538

THEORY OF ARCIIITECTUIIE. Bo^k II.

cnllis sand, white of eggs, iiiul tlie strongest wort, tliMt it tk'tied ;iii 1 aininLMs and liatcl.i'ts
whatsoever." The mortar used in bishop Gunduli)h"s wurks at Mailing and llochest;r is
described by B. Ferrey as consisting of a sort of tula found only in the clilfs at Dover,
which appears to have been exclusively used in his work.
1859/. Slag is applied to the vitrified earths left in furnaces, either for glass or iron.
Scoria, are the lighter, more porous, and less vitrified earths arising from the puddling and
refining of iron. The cinJeis used are the earthy residues derived from the combustion of
coal. When ground into powder, the two former, which contain a large proportion of
the mineral oxides, make very good mortars if mixed with middling or ptiftctly hydraulic
limes. Cinders aiipear to render the rich limes moderately hydraulic when jiroperly
mixed. They require a large quantity of water to render perfect the crystallization of the
hydrate of lime. All these mortars may be usefully employed for works out of water.
1859e. The stones wliereof the Dutch terras is made are found in the neighbourhood of
I>icge, and also, we believe, at Andernach on the Rhine, from the size of a pea to that of a
middle-sized turnip. From their being brought down the rivers to Holland the cement
has been called Dutch
;
the only operation they undergo in that country is the reduction
of them to a coarse powder by means of inills. 'ihey are beaten hy iron-headed stampers
on an iron bed till they will pass through a sieve whose wires are about one eighth of an
inch apart. This cement is sent from Holland in casks. Truss, ^^ms, or tanas, is a blue-
black trap. It is ohtained from ])its of extinct volcanoes, and lia< nearly all the distin-
guishing elements of puzzuolana, resemlding it in composition, and in the requirements of
its manipulation, having to be pid^erised and addtd to rich lime to develope its hydraulic
l)roperties.
1 859/^
The Puzzuohna, or terra Puteolana of the Italians, whicli, as well as the last-named
cement, has been almost if not quite superseded by the introduction of the Roinan cement,
is brought from Civita Veccliia. Its name is however derivtd from I'uzzuoli, where it is
principally found, though produced in other parts of Italy, in the neighbourhood of extinct
volcanoes. It suddenly hardens when mixed with one third of its weight of lime and
water, forming a cement more durable under water than any other. Bergman found 100
parts of it to contain 55 to 60 parts of siliceous earth, 20 of argillaceous, 5 or 6 of calca-
reous, and froiTi 15 to 20 of iron
;
this last constituent is considered to be the cause of its
j)roperty of hardening under water. 'I'he iron decomposes tlie water of the mortar, and
thus in a very short time a new compound is formed. According to \'itruvius, when used
for buildings in the water, 2 parts of puzzuolana were mixed with 1 of mortar. Artificial
puzzuolana may be made by slightly calcining clay, and driving off the water of comhina-
tion at a temperature of 1,200.
1859^.
Subsequently to the use of this material from Puzzuoli, a similar material has
been found near Edinburgh
;
and in the Yivarais, a site of extinct volcanic action in the
centre of France. Its aspect and colour, however, vary very much even in the same
locality. Berthier gives the following analysis of two of these materials:

Silica
- - .
.
Alumina
. .
-
Lime
.
. - -
INIagnesia
^ . -
Oxide of Iron On a slight
\
state of magnetism)
j
Potash
- . - -
Soda
....
Water - - . -
Fuzz uolRna from1 Terras froin
Civi ta Vecchia. Ai iJernacli.
. 445 - - - 570
- 150 - - -
120
-
088 . - . 026
- 047 - - -
010
- 120 - - -
050
. 014
- - -
070
. 040
- . . 010
- 092
- - - 096
0-996 0-952
I859h. In the use of blue lias lime for mortar, workmen ignorant of its qualities inva-
rialdy spoil it. In important works the lime should be supplied in an unground state, to
prevent the core being mingled with the good lime. In slaking, the lumps should be
broken into jiieces of al)out the size of a nutmeg; then immersed upon a sieve in water,
and kept therein until air bubbles freely rise to the surface: the lime so wetted is to be
left in a heap, and covered with damp sand, for twenty-four hours. At the expiration of
that time it should be screened and mixed with sand and the least possible (|uantity ct
water. When slaked, it does not sensibly increase in bulk, unlike the ordinary chalk or
stone lime of the neighbourhood of London. The best descriptions of blue lias liine will
not bear more tlian
H
jiarts of sand to 1 of lime. Wood, of Bath, in his work on Cottai/es,
1788, has stated that "blue lias lime mixed with coal aslies in the manner |)rescribed by
M. Loriot, will make the hardest cement I ever saw, as I have found by various experi-
ments; it will hold water, resist frost, harden in a few hours in water, and will bear a
very