CHEM2151L INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB SEMESTER: 2014-1

Recation of Calcium
Lab #: 2
Name: Javier Magana
Partner: Adaney Reyes
Date Lab was performed: 2
nd
August, 2014
Due date: 9
th
September 2014


Introduction

This lab experiment is to observe the properties of Calcium and also observe its reactions. Calcium is
in group 2A which is an alkaline earth metal. Calcium is more reactive than magnesium but less than
of potassium, sodium and lithium. Calcium reacts with O2 gas only if ignited, burning with a red
flame producing a white solid, calcium oxide (CaO) (Chapman et all.,2009). In this lab Calcium was
reacted with water and the gas produced was ignited to demonstrate that it was hydrogen. Then it was
reacted with HCl to measure the amount of hydrogen produced by this reaction.

Calcium is used in fireworks because of its reaction with air. Calcium is used to produce brick red
colors in fireworks. Calcium reacts very vigorously with HCl to produce calcium chloride and
hydrogen gas. As you go down in a period the shielding effect increase which allows these atoms to
ionize themselves faster. Calcium is in between the group and with this trend it can be predicted that
Calcium will be more reactive than beryllium but less that radium.

Calcium has a high melting and boiling point and it is die because of it has 2 valence electrons for
each calcium atom to add in its sea of electrons in its metallic structure. It has a face centered cubic
structure which also explains it physical property. It is relatively soft as a metal but harder than most
group 1 metal if not all. It is essential mineral in the body in the formation of bones and teeth.

Equipment and Materials


Part 1 Part 2
250 mL beaker calcium turnings
Small piece of calcium 2 small 10 mL test tubes
Test tube 100 mL beaker
Spatula two droppers
Litmus paper 2 burets
Splint Analytical balance
Bunsen burner methyl orange
Procedures

Part 1

1. A 250mL beaker was filled halfway with water. A small piece of calcium was obtained and relevant
observations were made and recorded.
CHEM2151L INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB SEMESTER: 2014-1
2. A test tube filled with water was inverted in the beaker ensuring no air bubble was present. The
obtained piece of calcium was inserted in the beaker and the test tube was left hovering over the
metal. Observations were made and recorded.
3. The solution was tested with blue litmus paper. The test tube was left in an inverted position and a
lighted splint was inserted in. Observations were made and recorded.
Part 2

1. Two 10mL test tubes, a 100 mL beaker, and 2 droppers were obtained. A dropper was labelled A
and the other dropper was labelled B. Each dropper was filled with water and the amount of drops it
took to fill 1ml of water in a measuring cylinder was observed and recorded.
2. One test tube was labelled as NaOH and the other as HCl. 7 mL of 5.XX MHCl was added in the
test tube labeled HCl and 7 mL of 2.5X M NaOH was added in the other test tube. The moles in one
drop was calculated for HCl and NaOH.
3. The 100 ml Beaker was placed on the analytical balanced and zeroed. Small pieced of calcium was
inserted to the beaker to get a measurement between 0.07XX and 0.15XX grams.
4. 2 mL of acid was added in the beaker drop wise. The beaker was swirled and observations were
made and recorded.
5. 1 drop of methyl orange was added in the beaker.
6. 2.5X M NaOH was added drop wise till the yellow neutral color was seen in the beaker. The
numbers of moles of NaOH required to neutralize the acid was calculated.
7. The above procedures was repeated an extra time.
Data
Graphs/ tables

Observations Made
Calcium Is a grey silvery solid.
Calcium + H
2
O Reacted vigorously and producing a gas.
Litmus Test The litmus paper turned blue
Gas Test When tested with lighted splint a loud pop sound was heard

Dropper Drops/mL (2) Concentration A/B (M) (2) Mol A/B (4)
A 25 Drops/mL 5.0 2.0 * 10^-4
B 25 Drops/mL 2.5 1.0 * 10^-4

