RP c208 - 2013 06

RECOMMENDED PRACTICE
DET NORSKE VERITAS AS

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DNV-RP-C208
Determination of Structural Caacit! "!
Non-linear #E anal!$i$ Met%o&$
'(NE 20)*
+ Det Nor$,e Verita$ AS 'une 20)*
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FOREWORD
DNV i$ a -lo"al ro.i&er of ,no/le&-e for mana-in- ri$,0 To&a!1 $afe an& re$on$i"le "u$ine$$ con&uct i$ "ot% a licen$e
to oerate an& a cometiti.e a&.anta-e0 Our core cometence i$ to i&entif!1 a$$e$$1 an& a&.i$e on ri$, mana-ement0 #rom
our lea&in- o$ition in certification1 cla$$ification1 .erification1 an& trainin-1 /e &e.elo an& al! $tan&ar&$ an& "e$t
ractice$0 T%i$ %el$ our cu$tomer$ $afel! an& re$on$i"l! imro.e t%eir "u$ine$$ erformance0 DNV i$ an in&een&ent
or-ani$ation /it% &e&icate& ri$, rofe$$ional$ in more t%an )00 countrie$1 /it% t%e uro$e of $afe-uar&in- life1 roert!
an& t%e en.ironment0
DNV $er.ice &ocument$ con$i$t of amon- ot%er$ t%e follo/in- t!e$ of &ocument$2
3 Service Specifications. Proce&ural re4uirement$0
3 Standards. Tec%nical re4uirement$0
3 Recommended Practices. 5ui&ance0
T%e Stan&ar&$ an& Recommen&e& Practice$ are offere& /it%in t%e follo/in- area$2
A6 7ualification1 7ualit! an& Safet! Met%o&olo-!
86 Material$ Tec%nolo-!
C6 Structure$
D6 S!$tem$
E6 Secial #acilitie$
#6 Pieline$ an& Ri$er$
56 A$$et Oeration
96 Marine Oeration$
'6 Cleaner Ener-!
O6 Su"$ea S!$tem$
(6 (ncon.entional Oil : 5a$
ecommended !ractice DNV"!"#$%&, 'une $%()
#hanges * !age )
CHANGES CURRENT
General
T%i$ i$ a ne/ &ocument0
Acknowledgement
T%i$ Recommen&e& Practice i$ &e.eloe& in a 'oint In&u$tr! Pro;ect t%at /a$ initiate& t%rou-% a re-ro;ect
$uorte& "! Statoil an& DNV0 T%e 'oint In&u$tr! Pro;ect /a$ $on$ore& "! t%e follo/in- comanie$ an&
in$titution$ <in al%a"etic or&er62
ConocoP%illi$ S,an&ina.ia AS
Det Nor$,e Verita$ AS
Maer$, Olie o- 5a$ AS
Petroleum Safet! Aut%orit! Nor/a!
Statoil ASA
Total E:P Nor-e AS
In a&&ition to t%eir financial $uort t%e a"o.e comanie$ are al$o ac,no/le&-e& for t%eir tec%nical
contri"ution$ t%rou-% t%eir articiation in t%e ro;ect0
#ontents * !age +
CONTENTS
1. ntrod!ct"on.......................................................................................................................................... #
)0) O";ecti.e of t%e &ocument 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000=
)02 Vali&it! 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000=
)0* Definition$ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000=
)0> S!m"ol$000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000?
$. %a&"c Con&"derat"on&............................................................................................................................ '
20) @imit $tate $afet! format 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000008
202 C%aracteri$tic re$i$tance00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000A
20* T!e of failure mo&e$ 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000A
20> ($e of linear an& non-linear anal!$i$ met%o&$ 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000A
20= Emirical "a$i$ for t%e re$i$tance 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000A
20? Ductilit! 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000A
20B Ser.icea"ilit! @imit State 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)0
208 Permanent &eformation$ 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)0
(. General re)!"rement& ....................................................................................................................... 11
*0) Definition of failure 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000))
*02 Mo&ellin- 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000))
*0* Determination of c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance ta,in- into account $tati$tical .ariation00000000000000000000000000000))
*0> Re4uirement to t%e $oft/are 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)2
*0= Re4uirement to t%e u$er 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)2
*. Re)!"rement& to T+e FE, Anal-&"& ............................................................................................... 1(
>0) 5eneral 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)*
>02 Selection of #E $oft/are00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)*
>0* Selection of anal!$i$ met%o& 000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)*
>0> Selection of element$ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)>
>0= Me$% &en$it!00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)=
>0? 5eometr! mo&ellin- 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)=
>0B Material mo&ellin-00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000)?
>08 8oun&ar! con&ition$ 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000022
>0A @oa& alication00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000022
>0)0 Alication of $afet! factor$000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002*
>0)) ECecution of non-linear #E anal!$e$1 4ualit! control 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002*
>0)2 Re4uirement$ to &ocumentation of t%e #E anal!$i$0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002*
#. Re.re&entat"on o/ d"//erent /a"l!re mode& ....................................................................................... $*
=0) De$i-n a-ain$t ten$ile failure00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002>
=02 #ailure &ue to reeate& !iel&in- <lo/ c!cle fati-ue6 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000002?
=0* Accumulate& $train <DRatc%etin-E60000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*0
=0> 8uc,lin-000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*)
=0= Reeate& "uc,lin-000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000*?
0. %"1l"ogra.+-....................................................................................................................................... (2
A..end"3 A. Commentar-.......................................................................................................................... (4
A..end"3 %. E3am.le&................................................................................................................................ *$
,ec.( -ntroduction * !age .
1 ntrod!ct"on
1.1 O15ect"6e o/ t+e doc!ment
T%i$ &ocument i$ inten&e& to -i.e -ui&ance on %o/ to e$ta"li$% t%e $tructural re$i$tance "! u$e of non-linear
#E met%o&$0 It &eal$ /it% &eterminin- t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance of a $tructure or art of a $tructure in a /a!
t%at fulfil$ t%e re4uirement$ to ultimate $tren-t% in DNV off$%ore $tan&ar&$0
Non-linear effect$ t%at ma! "e inclu&e& in t%e anal!$e$ are e0-01 material an& -eometrical non-linearit!1 contact
ro"lem$ etc0
T%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance $%oul& rere$ent a .alue t%at meet$ t%e re4uirement t%at t%ere i$ le$$ t%an =F
ro"a"ilit! t%at t%e re$i$tance i$ le$$ t%an t%i$ .alue0 T%i$ &efinition of t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance i$ $imilar to
/%at i$ re4uire& "! man! ot%er $tructural $tan&ar&$ u$in- t%e limit $tate $afet! format an& t%e$e
recommen&ation$ are eCecte& to "e .ali& for &etermination of caacitie$ to "e u$e& /it% $uc% $tan&ar&$0
T%e recommen&ation$ are fore$een to "e u$e& for ca$e$ /%ere t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance i$ not &irectl!
co.ere& "! co&e$ or $tan&ar&$0 T%e o";ecti.e i$ t%at anal!$e$ carrie& out accor&in- to t%e recommen&ation$
-i.en in t%i$ &ocument /ill lea& to a $tructure t%at meet$ t%e re4uirement$ to t%e minimum $afet! mar-in in t%e
$tan&ar&0
T%i$ &ocument i$ not inten&e& to relace formula$ for re$i$tance in co&e$ an& $tan&ar&$ for t%e ca$e$ /%ere
t%e! are alica"le an& accurate1 "ut to re$ent met%o&$ t%at allo/$ for u$in- non-linear #E-met%o&$ to
&etermine re$i$tance for ca$e$ t%at i$ not co.ere& "! co&e$ an& $tan&ar&$ or /%ere accurate recommen&ation$
are lac,in-0
1.$ 7al"d"t-
T%e &ocument i$ .ali& for marine $tructure$ ma&e from $tructural $teel$ meetin- re4uirement$ to off$%ore
$tructure$ /it% a !iel& $tren-t% of u to =00 MPa0
T%e recommen&ation$ re$ente& %erein are a&ate& to t!ical off$%ore $teel$ t%at fulfil t%e re4uirement$
$ecifie& in DNV-OS-C)0) G)>G or an e4ui.alent off$%ore &e$i-n $tan&ar&0 T%e $ecifie& re4uirement$ are ma&e
un&er t%e a$$umtion t%at t%e con$i&ere& $tructure i$ oeratin- un&er en.ironmental con&ition$ t%at are /it%in
t%e $ecification$ of t%e alie& off$%ore $tan&ar&0 If t%e off$%ore unit i$ oeratin- out$i&e t%e$e $ecification$1
t%e failure criterion re$ente& in t%i$ Recommen&e& Practice can onl! "e utiliHe& if it can "e &ocumente& t%at
"ot% t%e /el& an& arent material %a.e $ufficient tou-%ne$$ in t%e actual en.ironmental con&ition$0
T%i$ recommen&e& ractice i$ concerne& onl! /it% failure a$$ociate& /it% eCtreme loa&$1 an& failure &ue to
reeate& loa&in- from mo&erate loa&$ <fati-ue6 nee&$ to "e c%ec,e& $earatel!0 See DNV-RP-C20* G)BG0
1.( De/"n"t"on&
T%i$ Recommen&e& Practi$e u$e$ term$ a$ &efine& in DNV-OS-C)0)0 A&&itional term$ are &efine& "elo/2
characteristic
resistance
t%e re$i$tance t%at for a articular failure mo&e i$ meetin- t%e re4uirement of %a.in- a
re$cri"e& ro"a"ilit! t%at t%e re$i$tance fall$ "elo/ a $ecifie& .alue <u$uall! =F fractile6
conservative load loa& t%at maintain$ it$ orientation /%en t%e $tructure &eform$ <e0-01 -ra.it! loa&$6
ductility t%e a"ilit! to &eform "e!on& t%e roortionalit! limit /it%out $i-nificant re&uction in t%e
caacit! &ue to fracture or local "uc,lin- <ori-inall! &uctilit! refer$ to t%e "e%a.iour of
t%e material1 "ut i$ %ere al$o u$e& for t%e "e%a.iour of $tructure$ an& $tructural &etail$6
engineering shear
strain
equivalent strain
follower load loa& t%at c%an-e$ &irection /it% t%e $tructure <e0-01 %!&ro$tatic re$$ure6
gross yielding !iel&in- acro$$ t%e entire $tructural comonent e0-01 a flan-e
low cycle fatigue t%e ro-re$$i.e an& locali$e& &ama-e cau$e& "! reeate& la$tic $train in t%e material0
@o/ c!cle fati-ue a$$e$$ment$ are carrie& out "! con$i&erin- t%e c!clic $train le.el0
net area area of a cro$$-$ection or art of a cro$$-$ection /%ere t%e area of %ole$ an& oenin-$ are
$u"tracte&
net section ratio t%e ratio "et/een t%e net area an& t%e -ro$$ area of t%e ten$ion art of a cro$$-$ection
redundant structure a $tructure ma! "e c%aracteriHe& a$ re&un&ant if lo$$ of caacit! in one of it$ $tructural
element$ /ill lea& to little or no re&uction in t%e o.erall loa&-carr!in- caacit! &ue to loa&
re&i$tri"ution
shae down $%a,e &o/n i$ a $tate in /%ic% a $tructure after "ein- loa&e& into t%e ela$to-la$tic ran-e
/ill "e%a.e e$$entiall! linear for all $u"$e4uent c!cle$
y
xy
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y
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,ec.( -ntroduction * !age /
1.* S-m1ol&
" $an of late
c flan-e out$tan&
C &amin- matriC
C
#EM
re$i$tance ,noc, &o/n factor
D outer &iameter of tu"ular $ection$
E mo&ulu$ of ela$ticit!
$tre$$-$train cur.e arameter
eCternal force$
internal force$
!iel& $tre$$G!iel& $tren-t%
K Ram"er--O$-oo& arameter
ei-en.alue for -o.ernin- "uc,lin- mo&e
c%aracteri$tic element $iHe of $malle$t element
M ma$$ matriC
N num"er of c!cle$ to failure
&e$i-n re$i$tance
c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance
&e$i-n action effect
c%aracteri$tic action effect
t time1 t%ic,ne$$
u &i$lacement .ector
$train
critical $train
en-ineerin- <nominal6 $train
e4ui.alent $train
fati-ue &uctilit! coefficient
Iult
I!)
true <lo-arit%mic6 $train
full! re.er$i"le maCimum rincial %ot $ot $train ran-e
full! re.er$i"le local maCimum rincial $train ran-e
time $te
material factor
artial factor for action$
re&uce& $len&erne$$
Poi$$onJ$ ratio K 00= for la$tic $train
&en$it!
rincial $tre$$e$
rere$entati.e $tre$$
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,ec.( -ntroduction * !age 0
en-ineerin- <nominal6 $tre$$
fati-ue $tren-t% coefficient
critical "uc,lin- $tre$$
lineariHe& "uc,lin- $tre$$ &i$re-ar&in- local "uc,lin- mo&e$
lineariHe& local "uc,lin- $tre$$
true <Cauc%!6 $tre$$
o
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,ec.$ 1asic #onsiderations * !age &
$ %a&"c Con&"derat"on&
$.1 8"m"t &tate &a/et- /ormat
A limit $tate can "e &efine& a$2 !" state beyond which the structure no longer satisfies the design performance
requirements.# See e0-0 G)G0
@imit $tate$ can "e &i.i&e& into t%e follo/in- -rou$2
$ltimate limit states %$&S' corre$on&in- to t%e ultimate re$i$tance for carr!in- loa&$0
(atigue limit states %(&S' relate& to t%e o$$i"ilit! of failure &ue to t%e effect of c!clic loa&in-0
"ccidental limit states %"&S' corre$on&in- to failure &ue to an acci&ental e.ent or oerational failure0
Serviceability limit states %S&S' corre$on&in- to t%e criteria alica"le to normal u$e or &ura"ilit!0
T%i$ Recommen&e& Practice &eal$ /it% limit $tate$ t%at can "e -roue& to (@S an& A@S0 It al$o a&&re$$e$
failure mo&e$ from c!clic loa&in- for ca$e$ t%at cannot a&e4uatel! "e c%ec,e& accor&in- to t%e met%o&$ u$e&
in co&e$ for c%ec, of #@S0 T%i$ i$ rele.ant for $ituation$ /%ere t%e $tructure i$ loa&e& "! a c!clic loa& at a %i-%
loa& le.el "ut onl! for a limite& num"er of c!cle$ <lo/ c!cle fati-ue60
T%e $afet! format t%at i$ u$e& in limit $tate co&e$ i$ $c%ematicall! illu$trate& in #i-ure 2-) 0
F"g!re $91
ll!&trat"on o/ t+e l"m"t &tate &a/et- /ormat
T%e re4uirement can "e /ritten a$2
It can "e $een from t%i$ fi-ure t%at it i$ imortant t%at t%e uncertaint! in t%e re$i$tance i$ a&e4uatel! a&&re$$e&
/%en t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance i$ &etermine&0
S
&
R
&
<)6
S
&
K S
,

