FLUID MECHANICS FORMULA SHEET

FLUID PROPERTIES
water = 1000 kg/m
3
air = 1.23 kg/m
3
mercury = 13600 kg/m
3
= g g = 9.81 m/s
2

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Newtons Law
of Viscosity
Cai!!a"y Rise
in Ci"c#!a"
T#$es
%#!& Mo'#!#s of
E!asticity
Co("essi$i!ity
=
du
dy

( / ) =
h
r
=
2

cos

=

=
/ d
dp
/ d
dp
E
0
v
K
d
dp
d
dp
=

=
1 1

HYDROSTATICS
P"ess#"e
Dist"i$#tion
Hy'"ostatic Fo"ce
on a P!ane S#"face
Point of
A!ication of FR
%#oyancy
Fo"ce
P = h FR = PcA
xR=xc+Ixyc/ycA
yR=yc+Ixc/ycA
FB = f sub
3
sphere
r
3
4
=
h r
3
1
2
c!e
=
"
a #
$
y
# $
y
%
#
$
y
# 4%/&3'
%
#
4%/&3'
Rectangle Triangle Circle Semicircle Quarter
circle
( "a a"/2 %
2
%
2
/2 %
2
/4
)$c &"a
3
'/12 "a
3
/36 %
4
/
4
0.1098%
4
0.0*488%
4
)yc &a"
3
'/12 %
4
/
4
0.392+%
4
0.0*488%
4
)$yc 0 "a
2
&", 0 0 ,0.0164+%
4
a
"
d
a/3
&"-d'/3
4%/&3'
)INEMATICS
Position Vecto" Ve!ocity Acce!e"ation Vo"ticity
r xi yj zk = + +
ui !j "k
r
#
= + + =

$
%
%#

#
= = +

( )
= ( ) x
E*#ation of
Pat+!ine
E*#ation of
St"ea(!ine
De! Oe"ato" Vo!#(et"ic
Di!atation Rate
dx
u
dy
!
dz
"
d# = = =
dt
.
ds
w
d/
v
dy
u
d$
= = = k
/
0
y
i
$

=
1

d
d#

( )
=
Change Equation
1e2ect a! e3uati! t s2ve 4r a di44ere!t u!k!w!
12ve 4r 42w rate
12ve 4r 42w area
12ve 4r 42w ve2city
5here
6 = 42w rate
( = 42w area
v = 42w ve2city
Note Bernoulli Equation Assumes:
1. 42w is stream2i!e
2. steady state 42w
3. i!viscid 42uid
4. i!cmpressi"2e 42uid
1e2ect a! e3uati! t s2ve 4r a di44ere!t u!k!w!
12ve 4r head 2ss
12ve 4r static head r e2evati! at pi!t 1
12ve 4r pressure at pi!t 1
12ve 4r ve2city at pi!t 1
5here
h = head 2ss
7 = static head r e2evati!
8 = 8ressure
. = 42uid ve2city
p = 42uid de!sity
g = acce2erati! 4 gravity
6 = 42w rate
Quantity Symbol Object Units
pressure p scalar N/m
2
velocity v vector m/s
density scalar kg/m
3
viscosity scalar kg/m-s
body force b vector N/kg
time t scalar s
barotropic A barotropic fluid is one whose pressure and density are related
by an equation of state that does not contain the temperature as
a dependent variable. athematically! the equation of state can
be e"pressed as p # p$% or # $p%.
compressible A fluid flow is compressible if its density changes appreciably
$typically by a few percent% within the domain of interest.
&ypically! this will occur when the fluid velocity e"ceeds ach '.3.
(ence! low velocity flows $both gas and liquids% behave
incompressibly.
density, &he mass of fluid per unit volume. )or a compressible fluid flow!
the density can vary from place to place.
incompressible An incompressible fluid is one whose density is constant
everywhere. All fluids behave incompressibly $to within *+% when
their ma"imum velocities are below ach '.3.
inviscid Not viscous.
irrotational An irrotational fluid flow is one whose streamlines never loop back
on themselves. &ypically! only inviscid fluids can be irrotational. ,f
course! a uniform viscid fluid flow without boundaries is also
irrotational! but this is a special $and boring-% case.
laminar
(non-
turbulent)
An organi.ed flow field that can be described with streamlines. /n
order for laminar flow to be permissible! the viscous stresses must
dominate over the fluid inertia stresses.
Mach ach number is the relative velocity of a fluid compared to its
sonic velocity. ach numbers less than 0 correspond to sub-sonic
velocities! and ach numbers 1 0 correspond to super-sonic
velocities.
Newtonian A Newtonian fluid is a viscous fluid whose shear stresses are a
linear function of the fluid strain rate. athematically! this can be
e"pressed as2 ij # Kijqp3Dpq! where ij is the shear stress
component! and Dpq are fluid strain rate components.
perect A perfect fluid is defined as a fluid with .ero viscosity $i.e.
inviscid%.
rotational A rotational fluid flow can contain streamlines that loop back on
themselves. (ence! fluid particles following such streamlines will
travel along closed paths. 4ounded $and hence nonuniform%
viscous fluids e"hibit rotational flow! typically within their
boundary layers. 5ince all real fluids are viscous to some amount!
all real fluids e"hibit a level of rotational flow somewhere in their
domain. 6egions of rotational flow correspond to the regions of
viscous losses in a fluid. /nviscid fluid flows can also be rotational!
but these are special nonphysical cases. )or an inviscid fluid flow
to be rotational! it must be set up that way by initial conditions.
&he amount of rotation $called the velocity circulation% in an
inviscid fluid flow is conserved! provided that the fluid is also
barotropic and sub7ect only to conservative body forces. &his
conservation is known as Kelvin's Theorem of constant circulation.
Sto!esian A 5tokesian $or non-Newtonian% fluid is a viscous fluid whose
shear stresses are a non-linear function of the fluid strain rate.
streamline A path in a steady flow field along which a given fluid particle
travels.
turbulent A flow field that cannot be described with streamlines in the
absolute sense. (owever! time-averaged streamlines can be
defined to describe the average behavior of the flow. /n turbulent
flow! the inertia stresses dominate over the viscous stresses!
leading to small-scale chaotic behavior in the fluid motion.
viscosity, A fluid property that relates the magnitude of fluid shear stresses
to the fluid strain rate! or more simply! to the spatial rate of
change in the fluid velocity field. athematically! this is e"pressed
as2 # 3$dV/dy%! where is the shear stress in the same
direction as the fluid velocity V! and y is a direction perpendicular
to the fluid velocity direction.