at 212,
brushed with a hard brush, and the total degradation or loss since the first brushing was
ascertained. The following numbers were obtained."
Name of Stone.
Porosity.
Wat-r
absorbeii
l)V dry
Stoiie.
percent.
Alteration in weight by immersion
in dilute .^cid.
Loss by
action of
acid and
boiling in
water.
percent.
Further
loss by
brusliing.
Total
degradl-
tior. from
all cuu^Ci.
of 1 percent. of 2 per cent of 4 percent.
Loss Gain Loss Gain Loss Ca n
Bath - 11-57 1-28 2^82 ^05 5-91 26
617
Caen . - - 9-86 2-13

4-80 67
]^73
1-60 13-33
Aubigny 4-15 1-18
4 00

l^Ol 3-56 29 3-85
Portland 8-86 1-60
I^IO
1-35
3-94 24 4-18
.Aiiiston 6-09 \y5i
3-39

3^I1
11-11 27 11-38
Whitby 8-41 1-07 53
none none 1-25 18 1-43
Ilaie Hill - 4-31 75
60
none none
98 15
113
Park Spring 4-15 71 10 15 81 none
81
1
Ilansome's - 6-53
95 nonelnone none none
63 31 94
1 1 2