f
De$i-n action effect
R
&
K R
,
G
M
De$i-n re$i$tance
S
,
K C%aracteri$tic action effect
f
K Partial factor for action$
R
,
K C%aracteri$tic re$i$tance
M
K Material factor0
S
d
< R
d
,ec.$ 1asic #onsiderations * !age 2
$.$ C+aracter"&t"c re&"&tance
T%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance $%oul& rere$ent a .alue /%ic% /ill iml! t%at t%ere i$ le$$ t%an =F ro"a"ilit!
t%at t%e re$i$tance i$ le$$ t%an t%i$ .alue0 Often lac, of eCerimental &ata re.ent$ an a&e4uate $tati$tical
e.aluation $o t%e =F mu$t "e $een a$ a -oal for t%e en-ineerin- ;u&-ment$ t%at in $uc% ca$e$ are nee&e&0
T%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance -i.en in &e$i-n co&e$ i$ &etermine& al$o on t%e "a$i$ of con$i&eration of ot%er
a$ect$ t%an t%e maCimum loa& carr!in- re$i$tance0 A$ect$ li,e o$t-ea, "e%a.iour1 $en$iti.it! to
con$truction met%o&$1 $tati$tical .ariation of -o.ernin- arameter$ etc0 are al$o ta,en into account0 In certain
ca$e$ t%e$e con$i&eration$ are al$o reflecte& in t%e c%oice of t%e material factor t%at /ill "e u$e& to o"tain t%e
&e$i-n re$i$tance0 It i$ nece$$ar! t%at all $uc% factor$ are con$i&ere& /%en t%e re$i$tance i$ &etermine& "! non-
linear #E met%o&$0
$.( T-.e o/ /a"l!re mode&
L%en $teel $tructure$ are loa&e& to t%eir eCtreme limit$ t%e! /ill eit%er fail "! $ome $ort of in$ta"ilit! <e0-01
"uc,lin-6 t%at re.ent$ furt%er loa&in- or "! ten$ion failure or a com"ination of t%e t/o0 #or ractical ca$e$ it
i$ often nece$$ar! to &efine c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance at a lo/er limit in or&er to "e a"le to conclu&e on $tructural
inte-rit! /it%out eCce$$i.e anal!$i$0 ECamle$ of t%i$ can "e limitin- t%e la$tic $train to a.oi& c!clic failure
for &!namicall! loa&e& $tructure$ or &eformation limit for $tructural &etail$ failin- "! la$tic $train in
comre$$ion0 See Section M*0)N0
T%e follo/in- t!e$ of failure mo&e$ are &ealt /it% in t%i$ Recommen&e& Practice2
3 ten$ile failure
3 failure &ue to reeate& !iel&in- <lo/ c!cle fati-ue6
3 accumulate& la$tic $train
3 "uc,lin-
3 reeate& "uc,lin-0
$.* U&e o/ l"near and non9l"near anal-&"& met+od&
Tra&itionall!1 t%e ultimate $tren-t% of off$%ore $tructure$ are anal!$e& "! linear met%o&$ to &etermine t%e
internal &i$tri"ution of force$ an& moment$1 an& t%e re$i$tance$ of t%e cro$$-$ection$ are c%ec,e& accor&in- to
&e$i-n re$i$tance$ foun& in &e$i-n co&e$0 T%e$e &e$i-n re$i$tance formula$ often re4uire &eformation$ /ell into
t%e inela$tic ran-e in or&er to mo"ili$e t%e co&e &efine& re$i$tance$0 9o/e.er1 no furt%er c%ec,$ are normall!
con$i&ere& nece$$ar! a$ lon- a$ t%e internal force$ an& moment$ are &etermine& "! linear met%o&$0 L%en non-
linear anal!$i$ met%o&$ are u$e&1 a&&itional c%ec,$ of accumulate& la$tic &eflection$ an& reeate& !iel&in-
/ill -enerall! "e nee&e&0 T%e$e c%ec,$ are imortant in ca$e of .aria"le or c!clic loa&in- e0-01 /a.e loa&$0
$.# Em."r"cal 1a&"& /or t+e re&"&tance
All en-ineerin- met%o&$1 re-ar&le$$ of le.el of $o%i$tication1 nee& to "e cali"rate& a-ain$t an emirical "a$i$
in t%e form of la"orator! te$t$ or full $cale eCerience0 T%i$ i$ t%e ca$e for all &e$i-n formula$ in $tan&ar&$0 In
realit! t%e form of t%e emirical "a$i$ .ar! for t%e .ariou$ failure ca$e$ t%at are co.ere& "! t%e co&e$1 from
&etermine& a$ a $tati$tical e.aluation from a lar-e num"er of full $cale rere$entati.e te$t$ to ca$e$ /%ere t%e
&e$i-n formula$ are .ali&ate& "a$e& on eCtraolation$ from ,no/n ca$e$ "! mean$ of anal!$i$ an& en-ineerin-
;u&-ement$0 It i$ of aramount imortance t%at caacitie$ &etermine& "! non-linear #E met%o&$ "uil& on
,no/le&-e t%at i$ emiricall! "a$e&0 T%at can "e ac%ie.e& "! cali"ration of t%e anal!$i$ met%o&$ to
eCerimental &ata1 to e$ta"li$%e& racti$e a$ foun& in &e$i-n co&e$ or in full $cale eCerience0
$.0 D!ct"l"t-
T%e inte-rit! of a $tructure i$ al$o influence& "! ot%er factor$ t%an t%e .alue of t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance0 T%e
a"ilit! of a $tructural &etail to maintain it$ re$i$tance in ca$e of o.erloa& i$ %i-%l! influencin- t%e re$ultin-
relia"ilit! of t%e $tructure0 It i$ t%erefore nece$$ar! to con$i&er not onl! t%e .alue of t%e re$i$tance /%en
&eterminin- t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance1 "ut al$o to ;u&-e %o/ t%e loa& &eflection relation$%i i$ for a
articular failure mo&e0
T%e c%ec, for &uctilit! re4uire$ t%at all $ection$ $u";ecte& to &eformation into t%e inela$tic ran-e $%oul& &eform
/it%out lo$$ of t%e a$$ume& loa&-"earin- re$i$tance0 Suc% lo$$ of re$i$tance can "e &ue to ten$ile failure1
in$ta"ilit! of cro$$-$ectional art$ or mem"er "uc,lin-0 T%e &e$i-n co&e$ -i.e little eClicit -ui&ance on t%i$
i$$ue1 /it% eCcetion for $ta"ilit! of cro$$-$ectional art$ in !iel& %in-e$1 /%ic% normall! are co.ere& "!
re4uirement to cro$$-$ectional cla$$ )0 See e0-0 DNV OS-C)0) G)>G0
Steel $tructure$ -enerall! "e%a.e &uctile /%en loa&e& to t%eir limit$0 T%e e$ta"li$%e& &e$i-n racti$e i$ "a$e&
on t%i$ "e%a.iour1 /%ic% i$ "eneficial "ot% /it% re$ect to $imlif!in- t%e &e$i-n roce$$ an& imro.in- t%e
erformance of t%e $tructure0 #or a &uctile $tructure1 $i-nificant &eflection$ ma! occur "efore failure an& t%u$
-i.e a colla$e /arnin-0 Ductile $tructure$ al$o %a.e lar-er ener-! a"$ortion caa"ilitie$ a-ain$t imact loa&$0
T%e o$$i"ilit! for t%e $tructure to re&i$tri"ute $tre$$e$ le$$en$ t%e nee& for an accurate $tre$$ calculation &urin-
&e$i-n a$ t%e $tructure ma! re&i$tri"ute force$ an& moment$ to "e in accor&ance /it% t%e a$$ume& $tatic mo&el0
T%i$ i$ t%e "a$i$ for u$e of linear anal!$e$ for (@S c%ec,$ e.en for $tructure$ /%ic% "e%a.e $i-nificantl! non-
linear /%en aroac%in- t%eir ultimate limit $tate$0
,ec.$ 1asic #onsiderations * !age (%
$.2 Ser6"cea1"l"t- 8"m"t State
($e of non-linear anal!$i$ met%o&$ ma! re$ult in more $tructural element$ "ein- -o.erne& "! t%e re4uirement$
to t%e Ser.icea"ilit! @imit State an& a&&itional S@S re4uirement$ ma! "e nee&e& comare& /it% &e$i-n u$in-
linear met%o&$0 E0-01 /%en late element$ are u$e& "e!on& t%eir critical loa&1 out of lane &eflection$ ma! nee&
to "e con$i&ere& from a ractical or ae$t%etic oint of .ie/0
$.' :ermanent de/ormat"on&
All $teel $tructure$ "e%a.e more or le$$ non-linear /%en loa&e& to t%eir ultimate limit0 T%e formula$ for &e$i-n
re$i$tance in DNV Off$%ore Stan&ar& G)>G or $imilar co&e$ an& $tan&ar&$ are t%erefore &e.eloe& on t%e "a$i$
t%at ermanent &eformation ma! ta,e lace "efore t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance i$ reac%e&0
,ec.) 3eneral re4uirements * !age ((
( General re)!"rement&
(.1 De/"n"t"on o/ /a"l!re
In all anal!$e$ a reci$e &efinition of failure $%oul& "e formulate&0 T%e failure &efinition nee&$ to corre$on&
/it% t%e functional re4uirement to t%e $tructure$0 In certain ca$e$ li,e "uc,lin- failure it ma! "e &efine& "! t%e
maCimum loa&1 /%ile in ot%er ca$e$ it nee& to "e $electe& "! limitin- a $uita"le control arameter e0-01 la$tic
$train0
#or (ltimate @imit State$ <(@S6 an& Acci&ental @imit State$ <A@S6 t%e &efinition of failure nee&$ to reflect
t%e functional re4uirement t%at t%e $tructure $%oul& not loo$e i$ loa&-carr!in- re$i$tance &urin- t%e
&imen$ionin- e.ent0 T%at ma! e0-01 iml! t%at in an (@S c%ec, t%e failure i$ &efine& a$ t%e loa& le.el /%ere
t%e remainin- c!cle$ in t%e $torm t%at inclu&e$ t%e (@S loa&ca$e1 /ill not lea& to a ro-re$$i.e or c!clic failure0
Alternati.el! a $ecific c%ec, for t%e$e failure mo&e$ can "e carrie& out0 See al$o M=02N0 Anot%er eCamle i$ in
ca$e of an A@S c%ec, for "la$t re$$ure1 /%ere one ma! con$i&er t%e failure criterion to "e t%e limitin-
&eflection for t%e a$$i.e fire rotection0
Care $%oul& "e ma&e to a$certain t%at all rele.ant failure mo&e$ are a&&re$$e& eit%er &irectl! "! t%e anal!$i$ or
"! a&&itional c%ec,$0 ECamle$ are local "uc,lin-1 out of lane "uc,lin-1 /el& failure etc0
(.$ ,odell"ng
It $%oul& "e c%ec,e& t%at t%e anal!$i$ tool an& t%e mo&ellin- a&ote& rere$ent t%e non-linear "e%a.iour of all
$tructural element$ t%at ma! contri"ute to t%e failure mec%ani$m /it% $ufficient accurac!0 T%e mo&el $%oul&
"e $uita"le to rere$ent all failure mo&e$ t%at are inten&e& to "e c%ec,e& "! t%e anal!$i$0 It $%oul& "e ma&e clear
/%ic% failure mo&e$ t%e mo&el /ill a&e4uatel! rere$ent an& /%ic% failure mo&e$ t%at are eCclu&e& from t%e
anal!$i$ an& t%at are a$$ume& to "e c%ec,e& "! ot%er met%o&$0
(.( Determ"nat"on o/ c+aracter"&t"c re&"&tance tak"ng "nto acco!nt &tat"&t"cal 6ar"at"on
L%en #E met%o&$ are u$e& to &etermine t%e $tructural re$i$tance it i$ nece$$ar! to ta,e &ue account of t%e
$tati$tical .ariation of t%e .ariou$ arameter$ $uc% t%at t%e re$ult$ /ill "e e4ual to or rere$ent an e$timate to
t%e $afe $i&e comare& /it% /%at /oul& "e o"taine& if %!$ical te$tin- coul& "e carrie& out0
T%e mo&el $%oul& aim to rere$ent t%e re$i$tance a$ t%e c%aracteri$tic .alue$ accor&in- to t%e -o.ernin- co&e0
In -eneral t%at mean$ =F fractile in ca$e a lo/ re$i$tance i$ unfa.oura"le an& A=F fractile in ca$e a %i-%
re$i$tance i$ unfa.oura"le0
In ca$e$ /%ere &ata of t%e $tati$tical .ariation of t%e re$i$tance i$ uncertain one nee&$ to e$ta"li$% a $election
of t%e -o.ernin- arameter$ "! en-ineerin- ;u&-ement0 T%e arameter$ $%oul& "e $electe& $uc% t%at it can "e
;u$tifie& t%at t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance e$ta"li$%e& meet$ t%e re4uirement t%at t%ere i$ le$$ t%an =F
ro"a"ilit! t%at t%e caacit! i$ "elo/ t%i$ .alue0
All arameter$ t%at influence t%e .aria"ilit! of t%e re$i$tance nee& to "e con$i&ere& /%en e$ta"li$%in- t%e
c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance0
It i$ t%erefore nece$$ar! to .ali&ate t%e anal!$i$ roce&ure accor&in- to one of t%e follo/in- met%o&$2
a6 Selection of all governing parameters to be characteristic or conservative values.
In t%i$ met%o& all arameter$ t%at influence t%e re$ult <,e! arameter$6 are $electe& to -i.e re$ult$ to t%e
$afe $i&e0 E0-01 element t!e1 me$% $iHe1 material cur.e1 imerfection$1 re$i&ual $tre$$e$ etc0
#or $tructure$ or $tructural &etail$ /%ere t%e re$i$tance i$ &ominate& "! t%e .alue of t%e !iel& $tre$$1 u$in-
t%e $ecifie& minimum !iel& $tre$$ accor&in- to off$%ore $teel material $tan&ar&$ /ill rere$ent t%e
re4uirement$ to t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance0 Ot%er arameter$ /it% $tati$tical .ariation t%at /ill influence
t%e re$i$tance e0-01 late t%ic,ne$$ $%oul& "e $electe& a$ a $afe e$timate of t%e eCecte& .alue in or&er to
meet t%e re4uire& $tati$tical re4uirement for t%e re$ultin- re$i$tance0 In ca$e$ of &ou"t a $en$iti.it!
a$$e$$ment ma! "e nece$$ar!0
In $ome ca$e$ .alue$ are -i.en in t%e co&e$ for anal!$i$ of $ecific ro"lem$ $ee e0-01 M=0>0*N0
"6 )alidation against code values
In t%i$ met%o& a $electe& co&e ca$e i$ u$e& for cali"ration <&enote& co&e cali"ration ca$e60 T%e ca$e $%oul&
rere$ent t%e $ame failure mo&e t%at i$ to "e in.e$ti-ate&0 T%e ,e! arameter$ e0-01 element t!e1 me$% $iHe1
material cur.e1 imerfection$1 re$i&ual $tre$$e$ etc0 $%oul& "e $electe& $o t%e anal!$i$ ro.i&e t%e re$i$tance
re&icte& "! t%e co&e for t%e co&e cali"ration ca$e0 T%e $ame arameter$ are t%en u$e& /%en t%e re$i$tance
of t%e actual ro"lem i$ &etermine&0
If t%e anal!$i$ i$ cali"rate& a-ain$t or&inar! co&e .alue$ t%at meet t%e re4uirement$ to c%aracteri$tic
re$i$tance t%en t%e re$i$tance of t%e anal!$e& $tructure al$o /ill meet t%e re4uirement0
c6 )alidation against tests
In t%i$ met%o& one or more %!$ical te$t$ t%at are ;u&-e& to fail in a $imilar /a! a$ t%e ro"lem to "e
anal!$e& are $electe& for cali"ration <&enote& te$t cali"ration ca$e60 #ir$t t%e ,e! arameter$ e0-01 element
t!e1 me$% $iHe1 material cur.e1 imerfection$1 re$i&ual $tre$$e$ etc0 are .arie& $o t%e anal!$i$ $imulate$ t%e
te$t cali"ration ca$e $ati$factoril!0 <5i.in- t%e $ame or le$$ re$i$tance06 T%en t%e actual ro"lem i$ anal!$e&
u$in- t%e $ame ,e! arameter$0 It $%oul& "e a$certaine& t%at t%e $tati$tical .ariation of t%e ro"lem i$ &ul!
,ec.) 3eneral re4uirements * !age ($
co.ere& $uc% t%at t%e re4uirement$ for &etermination of re$i$tance "! u$e of #E met%o&$ corre$on& to t%e
re4uirement$ for &etermination of re$i$tance from te$tin- a$ -i.en in AnneC D of Euroco&e )AA0 G*G or in
ISO )AA02 G)0G0
(.* Re)!"rement to t+e &o/tware
T%e $oft/are u$e& $%all "e &ocumente& an& te$te& for t%e uro$e0
(.# Re)!"rement to t+e !&er
T%e u$er $%oul& "e familiar /it% #E met%o&$ in -eneral an& non-linear met%o&$ in articular0
T%e anal!$t nee&$ to un&er$tan& t%e $tructural "e%a.iour of t%e ro"lem in 4ue$tion0
T%e u$er $%all ,no/ t%e t%eor! "e%in& t%e met%o&$ alie& a$ /ell a$ t%e feature$ of t%e $electe& $oft/are0
L%en &ocumentin- $tructure$ to meet a co&e &e$cri"e& relia"ilit! le.el /it% u$e of non-linear met%o&$ for
&etermination of t%e re$i$tance it i$ nece$$ar! t%e en-ineer$ un&er$tan& t%e in%erent $afet! re4uirement$ of t%e
-o.ernin- co&e0
,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age ()
* Re)!"rement& to T+e FE, Anal-&"&
*.1 General
T%e term non-linear #E anal!$i$ co.er$ a lar-e num"er of anal!$i$ t!e$ for &ifferent uro$e$ an& o";ect$0 T%e
content of t%i$ $ection i$ /ritten /it% anal!$e$ of $teel $tructure$ in min&0 T%e o";ecti.e i$ to &ocument
$tructural caacit! of t%e $tructure in a /a! t%at fulfil$ t%e re4uirement$ for &eterminin- c%aracteri$tic
re$i$tance in accor&ance /it% DNV Off$%ore Stan&ar&$ an& ot%er $imilar $tan&ar&$1 $uc% a$ t%e Nor$o, N-
$erie$1 G))G to G)*G1 an& t%e ISO )AA00 $uite of $tan&ar&$ GAG0
*.$ Select"on o/ FE &o/tware
T%e $oft/are mu$t "e te$te& an& &ocumente& $uite& for anal!$in- t%e actual t!e of non-linear "e%a.iour0 T%i$
inclu&e$2
3 non-linear material "e%a.iour <!iel&in-1 la$ticit!6
3 non-linear -eometr! <Stre$$ $tiffenin-1 2
n&
or&er loa& effect$60
Ot%er t!e$ of non-linearit! t%at ma! nee& to "e inclu&e& are2
3 contact
3 temerature effect$ <e0-0 material &e-ra&ation1 t%ermal eCan$ion6
3 non-linear loa& effect$ <e0-0 follo/er loa&$60
*.( Select"on o/ anal-&"& met+od
*.(.1 m.l"c"t 6er&!& e3.l"c"t &ol6er
8ot% imlicit an& eClicit e4uation $ol.er$ ma! "e u$e& to $ol.e t%e -eneral e4uation $!$tem2
L%ere
M i$ t%e ma$$ matriC
C i$ t%e &amin- matriC
u i$ t%e &i$lacement .ector
#
int
i$ t%e internal force$
#
eCt
i$ t%e eCternal force$0
In &!namic anal!$e$1 eClicit $ol.er$ are attracti.e for lar-e e4uation $!$tem$1 a$ t%e $olution $c%eme &oe$ not
re4uire matriC in.er$ion or iteration$1 an& t%u$1 are muc% more comutational effecti.e for $ol.in- one time
$te t%an $ol.er$ "a$e& on t%e imlicit $c%eme0 9o/e.er1 unli,e t%e imlicit $olution $c%eme1 /%ic% i$
uncon&itionall! $ta"le for lar-e time $te$1 t%e eClicit $c%eme i$ $ta"le onl! if t%e time $te $iHe i$ $ufficientl!
$mall0 An e$timate of t%e time $te re4uire& to en$ure $ta"ilit! for "eam element$ i$2
/%ere @
$
i$ t%e c%aracteri$tic element $iHe of t%e $malle$t element an& C i$ t%e $ee& of $oun& /a.e$ in t%e
material0 Similar eCre$$ion$ eCi$t for $%ell$ an& $oli&$0
T%i$ ma,e$ t%e eClicit $c%eme /ell $uite& for $%orter time tran$ient$ a$ $een in for in$tance imact - or
eClo$ion re$on$e anal!$e$0 #or lon-er time tran$ient$ t%e num"er of time $te$ /ill1 %o/e.er1 "e muc% lar-er
t%an nee&e& for an imlicit $olution $c%eme0 #or mo&eratel! non-linear ro"lem$1 imlicit Ne/ton Ra%$on
met%o&$ are /ell $uite&1 -ra&uall! incrementin- t%e time an& iterate to con.er-ence for eac% time $te0
*.(.$ Sol!t"on control /or e3.l"c"t anal-&"&
Mo$t eClicit #E co&e$ calculate t%e -o.ernin- $iHe of t%e time $te "a$e& on e4uation$ $imilar to E4uation <*60
#or ro"lem$ of lon-er &uration1 one often /ant$ to $a.e anal!$i$ time "! re&ucin- t%e num"er of time $te$0
T%i$ can "e &one "! acceleratin- t%e e.ent or ma$$ $calin-0 Acceleratin- t%e e.ent re&uce$ t%e $imulation time
an& t%u$ comutational time1 t%e ma$$ $calin- increa$e$ t%e time $te re&ucin- t%e comutational time1 $ee
E4uation <*60
T%e time $a.in- met%o&$ are onl! u$eful if t%e inertia force$ are $mall0 T%u$1 it mu$t "e &ocumente& t%at t%e
,inetic ener-! i$ $mall comare& to t%e &eformation ener-! <t!icall! le$$ t%an )F6 /%en eClicit anal!$e$ are
u$e& to fin& 4ua$i-$tatic re$on$e0
Due to t%e t!icall! lar-e num"er of time $te$ in eClicit anal!$e$1 t%e numerical rere$entation of &ecimal
num"er$ i$ imortant for t%e $ta"ilit! of t%e $olution0 T%e $oft/are otion$ to u$e %i-% reci$ion <D&ou"le
reci$ionE6 float are -enerall! referre&0
<26
<*6
Hu (t) +Cu (t) +F
int
(t) = F
cxt
(t)
At =
I
s
C
= I
s
_
p
E

,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age (+
*.(.( Sol!t"on control /or d-nam"c "m.l"c"t anal-&"&
A lar-e num"er of time inte-ration roce&ure$ eCi$t$ <e0-0 T%e Ne/mar, famil! of met%o&$ an& t%e -Met%o&60
#or non-linear anal!$e$ t%e! $%oul& "e u$e& in com"ination /it% Ne/ton iteration$0 A$ a rule of t%um" t%e time
$te $%oul& not "e lar-er t%an )G)0 of t%e lo/e$t natural erio& of intere$t0
T%e mo$t commonl! u$e& inte-ration roce&ure$ can "e tune& "! $election of t%e controllin- arameter$0 T%e
arameter$ $%oul& in mo$t ca$e$ "e $electe& to -i.e an uncon&itionall! $ta"le $olution0
#or t%e -met%o& <99T met%o&6 ref0 G2BG t%e arameter$ 1 an& can "e $electe& "! t%e u$er0 T%e met%o& i$
uncon&itionall! $ta"le if2
Selectin- le$$ t%an 0 -i.e$ $ome numerical &amin-0 In or&er to a.oi& Dnoi$eE from %i-% fre4uenc! mo&e$1
arameter$ t%at -i.e $ome numerical &amin- can "e u$eful0 Ta"le >-) re$ent$ $ome com"ination$ of
arameter$ t%at -i.e uncon&itional $ta"ilit!0
*.(.* Sol!t"on control /or &tat"c "m.l"c"t anal-&"&
In ca$e t%e &!namic effect$ are not imortant1 t%e e4uation $!$tem to $ol.e ma! "e re&uce& to2
In $uc% ca$e$ t%e imlicit e4uation $ol.er$ are in -eneral "etter $uite&1 a$ t%e &!namic term$ cannot "e eCclu&e&
in an eClicit anal!$i$0
In$tea& of time1 alie& loa& or &i$lacement "oun&ar! con&ition$ are normall! incremente& in a $tatic $olution0
T%e $election of a loa& control al-orit%m for t%e anal!$i$ $%oul& "e "a$e& on t%e eCecte& re$on$e an& nee&
for o$t ea,-loa& re$ult$2
3 A ure loa& control al-orit%m /ill not "e a"le to a$$ limit oint$ or "ifurcation oint$ /%en t%e inertia
effect$ are not inclu&e&0
3 ($in- a &i$lacement control al-orit%m1 limit oint$ an& "ifurcation oint$ can "e a$$e&1 "ut t%e anal!$i$
/ill $to at turnin- oint$0
3 #or $na-"ac, ro"lem$ <a$$in- turnin- oint61 or limitG"ifurcation oint ro"lem$ t%at cannot "e anal!$e&
u$in- &i$lacement control1 an Darc len-t%E met%o& i$ nee&e&0
F"g!re *91
8"m"t; %"/!rcat"on and T!rn"ng .o"nt&
*.* Select"on o/ element&
T%e $election of element t!e an& formulation i$ $tron-l! ro"lem &een&ent0 Point$ to con$i&er are2
3 $%ell element$ or $oli& element$
3 element$ "a$e& on con$tant1 linear or %i-%er or&er $%ae function$
<>6
Ta1le *91 Com1"nat"on& o/ ; and /or !ncond"t"onal &ta1"l"t-
*omment
0 002= 00= TraeHoi&al rule1 no numerical &amin-
-000= 002B=? 00== Numerical &amin-
-00) 00*02= 00? Numerical &amin-
<=6
[ =
1
4
(1 o)
2
, y =
1
2
o anu
1
S
o u
F
int
(t) = F
cxt
(t)
,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age (.
3 full .$0 re&uce&1 .$0 %!"ri& inte-ration formulation$
3 num"er of t%rou-% t%ic,ne$$ inte-ration oint$<$%ell6
3 .olumetric loc,in-1 mem"rane loc,in- an& tran$.er$e $%ear loc,in-
3 %our-la$$ controlGartificial $train ener-! <for re&uce& inte-ration element$60
In -eneral %i-%er or&er element$ are referre& for accurate $tre$$ e$timate$O element$ /it% $imle $%ae
function$ <con$tant or linear6 /ill re4uire more element$ to -i.e t%e $ame $tre$$ accurac! a$ %i-%er or&er
element$0 Con$tant $tre$$ element$ are not recommen&e& u$e& in t%e area of intere$t0
Some t!e$ of element$ are inten&e& a$ tran$ition element$ in or&er to ma,e t%e -eneration of t%e element me$%
ea$ier an& are ,no/n to erform oorl!0 T!icall! *-no&e& late$G$%ell$ an& >-no&e& tetra%e&ron$ are often
u$e& a$ tran$ition element$0 T%i$ t!e of element$ $%oul& if o$$i"le "e a.oi&e& in t%e area of intere$t0
Proer continuit! $%oul& "e en$ure& "et/een a&;acent element$ if element$ of &ifferent or&er$ are u$e& in t%e
$ame mo&el0
#or lar-e &i$lacement$ an& lar-e rotation anal!$e$1 $imle element formulation$ -i.e a more ro"u$t numerical
mo&el an& anal!$i$ t%an %i-%er or&er element$0
Care $%oul& "e ta,en /%en $electin- formulation$ an& inte-ration rule$0 #ormulation$ /it% <$electi.e6 re&uce&
inte-ration rule$ are le$$ rone to loc,in- effect$ t%an full inte-rate& $imle element$O %o/e.er t%e re&uce&
inte-ration element$ ma! ro&uce Hero ener-! mo&e$ <D%our-la$$in-E6 an& re4uire %our-la$$ control0 L%en
%our-la$$ control i$ u$e&1 t%e %our-la$$ ener-! $%oul& "e monitore& an& $%o/n to "e $mall comare& to t%e
internal ener-! of t%e $!$tem <t!icall! le$$ t%an =F60
*.# ,e&+ den&"t-
*.#.1 General
T%e element me$% $%oul& "e $ufficientl! &etaile& to cature t%e rele.ant failure mo&e$2
3 #or &uctilit! e.aluation$1 refera"l! $e.eral element$ $%oul& "e re$ent in t%e !iel& Hone in or&er to %a.e
-oo& $train e$timate$0
3 #or $ta"ilit! e.aluation$1 $ufficient num"er of element$ an& &e-ree$ of free&om to cature rele.ant
"uc,lin- mo&e$1 t!icall! minimum * to ? element$ &een&ent uon element t!e er eCecte& %alf /a.e
$%oul& "e u$e&0
T%e element a$ect ratio $%oul& "e accor&in- to re4uirement$ for t%e $electe& element formulation in t%e area$
of intere$t0
Care i$ re4uire& in tran$itionin- of me$% &en$it!0 A"rut tran$itionin- intro&uce$ error$ of a numerical nature0
@oa& &i$tri"ution an& loa& t!e al$o %a.e an influence on t%e me$% &en$it!0 No&e$ at /%ic% loa&$ are alie&
nee& to "e correctl! locate&1 an& in t%i$ $ituation can &ri.e t%e me$% &e$i-n1 at lea$t locall!0
*.#.$ ,e&+ re/"nement &t!d-
Often it /ill "e nece$$ar! to run me$% $en$iti.it! $tu&ie$ in or&er to .erif! t%at t%e re$ult$ from t%e anal!$e$ are
$ufficientl! accurate0
T%e anal!$t $%oul& ma,e $ure t%at t%e element me$% i$ a&e4uate for rere$entin- all rele.ant failure mo&e$0 In
t%e -eneral ca$e me$% refinement $tu&ie$ ma! "e &one "! c%ec,in- t%at con.er-ence of t%e re$ult$ are o"taine&
e0-0 "! $%o/in- t%at t%e re$ult$ are rea$ona"l! $ta"le "! rerunnin- t%e anal!$i$ /it% %alf t%e element $iHe0 See
eCamle in Aen&iC M802N0
*.0 Geometr- modell"ng
5eometr! mo&el$ for #E anal!$e$ often nee& to "e $imlifie& comare& to &ra/in-$ of t%e real $tructure0
T!icall! $mall &etail$ nee& to "e omitte& a$ t%e! interfere /it% t%e -oal of %a.in- a -oo& re-ular element me$%0
T%e effect t%e $imlification$ ma! %a.e on t%e re$ult $%oul& "e e.aluate&0 T!ical $imlification$ inclu&e2
3 Cut-out$ or local reinforcement$ are not inclu&e&
3 Eccentricitie$ are not inclu&e& for "eam element$ or in t%ic,ne$$ tran$ition$ in $%ell mo&el$
3 Lel& material i$ not inclu&e&
3 Lel&e& art$ are mo&elle& a$ t/o art$ an& ;oine& u$in- contact $urface$0
#or "uc,lin- anal!$e$ it i$ nece$$ar! to intro&uce e4ui.alent -eometric imerfection$ in or&er to re&ict t%e
"uc,lin- caacit! correctl!1 $ee Section M=0>N0 A common /a! to inclu&e t%e imerfection$ i$ to u$e one or
more of t%e $tructure$ ei-enmo&e$ an& $cale t%e$e $uc% t%at t%e "uc,lin- caacit! i$ re&icte& correctl! for t%e
cali"ration mo&el0
#or ro"lem$ /%ere t%e -eometr! of t%e real $tructure &e.iate$ from t%e t%eoretical one1 t%e anal!$i$ nee&$ to
reflect t%at o$$i"le -eometrical tolerance$ ma! %a.e imact$ on t%e re$ult0 ECamle i$ fa"rication tolerance$
of $urface$ tran$ferrin- loa&$ "! contact re$$ure0
,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age (/
*.2 ,ater"al modell"ng
*.2.1 General
T%e $electe& material mo&el $%oul& at lea$t "e a"le to rere$ent t%e non-linear "e%a.iour of t%e material "ot%
for increa$in- an& &ecrea$in- loa&$ <unloa&in-60 In $ome ca$e$ t%e material mo&el al$o nee&$ to "e a"le to
account for re.er$e& loa&in-0
T%e material mo&el $electe& nee&$ to "e cali"rate& a-ain$t emirical &ata <$ee M*0*N60 T%e "a$ic rincile i$ t%at
t%e material mo&el nee&$ to rere$ent t%e $tructural "e%a.iour $ufficientl! for t%e anal!$i$ to "e a&e4uatel!
cali"rate& a-ain$t t%e emirical "a$i$0
*.2.$ ,ater"al model& /or metall"c mater"al&
#or metallic material$ time in&een&ent ela$to-la$tic mo&el$ are often u$e&0 T%e main comonent$ in $uc%
mo&el$ are2
3 A yield surface1 &efinin- /%en la$tic $train$ are -enerate&0
.on Mi$e$ la$ticit! i$ commonl! u$e& for metal$0 T%e mo&el a$$ume$ t%at t%e !iel& $urface i$ unaffecte&
"! t%e le.el of %!&ro$tatic $tre$$0
3 A hardening model &efinin- %o/ t%e !iel& $urface c%an-e$ for la$tic $train$
Commonl! u$e& are isotropic hardening <eCan&in- !iel& $urface6 an& inematic hardening <tran$latin-
!iel& $urface6 or a com"ination of "ot%0
3 A flow rule <flo/ otential6 &efinin- t%e la$tic $train increment a c%an-e in $tre$$ -i.e$0
T%e !iel& $urface function i$ often u$e& a$ a flo/ otential <a$$ociate& flo/60
T%e .on Mi$e$ !iel& function i$ con$i&ere& $uita"le for mo$t caacit! anal!$e$ of $teel $tructure$0
T%e %ar&enin- rule i$ imortant for anal!$e$ /it% re.er$e& loa&in- &ue to t%e 8au$c%in-er effect0 A material
mo&el /it% ,inematic <or com"ine& ,inematicGi$otroic6 %ar&enin- rule $%oul& "e u$e& in $uc% anal!$e$0
F"g!re *9$
T+e 6on ,"&e& -"eld &!r/ace &+own "n t+e
1
9
$
.lane w"t+ "&otro."c <le/t= and k"nemat"c <r"g+t= +arden"ng model&
F"g!re *9(
&otro."c 6& >"nemat"c +arden"ng

,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age (0
*.2.( Stre&& &tra"n mea&!re&
Stre$$ an& $train can "e mea$ure& in $e.eral /a!$2
3 #rom material te$tin- t%e re$ult$ are often -i.en a$ DEn-ineerin-E $tre$$-$train cur.e$ <calculate& "a$e& on
t%e initial cro$$ $ection of t%e te$t $ecimen60
3 #E $oft/are inut i$ often -i.en a$ DTrueE $tre$$-$train <calculate& "a$e& on u&ate& -eometr!60
3 Ot%er &efinition$ of $train$ are al$o u$e& in #E formulation$1 e0-01 t%e 5reen-@a-ran-e $train1 an& t%e Euler-
Alman$i $train0
#or $mall &eformation$G$train$1 all $train mea$ure$ -i.e $imilar re$ult$0 #or lar-er &eformation$G$train$ t%e
$train mea$ure i$ imortant1 e0-0 t%e 5reen-@a-ran-e mea$ure i$ limite& to D$mall $train$E onl!0 #i-ure >->
$%o/$ a comari$on of $ome $train mea$ure$0 @imitation$ in t%e formulation$ on t%e u$e of t%e $electe& element
t!e $%oul& al/a!$ "e note& an& e.aluate& for t%e inten&e& anal!$i$0
F"g!re *9*
Com.ar"&on o/ &ome &tra"n mea&!re&
T%e relation$%i "et/een En-ineerin- <Nominal6 $tre$$ an& True <Cauc%!6 $tre$$ <u to t%e oint of nec,in-6 i$2
T%e relation$%i "et/een En-ineerin- <Nominal6 $train an& True <@o-arit%mic6 $train i$2
T%e $tre$$-$train cur.e $%oul& al/a!$ "e -i.en u$in- t%e $ame mea$ure a$ eCecte& "! t%e $oft/areG element
formulation0
*.2.* E6al!at"on o/ &tra"n re&!lt&
A$ element $train in #E- anal!$e$ i$ an a.era-e& .alue &een&ent on t%e element t!e an& element $iHe1 t%e
reorte& $train /ill al/a!$ &een& on t%e comuter mo&el0 It i$ often nece$$ar! to re-me$% an& a&;u$t t%e
anal!$i$ mo&el after t%e initial anal!$e$ are &one in or&er to %a.e a -oo& mo&el for $train e$timate$0
Strain eCtracte& from element inte-ration oint$ are t%e calculate& $train "a$e& on element &eformation$0 Mo$t
#E $oft/are re$ent$ no&al a.era-e& $train$ -ra%icall!0 At -eometr! inter$ection$ t%e no&al a.era-e .alue
ma! "e $i-nificantl! lo/er t%an t%e element <no&al or inte-ration oint6 $train if t%e inter$ectin- art$ are
&ifferentl! loa&e&0 L%en e.aluatin- $train re$ult$ a-ain$t &uctilit! limit$1 t%e inte-ration oint $train$ or
eCtraolate& $train$ from inte-ration oint$ $%oul& "e u$e&0
*.2.# Stre&& 9 &tra"n c!r6e& /or !lt"mate ca.ac"t- anal-&e&
L%en &efinin- t%e material cur.e for t%e anal!$i$1 t%e follo/in- oint$ $%oul& "e con$i&ere&2
3 C%aracteri$tic material &ata $%oul& normall! "e u$e&1 $ee Section M*0*N0
3 T%e re&icte& "uc,lin- caacit! /ill &een& on t%e cur.e $%ae $electe&1 t%u$ e4ui.alent imerfection
cali"ration anal!$e$ an& final anal!$e$ $%oul& "e erforme& u$in- t%e $ame material cur.e$0
<?6
<B6

o
tiue
= o
eng
(1 +c
eng
)
c
tiue
= ln(1 +c
eng
)
,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age (&
3 T%e eCten$ion of t%e !iel& Hone$ an& re&icte& $tre$$ an& $train le.el$ &een& on t%e cur.e $%ae $electe&0
Accetance criteria $%oul& t%u$ "e relate& to t%e $electe& material cur.e1 t%e cur.e nee& not rere$ent t%e
actual material accuratel! a$ lon- a$ t%e ro&uce& re$ult$ are to t%e $afe $i&e0
3 T%e $tiffne$$ of mo$t $teel$ re&uce$ $li-%tl! "efore t%e nominal !iel& $tre$$ i$ reac%e&O in fact !iel& $tre$$
i$ often -i.en a$ t%e $tre$$ corre$on&in- to 002F la$tic $train0
3 Some $teel$ %a.e a clear !iel& lateauO t%i$ i$ more common for mil& $teel$ t%an for %i-% $tren-t% $teel$0
3 One $%oul& a.oi& u$in- con$tant $tre$$ <or $train6 $ection$ in t%e material cur.e$1 &ue to o$$i"le numerical
in$ta"ilit! i$$ue$0
I&ealiHe& material cur.e$ for $teel accor&in- to Euroean Stan&ar&$ EN-)002= G*8G an& EN )022= G*AG are
roo$e& in Ta"le >-2 to Ta"le >-= 0 T%e$e roertie$ are a$$ume& to "e u$e& /it% t%e accetance criteria -i.en
in t%i$ RP0 I&ealiHe& material cur.e$ for $teel material$ &eli.ere& accor&in- to ot%er co&e$ e0-0 DNV Off$%ore
Stan&ar&$ can "e e$ta"li$%e& "! comari$on /it% t%e$e cur.e$0 #i-ure >-= $%o/$ t%e arameter$0 #i-ure >-?
$%o/$ t%e re$ultin- cur.e$ for t%ic,ne$$e$ le$$ t%an )? mm0 T%e $tre$$-$train .alue$ are -i.en u$in- t%e
en-ineerin- $tre$$-$train mea$ure0 Ta"le >-? to Ta"le >-A an& #i-ure >-B $%o/ t%e corre$on&in- true $tre$$-
$train .alue$0
Alternati.e "i-linear cur.e$ ma! "e u$e& for "uc,lin- ro"lem$ e0-0 a$ $%o/n in #i-ure =-? 0
T%e cur.e$ $%oul& al$o "e a&;u$te& for temerature effect$ a$ aroriate0
F"g!re *9#
:arameter& to de/"ne &tre&& &tra"n c!r6e&
,
p
yield
prop
ult
p_y1
E
p1
E
p2
E
p_ult
p_y2
p
=0
yield2
,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age (2
Ta1le *9$ :ro.o&ed non9l"near .ro.ert"e& /or S$(# &teel& <Eng"neer"ng &tre&&9&tra"n=
S+,-
T%ic,ne$$ MmmN t )? )? P t >0 >0 P t ?*
E MMPaN 2)0000
ro
G
!iel&
00A
E
)
GE 0000)
ro
MMPaN 2))0= 2020= )A*0=
!iel&
MMPaN 2*= 22= 2)=
!iel&2
MMPaN 2*80> 2280> 2)80>
ult
MMPaN *?0 *?0 *?0
I!)
0000>
I!2
0002
Iult
002
E
2
GE 0000*2 0000*= 0000*B
Ta1le *9( :ro.o&ed non9l"near .ro.ert"e& /or S(## &teel& <Eng"neer"ng &tre&&9&tra"n=
S,--
T%ic,ne$$ MmmN t )? )?P t >0 >0 P t ?*
E MMPaN 2)0000
ro
G
!iel&
00A
E
)
GE 0000)
ro
MMPaN *)A0= *)00= *0)0=
!iel&
MMPaN *== *>= **=
!iel&2
MMPaN *=80> *>80> **80>
ult
MMPaN >B0 >B0 >=0
I!)
0000>
I!2
0002
Iult
00)=
E
2
GE 0000>) 0000>= 0000>)
Ta1le *9* :ro.o&ed non9l"near .ro.ert"e& /or S*$? &teel& <Eng"neer"ng &tre&&9&tra"n=
S.+/
T%ic,ne$$ MmmN t )? )?P t >0 >0 P t ?*
E MMPaN 2)0000
ro
G
!iel&
00A
E
)
GE 0000)
ro
MMPaN *B800 *?000 *=)00
!iel&
MMPaN >20 >00 *A0
!iel&2
MMPaN >2)0* >0)0* *A)0*
ult
MMPaN =00 =00 >80
I!)
0000>
I!2
000)
Iult
00)2
E
2
GE 0000*> 0000>* 0000*8
,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age $%
Ta1le *9# :ro.o&ed non9l"near .ro.ert"e& /or S*0? &teel& <Eng"neer"ng &tre&&9&tra"n=
S.0/
T%ic,ne$$ MmmN
t )? )?P t 2= 2=P t ?*
E MMPaN 2)0000
ro
G
!iel&
00A
E
)
GE 0000)
ro
MMPaN >)>00 *A?00 *B*0=
!iel&
MMPaN >?0 >>0 >)=
!iel&2
MMPaN >?)0* >>)0* >)?0*
ult
MMPaN =>0 =*0 =)=
I!)
0000>
I!2
000)
Iult
00)
E
2
GE 0000>2 0000>B 0000=2
Ta1le *90 :ro.o&ed non9l"near .ro.ert"e& /or S$(# &teel& <Tr!e &tre&& &tra"n=
S+,-
T%ic,ne$$ MmmN
t )? )?P t >0 >0 P t ?*
E MMPaN 2)0000 2)0000 2)0000
ro
MMPaN 2))0B 2020B )A*0B
!iel&
MMPaN 2*?02 22?0) 2)?0)
!iel&2
MMPaN 2>*0> 2**02 22*00
ult
MMPaN >*20? >*20? >*20?
I!)
0000>0 0000>0 0000>0
I!2
000)A8 000)A8 000)A8
Iult
00)8)B 00)8)B 00)8)B
Ta1le *92 :ro.o&ed non9l"near .ro.ert"e& /or S(## &teel& <Tr!e &tre&& &tra"n=
S,--
T%ic,ne$$ MmmN t )? )?P t >0 >0 P t ?*
E MMPaN 2)0000 2)0000 2)0000
ro
MMPaN *2000 *))00 *0)0A
!iel&
MMPaN *=B00 *>?0A **?0A
!iel&2
MMPaN *??0) *==0A *>=0B
ult
MMPaN =>)0? =>)0? =)80=
I!)
0000>0 0000>0 0000>0
I!2
000)AB 000)AB 000)AB
Iult
00)*A) 00)*A) 00)*A2
,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age $(
F"g!re *90
,ater"al c!r6e& accord"ng to Ta1le *9$ to Ta1le *9# <Eng"neer"ng &tre&&9&tra"n= <t@ 10 mm=
Ta1le *9' :ro.o&ed non9l"near .ro.ert"e& /or S*$? &teel& <Tr!e &tre&& &tra"n=
S.+/
T%ic,ne$$ MmmN t )? )?P t >0 >0 P t ?*
E MMPaN 2)0000 2)0000 2)0000
ro
MMPaN *B80B *?00? *=)0?
!iel&
MMPaN >220= >020> *A20*
!iel&2
MMPaN >2?0* >0?00 *A=0A
ult
MMPaN =?)02 =?)02 =*80B
I!)
0000>0 0000>0 0000>0
I!2
0000AA 0000AA 0000AA
Iult
00))28 00))28 00))28
Ta1le *94 :ro.o&ed non9l"near .ro.ert"e& /or S*0? &teel& <Tr!e &tre&& &tra"n=
S.0/
T%ic,ne$$ t )? )?P t 2= 2=P t ?*
E MMPaN 2)0000 2)0000 2)0000
ro
MMPaN >)>08 *A?0B *B>02
!iel&
MMPaN >?208 >>20B >)B0=
!iel&2
MMPaN >??0A >>?0? >2)02
ult
MMPaN =A=0> =8>0* =?B08
I!)
0000>0 0000>0 0000>0
I!2
0000AA 0000AA 0000AA
Iult
000A>8 000A>8 000A>8

,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age $$
F"g!re *92
,ater"al c!r6e& accord"ng to Ta1le *90 to Ta1le *94 <Tr!e &tre&&9&tra"n= <t@ 10 mm=
*.2.0 Stra"n rate e//ect&
T%e roo$e& material cur.e$ in Section M>0B0=N can "e u$e& for $train rate$ u to 00) $
-)
0 #or imact loa&$ %i-%er
$train rate$ ma! "e eCerience&1 an& t%e increa$e& $tren-t% an& re&uce& &uctilit! ma! "e con$i&ere&0
T%e Co/er-S!mon&$ <CS6 mo&el i$ one mo&el often u$e& to $imulate $train rate effect$2
A$ $een1 t%e relati.e effect /ill "e t%e $ame for all $tatic $tre$$ <$train6 le.el$0 T%u$ t%e mo&el mu$t "e cali"rate&
for t%e eCecte& maCimum $tre$$ <$train61 ot%er/i$e t%e effect ma! "e o.ere$timate& for lar-e $train$0
T%e con$tant$ C an& $%oul& "e "a$e& on eCeriment$ an& t%e maCimum $train le.el eCecte&0 In lac, of &ata1
C K >000 M$
-)
N an& K = i$ roo$e& for common off$%ore $teel material$0
*.' %o!ndar- cond"t"on&
T%e $electe& mo&el "oun&ar! con&ition nee&$ to rere$ent t%e real con&ition in a /a! t%at /ill lea& to re$ult$
t%at are accurate or to t%e $afe $i&e0
Often it i$ &ifficult to &eci&e /%at t%e mo$t DcorrectE or a con$er.ati.e "oun&ar! con&ition i$0 In $uc% ca$e$
$en$iti.it! $tu&ie$ $%oul& "e erforme&0
*.4 8oad a..l"cat"on
(nli,e linear ela$tic anal!$e$1 /%ere re$ult$ from "a$ic loa& ca$e$ can "e $cale& an& a&&e& to-et%er1 t%e
$e4uence of loa& alication i$ imortant in non-linear anal!$e$0 C%an-in- t%e $e4uence of loa& alication
ma! c%an-e t%e en& re$on$e0
T%e loa&$ $%oul& "e alie& in t%e $ame $e4uence a$ t%e! are eCecte& to occur in t%e con&itionGe.ent to "e
$imulate&0 E0-0 for an off$%ore $tructure $u";ecte& to "ot% ermanent loa&$ <$uc% a$ -ra.it! an& "uo!anc!6 an&
en.ironmental loa&$ <$uc% a$ /in&1 /a.e$ an& current6O t%e ermanent loa&$ $%oul& "e incrementall! alie&
fir$t to t%e &e$ire& loa& le.el1 t%en t%e en.ironmental loa& $%oul& "e incremente& to t%e tar-et le.el or colla$e0
In $ome ca$e$ t%e initial loa& ca$e$ <e0-0 ermanent loa&$6 ma! contri"ute o$iti.el! to t%e loa& carr!in-
caacit! for t%e final loa& ca$e1 in $uc% ca$e$ a $en$iti.it! $tu&! on t%e effect of re&uce& initial loa& $%oul& "e
erforme&0
T%e anal!$t nee&$ to e.aluate if t%e loa&$ are con$er.ati.e <in&een&ent of $tructure &eformation6 or non-
con$er.ati.e <follo/ $tructure &eformation6 an& mo&el t%e loa&$ corre$on&in-l!0
T%e num"er of timeGloa& increment$ u$e& to reac% t%e tar-et loa& le.el ma! al$o influence t%e en& re&icte&
re$on$e0 Increment $en$iti.it! $tu&ie$ $%oul& "e erforme& to en$ure t%at all failure mo&e$ are cature&0
<86

o
Jynomic
= o
stotic
_1 +_
e
C
]
1
p
_
,ec.+ e4uirements to The 567 8nalysis * !age $)
*.1? A..l"cat"on o/ &a/et- /actor&
Al!in- loa& an& re$i$tance $afet! factor$ in a non-linear anal!$i$ can "e c%allen-in- a$ alication of $afet!
factor$ on t%e caacit! mo&el $i&e for one failure mo&e ma! influence t%e caacit! of anot%er failure mo&el0
One eCamle of t%i$ i$ !iel&in- .$0 column "uc,lin- caacit!0
In -eneral it i$ more ractical to reare one caacit! mo&el rere$entin- t%e &e$ire& c%aracteri$tic caacit! for
all failure mo&e$ to "e anal!$e& for1 an& t%en al! all t%e $afet! on t%e loa& $i&e1 &efinin- a tar-et loa& le.el
t%at account$ for "ot% loa& an& re$i$tance $afet!0 ($in- t%i$ aroac%1 t%e $ame mo&el ma! "e u$e& for "ot%
(@S an& A@S t!e of anal!$i$ /it%out recali"ration of t%e mo&el2
/%ere R
,
i$ t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance foun& from t%e anal!$i$1 an& S
,
i$ t%e c%aracteri$tic loa& effect0
*.11 E3ec!t"on o/ non9l"near FE anal-&e&; )!al"t- control
T%e follo/in- oint$ $%oul& "e con$i&ere& in a 4ualit! control of non-linear #E anal!$e$2
3 "oun&ar! con&ition$
3 cali"ration a-ain$t ,no/n .alue$0
3 inertia effect$ in &!namic anal!$e$
3 element formulationG inte-ration rule $uite& for t%e uro$e
3 material mo&el $uite& for t%e uro$e
3 me$% 4ualit! $uite& for t%e uro$e1 me$% con.er-ence $tu&ie$ erforme& for $tre$$ $train re$ult$0
3 e4ui.alent imerfection$ cali"rate& for $ta"ilit! anal!$e$
3 timeGloa& increment$ $ufficient $mall1 con.er-ence $tu&ie$ erforme&
3 numerical $ta"ilit!
3 reaction corre$on&$ to inut
3 con.er-ence o"taine& for e4uili"rium iteration$
3 %our-la$$ control for re&uce& inte-ration1 %our-la$$ ener-! remain$ $mall
3 $en$iti.it! anal!$i$ "ot% from i&eali$ation an& numerical oint$ of .ie/$ coul& "e ro.i&e& in articular
aroun& $in-ularitie$1 for "oun&ar! con&ition$1 etc0
3 reference recommen&ation$ in Stan&ar&$1 Co&e$ or Rule$ t%at are alica"le &irectl! to t%e $tu&ie& $!$tem1
or to a $imilar $!$tem /it% &ifferent &imen$ion$
3 reference $imilar anal!$e$ for $!$tem$ or $u"$!$tem$ t%at are .ali&ate& from anal!tical or eCerimental
$ource$
3 e.aluation of anal!$i$ accurac! "a$e& on erforme& $en$iti.it! $tu&ie$0
*.1$ Re)!"rement& to doc!mentat"on o/ t+e FE anal-&"&
T%e anal!$i$ $%oul& "e &ocumente& $ufficientl! &etaile& to allo/ for in&een&ent .erification "! a t%ir& art!1
eit%er "a$e& on re.ie/ of t%e &ocumentation1 or u$in- in&een&ent anal!$e$0 T%e &ocumentation $%oul& inclu&e
&e$crition of2
3 uro$e of t%e anal!$i$
3 failure criteria
3 -eometr! mo&el an& reference to &ra/in-$ u$e& to create t%e mo&el
3 "oun&ar! con&ition$
3 element t!e$
3 element me$%
3 material mo&el$ an& roertie$
3 loa&$ an& loa& $e4uence
3 anal!$i$ aroac%
3 alication of $afet! factor$
3 re$ult$
3 &i$cu$$ion of re$ult$
3 conclu$ion$0
Sen$iti.it! $tu&ie$ an& ot%er 4ualit! control acti.itie$ erforme& in connection /it% t%e anal!$e$ $%oul& al$o
"e &ocumente&0
<A6 R
k
> S
k
y
IooJ
y
Hotcriol

,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age $+
# Re.re&entat"on o/ d"//erent /a"l!re mode&
#.1 De&"gn aga"n&t ten&"le /a"l!re
#.1.1 General
An accurate anal!$i$ of ten$ile failure i$ &eman&in- a$ numerou$ factor$ affect t%e ro"lem an& &etermination
of t%e re$ult$ from t%e anal!$i$ i$ %i-%l! influence& on %o/ t%e anal!$i$ i$ carrie& out0
T%e recommen&ation$ -i.en in t%i$ &ocument are not .ali& for failure t%at i$ relate& to un$ta"le fracture &ue to
eit%er in$ufficient material tou-%ne$$1 &efect$ out$i&e fa"rication $ecification$ or crac,$0 In $uc% ca$e$
fracture mec%anic$ met%o&$ nee& to "e u$e&0
In -eneral accurate re&iction of ten$ile failure nee&$ to "e ma&e "! anal!$e$ t%at are cali"rate& a-ain$t te$t$ or
a ,no/n $olution /%ere t%e con&ition$ for ten$ile failure are $imilar a$ in t%e $tructural &etail "ein-
in.e$ti-ate&0 T%i$ met%o& i$ &e$cri"e& in M=0)02N0
Simlifie& ten$ile failure criteria for t%e "a$e material are re$ente& in M=0)0*N0
Lel&$ are a$$ume& to "e ma&e /it% o.ermatc%in- material t%at en$ure$ t%at la$tic $trainin- an& e.entual
failure ta,e$ lace in t%e "a$e material0 Lel&$ $%oul& t%erefore "e c%ec,e& accor&in- to or&inar! co&e met%o&$
"a$e& on t%e force$ carrie& "! t%e /el&$0 See M=0)0>N0
#.1.$ Ten&"le /a"l!re re&"&tance /rom non9l"near anal-&"& cal"1rated aga"n&t a known &ol!t"on
T%e mo$t accurate met%o& to c%ec, a $tructure a-ain$t ten$ile failure i$ "! cali"ratin- t%e non-linear #E anal!$i$
a-ain$t a ,no/n $olution0 In t%i$ met%o& t%e follo/in- $te$ $%oul& "e follo/e&0
i6 Select a te$t or a ro"lem /it% ,no/n caacit! <e0-0 from a &e$i-n co&e6 a$ t%e reference o";ect0 T%e
reference o";ect $%oul& %a.e t%e $imilar con&ition$ for ten$ile failure a$ t%e actual ro"lem $uc% a$ t%e t!e
of $tre$$ <aCial1 "en&in- or $%ear6 an& t%e &e-ree of triaCial $tre$$ $tate0
ii6 Mo&el an& anal!$e t%e reference o";ect follo/in- recommen&e& mo&ellin- an& anal!$i$ tec%ni4ue0
iii6 Determine t%e $electe& $train arameter t%at i$ ;u&-e& to "e$t &e$cri"e t%e ro"lem <e0-0 rincial $train6 at
failure for t%e reference o";ect0
i.6 Mo&el t%e actual o";ect u$in- t%e $ame anal!$i$ tec%ni4ue a$ for t%e reference o";ect i0e0 me$% &en$it!1
element t!e1 material roertie$1 etc0
.6 Determine t%e caacit! a-ain$t ten$ile failure for t%e $tructure a$ t%e loa& corre$on&in- to t%e loa& le.el
/%en t%e failure $train a$ &etermine& in iii6 i$ reac%e&0
#.1.( Ten&"le /a"l!re "n 1a&e mater"al. S"m.l"/"ed a..roac+ /or .lane .late&
-.1.,.1 2eneral
Ten$ile failure can "e a$$e$$e& "! t%e follo/in- $imlifie& roce&ure for $ome $electe& $ituation$ if a cali"rate&
$olution a$ -i.en in =0)02 i$ not attaina"le0 T%e $imlifie& c%ec, of ten$ile failure i$ a t/o-$te c%ec,2
i6 ten$ile failure &ue to -ro$$ !iel&in- alon- t%e failure line <$ee M=0)0*02N6
ii6 ten$ile failure &ue to crac,$ $tartin- from local $train concentration$ <$ee M=0)0*0*N60
Ten$ile failure in $tructure$ mo&elle& "! "eam element$ i$ "e$t c%ec,e& on t%e "a$i$ of t%e total &eflection e0-0
a$ -i.en in DNV-RP-C20> G)8G0
T%i$ met%o& i$ .ali& for $tructure$ ma&e /it% t!ical off$%ore $teel t%at /ill meet re4uirement$ to &uctilit! an&
tou-%ne$$0 T%e $tructural &etail$ nee& to meet fa"rication re4uirement$ for off$%ore $teel $tructure$0
T%e $afet! factor$ t%at $%oul& "e u$e& for ten$ile fracture accor&in- to t%i$ roce&ure $%oul& al! an a&&itional
$afet! factor
tf
K )02 comare& /it% $tan&ar& material factor of t%e co&e0
T%e anal!$e$ $%oul& al! $tre$$-$train relation$%i accor&in- to M>0B02N0
A$ t%e calculate& la$tic $train in t%e non-linear #E anal!$i$ /ill al/a!$ in.ol.e inaccuracie$ &een&in- uon
me$% &en$it!1 element t!e1 material mo&el etc01 t%e anal!$t mu$t a$$ure t%at an! &e.iation from a correct re$ult
i$ to t%e $afe $i&e0 A me$% con.er-ence $tu&! can "e u$e& to c%ec, t%at $ati$factor! accurac! i$ o"taine&0 If it
i$ foun& imractical to erform t%e anal!$i$ /it% t%e re4uire& me$% &en$it!1 lar-er element$ can "e u$e& a$ lon-
a$ t%e calculate& caacit! i$ re&uce& "! e0-0 al!in- a re$i$tance ,noc, &o/n factor C
#EM
or "! re&ucin- t%e
material ,e! arameter$0 Suc% factor$ $%oul& "e &etermine& for t%e actual ro"lem "! mean$ of a me$%
con.er-ence $tu&!0
-.1.,.+ Strain limits for tensile failure due to gross yielding of plates
T%i$ met%o& a$$ume$ t%at a failure line acro$$ t%e late "ein- anal!$e& can "e i&entifie&0 Alon- t%i$ failure line
t%e la$tic $train can "e calculate& a$ an a.era-e& linear $train <-ro$$ !iel& $train6 t%at can "e comare& /it%
critical .alue$ -i.en in Ta"le =-) 0 Lit% t%e -ro$$ !iel& $train i$ un&er$too& a la$tic $train t%at i$ a.era-e& o.er
a len-t% in t%e &irection of t%e lar-e$t rincial $train an& i$ lineariHe& <aCial an& a "en&in- comonent$6 in t%e
tran$.er$e &irection$0
,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age $.
T%e $train $%all "e calculate& a$ t%e maCimum rincial la$tic $train alon- t%e li,el! failure line0 T%e failure
line $%oul& "e a$$ume& a$ a $trai-%t line0
@ocal cut out$ or %ole$ nee& to "e inclu&e& in t%e mo&el if t%e ratio of t%e net area to t%e -ro$$ area of t%e ten$ion
art i$ le$$ t%an $ecifie& in Ta"le =-) 0 @ocal $train$ cau$e& "! non-loa&e& attac%ment$ li,e &ou"ler late$ or
"rac,et$ &o not nee& to "e con$i&ere&0
T%e $train$ cau$e& "! ten$ion $tre$$e$ "ot% &ue to aCial ten$ion1 in-lane an& out-of-lane "en&in- an& in-lane
$%ear $%oul& "e eCtraolate& "a$e& on t%e lineariHe& &i$tri"ute& maCimum rincial $tre$$ to t%e late e&-e
corner$ "ot% tran$.er$e to t%e late a$ /ell a$ t%rou-% t%ic,ne$$0 T%e $train can "e ta,en a$ t%e a.era-e .alue
o.er a len-t% l
a.-
-i.en in E4uation <)06 in t%e &irection of t%e maCimum rincial $train0
L%ere2
S%ear $train &ue to out-of-lane "en&in- $%oul& "e c%ec,e& $earatel! a$ a.era-e& en-ineerin- $%ear acro$$ t%e
failure line0 T%e critical en-ineerin- $%ear $train$ can "e ta,en a$ e4ual to t%e maCimum rincial $train$ -i.en
in Ta"le =-) 0
T%e lineariHe& a.era-e& la$tic $train can "e foun& "! cur.e fittin- a $trai-%t line u$in- t%e met%o& of lea$t
$4uare$0
In ca$e$ /%ere t%e &irection of t%e maCimum rincial la$tic $train $i-nificantl! .arie$ alon- t%e failure line
it i$ recommen&e& to con$i&er &ifferent failure line &irection$0
-.1.,., Strain limits for tensile failure due to local yielding in plane plates
T%e &an-er of crac,$ &e.eloin- in &uctile material$ &ue to local concentrate& !iel&in- can "e c%ec,e& "! t%e
follo/in- $imlifie& roce&ure0
T%e local -ro$$ !iel&in- can "e c%ec,e& "! a.era-in- t%e $train o.er a rectan-ular ri$matic .olume at t%e
location /it% t%e lar-e$t $train0 T%e .olume $%oul& "e ta,en t%rou-% t%e t%ic,ne$$ <t6 of t%e late an& $%oul&
eCten& from t to =Qt in t%e ot%er &irection$0 L%ere $train -ra&ient$ are re$ent &ue to c%an-e$ in t%e cro$$
$ection or %ole$ t%e len-t% of t%e a.era-in- .olume $%oul& not "e lar-er t%an a 2=F of t%e len-t% or /i&t% of a
notc% or 20F of t%e &iameter of a %ole for ro"lem$ &ominate& "! in-lain $train$0 In ca$e of out-of-lane
"en&in- t%e len-t% an& /i&t% of t%e a.era-in- .olume $%oul& "e ta,en e4ual to t%e t%ic,ne$$0 See #i-ure =-) 0
<)06
t
K late t%ic,ne$$
/
K late /i&t%
Ta1le #91 Cr"t"cal &tra"n and net area rat"o /or !n"a3"al &tre&& &tate
1=
;
$=
3a4imum principal plastic lineari5ed strain
1'
S+,- S,-- S.+/ S.0/
Critical -ro$$ !iel& $train 000= 000> 000* 000*
Net $ection ratio 00A> 00A= 00A? 00AB
)6 T%e $train can "e calculate& a$ a.era-e .alue$ o.er a len-t% <in t%e &irection of t%e rincial $train6 e4ual to t%e t%ic,ne$$ for
in-lane "en&in- an& u to = time$ t%e t%ic,ne$$ for ure mem"rane $train$0
26 An! $train &ue to col&-formin- $%oul& "e a&&e& to t%e calculate& la$tic $train con$i&erin- t%e &irection of t%e la$tic $train &ue
to col& formin-
l
o:g
=
16
S
t
p

w
p
S
but l
o:g
2 t
p

,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age $/
F"g!re #91
E3am.le o/ rectang!lar .r"&m /or c+eck o/ local &tra"n&
T%e $train can "e calculate& a$ t%e a.era-e .alue in t%e &irection of t%e maCimum rincial $train an& $%oul&
"e lineariHe& <aCial an& "en&in- comonent6 in t%e ot%er t/o &irection$0 T%e corner /it% t%e lar-e$t $train
$%oul& "e comare& /it% t%e critical $train$ -i.en in Ta"le =-2 0
#or ca$e$ /it% out-of-lane "en&in- t%e en-ineerin- $%ear $train in t%e &irection normal to t%e late $%oul& "e
c%ec,e& a-ain$t t%e critical .alue$ in Ta"le =-2 0 T%e en-ineerin- $%ear $train can "e ta,en a$ t%e a.era-e
en-ineerin- $%ear $train acro$$ t%e t%ic,ne$$ for all cro$$-$ection$ /it%in t%e ri$matic .olume0
#.1.* Fa"l!re o/ weld&
T%e /el&$ ma! or ma! not "e rere$ente& /it% $earate element$0 #or ca$e$ /%ere t%e /el&$ are not mo&elle&
t%e c%ec, of t%e $tren-t% of /el&$ $%oul& "e "a$e& on $tre$$ re$ultant$ &etermine& "! inte-ration of $tre$$e$
from t%e clo$e$t element$ an& c%ec,e& a-ain$t or&inar! co&e re4uirement$ e0-0 EN )AA*-)-8 GBG or t%e rele.ant
co&e for t%e ro"lem at %an&0
If /el&$ are mo&elle& t%e lineariHe& $tre$$ comonent$ <aCial1 "en&in-1 $%ear6 $%oul& "e &etermine& from
inte-ration of t%e $tre$$e$ in t%e element$ rere$entin- t%e /el&$ an& c%ec,e& a-ain$t or&inar! co&e
re4uirement$ e0-0 EN )AA*-)-8 GBG or t%e rele.ant co&e for t%e ro"lem at %an&0
Normall! it i$ re4uire& t%at in /el&e& connection$ t%e /el&$ are $tron-er t%an t%e "a$e material <o.ermatc%60
See al$o Section M20?N0
#.$ Fa"l!re d!e to re.eated -"eld"ng <low c-cle /at"g!e=
#.$.1 General
Non-linear #E-anal!$e$ ma! iml! t%at t%e $tructure i$ a$$ume& to "e loa&e& "e!on& roortionalit! limit$0
T%i$ mean$ t%at t%e $tructure ma! "e /ea,ene& a-ain$t $u"$e4uent loa& c!cle$ "! reeate& !iel&in- lea&in- to
a o$$i"le c!clic failure0 T%i$ i$ calle& lo/ c!cle fati-ue an& nee& to "e treate& &ifferent from %o/ %i-% c!cle
fati-ue c%ec,$ are carrie& out0
T%e fati-ue &ama-e &ue to loa&$ t%at lea&$ to reeate& !iel&in-1 i0e0 c!clic la$tic $train$1 /ill "e un&er-
e$timate& if con.entional linear ela$tic met%o&$1 $uc% a$ t%o$e re$ente& in DNV-RP-C20* ref0 G)BG1 are
alie&0 T%e met%o&olo-! re$ente& in t%e follo/in- mu$t t%erefore "e alie& if reeate& !iel&in- occur$0
T%e lo/ c!cle fati-ue $tren-t% /ill "e re&uce& for &etail$ t%at ma! inclu&e &ama-e from %i-% c!cle fati-ue0 #or
$uc% ca$e$ t%e &ama-e from %i-% c!cle fati-ue $%oul& "e a&&e& to t%e &ama-e from lo/ c!cle fati-ue0 See
M=0202N0
Ta1le #9$ Cr"t"cal local ma3"m!m .r"nc".al .la&t"c &tra"n /or !n"a3"al &tre&& &tate&
1=
3a4imum principal plastic critical strain
S+,- S,-- S.+/ S.0/
Critical local !iel& $train 00)= 00)2 00)0 000A
)6 An! $train &ue to col&-formin- $%oul& "e a&&e& to t%e calculate& la$tic $train con$i&erin- t%e &irection of t%e la$tic $train &ue
to col& formin-

t
,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age $0
#.$.$ Fat"g!e damage acc!m!lat"on
T%e fati-ue life ma! "e calculate& un&er t%e a$$umtion of linear cumulati.e &ama-e1 i0e0
/%ere 6 i$ t%e accumulate& fati-ue &ama-e0 n
i
i$ t%e num"er of c!cle$ in "loc, i an& 7
i
t%e num"er of c!cle$
to failure at con$tant $train ran-e 0
In ca$e$ /%ere t%e fati-ue &ama-e from %i-% c!cle fati-ue <9C#6 i$ con$i&era"le t%e total &ama-e i$ o"taine&
"! $ummation1 i0e0 D<tot6 K D<@C#6 R D<9C#6
#.$.( Determ"nat"on o/ c-cl"c load&
#ailure &ue to reeate& !iel&in- i$ a$$ociate& /it% (ltimate @imit State$ <(@S6 or Acci&ental @imit State$
<A@S60 T%e c!clic loa&$ $%oul& meet t%e $ame re4uirement$ a$ for a $in-le eCtreme loa& /%en it come$ to
artial $afet! factor$ an& $election of return erio&$0
Deen&in- on t%e nature of t%e actual loa&$ it ma! "e nece$$ar! to carr! out a c%ec, a-ain$t failure &ue to
reeate& la$tic $trainin-0 T%i$ c%ec, i$ nece$$ar! a$ non-linear anal!$i$ allo/$ art$ of t%e $tructure to un&er-o
$i-nificant la$tic $trainin- an& t%e a"ilit! to $u$tain t%e &efine& loa&$ ma! "e re&uce& "! t%e reeate& loa&in-0
#or off$%ore $tructure$ t%i$ i$ e.i&ent for en.ironmental loa&$ li,e /a.e$ an& /in&0 L%en c!clic loa&$ are
re$ent it i$ nece$$ar! to &efine a loa& %i$tor! t%at /ill iml! a ro"a"ilit! of failure t%at i$ $imilar or le$$ t%an
inten&e& for $tatic loa&$0 See al$o M*0)N0
T%e loa&-%i$tor! for t%e remainin- /a.e$ in a )0 000 !ear &imen$ionin- $torm in.e$ti-ate& for $out%ern Nort%
Sea con&ition$ %a.e "een foun& to %a.e a maCimum .alue e4ual to 00A* of t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e1 a &uration
of ? % an& a Lei"ull $%ae arameter of 2000 T%i$ alie$ for c%ec, of failure mo&e$ /%ere t%e entire $torm /ill
"e rele.ant1 $uc% a$ crac, -ro/t%0 L%en c%ec,in- failure mo&e$ /%ere onl! t%e remainin- /a.e$ after t%e
&imen$ionin- /a.e <e0-0 "uc,lin-6 nee& to "e accounte& for1 a .alue of 00A of t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e ma! "e
u$e& G2?G0
All t%e remainin- c!cle$ in t%e $torm of t%e maCimum /a.e action ma! "e a$$ume& to come from t%e $ame
&irection a$ t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e0
#.$.* C-cl"c &tre&& &tra"n c!r6e&
It i$ re4uire& t%at t%e c!clic $tre$$-$train cur.e of t%e material i$ alie&0 T%e u$e of monotonic $tre$$-$train
cur.e mu$t "e a.oi&e& $ince it ma! ro.i&e non-con$er.ati.e fati-ue life e$timate$1 e$eciall! for %i-% $tren-t%
$teel$0 It i$ re4uire& t%at t%e /el&$ are ro&uce& /it% o.ermatc%in- material0 Con$e4uentl! t%e c!clic $tre$$-
$train roertie$ of t%e "a$e material $%oul& "e u$e& /%en a$$e$$in- /el&e& ;oint$0
(nle$$ t%e actual c!clic "e%a.iour of t%e material i$ ,no/n t%e true c!clic $tre$$ $train cur.e$ re$ente& in
#i-ure =-2 can "e alie&0 Kinematic %ar&enin-1 a$ illu$trate& in #i-ure >-* $%oul& "e a$$ume&0 T%e cur.e$ are
&e$cri"e& accor&in- to t%e Ram"er--O$-oo& relation2
T%e .alue of t%e coefficient K i$ -i.en in Ta"le =-* 0
<))6
<)26
Ta1le #9( Ram1erg9O&good .arameter& /or 1a&e mater"al
2rade 8 %3Pa'
S2*= >)0
S*== ?00
S>20 ?A0
S>?0 B=0
=
n
i
N
i
k
i=1
,
e =
o
E
+[
o
K
1u
.
,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age $&
F"g!re #9$
T+e tr!e c-cl"c &tre&&9&tra"n c!r6e /or common o//&+ore &teel grade&
#.$.# 8ow c-cle /at"g!e o/ welded 5o"nt&
-.+.-.1 "ccumulated damage criterion
T%e num"er of c!cle$ to failure1 71 for /el&e& ;oint$ &ue to reeate& !iel&in- i$ e$timate& "! $ol.in- t%e
follo/in- e4uation
L%ere2
T%e arameter$ in E4uation <)*6 are -i.en in Ta"le =-> for air an& $ea/ater /it% cat%o&ic rotection0
<)*6
hs
i$ t%e full! re.er$i"le maCimum rincial %ot $ot $train ran-e
9 i$ t%e mo&ulu$ of ela$ticit! <material con$tant6
f
S i$ t%e fati-ue $tren-t% coefficient <material con$tant6
f
S i$ t%e fati-ue &uctilit! coefficient <material con$tant6
Ta1le #9* Data /or low c-cle /at"g!e anal-&"& o/ welded 5o"nt&
9nvironment
f

:
%3Pa'
f
:
Air )B= 000A=
Sea/ater /it% cat%o&ic rotection )?0 000?0

Ae
bs
2
=
o
'
E
(2N)
u.1
+e
'
(2N)
u.S

,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age $2
F"g!re #9(
9N c!r6e& /or welded t!1!lar 5o"nt& "n &eawater w"t+ cat+od"c .rotect"on and "n a"r.
-.+.-.+ 6erivation of hot spot strain for plated structures
It i$ recommen&e& to &eri.e t%e %ot $ot $train "! al!in- t%e rincile$ of t%e roce&ure -i.en in Section >
of DNV-RP-C20* ref0 G)BG0 T%e roce&ure in ref0 G)BG i$ ori-inall! &e.eloe& for a$$e$$in- t%e %ot $ot $tre$$
of a linear ela$tic material in relation to %i-% c!cle fati-ue a$$e$$ment$0 9o/e.er1 "! $u"$titutin- maCimum
rincial $tre$$e$ /it% maCimum rincial $train$ it ma! al$o "e alie& for &eterminin- %ot $ot $train$0
It i$ recommen&e& to me$% /it% element$ of $iHe tQt in t%e %ot $ot re-ion0
T%e $train -ra&ient to/ar&$ t%e %ot $ot ma! "e $tee "ecau$e t%e c!clic la$tic $train$ often /ill "e locali$e&
in a limite& area near t%e %ot $ot0 In or&er to reflect $tee $train -ra&ient in a -oo& manner it i$ recommen&e&
to u$e finite element$ /it% mi& $i&e no&e$1 $uc% a$ 8-no&e& $%ell element$ or 20-no&e& "ric, element$0
#or mo&ellin- /it% $%ell element$ /it%out an! /el& inclu&e& in t%e mo&el a linear eCtraolation of t%e $train$
to t%e inter$ection line from t%e rea& out oint$ at 00=t an& )0=t from t%e inter$ection line can "e erforme& to
&eri.e %ot $ot $train0 #or mo&ellin- /it% t%ree-&imen$ional element$ /it% t%e /el& inclu&e& in t%e mo&el a
linear eCtraolation of t%e $train$ to t%e /el& toe from t%e rea& out oint$ at 00=t an& )0=t from t%e /el& toe can
"e erforme& to &eri.e %ot $ot $train0
-.+.-., 6erivation of hot spot strain for tubular ;oints
Reference i$ ma&e to $ection on $tre$$ concentration factor$ in DNV-RP-C20* ref0 G)BG0
#.$.0 8ow c-cle /at"g!e o/ 1a&e mater"al
-.+.0.1 "ccumulated damage criterion
De$ite t%e fact t%at t%e fati-ue caacit! of $tructure$ .er! often i$ -o.erne& "! /el&e& ;oint$ t%ere are
$ituation$ /%ere t%e ori-in of a fati-ue crac, i$ in t%e "a$e material0 T%i$ i$ often &ue to -eometrical &etail$1
$uc% a$ notc%e$1 t%at cau$e ri$e in t%e c!clic $tre$$-$train le.el0 A lo/ c!cle fati-ue c%ec, of t%e "a$e material
ma! t%erefore "e nece$$ar!0
A$ oo$e& to a$$e$$ment$ of /el&e& ;oint$ /%ere t%e fati-ue &ama-e i$ &etermine& "! mean$ of t%e c!clic %ot
$ot $train1 lo/ c!cle fati-ue anal!$i$ of "a$e material i$ "a$e& on t%e maCimum rincial $train ran-e0 T%e
$train ran-e i$ o"taine& from t%e local maCima of t%e con$i&ere& &etail0
T%e num"er of c!cle$ to failure1 71 for "a$e material &ue to reeate& !iel&in- i$ e$timate& "! $ol.in- t%e
follo/in- e4uation
<)>6

Ae
l
2
=
o
'
E
(2N)
u.1
+e
'
(2N)
u.4S

,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age )%
/%ere
Value$ of t%e arameter$ in E4uation <)>6 are -i.en in Ta"le =-= for air an& $ea/ater /it% cat%o&ic rotection0
F"g!re #9*
9N c!r6e /or low c-cle /at"g!e o/ 1a&e mater"al /or t!1!lar 5o"nt "n &eawater w"t+ cat+od"c .rotect"on and "n a"r.
-.+.0.+ 6erivation of local ma4imum principal strain
T%e maCimum rincial $train i$ o"taine& from t%e local maCima of t%e con$i&ere& &etail0 T%e local $train $tate
/ill "e un&ere$timate& if t%e finite element me$% i$ too coar$e0 A me$% $en$iti.it! $tu&! $%oul& t%erefore "e
carrie& out to en$ure t%at t%e alie& $train i$ not un&ere$timate&0 Reference i$ ma&e to M>0=02N re-ar&in- me$%
refinement0
#.$.2 S+ake down c+eck
Structure$ loa&e& "e!on& t%e ela$tic ran-e ma! alter t%eir re$on$e "e%a.iour for later c!cle$0 9o/e.er1 if a
$tructure i$ "e%a.in- e$$entiall! linear for all c!clic loa&$ after t%e fir$t fe/ c!cle$ follo/in- t%e &imen$ionin-
loa&1 it /ill "e $ai& to ac%ie.e $%a,e &o/n an& furt%er c%ec,$ of failure &ue to reeate& !iel&in- or "uc,lin- i$
not nece$$ar!0
In t%e -eneral ca$e it i$ nece$$ar! to &efine a c%aracteri$tic c!clic loa& an& to u$e t%i$ loa& /it% aroriate
artial $afet! factor$0 It $%oul& "e c%ec,e& t%at !iel&in- onl! ta,e$ lace in t%e fir$t fe/ loa&in- c!cle$ an& t%at
later loa& reetition$ onl! cau$e re$on$e$ in t%e linear ran-e0 T%i$ ma! t%en $er.e a$ an alternati.e to a lo/
c!cle fati-ue c%ec, a$ &e$cri"e& in M=020=N0
It i$ nece$$ar! to $%o/ t%at t%e $tructure "e%a.e$ e$$entiall! linear for all o$$i"le loa& $ituation$ an& loa&
c!cle$0
#.( Acc!m!lated &tra"n <ARatc+et"ngB=
#or ca$e$ /%ere t%e $tructure /ill "e loa&e& "! c!clic loa&$ in a /a! t%at incremental la$ticit! ma! accumulate
an& in t%e en& lea& to ten$ile failure or eCce$$i.e &eformation$ t%e maCimum accumulate& $train nee&$ to "e
c%ec,e& a-ain$t t%e $train .alue$ in Section M=0)N0
T%e criteria for eCce$$i.e &eformation$ ma! alternati.el! "e &etermine& on a ca$e "! ca$e "a$i$ &ue to
l
i$ t%e full! re.er$i"le maCimum rincial %ot $ot $train ran-e
9 i$ t%e mo&ulu$ of ela$ticit! <material con$tant6
f
S i$ t%e fati-ue $tren-t% coefficient <material con$tant6
f
S i$ t%e fati-ue &uctilit! coefficient <material con$tant6
Ta1le #9# Data /or low c-cle /at"g!e anal-&"& o/ 1a&e mater"al
9nvironment
f
:
%3Pa'
f
:
Air )B= 000A)
Sea/ater /it% cat%o&ic rotection )?0 000=B

,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age )(
re4uirement$ to t%e $tructural u$e or erformance0 Ca$e$ /%ere accumulate& $train ma! nee& to "e c%ec,e& can
"e $tructure$ t%at are reeate&l! loa&e& "! imact$ in t%e $ame &irection or functional loa&$ t%at c%an-e o$ition
or an-le of attac,0 ECamle$ of t%e fir$t are rotection $tructure$ t%at are %it "! $/in-in- loa&$ an& t%e latter
ma! "e /%eel loa&$ on $tiffene& late &ec,$0
#.* %!ckl"ng
#.*.1 General
T%e "uc,lin- re$i$tance of a $tructure or $tructural art i$ a function of t%e $tructural -eometr!1 t%e material
roertie$1 t%e imerfection$ an& t%e re$i&ual $tre$$e$ re$ent0 L%en t%e "uc,lin- re$i$tance i$ &etermine& "!
u$e of non-linear met%o&$ it i$ imortant t%at all t%e$e factor$ are accounte& for in a /a! $o t%at t%e re$ultin-
re$i$tance meet$ t%e re4uirement to t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance or i$ "a$e& on a$$umtion$ to t%e $afe $i&e0
T%ree &ifferent met%o&$ for carr!in- out t%e anal!$i$ are roo$e& in t%e follo/in-2
a6 @ineariHe& aroac%2 Al! t%e #E met%o& for a$$e$$in- t%e "uc,lin- ei-en.alue$ <linear "ifurcation
anal!$i$6 an& &etermine t%e ultimate caacit! u$in- emirical formula$1
"6 #ull non-linear anal!$i$ u$in- co&e &efine& e4ui.alent tolerance$ an&Gor re$i&ual $tre$$e$ an&
c6 Non-linear anal!$i$ t%at i$ cali"rate& a-ain$t co&e formulation$ or te$t$0
Eit%er of t%e$e met%o&$ can "e u$e& to &etermine t%e re$i$tance of a $tructure or art of a $tructure an&
recommen&ation$ for t%eir u$e are -i.en in t%e follo/in- $ection$0
T%e roo$e& met%o&$ are .ali& for or&inar! "uc,lin- ro"lem$ t%at are reali$ticall! &e$cri"e& "! t%e #E
anal!$i$0 Care $%oul& "e eCerci$e& /%en anal!$in- comleC "uc,lin- ca$e$ or ca$e$ t%at in.ol.e %enomena
li,e $na t%rou-%1 non-con$er.ati.e loa&$1 interaction of local an& -lo"al $ta"ilit! ro"lem$ etc0
#.*.$ Determ"nat"on o/ 1!ckl"ng re&"&tance 1- !&e o/ l"near"Ced 1!ckl"ng 6al!e&
-...+.1 2eneral
In or&er to e$ta"li$% t%e "uc,lin- re$i$tance of a $tructure or art of t%e $tructure u$in- lineariHe& "uc,lin-
.alue$ <ei-en.alue$6 t%e "uc,lin- re$i$tance can "e &etermine& "! follo/in- t%e $te$2
i6 8uil& t%e mo&el0 T%e element mo&el $electe& for anal!$i$ nee& to rere$ent t%e $tructure $o t%at an!
$imlification$ are lea&in- to re$ult$ to t%e $afe $i&e0 If certain "uc,lin- failure mo&e$ are not $een a$
aroriate to "e rere$ente& "! t%e mo&el t%eir influence on t%e re$ultin- re$i$tance can "e e$ta"li$%e&
accor&in- to M=0>0202N0
ii6 Perform a linear anal!$i$ for t%e $electe& rere$entati.e loa& ca$e S
Re
$%o/in- maCimum comre$$i.e an&
.on-Mi$e$ $tre$$e$0
iii6 Determine t%e "uc,lin- ei-en.alue$ an& t%e ei-enmo&e$ <"uc,lin- mo&e$6 "! t%e #E anal!$i$
i.6 Select t%e -o.ernin- "uc,lin- mo&e <u$uall! t%e lo/e$t "uc,lin- mo&e6 an& t%e oint for &eterminin- t%e
"uc,lin- rere$entati.e $tre$$0 T%e oint for rea&in- t%e rere$entati.e $tre$$ i$ t%e oint in t%e mo&el t%at
/ill fir$t reac% !iel& $tre$$ /%en t%e $tructure i$ loa&e& to it$ "uc,lin- re$i$tance0
.6 Determine t%e .on-Mi$e$ $tre$$ at t%e oint for t%e rere$entati.e $tre$$
Re
from $te ii60
.i6 Determine t%e critical "uc,lin- $tre$$ a$ t%e ei-en.alue for t%e -o.ernin- "uc,lin- mo&e time$ t%e
rere$entati.e $tre$$2
Determine t%e re&uce& $len&erne$$ a$2
,i
K ,
-
Re
<)=6
<)?6 z = _
y
o
ki

,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age )$
.ii6 Select emiricall! "a$e& "uc,lin- cur.e to "e u$e& "a$e& on t%e $en$iti.it! of t%e ro"lem /it% re$ect to
imerfection$1 re$i&ual $tre$$e$ an& o$t "uc,lin- "e%a.iour0 Rele.ant "uc,lin- cur.e$ can "e $electe&
from co&e$1 "ut if not a.aila"le t%e follo/in- ma! "e u$e&2
.iii6Determine t%e "uc,lin- re$i$tance R
&
a$2
F"g!re #9#
E3am.le& o/ 1!ckl"ng c!r6e& &+ow"ng &en&"t"6"t- /or "m.er/ect"on& etc. /or d"//erent 1!ckl"ng /orm&
Emirical "uc,lin- cur.e$ are nee&e& to account for t%e "uc,lin- re$i$tance re&uction effect$ from
imerfection$1 re$i&ual $tre$$e$ an& material non-linearit!0 T%e effect i$ illu$trate& in #i-ure =-= 0 #or all
"uc,lin- form$ t%e u$a"le "uc,lin- re$i$tance i$ le$$ t%an t%e critical $tre$$ for re&uce& $len&erne$$ le$$ t%an
)020 A"o.e t%i$ .alue1 late$ /it% o$$i"ilit! of re&i$tri"utin- $tre$$e$ to lon-itu&inal e&-e$ ma! reac% "uc,lin-
Ta1le #90 %!ckl"ng c!r6e&
Type of bucling
Column an& $tiffene& late an&
late /it%out re&i$tri"ution
o$$i"ilitie$
Plate /it% re&i$tri"ution
o$$i"ilitie$
S%ell "uc,lin-
Cur.e$ to "e $electe& from $ecific $%ell "uc,lin- co&e$ $uc% a$
DNV-RP-C202 G)?G or Euroco&e EN-)AA*-)-? G?G
<)B6
T K 00)= for $trict tolerance$ an& lo/ re$i&ual $tre$$e$
00* for $trict tolerance$ an& mo&erate re$i&ual $tre$$e$
00= for mo&erate tolerance$ an& mo&erate re$i&ual $tre$$e$
00B= for lar-e tolerance$ an& $e.ere re$i&ual $tre$$e$
<)86
1
+
_
2
z
2

1.u
= 1.u for z u.67S

z u.22
z
2
foi z > u.67S
= u.S j1 +o(z u.2 ) +z
2
[
R
J
=
y
S
Rcp
y
H
o
Rcp

0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
Critical stress (Euler)
Plate
Column
Shell
reduced slenderness
b
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

a
c
t
o
r

U
,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age ))
caacitie$ a"o.e t%e critical .alue1 column "uc,lin- ro"lem$ /ill "e le$$ t%an t%e critical .alue1 "ut aroac%
t%e critical .alue for lar-e $len&erne$$0 S%ell "uc,lin- i$ more $en$iti.e to imerfection$ an& t%e &ifference
"et/een t%e "uc,lin- caacitie$ t%at ma! "e eCloite& in real $%ell $tructure$ are con$i&era"l! le$$ t%an t%e
critical .alue al$o for lar-e $len&erne$$0
Mem"er$ /ill "uc,le a$ column$ for cro$$-$ection cla$$e$ )1 2 an& * /it% eCcetion of tu"ular $ection$ eCo$e&
to eCternal %!&ro$tatic re$$ure0 #or &efinition of cro$$-$ectional cla$$e$ $ee DNV-OS-C)0) Aen&iC A G)>G0
-...+.+ *orrection for local bucling effects
T%ere ma! "e ca$e$ /%ere a relia"le #E rere$entation of local "uc,lin- %enomena i$ not fea$i"le0 T%i$ ma!
for in$tance "e tor$ional "uc,lin- of $tiffener or local $ta"ilit! of $tiffener flan-e an& /e"0 #or $uc% ca$e$ t%e
ei-en.alue anal!$i$ $%oul& "e carrie& out /it%out t%e local "uc,lin- mo&e$ rere$ente& an& t%e interaction of
local an& -lo"al "uc,lin- ma! "e accounte& for in a con$er.ati.e manner "! linear interaction a$ $%o/n in
E4uation <)A60
,i-
i$ t%e lineariHe& "uc,lin- $tre$$ /%en local "uc,lin- mo&e$ are &i$re-ar&e& an&
,il
i$ t%e lineariHe& local
"uc,lin- $tre$$0
#.*.( %!ckl"ng re&"&tance /rom non9l"near anal-&"& !&"ng code de/"ned e)!"6alent tolerance&
T%e "uc,lin- re$i$tance of a $tructure or art of a $tructure can "e &etermine& "! erformin- non-linear
anal!$e$ /%ere t%e effect$ of imerfection$1 re$i&ual $tre$$e$ an& material non-linearit! i$ accounte& for "! u$e
of a &efine& material $tre$$-$train relation$%i an& t%e u$e of emiricall! &etermine& e4ui.alent imerfection$0
T%e &efine& e4ui.alent imerfection$ /ill inclu&e effect$ from real life imerfection$1 "ut /ill in -eneral "e
&ifferent in $%ae an& $iHe0 T%i$ met%o& i$ onl! .ali& for "uc,lin- ro"lem $imilar to t%e ca$e$ /%ere t%e
e4ui.alent imerfection$ are -i.en in Ta"le =-B 0 #or ot%er ca$e$ $ee M=0>0>N0
T%e material mo&el to "e u$e& /it% t%e e4ui.alent imerfection$ i$ $%o/n in #i-ure =-? or /it% t%e mo&el$
roo$e& in M>0B0=N0
F"g!re #90
,ater"al model /or anal-&"& w"t+ .re&cr"1ed e)!"6alent "m.er/ect"on&
<)A6
il ig i

) ) )
+ =
Strain
S
t
r
e
s
s
E
1
1
E/100
,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age )+
It i$ re4uire& t%at an ei-en.alue anal!$i$ i$ carrie& out to &etermine t%e rele.ant "uc,lin- mo&e$0 ($uall! t%e
attern from t%e "uc,lin- can "e u$e& a$ t%e $electe& attern for t%e imerfection$1 "ut in certain ca$e$ e0-0 /%en
t%e $%ae of t%e "uc,lin- loa& &iffer from t%e &eflecte& $%ae from t%e actual loa&$ it ma! "e nece$$ar! to
in.e$ti-ate al$o ot%er imerfection attern$0
It ma! "e u$eful to &i.i&e t%e imerfection$ into local an& -lo"al imerfection$ a$ $%o/n in #i-ure =-B 0 T%e
.alue$ in Ta"le =-B al! to t%e total imerfection from local an& -lo"al imerfection attern$0 Sen$iti.it!
anal!$e$ ma! "e re4uire& for ca$e$ t%at are articularl! imerfection $en$iti.e0
Ta1le #92 E)!"6alent "m.er/ect"on&
*omponent Shape 3agnitude
Mem"er "o/ @G*00 for $trict
tolerance$ an& lo/
re$i&ual $tre$$e$
@G2=0 for $trict
tolerance$ an&
mo&erate re$i&ual
$tre$$e$
@G200 for mo&erate
tolerance$ an&
mo&erate re$i&ual
$tre$$e$
@G)=0 for lar-e
tolerance$ an& $e.ere
re$i&ual $tre$$e$
@on-itu&inal
$tiffener -ir&er
/e"$
"o/ @G>00
Plane late
"et/een
$tiffener$
"uc,lin-
ei-enmo&e
$G200
@on-itu&inal
$tiffener or
flan-e out$tan&
"o/ t/i$t 0002 ra&

,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age ).
F"g!re #92
E3am.le o/ local <le/t= and glo1al <r"g+t= "m.er/ect"on& /or &t"//ened .anel
#.*.* %!ckl"ng re&"&tance /rom non9l"near anal-&"& t+at are cal"1rated aga"n&t code /orm!lat"on& or
te&t&
8uc,lin- re$i$tance can "e foun& "! non-linear met%o&$ /%ere t%e effect of imerfection$1 re$i&ual $tre$$e$
an& material non-linearit! i$ accounte& for "! u$e of e4ui.alent imerfection$ an&Gor re$i&ual $tre$$e$ "!
cali"ratin- t%e ma-nitu&e of t%e imerfection$ <an&1 or t%e re$i&ual $tre$$e$6 to t%e re$i$tance of a ,no/n ca$e
t%at /it% re-ar& to t%e $ta"ilit! re$i$tance re$em"le$ t%e "uc,lin- ro"lem at %an&0
T%e follo/in- roce&ure a$$ume$ t%at an e4ui.alent imerfection i$ accountin- for all effect$ nece$$ar! to
o"tain reali$tic caacitie$2
i6 Preare a mo&el t%at i$ inten&e& to "e u$e& for t%e anal!$i$0
ii6 Perform an ei-en.alue anal!$i$ to &etermine rele.ant "uc,lin- mo&e$0
iii6 Select t%e o";ect for cali"ration an& reare a mo&el u$in- t%e $ame element t!e an& me$% &en$it! a$
inten&e& for t%e mo&el to "e anal!$e&0
i.6 Perform ei-en.alue anal!$i$ of t%e cali"ration o";ect an& &etermine t%e aroriate "uc,lin- mo&e for t%e
cali"ration o";ect0
.6 Determine t%e ma-nitu&e of t%e e4ui.alent imerfection t%at /ill -i.e t%e correct re$i$tance for t%e
cali"ration o";ect0
.i6 Define an e4ui.alent imerfection for t%e mo$t rele.ant failure mo&e for t%e ro"lem un&er in.e$ti-ation
"a$e& on t%e re$ult$ from t%e cali"ration ca$e0
T%e &efinition of t%e e4ui.alent imerfection ma! in certain ca$e$ not "e o".iou$ an& it /ill t%en "e re4uire&
to c%ec, alternati.e attern$ for t%e e4ui.alent imerfection$0
($uall! an imerfection attern accor&in- to t%e mo$t li,el! "uc,lin- ei-enmo&e /ill "e $uita"le for u$e0
ECcetion$ ma! "e ca$e$ /%ere t%e attern of t%e &eflecte& $%ae &ue to t%e loa&$ &iffer from t%e $%ae of t%e
"uc,lin- ei-enmo&e$0 In ca$e$ of &ou"t $e.eral attern$ ma! "e nee&e&0
ECamle of t%e u$e of t%i$ roce&ure i$ inclu&e& in t%e Aen&iC M80*N0
#.*.# Stra"n l"m"t& to a6o"d acc!rate c+eck o/ local &ta1"l"t- /or .late& and t!1!lar &ect"on& -"eld"ng "n
com.re&&"on.
-...-.1 2eneral
#or ca$e$ /%ere comre$$e& art$ of t%e cro$$-$ection <a$ a flan-e6 are eCeriencin- la$tic $train in
comre$$ion1 "ut one /ant$ to a.oi& an accurate $ta"ilit! anal!$i$ of t%e local "uc,lin- effect$ t%e $ta"ilit! can
"e a$$ume& to "e $ati$factor! if t%e la$tic $train are limite& to t%e .alue$ -i.en "elo/0 T%e re4uirement$ are
.ali& for late$ t%at are loa&e& in t%e lon-itu&inal &irection an& $uorte& on one or "ot% of t%eir lon-itu&inal
e&-e$1 an& for tu"ular $ection$0
Plate$ $uorte& on "ot% lon-itu&inal e&-e$2
L%ere " i$ &i$tance "et/een lon-itu&inal $uort$ an& t i$ late t%ic,ne$$
<206

e
cr
_2.7_
t
b
]
2
u.uu16]_
SSS
y
but u < e
cr
< u.1u
,ec.. epresentation of different failure modes * !age )/
Plate$ $uorte& on one e&-e <flan-e out$tan&6
L%ere c i$ t%e late out$tan& an& t i$ late t%ic,ne$$
Tu"ular $ection$ /it%out %!&ro$tatic re$$ure2
T%e $train $%all "e calculate& a$ la$tic $train an& ma! "e ta,en a$ t%e a.era-e .alue t%rou-% a cro$$-$ection of
t%e comre$$e& late& for element len-t% no le$$ t%an 2 time$ t%e late t%ic,ne$$0 Material roertie$ $%oul&
"e accor&in- to M>0BN0
#or $tructural art$ meetin- re4uirement$ to cro$$-$ectional cla$$ * or > no la$tic $train &ue to comre$$i.e
$tre$$e$ can "e allo/e& /it%out an accurate "uc,lin- anal!$i$0
#or &efinition of cro$$-$ectional cla$$e$ $ee DNV-OS-C)0) G)>G0
#.# Re.eated 1!ckl"ng
#or ca$e$ /%ere "uc,lin- of art$ of t%e $tructure ma! occur "efore t%e total caacit! of t%e entire $tructure i$
reac%e&1 it i$ nece$$ar! to in.e$ti-ate if t%e "uc,lin- ma! cau$e re&uce& caacit! a-ain$t c!clic loa&$0 L%en
$i-nificant c!clic loa&$ are re$ent one $%oul& limit t%e caacit! to t%e loa& le.el t%at corre$on&$ to t%e fir$t
inci&ent of "uc,lin- or a c!clic c%ec, nee&$ to "e carrie& out0 See M=020*N for &etermination of c!clic loa&$0
#or c!clic loa&$ follo/in- an eCtreme /a.e or /in& loa&1 it i$ con$i&ere& acceta"le to &i$re-ar& failure &ue
to reeate& "uc,lin- of t%e follo/in- ca$e$2
3 8uc,lin- of t%e in&i.i&ual late$ in a $tiffene& late $tructure if t%e late $an to t%ic,ne$$ ratio i$ le$$ t%an
)200
3 Mem"er "uc,lin- if all art$ of t%e cro$$-$ection meet re4uirement$ to cro$$-$ectional Cla$$ ) an& t%e
re&uce& mem"er $len&erne$$ a$ a column i$ a"o.e 00=0
#ailure &ue to lo/ c!cle fati-ue accor&in- to M=02N nee&$ to "e c%ec,e& al$o for t%e$e ca$e$0
It $%oul& "e note& t%at $tructural art$ t%at are !iel&in- in ten$ion ma! "uc,le /%en unloa&e&0 If c!clic loa&$
lea&$ to !iel&in- in ten$ion one mu$t c%ec, a-ain$t "uc,lin- t%rou-% t%e entire &imen$ionin- loa& c!cle0
In certain ca$e$ $ufficient caacit! ma! "e ro.e& "! &i$re-ar&in- t%e $tructural art t%at $uffer "uc,lin- in t%e
c!clic caacit! c%ec,$0
<2)6
<226
e
cr
= _u.29_
t
c
]
2
u.uu16_ _
SSS
y
but u < e
cr
< u.1u
e
cr
= _8.S_
t
]
2
u.uu16_
SSS
y
but u < e
cr
< u.1u
,ec./ 1ibliography * !age )0
0 %"1l"ogra.+-
G)G ISO 2*A>1 2eneral principles on reliability for structures< Secon& e&ition )AA8-0?-0)
G2G API RP 2A Recommended Practice for Planning< 6esigning and *onstructing (i4ed =ffshore
Platforms > ?oring Stress 6esign< Errata an& $ulement * Octo"er 200B
G*G EN )AA01 Euroco&e - @asis of structural design1 Aril 2002
G>G EN )AA*-)-) Euroco&e * 6esign of steel structures. Part 1A1 2eneral rules and rules for buildings
G=G EN )AA*-)-=1 Euroco&e * - 6esign of steel structures - Part 1A-: Plated structural elements< =ctober
200?
G?G EN )AA*-)-?1 Euroco&e * - 6esign of steel structures - Part 1A0: Strength and Stability of Shell
Structure$1 #e"ruar! 200B
GBG EN )AA*-)-81 Euroco&e * - 6esign of steel structures - Part 1AB: 6esign of Coints1 200=GAC2200A
G8G AISC *?0-0=1 Specification for Structural Steel @uildings< Marc% A 200=
GAG ISO )AA00 Petroleum and natural gas industries > 2eneral requirements for offshore structures. #ir$t
e&ition 2002-)2-0)
G)0G ISO )AA02 Petroleum and natural gas industries > (i4ed steel offshore structures< #ir$t e&ition
200B-)2-0)
G))G Nor$o, Stan&ar& N-00)1 Dntegrity of offshore structures< E&ition B1 'une 20)0
G)2G Nor$o, Stan&ar& N-00>1 6esign of steel structures< Re.i$ion >1 #e"ruar! 200>
G)*G Nor$o, Stan&ar& N-00?1 "ssessment of structural integrity for e4isting offshore loadAbearing
structures< E&ition )1 Marc% 200A
G)>G DNV-OS-C)0)1 6esign of =ffshore Steel Structures< 2eneral %&R(6 3ethod'1 Aril 20))
G)=G DNV-RP-C20) @ucling Strength of Plated Structures< Octo"er 20)0
G)?G DNV-RP-C202 @ucling Strength of Shells
G)BG DNV-RP-C20* (atigue 6esign of =ffshore Steel Structures Octo"er 20)2
G)8G DNV-RP-C20> 6esign against "ccidental &oads< Octo"er 20)0
G)AG ECCS u"lication No0 )2=1 @ucling of Steel Shells. 9uropean 6esign Recommendations< =
t%
E&ition1
'0M0 Rotter an& 90 Smit% E&itor$0
G20G DNV-RP-#))0 2lobal @ucling of Submarine Pipelines Structural 6esign due to Eigh Temperature/
Eigh Pressure< Octo"er 200B
G2)G DNV-SINTE#-8OME@2 $ltiguide< @est practice for use of nonAlinear analysis methods in
documentation of ultimate limit state for ;acet type offshore structures< Aril )AAA0
G22G S,alleru&1 Am&a%l2 7onlinear analyses of offshore structures< Research studies press ltd.< 2002 <IS8N
0-8?*80-2=83*6
G2*G Corrocean ASA2 6esign of offshore facilities to resists gas e4plosion ha5ards. En-ineerin- %an&"oo,0
O$lo 200)0
G2>G "S39 @oiler F Pressure )essel *ode 20)* E&ition 'ul! )1 20)0 VIII Di.i$ion 21 Alternati.e Rule$
G2=G EN )*>>=-*220)2 $nfired pressure vessels Part *
G2?G 9a-en1 V1 Sollan&1 50 Mat%i$en1 '0 94treme storm wave histories for cyclic chec of offshore structures
=3"9 20)0-20A>)
G2BG 90 M0 9il"er1 T0 '0 R0 9u-%e$ an& R0 @0 Ta!lor2 Dmproved numerical dissipation for time integration
algorithms in structural dynamics1 Eart%4ua,e en-ineerin- an& $tructural &!namic$1 = <)ABB61 a-e
28*-2A20
G28G S,alleru&1 Ei&e1 Am&a%l1 'o%an$en2 =n the capacity of tubular TA;oints sub;ected to severe cyclic
loading. Procee&in-$ of t%e International Conference on Off$%ore Mec%anic$ an& Arctic En-ineerin- -
OMAE1 . )1 n Part 81 )**-)>21 )AA=0
G2AG Lei-na&1 8erman2 @ehaviour of buttAwelds and treatments using lowAcarbon steel under cyclic
inelastic strains< 'ournal of Con$tructional Steel Re$earc%1 . B=1 >=-=>1 Au-u$t 20)20
G*0G 8o-e1 9ellan&1 8er-e2 Proceedings of the Dnternational *onference on =ffshore 3echanics and "rctic
9ngineering - OMAE1 . >1 )0B-))=1 200B0
,ec./ 1ibliography * !age )&
G*)G Sca.uHHo1 Sri.at$an1 @am2 (atigue of butt welded steel pipes. American Societ! of Mec%anical
En-ineer$1 Pre$$ure Ve$$el$ an& Piin- Di.i$ion <Pu"lication6 PVP1 . *B>1 ))*-)>*1 )AA81 #ati-ue1
En.ironmental #actor$1 an& Ne/ Material$0
G*2G 8el!t$c%,o1 @iu1 Moran1 7onlinear (inite 9lements and *ontinua and Structures< 'o%n Lile!:Son$1
@t&01 No.em"er 200A
G**G Mare$ca1 Milella1 Pino2 " critical review of tria4iality based failure criteria< I5# )* Ca$$ino 2B e 28
Ma--io1 )AAB
G*>G Ku%lmann2 6efinition of (lange Slenderness &imits on the @asis of Rotation *apacity )alues< 'ournal
of Con$tructional Steel Re$earc%1 )> <)A8A6 2)->0
G*=G 5ar&ner1 Lan-1 @ie/2 Dnfluence of strain hardening on the behavior and design of steel structures<
International 'ournal of Structural Sta"ilit! an& D!namic$ Vol0 ))0 No0 = <20))6 8==-8B=
G*?G DNV-OS-#)0) Submarine Pipeline Systems< Au-u$t 20)2
G*BG 9eo1 Kan-1 Kim1 Woo1 Kim1 (rm2 " Study on the 6esign 2uidance for &ow *ycle (atigue in Ship
Structures. A
t%
S!mo$ium on Practical De$i-n of S%i$ an& Ot%er #loatin- Structure$0 5erman!0 200>0
G*8G EN-)002= Eot rolled products of structural steels. Part 21 *1 > an& ?
G*AG EN-)022= ?eldable structural steels for fi4ed offshore structures A Technical delivery conditions
8pp.8 #ommentary * !age )2
A::ENDD A CO,,ENTARE
A.1 Comment& to F*.1G General
T%e element mo&el $electe& for anal!$i$ nee&$ to rere$ent t%e $tructure $o t%at an! $imlification$ are lea&in-
to re$ult$ to t%e $afe $i&e0 T%i$ i$ e$eciall! imortant for t%e $election of "oun&ar! con&ition$ an& t%e
rere$entation of t%e loa&0 T%e anal!$t nee&$ to a$$e$$ t%e o$$i"ilit! t%at $imlification ma! lea& to an
o.errere$entation of t%e re$i$tance0 An eCamle ma! "e t%e rere$entation of nei-%"ourin- element$ t%at al$o
are $u";ecte& to "uc,lin-0 In t%e ca$e t%at t%e $tiffne$$ of t%e a&;oinin- $tructure i$ uncertain it i$ recommen&e&
to u$e "oun&ar! con&ition corre$on&in- to $imle $uort0 If t%ere are uncertaintie$ /it% re$ect to
$imlification in loa& it i$ recommen&e& to .ar! t%e loa& attern an& erform alternati.e anal!$e$ to c%ec, t%e
effect0
T%e re4uirement$ to c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance in ot%er co&e$ for off$%ore $tructure$ li,e ISO )AA02 G)0G are
$imilar an& t%e anal!$i$ carrie& out accor&in- to t%e recommen&ation$ in t%i$ RP i$ eCecte& to fulfil t%e
re4uirement$ al$o in t%i$ co&e0
A.$ Comment& to F*.*G Select"on o/ element&
5ui&ance on $election of $uita"le element$ for non-linear anal!$i$ can "e foun& in teCt "oo,$ e0-0 G*2G0
A.( Comment& to F*.2.#G Stre&& 9 &tra"n c!r6e& /or !lt"mate ca.ac"t- anal-&e&
T%e roo$e& $tre$$-$train cur.e$ are "a$e& on $teel accor&in- to G*8G an& G*AG0 T%e cur.e i$ al$o alica"le to
material$ accor&in- to DNV Off$%ore Stan&ar& G)>G0
A.* Comment& to F#.1.1G General
T%ere i$ not a uni.er$al met%o& a.aila"le t%at can "e u$e& for re&ictin- ten$ile failure for ractical en-ineerin-
alication$ "! #E met%o&$0
T%e .alue of t%e acceta"le $train /ill "e -o.erne& "!2
3 $tre$$ triaCialit!
3 loa& %i$tor!
3 col& &eformation0
3 material roertie$
3 material in%omo-eneit!
3 &ifferent material roertie$ of material$ "ein- ;oine&0 <E.en material /it% t%e $ame $tren-t% $ecification
ma! &iffer &ue to $tati$tical .ariance if not from $ame "atc%6
3 re$ence of &efect$0
T%e calculate& $train .alue$ /ill "e a function of2
3 element t!e
3 element &en$it!
3 material roertie$
3 flo/ rule$
3 $e4uence of loa& mo&ellin-0
T%e acceta"le $train .alue$ can t%erefore not "e -i.en /it% lar-e accurac! /it%out con$i&eration of t%e
con&ition$ of t%e actual ro"lem0 T%i$ RP roo$e$ to eit%er u$e a $imlifie& ten$ile failure criterion or to
cali"rate a ro"lem $ecific criterion accor&in- to a $ecifie& roce&ure0
T%ere are $e.eral mo&el$ &e$cri"in- t%e local %enomenon of ten$ile failure0 Common for mo$t of t%e$e i$ t%at
t%e $train an& $tre$$ $tate &urin- t%e entire loa&in- $e4uence until failure i$ con$i&ere& imortant for &e$cri"in-
t%e &ama-e roce$$ roerl!0 (nfortunatel!1 a %i-% &e-ree of comleCit! i$ a common feature of man! of t%e
mo&el$1 an& t%e t%eoretical an& ractical ,no/le&-e re4uire& to erform a #E anal!$i$ "a$e& on t%e$e criteria
i$ ;u&-e& not to "e $uite& for en-ineerin- uro$e$0
8a$e material %a$ in -eneral "etter tou-%ne$$ roertie$ t%an /el& material0 It i$ t%erefore re-ar&e& a$ -oo&
&e$i-n ractice to en$ure t%at lar-e la$tic &eformation occur$ in t%e arent material an& not in t%e /el&0 T%i$
i$ normall! t%e ca$e for full enetration /el&$ /%ere t%e o.ermatc%in- material en$ure$ limite& la$tic
&eformation in t%e /el&0 Lel& material ma! %o/e.er contain &efect$ of con$i&era"le $iHe0 In $uc% ca$e$ a
fracture mec%anic$ a$$e$$ment i$ nece$$ar! in or&er to &etermine if fracture in t%e /el& ma! "e t%e -o.ernin-
failure mo&e0
8pp.8 #ommentary * !age +%
A.# Comment& to F#.1.(G Ten&"le /a"l!re "n 1a&e mater"al. S"m.l"/"ed a..roac+ /or .lane .late&
Dominant $tructural $teel &e$i-n co&e$ li,e Euroco&e * GBG an& AISC G8G al! a lar-er material factor for
ten$ile failure /%en t%e caacit! i$ "a$e& on t%e ten$ile $tren-t%0 In or&er to &etermine a re$i$tance "! u$e of
non-linear #E met%o&$ a $imilar increa$e in t%e material factor $%oul& "e inclu&e& $ince t%e material cur.e u$e&
i$ inclu&in- t%e $train %ar&enin-0
A.0 Comment to F#.$.(G Determ"nat"on o/ c-cl"c load&
T%e c%ec, a-ain$t c!clic failure $%oul& "e carrie& out /it% t%e u$e of a &imen$ionin- loa& %i$tor! t%at %a$ t%e
re$cri"e& ro"a"ilit! of occurrence a$ re4uire& for a $in-le eCtreme loa&0 #or en.ironmental loa&$ li,e /a.e
an& /in& it $%oul& "e e$ta"li$%e& a &imen$ionin- $torm t%at t%e $tructure i$ re4uire& to $ur.i.e0 It /oul& "e in
line /it% c%ec, for ot%er failure mo&e$ to c%ec, t%e $tructure for one $in-le $torm from eac% of t%e critical
&irection$1 "ut /it%out a&&in- t%e calculate& &ama-e from &ifferent &irection$0
T%e loa& %i$tor! for t%e remainin- /a.e$ in a )0 000 !ear &imen$ionin- $torm in.e$ti-ate& for $out%ern Nort%
Sea con&ition$ %a.e "een foun& to %a.e a maCimum .alue e4ual to 00A* of t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e1 a &uration
of ? % an& a Lei"ull $%ae arameter of 2000 T%i$ alie$ for c%ec, of failure mo&e$ /%ere t%e entire $torm /ill
"e rele.ant1 $uc% a$ crac, -ro/t%0
L%en c%ec,in- failure mo&e$ /%ere onl! t%e remainin- /a.e$ after t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e <e0-0 "uc,lin-6
nee& to "e accounte& for1 a .alue of 00A of t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e ma! "e u$e& ref0 G2?G0
T%e loa& %i$tor! for t%e remainin- /a.e$ in a )00 !ear &imen$ionin- $torm in.e$ti-ate& for $out%ern Nort% Sea
con&ition$ %a.e "een foun& to %a.e a maCimum .alue e4ual to 00A= of t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e1 a &uration of ?
% an& a Lei"ull $%ae arameter of 2000 T%e lar-e$t remainin- /a.e$ after t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e <e0-0 for
ca$e$ li,e "uc,lin-6 t%e lar-e$t /a.e i$ foun& a$ 00A2 of t%e &imen$ionin- /a.e0
A.2 Comment to F#.$.*G C-cl"c &tre&& &tra"n c!r6e&
T%e c!clic $tre$$-$train cur.e$ are onl! inten&e& for lo/ c!cle fati-ue anal!$i$0 T%e u$e of monotonic $tre$$
$train cur.e in lo/ c!cle fati-ue anal!$i$ ma! ro.i&e non-con$er.ati.e re$ult$ an& mu$t t%erefore "e a.oi&e&.
T%e c!clic $tre$$ $train cur.e$ re$ente& in Ta"le =-* are "a$e& on c!clic "e%a.iour of $imilar $teel$ reorte&
in reference G*BG0 In or&er to account for uncertaintie$ in material "e%a.iour t%e cur.e$ are "a$e& on
con$er.ati.e a$$umtion$0 A $teel -ra&e $imilar to S2*= /a$ not reorte& in G*BG0 9ere1 t%e $ame eConent of
)0 in t%e Ram"er--O$-oo& relation /a$ a$$ume&0 8 /a$ a$$e$$e& "! a$$umin- a $train .alue of aroCimatel!
0000= /%en t%e $tre$$ %a$ aroac%e& t%e monotonic $tre$$ le.el of 2*=MPa0
A.' Comment to F#.$.#.1G Acc!m!lated damage cr"ter"on
@a"orator! te$t re$ult$ re$ente& in reference$ G28G to G*)G ma,e u t%e "a$i$ for t%e e$ta"li$%e& -N cur.e for
/el&e& ;oint$0 T%e roo$e& mean an& &e$i-n cur.e for air alon- /it% t%e la"orator! te$t &ata i$ re$ente& in
#i-ure A-) 0 Note t%at $ome of t%e re$ult$ re$ente& in t%e fi-ure are not o"taine& &irectl! from t%e referre&
article$0 In $ome ca$e$ furt%er anal!$i$ an& interretation /a$ nee&e& to o"tain t%e &ata on a roer format0
T%e mean cur.e i$ e$ta"li$%e& "a$e& on ;u&-ement0 T%e re$ult$ reorte& "! Lei-an$ an& 8erman ref0 G2AG are
o"taine& from te$tin- of &o--"one $ecimen$ cut out from a "utt /el&e& late0 T%e$e re$ult$ %a.e t%erefore
"een /ei-%te& le$$ t%an re$ult$ from ref0 G28G an& ref0 G*0G /%ic% i$ "a$e& on full $cale te$tin- of tu"ular ;oint$0
T%e fati-ue te$t re$ult$ re$ente& in ref0 G*)G are from ie$ /it% /all t%ic,ne$$ of le$$ t%an )0 mm0 T%e fati-ue
$tren-t% of /el&e& ;oint$ i$ to $ome eCtent &een&ent on t%e /all t%ic,ne$$ an& $ince t%e t%ic,ne$$ of $tructural
element$ normall! i$ $i-nificantl! lar-er t%an t%i$ t%e re$ult$ %a.e "een /ei-%te& le$$0
8ecau$e t%e fati-ue te$t &ata come from $e.eral &ifferent $ource$ it /a$ not foun& rea$ona"le to e$ta"li$% t%e
$tan&ar& &e.iation from a re-re$$ion anal!$i$0 In$tea&1 a $tan&ar& &e.iation of 002 in lo- N $cale i$ a$$ume& for
con$tructin- t%e &e$i-n cur.e in air0 A $tan&ar& &e.iation of 002 i$ i&entical to /%at i$ u$e& in %i-% c!cle fati-ue
<DNV-RP-C20* ref0 G)BG60 It i$ a -eneral oinion /it%in t%e "o&! of fati-ue eCerti$e t%at t%e $tati$tical
&e.iation in fati-ue te$t re$ult$1 &ecrea$e$ /it% &ecrea$in- fati-ue life0 9ence1 a$$umin- a $tan&ar& &e.iation
.alue of 002 $%oul& "e con$er.ati.e0
T%e %i-% c!cle fati-ue &e$i-n cur.e in DNV-RP-C20* i$ &efine& a$ t%e mean cur.e minu$ t/o $tan&ar&
&e.iation$0 In or&er to account for limite& te$t &ata1 t%e &e$i-n cur.e %a$ "een e$ta"li$%e& "! $u"tractin- t%ree
$tan&ar& &e.iation$0 T%ree $tan&ar& &e.iation$ on lo- N corre$on&$ to a factor of )0
*X002
Y >1 i0e t%e &e$i-n
cur.e i$ "elo/ t%e mean cur.e "! a factor of aroCimatel! four on fati-ue life0
T%e &e$i-n cur.e for $ea/ater /it% cat%o&ic rotection i$ con$tructe& "! re&ucin- t%e fati-ue life "! a factor
of 20=0 T%i$ i$ i&entical to t%e re&uction u$e& in DNV-RP-C20* for fati-ue li.e$ le$$ t%an )0
?
0
Due to limite& te$t &ata t%e roo$e& mo&el &oe$ not ta,e into account t%at t%e fati-ue $tren-t% &ecrea$e$ /it%
increa$in- t%ic,ne$$0 It i$ %o/e.er "elie.e& t%at t%i$ effect i$ le$$ ronounce& in lo/ c!cle fati-ue comare&
to %i-% c!cle fati-ue1 ref0 DNV-RP-C20*0 In or&er to a.oi& non-con$er.ati.e re$ult$ it i$ recommen&e& not to
al! t%e roo$e& cur.e$ for t%ic,ne$$e$ a"o.e ?0 mm0 #or lar-er t%ic,ne$$e$ it i$ recommen&e& to multil!
t%e $train amlitu&e <G26 /it% t%e t%ic,ne$$ correction factor u$e& in DNV-RP-C20*0 T%e reference t%ic,ne$$
i$ $et e4ual to ?0 mm0 In ca$e t%at lo/-c!cle fati-ue i$ to "e con$i&ere& to-et%er /it% %i-% c!cle fati-ue it ma!
"e more ractical to u$e t%e $ame reference t%ic,ne$$ in "ot% c%ec,$0
8pp.8 #ommentary * !age +(
F"g!re A91
,ean and de&"gn c!r6e /or welded 5o"nt& along w"t+ la1orator- te&t re&!lt&.
A.4 Comment& to F#.$.2G S+ake down c+eck
L%en a $tructure i$ loa&e& "e!on& linear limit$ t%e re$on$e for $u"$e4uent c!cle$ /ill "e c%an-e&0 It i$
t%erefore nece$$ar! to in.e$ti-ate t%e "e%a.iour t%rou-% t%e full c!cle$ al$o for t%e neCt c!cle$0 See e0-0 G22G
for more -ui&ance0
A.1? Comment& to F#.*.1G General
T%e mo&ellin- of -eometrical imerfection$1 out-of-$trai-%tne$$ etc0 i$ crucial for ac%ie.in- a cre&i"le an& $afe
e$timate of t%e "uc,lin- an& ultimate $tren-t% limit$0 T%e le$$ re&un&ant t%e $tructure i$ t%e more imortant it
/ill "e to mo&el t%e -eometrical &e.iation$ from erfect $%ae in a con$i$tent /a! u$in- t%e ei-enmo&e1
o$t"uc,lin- $%ae$1 com"ination$ t%ereof or $imilar0 #or re&un&ant $tructure$ t%e $en$iti.it! of t%e ultimate
loa& "earin- caacit! to t%e $iHe of t%e -eometrical imerfection$ /ill "e ne-li-i"le0 In $uc% ca$e$ t%e tri--erin-
of t%e -o.ernin- mo&e$ rat%er t%an accountin- for actual tolerance $iHe /ill "e mo$t imortant for t%e anal!$e$0
5ui&ance on anal!$i$ of $ta"ilit! ro"lem$ ma! "e foun& in e0-0 G)AG0
A.11 Comment& to F#.*.#G Stra"n l"m"t& to a6o"d acc!rate c+eck o/ local &ta1"l"t- /or .late& and
t!1!lar &ect"on& -"eld"ng "n com.re&&"on.
T%e $train limit$ for late$ are e$ta"li$%e& from anal!$i$ of flan-e$ meetin- rotational caacitie$ accor&in- to
cro$$-$ection cla$$ ) an& 2 an& "! comari$on /it% te$t$0 See G*>G an& G*=G0 Strain limit$ are al$o comare& /it%
recommen&ation$ -i.en in t%e DNV Off$%ore Stan&ar& for $u"marine ieline$ G*?G0

8pp.1 69amples * !age +$
A::ENDD % EDA,:8ES
%.1 E3am.leH Stra"n l"m"t& /or ten&"le /a"l!re d!e to gro&& -"eld"ng o/ .lane .late& <!n"a3"al
&tre&& &tate=
%.1.1 T9&ect"on cant"le6er 1eam
5ro$$ !iel&in- c%ec, of a T-$ection cantile.er "eam1 $u";ecte& to aCial an& $%ear force an& moment loa&in-1
i$ re$ente& in t%i$ eCamle0 T%e finite element $oft/are A8A7(S i$ u$e& to erform t%e anal!$e$0
T%e -eometr! an& "oun&ar! con&ition$ of t%e "eam are $%o/n in #i-ure 8-) 0 @oa&in- i$ alie& to a reference
oint coinci&in- /it% t%e neutral aCi$ of t%e "eam cro$$ $ection1 u$in- ,inematic coulin- "et/een cro$$ $ection
an& reference oint0 T%e "eam i$ mo&elle& u$in- >-no&e& $%ell element$ /it% re&uce& inte-ration <S>R6 /it%
me$% $iHe of )? mm C )? mm0 Material -ra&e i$ S*==1 mo&elle& accor&in- to Section M>0B0=N0
T%e ma-nitu&e of t%e alie& force$ an& moment$ are -i.en "! aCial force 7
4
1 $%ear force P
y
K 00)=7
4
an&
"en&in- moment 3
5
G 00>=7
4
0
T%e loa&in- an& "oun&ar! con&ition$ re$ult in a $tre$$ $tate &ominate& "! uniaCial $tre$$0 9ence1 t%e criterion
re$ente& in Section M=0)0*02N i$ alie& for a$$e$$in- t%e "eam0
F"g!re %91
Geometr- and 1o!ndar- cond"t"on& /or cant"le6er 1eam
Accor&in- to t%e criterion re$ente& in Section M=0)0*02N1 t%e $train $%oul& "e calculate& a$ t%e lineariHe&
maCimum rincial la$tic $train alon- t%e li,el! failure line an& c%ec,e& a-ain$t t%e limit for t%e critical $train0
T%e limit i$ a critical -ro$$ !iel& $train of 000> for t%i$ eCamle0
#i-ure 8-2 $%o/$ a contour lot of t%e maCimum rincial la$tic $train an& t%e c%o$en failure line1 t%e *
r&
element column from t%e clame& en&0 #or t%e c%o$en failure line t%e maCimum rincial la$tic $train i$
o"taine& from inte-ration oint$ an& lineariHe& u$in- t%e met%o& of lea$t $4uare$0
8a$e& on t%e finite element anal!$i$ re$ult$ an& t%e lineariHation t%e critical loa& i$ &etermine& to "e "et/een
7
4
K >8A ,N an& 7
4
K =00 ,N0 T%e maCimum rincial la$tic $train &i$tri"ution an& corre$on&in- lineariHe&
&i$tri"ution for loa& le.el 7
4
K>8A ,N are $%o/n in #i-ure 8-* an& anal!$i$ re$ult$ are $%o/n in Ta"le 8-) 0
Ta1le %91 Anal-&"& re&!lt&
7
4
3a4imum lineari5ed
H7I principal plastic strain
>8A *0AX)0
-2
=00 >02X)0
-2
)%%%
A
A
+/%
)%%
Section A
.%%
N
M
P
+%
&
8pp.1 69amples * !age +)
F"g!re %9$
,a3"m!m .r"nc".al .la&t"c &tra"n conto!r .lot; w"t+ c+o&en /a"l!re l"ne +"g+l"g+ted
F"g!re %9(
,a3"m!m .r"nc".al .la&t"c &tra"n and l"near"Ced ma3"m!m .r"nc".al .la&t"c &tra"n d"&tr"1!t"on& /or we1
T%e &e$i-n re$i$tance /ill "e foun& a$ t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance &i.i&e& "! t%e aroriate material factor$0
T%e $electe& element me$% i$ te$te& to "e accurate meanin- t%at a #EM ,noc, &o/n factor C
#EM
can "e ta,en
a$ )00 in t%i$ ca$e0
%.1.$ T9&ect"on cant"le6er 1eam w"t+ notc+
C%ec, for ten$ile failure of a T-$ection cantile.er "eam /it% a notc% in t%e free e&-e of t%e /e" i$ re$ente& in
t%i$ eCamle0 T%e -eometr! an& "oun&ar! con&ition$ are $%o/n in #i-ure 8-> 0 T%e mo&el1 loa&in- an& anal!$i$
$etu an& roce&ure are t%e $ame a$ in M80)0)N1 eCcet t%e $iHe of t%e me$% /%ic% in t%i$ ca$e i$ 2=F of t%e
notc% %ei-%t1 i0e0 2= mm C 2= mm0
In a&&ition to t%e -ro$$ !iel&in- criterion re$ente& in M=0)0*02N1 t%e local ten$ile failure criterion re$ente& in
M=0)0*0*N mu$t "e alie& /%en a$$e$$in- t%e "eam0

#hosen failure line

8pp.1 69amples * !age ++
F"g!re %9*
Geometr- and 1o!ndar- cond"t"on& /or cant"le6er 1eam w"t+ notc+
#or t%e -ro$$ !iel&in- t/o li,el! failure line$ /ere c%o$enO one at mi&-notc% an& one at t%e notc% corner
&i$la!in- t%e %i-%e$t $train .alue$1 $ee #i-ure 8-= 0 T%e maCimum rincial la$tic $train i$ o"taine& from
inte-ration oint$ an& lineariHe& u$in- t%e met%o& of lea$t $4uare$0 8ot% failure line$ mu$t coml! /it% t%e
criterion of an allo/a"le maCimum rincial la$tic lineariHe& $train of 000>0 In a&&ition1 t%e local $train1
accor&in- to M=0)0*0*N1 mu$t not eCcee& t%e critical $train .alue of 00)20 In t%i$ ca$e t%e me$% $iHe fall$ /it%in
t%e &efine& .olume criteria0 9ence1 t%e local $train .alue i$ ta,en a$ t%e maCimum rincial la$tic $train in t%e
element /it% t%e lar-e$t $train0
F"g!re %9#
,a3"m!m .r"nc".al .la&t"c &tra"n conto!r .lot; w"t+ c+o&en /a"l!re l"ne& +"g+l"g+ted
8a$e& on t%e finite element anal!$i$ re$ult$ t%e lineariHation line ) i$ foun& to "e t%e critical failure line1 /it%
critical loa& &etermine& to "e "et/een 7
4
K *)0 ,N an& 7
4
K *)= ,N0 T%e maCimum rincial la$tic $train
&i$tri"ution$ an& corre$on&in- lineariHe& &i$tri"ution$ for "ot% failure line$ at loa& le.el 7
4
K *)0 ,N are
$%o/n in #i-ure 8-? an& anal!$i$ re$ult$ are $%o/n in Ta"le 8-2 0
Ta1le %9$ Anal-&"& re&!lt&
7
4
H7I
3a4imum lineari5ed principal plastic strain
&ine 1 &ine + &argest element strain
*)0 *08X)0
-2
*00X)0
-2
B0?X)0
-2
*)= >0)X)0
-2
*0*X)0
-2
80)X)0
-2
(%%
$%%
)%%%
A
A
.%%
.%%
+/%
)%%
Section A
+%
&
N
M
P
8pp.1 69amples * !age +.
F"g!re %90
,a3"m!m .r"nc".al .la&t"c &tra"n and l"near"Ced ma3"m!m .r"nc".al .la&t"c &tra"n d"&tr"1!t"on& /or we1
A con.er-ence $tu&! i$ u$e& to en$ure t%at $ati$factor! accurac! i$ o"taine&0 L%en con.er-ence i$ reac%e& t%e
critical loa& i$ &etermine& "et/een 7
4
K *0= ,N an& 7
4
K *)0,N1 re$ultin- in a #EM ,noc, &o/n factor
T%e calculation$ in t%e con.er-ence $tu&! are erforme& for a fiCe& .olume1 i0e0 t%e .olume u$e& in t%e
re$ente& me$%0 #or t%e local $train criteria t%i$ i$ illu$trate& in #i-ure 8-B an& #i-ure 8-8 0
T%e &e$i-n re$i$tance /ill "e foun& a$ t%e c%aracteri$tic re$i$tance &i.i&e& /it% t%e aroriate material
factor$0
F"g!re %92
Element me&+ !&ed /or con6ergence &t!d-. Element& !&ed "n local &tra"n c+eck c"rcled "n red
C
FEH
=
SuSkN
S1SkN
= u.968
8pp.1 69amples * !age +/
F"g!re %9'
,a3"m!m .r"nc".al .la&t"c &tra"n /or t+ree me&+ den&"t"e&; t+e le/t me&+ "& .re&ented "n t+"& e3am.le
%.$ E3am.leH Con6ergence te&t o/ l"near"Ced 1!ckl"ng o/ /rame corner
A $!mmetric frame of "eam$ /it% I-$ection i$ anal!$e&0 T%e frame /it% "oun&ar! con&ition$ i$ $%o/n in #i-ure
8-A an& #i-ure 8-)0 0 T%e loa&in- i$ alie& a$ a &i$lacement of t%e /e" at one en& of t%e frame1 u
+<applied
K
000) m0 T%ree &ifferent me$% &en$itie$ an& t/o element t!e$ are inclu&e& in a con.er-ence $tu&!1 to en$ure
a $ufficientl! refine& me$%0 See #i-ure 8-)) 0 T%e element t!e$ u$e& are > no&e rectan-ular $%ell element$ an&
8 no&e rectan-ular $%ell element$0
T%e anal!$e$ are erforme& u$in- t%e #EM-$oft/are A8A7(S0
F"g!re %94
Geometr- o/ te&t e3am.le
a
+
%
%
%
$%%%
$
%
%
%
: (.%%
+%%%
b : .%%
.%%
+&%
Section A
A
A
$% $%
(.
8pp.1 69amples * !age +0
F"g!re %91?
D"&.lacementI1o!ndar- cond"t"on&

8pp.1 69amples * !age +&
F"g!re %911
To.H coar&e me&+. ,"ddleH /"ne me&+. %ottomH 6er- /"ne me&+

8pp.1 69amples * !age +2
#or t%e ei-en.alue anal!$e$ an& t%e linear anal!$e$ ela$tic material roertie$ /ere u$e& an& for t%e "uc,lin-
caacit! anal!$e$ non-linear material roertie$ /ere u$e&0 Detail$ are $%o/n in Ta"le 8-* 0
T%e loa&in- i$ alie& a$ &i$lacement on t%e /e" at one en& of t%e frame1 a$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-)0 0 9ence1
t%e ei-en.alue &efine$ t%e &i$lacement corre$on&in- to lineariHe& "uc,lin-0
A con.er-ence $tu&! i$ erforme& "! anal!$in- ? ca$e$ an& t%e re$ultin- "uc,lin- &i$lacement$ are li$te& in
Ta"le 8-> 0 #rom t%e$e re$ult$ all com"ination$ of me$% $iHe an& element t!e eCcet t%e coar$e > no&e
com"ination1 $eem$ to "e $ufficientl! refine&0 9o/e.er1 t%e $tre$$ re$ult$ /ante& are al$o %i-%l! &een&ent on
t%e me$% refinement1 an& a fine me$% in t%e area /%ere %i-% $tre$$ .alue$ are reac%e& i$ refera"le0 An anal!$i$
u$in- t%e .er! fine me$% i$ time con$umin-1 %ence t%e me$% $iHe an& element t!e com"ination c%o$en i$ t%e
> no&e element$ /it% fine me$%in-0
In $ummar! t%e con.er-ence te$t %a$ $%o/n t%at ca$e num"er 2 an& ca$e > /ill ro&uce $ufficientl! accurate
re$ult$ of t%e lineariHe& "uc,lin- .alue0 Ca$e 2 i$ referre& a$ t%e anal!$i$ i$ more efficient comare& to ca$e
>0 T%e increa$e& me$% refinement of ca$e *1 = an& ? /ill not $i-nificantl! imro.e t%e accurac! for t%e actual
ro"lem $olution0
%.( E3am.leH Determ"nat"on o/ 1!ckl"ng re&"&tance 1- !&e o/ l"near"Ced 1!ckl"ng 6al!e&
%.(.1 Ste. "= %!"ld model
T%e $ame ro"lem a$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-A /ill "e u$e& in t%i$ eCamle an& t%e "oun&ar! con&ition$ are a$ in
#i-ure 8-)0 0 T%e material roertie$ are $%o/n in Ta"le 8-= 0
T%e anal!$i$ follo/$ t%e $te$ a$ -i.en in M=0>02N0 Ste i6 i$ comlete& a$ t%e mo&el from t%e eCamle in M802N0
%.(.$ Ste. ""= 8"near anal-&"& o/ t+e /rame
T%e re$ult$ from a linear anal!$i$ are $%o/n in #i-ure 8-)2 an& #i-ure 8-)* for t%e .on-Mi$e$ an& mem"rane
comre$$ion $tre$$e$ re$ecti.el!0
T%e linear anal!$i$ i$ erforme& /it% t%e $ame alie& &i$lacement a$ in t%e ei-en.alue anal!$i$
u
+<applied
K 000)m1 e4ui.alent to an alie& loa& i !-&irection S
Rep
K B=0B ,N0
Ta1le %9( ,ater"al .ro.ert"e&
Den$it!1 B8=0 ,-Gm
*
Woun-J$ mo&ulu$1 E 2)0 5Pa
Poi$$onJ$ ratio1 00*
Ta1le %9* Con6ergence &t!d- o/ /rame
*ase
number
3esh si5e 9lement type &ineari5ed bucling displacement HmI
) Coar$e >-no&e 000?=*
2 #ine >-no&e 000?2>
* Ver! fine >-no&e 000?)8
> Coar$e 8-no&e 000?)?
= #ine 8-no&e 000?)=
? Ver! fine 8-no&e 000?)=
Ta1le %9# ,ater"al .ro.ert"e&
Den$it!1 B8=0 ,-Gm
*
Wiel& $tren-t%1
W
*== MPa
8pp.1 69amples * !age .%
F"g!re %91$
D"&tr"1!t"on o/ 6on9,"&e& &tre&& /rom l"near anal-&"&

8pp.1 69amples * !age .(
F"g!re %91(
D"&tr"1!t"on o/ com.re&&"6e &tre&& /rom l"near anal-&"& <m"n"m!m "n9.lane .r"nc".al &tre&&=
%.(.( Ste. """= Determ"ne t+e 1!ckl"ng e"gen6al!e&
Ei-en.alue anal!$i$ i$ erforme& to fin& t%e "uc,lin- mo&e$ an& ei-en.alue$ of t%e frame0 T%e fir$t ei-en.alue
i$
g
K ?02>1 an& t%e corre$on&in- "uc,lin- mo&e $%ae i$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-)> 0

8pp.1 69amples * !age .$
F"g!re %91*
F"r&t 1!ckl"ng mode
%.(.* Ste. "6= Select t+e go6ern"ng 1!ckl"ng mode and t+e .o"nt /or read"ng t+e re.re&entat"6e &tre&&
T%e lo/e$t "uc,lin- mo&e i$ ;u&-e& to "e a reali$tic "uc,lin- $%ae for t%i$ ca$e an& i$ $electe&0
T%e reference $tre$$ i$ ta,en a$ t%e maCimum .on-Mi$e$ $tre$$ in t%e $tructural art $u";ecte& to "uc,lin-0
%.(.# Ste. 6= Determ"ne t+e 6on9,"&e& &tre&& at t+e .o"nt /or t+e re.re&entat"6e &tre&&
Re.
/rom &te. ""=
Stre$$ from linear anal!$i$2

Rep
K AB0> MPa
%.(.0 Ste. 6"= Determ"ne t+e cr"t"cal 1!ckl"ng &tre&&
T%e critical "uc,lin- $tre$$ for t%e -o.ernin- "uc,lin- mo&e i$ &etermine& a$2
MPa
T%e re&uce& $len&erne$$ i$ &etermine& a$2
%.(.2 Ste. 6""= Select em."r"call- 1a&ed 1!ckl"ng c!r6e
T%e "uc,lin- cur.e u$e& %ere i$ ta,en from Ta"le =-?0 T%e cur.e $electe& i$ t%e one for column an& $tiffene&
late an& late /it%out re&i$tri"ution o$$i"ilitie$ a$ it i$ ;u&-e& t%at t%e corner late cannot re&i$tri"ute $tre$$e$
in a /a! $o t%e late cur.e coul& "e u$e&0

o
ki
= k
g
o
Rcp
= 6u8
z
= _
o
ki
= u.76
=
1
+
2
z
2
1.u
8pp.1 69amples * !age .)
i$ $et to 00* for t%e follo/in- calculation$0
%.(.' Ste. 6"""= Determ"ne t+e 1!ckl"ng re&"&tance R
d
Lit% t%en t%e "uc,lin- factor i$
A$$umin- a material factor 1 t%e "uc,lin- re$i$tance i$
%.* E3am.leH Determ"nat"on o/ 1!ckl"ng re&"&tance /rom non9l"near anal-&"& !&"ng code
de/"ned e)!"6alent tolerance&
%.*.1 De&cr".t"on o/ model
T%e $ame ro"lem a$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-A /ill "e u$e& in t%i$ eCamle an& t%e "oun&ar! con&ition$ are a$ in
#i-ure 8-)0 0 T%e material roertie$ are $%o/n in Ta"le 8-= an& t%e material mo&el i$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-)= 0
F"g!re %91#
,ater"al model /or anal-&"& w"t+ mater"al non9l"near"t-
A non-linear anal!$i$ <u$in- t%e arc-len-t% met%o&6 i$ erforme&1 /%ere t%e effect$ of imerfection$1 re$i&ual
$tre$$e$ an& material non-linearit! i$ accounte& for "! u$e of a &efine& material $tre$$-$train relation$%i an&
t%e u$e of emiricall! &etermine& e4ui.alent imerfection$0 T%e $%ae of t%e -o.ernin- "uc,lin- mo&e i$ ta,en
a$ t%e lo/e$t "uc,lin- mo&e a$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-)> 1 an& i$ u$e& a$ t%e attern for t%e e4ui.alent imerfection0
T%e ma-nitu&e of t%e e4ui.alent imerfection i$ calculate& u$in- t%e tolerance$ -i.en in Ta"le =-B 0
T%e anal!$e& frame can "e con$i&ere& e4ui.alent to a comonent of lon-itu&inal $tiffener or flan-e out$tan&1
%ence t%e ma-nitu&e i$ -i.en a$
/%ere c i$ %alf t%e /i&t% of t%e flan-e0 T/o .alue$ of c are anal!$e&1 t%e lar-e$t cO 1 /%ere
i$ t%e &i$tance "et/een /%ere t%e /e"$ cro$$ in t%e corner of t%e frame an& t%e mi&oint of t%e
flan-e cur.ature1 an& an a.era-e cO 1 /%ere i$ t%e /i&t% of t%e flan-e out$i&e t%e
cur.e& area0 See #i-ure 8-A
= u.S |1 +o(z
u.2) +z
2
]
z
= u.76 = u.767
R
J
=
y
S
Rcp
y
H
o
Rcp

y
H
= 1.1S
R
J
=
u.767 SSS u.u7S7
1.1S 97.4
= u.184 NN

o = u.u2 ra& = u.u2c
c
o
= o
o = u.97S m
c
o:g
=
o +
b
2
2
b = u.S m
8pp.1 69amples * !age .+
F"g!re %910
Stre&& d"&tr"1!t"on /or non9l"near anal-&"& w"t+ "n"t"al "m.er/ect"on at ma3"m!m a..l"ed /orce
%.*.$ Re&!lt&
T%e $tre$$ &i$tri"ution for t%e non-linear anal!$i$ /it% initial imerfection i$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-)?0 #i-ure 8-
)B &i$la!$ t%e force-&i$lacement cur.e$ for t%e &i$lace& en& of t%e frame for t%e linear anal!$i$ an& t%e force-
&i$lacement corre$on&in- to t%e critical "uc,lin- $tre$$ /%ere imerfection$ are ta,en into con$i&eration a$
calculate& in Section M80*N1 an& from t%e non-linear anal!$e$0
o
o
= u.u19S
o
o:g
= u.u122

6
a

8pp.1 69amples * !age ..
F"g!re %912
Force9d"&.lacement /rom non9l"near anal-&e&; l"near anal-&"& and t+e calc!lated cr"t"cal 6al!e
%.# E3am.leH Determ"nat"on o/ 1!ckl"ng re&"&tance /rom non9l"near anal-&"& t+at are
cal"1rated aga"n&t code /orm!lat"on& or te&t&
%.#.1 Ste. "=H :re.are model
A conical tran$ition $u";ecte& to eCternal %!&ro$tatic re$$ure an& aCial ten$ion i$ c%o$en for t%i$ anal!$i$0 T%e
-eometr! of t%e conical tran$ition an& t%e cali"ration o";ect i$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-)8 0 T%e alie& loa&in- i$
&efine& a$ a %!&ro$tatic re$$ure an& an aCial ten$ion 0
T%e "oun&ar! con&ition$ are mo&elle& u$in- con$traint$ /it% ,inematic coulin- "et/een a reference oint in t%e
cro$$-$ection centre an& t%e no&e$ on t%e circumference of t%e conical tran$ition en&$0 At t%e "ottom all
tran$lation$ an& rotation$ of t%e reference oint are con$traine& an& t%e to reference oint i$ con$traine& in t%e
%oriHontal lane <C- an& H-&irection60 @oa& an& "oun&ar! con&ition$ an& element me$% are $%o/n in #i-ure 8-)A 0
T%e conical tran$ition i$ mo&elle& u$in- >-no&e& $%ell element$ <S>R60 Material roertie$ are li$te& in Ta"le 8-? 0
F"g!re %91'
Geometr- o/ con"cal tran&"t"on <on to.= and cal"1rat"on o15ect <1ottom=; d"men&"on& "n mm
p = 1.u1NPa N
y
= S8.4NN
8pp.1 69amples * !age ./
F"g!re %914
8e/tH 8oad and 1o!ndar- cond"t"on&. R"g+tH Element me&+
Ta1le %90 ,ater"al .ro.ert"e&
Den$it!1 B8=0 ,-Gm
*
Wiel& $tren-t%1
W
>20 MPa
Den$it! /ater1
/
)0*0,-Gm
*
8pp.1 69amples * !age .0
%.#.$ Ste. ""=H Determ"ne rele6ant 1!ckl"ng mode&
Ei-en.alue anal!$i$ i$ erforme& to fin& t%e "uc,lin- mo&e$ for t%e conical tran$ition0 T%e fir$t rele.ant
"uc,lin- mo&e </it% o$iti.e ei-en.alue6 i$ mo&e *1 $%o/n in #i-ure 8-20 0
F"g!re %9$?
%!ckl"ng mode &+a.e /or con"cal tran&"t"on
8pp.1 69amples * !age .&
%.#.( Ste. """=H Select o15ect /or cal"1rat"on and .re.are model
T%e cali"ration o";ect i$ $electe& a$ a c!lin&er0 T%e &iameter an& /all t%ic,ne$$ are e4ual to t%e lo/er
c!lin&rical art of t%e conical tran$ition1 /%ile t%e len-t% i$ c%o$en a$ 2G* of t%e conical tran$ition len-t% <lo/er
art1 conical art an& a art of t%e to art60 T%e loa& an& "oun&ar! con&ition$1 element t!e an& me$% &en$it!
u$e& i$ t%e $ame a$ for t%e mo&el of t%e conical tran$ition1 $ee #i-ure 8-2) 0
F"g!re %9$1
8e/tH 8oad and 1o!ndar- cond"t"on&. R"g+tH Element me&+
8pp.1 69amples * !age .2
%.#.* Ste. "6=H Determ"ne t+e a..ro.r"ate 1!ckl"ng mode /or t+e cal"1rat"on o15ect
Ei-en.alue anal!$i$ i$ erforme& to fin& t%e "uc,lin- mo&e$ for t%e cali"ration o";ect0 T%e$e "uc,lin- mo&e$
are comare& to t%e "uc,lin- mo&e$ foun& for t%e conical tran$ition an& a mo&e /it% $imilar attern i$ $electe&0
#i-ure 8-22 $%o/$ t%e fir$t c!lin&er "uc,lin- mo&e0 T%i$ $%o/$ a $imilar attern to t%e "uc,lin- mo&e of t%e
conical tran$ition #i-ure 8-20 1 %ence t%i$ i$ &etermine& to "e an aroriate "uc,lin- mo&e0
F"g!re %9$$
%!ckl"ng mode &+a.e /or c-l"nder
%.#.# Ste. 6=H Determ"ne magn"t!de o/ t+e e)!"6alent "m.er/ect"on
To &etermine t%e ma-nitu&e of t%e e4ui.alent imerfection a non-linear anal!$i$ of t%e c!lin&er /it%
imerfection$ i$ erforme&0 T%e imerfection $%ae from t%e c%o$en "uc,lin- mo&e /a$ tran$ferre& to t%e non-
linear anal!$i$1 an& t%e $ame loa& an& "oun&ar! con&ition$ a$ for t%e ei-en.alue anal!$i$ /ere alie&0 T%e
material mo&el $%o/n in #i-ure =-? i$ u$e& for t%e non-linear anal!$i$0
T%e imerfection i$ $cale& $o t%e "uc,lin- caacit! of t%e c!lin&er i$ e4ual to t%e "uc,lin- caacit! for c!lin&er$
-i.en in N-00> G)2G0 To o"tain t%i$ caacit! t%e ma-nitu&e of t%e imerfection /a$ foun& to "e >0 mm0
%.#.0 Ste. 6"=H :er/orm non9l"near anal-&"& o/ t+e model w"t+ "m.er/ect"on&
A non-linear anal!$i$ of t%e conical tran$ition /it% imerfection$ i$ erforme&0 T%e loa& an& "oun&ar!
con&ition$ remain t%e $ame1 an& t%e material mo&el an& ma-nitu&e of t%e cali"rate& imerfection from Ste .
i$ u$e&0 T%e loa& roortionalit! factor for t%i$ ca$e i$ $%o/n in #i-ure 8-2* 0 T%e maCimum loa& roortionalit!
factor i$ 0 T%u$ t%e "uc,lin- caacit! of t%e conical tran$ition $u";ecte& to t%e -i.en loa&
com"ination i$O %!&ro$tatic re$$ure an& an aCial ten$ion 0 #i-ure 8-2> $%o/$ t%e
.on Mi$e$ $tre$$ at maCimum loa& on t%e &eforme& conical tran$ition0

IPF
mox
= u.9S6
p = u.9SNPa N
y
= S4.7NN
8pp.1 69amples * !age /%
F"g!re %9$(
8oad .ro.ort"onal"t- /actor /or con"cal tran&"t"on w"t+ "n"t"al "m.er/ect"on
F"g!re %9$*
De/lected &+a.e &+ow"ng 6on ,"&e& &tre&& at ma3"m!m load de/ormat"on& &caled w"t+ a /actor o/ 1?
8pp.1 69amples * !age /(
%.0 E3am.leH 8ow c-cle /at"g!e anal-&"& o/ t!1!lar 5o"nt &!15ected to o!t o/ .lane load"ng.
T%i$ eCamle re$ent$ a lo/ c!cle fati-ue anal!$i$ of a tu"ular T-;oint $u";ecte& to an out-of-lane full!
re.er$i"le loa& of Z ?0 ,N0 T%e o";ecti.e of t%e anal!$i$ i$ to e$timate t%e &e$i-n life "a$e& on t%e
recommen&ation$ in Section M=020=N0 T%e a$$ume& -eometr! an& &imen$ion$ are -i.en in Ta"le 8-B an& #i-ure
8-2= 0
F"g!re %9$#
Geometr- o/ te&t e3am.le; d"men&"on& "n mm
It i$ a$$ume& t%at t%e c!clic $tre$$-$train "e%a.iour i$ /ell &e$cri"e& "! t%e Ram"er--O$-oo& relation$%i2
T%e .alue$ for t%e Ram"er--O$-oo& arameter$ are re$ente& in Ta"le 8-8 for t%e c%or& an& t%e "race0
In or&er to o"tain t%e c!clic $train$ a finite element anal!$i$ /a$ carrie& out u$in- t%e #EM-$oft/are A8A7(S0
An 8-no&e& $%ell element <S8R6 mo&el /a$ e$ta"li$%e& /it% loa& an& $uort con&ition$ a$ $%o/n in #i-ure
8-2? 0
T%e c%or& /a$ con$traine& at eac% en& for all tran$lational an& rotational &e-ree$ of free&om0 T%e out-of-lane
loa& /a$ alie& "! mean$ of a reference oint locate& at t%e cro$$-$ection centre of t%e "race en&0 T%i$
reference oint i$ connecte& to t%e circumference of t%e "race en& "! mean$ of ,inematic coulin-0 T%e loa&
/a$ alie& u$in- t%ree $te$ a$ illu$trate& in #i-ure 8-2B 0
Ta1le %92 D"men&"on&
HmmI
C%or& &iameter D K *00
C%or& t%ic,ne$$ T K )=0A
C%or& len-t% @ K )800
8race &iameter & K )?0
8race t%ic,ne$$ t K ))0=
8race len-t% l K =00
Ta1le %9' Ram1erg9O&good .arameter&
8J
H3PaI
nJ
C%or& B*)0B 000A?
8race ?AA0= 00)08
e =
o
E
+[
o
K
'
1
n
'

8pp.1 69amples * !age /$
F"g!re %9$0
%o!ndar- and load"ng cond"t"on& /or t!1!lar 5o"nt
F"g!re %9$2
8oad &te.&
#i-ure 8-28 <a6 $%o/$ an o.er.ie/ of t%e finite element me$%0 #i-ure 8-28 <"6 $%o/$ a clo$e-u of t%e "race-
c%or& inter$ection area0 T%e finite element me$% in t%e %ot $ot re-ion i$ in accor&ance /it% t%e recommen&e&
ractice DNV-RP-C20* for tu"ular ;oint$0 In t%i$ eCamle t%e element no&e$ coinci&e /it% t%e $ecifie&
eCtraolation oint$ <a an& b60 9ence1 no&al .alue$ are alie& in t%e eCtraolation roce&ure for calculatin-
t%e %ot $ot $train ran-e0 T%e &i$tance from t%e %ot $ot to t%e fir$t eCtraolation oint1 a i$ o"taine& "! mean$
of E4uation <2*60 T%e &i$tance to t%e $econ& eCtraolation oint1 b i$ o"taine& "! E4uation <2>60
<2*6
<2>6

o = u.2Vrt K ?0)mm
b =
nR
S6
= 1S.1mm
8pp.1 69amples * !age /)
F"g!re %9$'
8e/tH <a= ,e&+ed model; R"g+tH <1= Clo&e9!. o/ 1race9c+ord "nter&ect"on area
#i-ure 8-2A $%o/$ t%e rincial $train ran-e &ue to t%e out-of-lane c!clic loa&in-0
F"g!re %9$4
,a3"m!m .r"nc".al &tra"n range
T%e %ot$ot $train ran-e i$ o"taine& accor&in- to t%e follo/in- roce&ure2
i6 E$ta"li$% t%e total $train ran-e$ < etc06 "! $u"tractin- t%e minimum $train .alue$ of loa&
$te 2 "! t%e maCimum .alue$ of loa& $te *0 In A8A7(S t%i$ i$ &one "! u$in- t%e DCreate #iel& OututE
otion0
ii6 ECtract t%e rincial $train ran-e$ at t%e t/o eCtraolation oint$1 i0e1 at &i$tance$ a an& b0
iii6 T%e %ot$ot $train ran-e i$ calculate& "! mean$ of t%e follo/in- e4uation2
T%e %ot $ot $train ran-e alon- /it% .alue$ at &i$tance$ a an& b are re$ente& in Ta"le 8-A 0
<2=6
Ta1le %94 Hot&.ot &tra"n range
No&al .alue $a&&le 0000*? 00002) 0000>8

Ae
xx
, Ae
yy
, Ae
xy

Ae
bs

Ae
bs
= Ae
o
[
o
b o
(Ae
b
Ae
o
)
As
a
As
h

As
hx

8pp.1 69amples * !age /+
Air en.ironment i$ a$$ume&0 9ence1 t%e c%aracteri$tic &e$i-n life &ue to t%e c!clic loa&in- i$ o"taine& "!
$ol.in- t%e follo/in- e4uation1 ref0 Section M=020=N2
%.2 E3am.leH 8ow c-cle /at"g!e anal-&"& o/ .late w"t+ c"rc!lar +ole.
In t%i$ eCamle a lo/ c!cle fati-ue anal!$i$ of a late /it% a circular %ole $u";ecte& to c!clic &i$lacement of
)00mm i$ re$ente&0 T%e o";ecti.e of t%e anal!$i$ i$ to e$timate t%e &e$i-n life "a$e& on recommen&ation$ in
Section M=020?N0 T%e &imen$ion$ of t%e late are re$ente& in #i-ure 8-*0 0 T%e late material i$ of -ra&e S*==
an& t%e c!clic $tre$$-$train cur.e i$ o"taine& from Ta"le =-* 0
F"g!re %9(?
Geometr- o/ con&"dered &.ec"men
T%e maCimum rincial $train ran-e i$ o"taine& "! erformin- a finite element anal!$i$ /it% t%e #EM-$oft/are
A8A7(S0 T%e finite element anal!$i$ /a$ erforme& /it% 8-no&e& $%ell element$ /it% re&uce& inte-ration
<S8R60 T%e material mo&ellin- i$ accor&in- to $ecification$ in Section M>0B0=N0 T%e "oun&ar! con&ition$ an&
c!clic &i$lacement i$ alie& a$ illu$trate& in #i-ure 8-*2 0 Note t%at a total of ? comlete loa& c!cle$ i$
$ecifie& in t%e anal!$i$ in or&er to $ee %o/ t%e $tre$$ $train %!$tere$i$ cur.e &e.eloe&0
F"g!re %9(1
Geometr- and load"ng
Ac
hs
2
=
o
f
'
E
(2N)
u.1
+c
f
'
(2N)
u.S

[ N = 127u ccles

8pp.1 69amples * !age /.
F"g!re %9($
8oad &te.&
T%e maCimum rincial $train ran-e i$ o"taine& accor&in- to t%e follo/in- roce&ure2
i6 Perform a $train con.er-ence $tu&!0 T%e me$% aroun& t%e %ole i$ refine& until t%e $train .alue in t%e
rele.ant no&al oint con.er-e$0 8a$e& on t%e con.er-ence $tu&! it /a$ foun& $ufficient to u$e >8 element$
aroun& t%e %ole0
ii6 E$ta"li$% t%e $train comonent ran-e$ < 1 etc06 "! $u"tractin- t%e $train comonent .alue$
of loa& $te )2 from t%e .alue$ of loa& $te )*0 9ence1 t%e $tre$$G$train outut from t%e la$t c!cle i$ u$e& a$
"a$i$ for calculatin- t%e &e$i-n fati-ue life0 In A8A7(S t%e $train ran-e i$ o"taine& "! u$in- t%e DCreate
#iel& OututE otion0
iii6 Calculate t%e maCimum rincial $train ran-e "a$e& on t%e $train comonent ran-e$0
i.6 Calculate t%e &e$i-n fati-ue life "a$e& on t%e $ea/ater /it% cat%o&ic rotection cur.e0
#i-ure 8-** $%o/$ t%e maCimum rincial $train ran-e &ue to t%e $ecifie& c!clic loa&in- of t%e late0 T%e
%!$tere$i$ loo in t%e location a&;acent to t%e %ole /it% t%e %i-%e$t c!clic $train i$ lotte& in #i-ure 8-*> 0 T%e
maCimum rincial $train ran-e of
l
K 000)) o"taine& from t%e la$t c!cle in t%e finite element anal!$i$ i$ u$e&
a$ "a$i$ for calculatin- t%e &e$i-n fati-ue life0 9ence1 "! $ol.in- E4uation <)*6 in Section =020? a &e$i-n fati-ue
life of 7 K )*A i$ o"taine&0
F"g!re %9((
E)!"6alent &tra"n range

Ae
xx
, Ae
yy
, Ae
xy

8pp.1 69amples * !age //
F"g!re %9(*
Stre&& 6er&!& &tra"n "n - d"rect"on <.arallel to t+e 1
&t
.r"nc".al &tra"n d"rect"on=.

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