Trail 1 Trial 2 Average
Mass Ca (1) 0.1089 0.1055 0.1072
Moles Ca (4) 2.717 * 10^-3 2.632 * 10^-3 2.675 * 10^-3
Color after adding indicator (1) Pink Pink pink
Excess reactant (3) HCl HCl HCl
Total drops HCl (1) 52 50 51
Moles HCl added (4) 0.0104 0.01 0.0102
Total drops NaOH (1) 25 23 24
Moles NaOH added (4) 2.5 * 10^-3 2.3 * 10^-3 2.4 * 10^-3
Moles Excess HCl (3) 4.966 * 10^-3 4.736 * 10^-3 4.851 * 10^-3
Moles HCl reacted (4) 2.466 * 10^-3 2.436 * 10^-3 2.451 * 10
-3






CHEM2151L INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB SEMESTER: 2014-1
Sample Calculations
Ca
(s)
+ 2HCl
(aq)
= CaCl
2 (aq)
+ H
2 (g)
Trial 1

2.717 * 10^-3 0.0104
* 2 -5.434 * 10^-3
5.434 * 10^-3 4.966 * 10^-3

Trial 2

2.632 * 10^-3 0.01
*2 -5.264 * 10^-3
5.264 * 10^-3 4.736 * 10^-3

HCl
(aq)
+ NaOH
(aq)
= NaCl
(aq)
+ H
2
O
(l)
Trial 1

4.966 * 10^-3 2.5 * 10^-3
-2.5 * 10^-3
2.466 * 10^-3

Trail 2

4.736 * 10^-3 2.3 * 10^-3
-2.3 * 10^-3
2.436 * 10^-3
Results
The average moles of HCl acid that was left in excess before adding NaOH solution was 4.851 * 10^-3
moles.
Analysis & Discussion
Explanation

Calcium reacts in water to produce a hydroxide. This hydroxide is soluble in water. Hydroxides are basic
especially the ones from metals. This gave a pH of 12 with reference to the litmus paper. Another product
produced is hydrogen gas which was tested with the lighted splint. When hydrogen gas reacts with
oxygen it makes a popping sound.

Calcium reacts with HCl acid to produce calcium chloride and hydrogen gas. Calcium chloride is a soluble
salt. The reason why it was tested how much drops is in 1 mL so the moles of in 1 ml can be more
accurately calculated. It was neutralized with NaOH to know how much of the acid was in excess and
how much of the acid was reacted with the calcium metal. There is 1:1 for calcium to hydrogen and a
graph should demonstrate it.

Q & A
1. Ca
(s)
+ H
2
O = Ca(OH)
2(aq)
+ H
2(g)

2. Group 2 metals react with water forming a hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
The trend seen as elements react with water across a period is that the product being form goes
from basic hydroxide to an acidic compound. Metals tend to react more with water than nonmetals.
3. Ca
(s)
+ 2HCl
(aq)
= CaCl
2 (aq)
+ H
2 (g)
Metals tend to react with acid forming a salt and hydrogen gas. The calcium is more reactive than
hydrogen so it displaces the hydrogen forming a salt and hydrogen gas.
CHEM2151L INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB SEMESTER: 2014-1
6.A different alkaline earth metal would share the same relationship as Calcium because they share
relatively same chemical and physical properties. the alkaline earth metal would react with HCl forming
a chloride salt and hydrogen gas.

8. The purpose of this lab was to see chemical properties of calcium and also the relationship it has
with HCl acid.

9. This lab wasnt useful in learning new skills but reinforcing the knowledge already known about
Calcium. The chemical equation of calcium and HCl is known and why it behaves that way.
Through the balance formula the ratio of products to reactants are known so a theoretical yield can
be predicted.

10. The limitations of the lab was the analytical scale. It does not give a stable measurement. Having
more available elements in finer form and more scale would improve this lab.

11. Sources of error encountered was they methyl orange didnt give a red color but instead a pink
color.

Conclusion
Include a short paragraph to summarize what was learnt from the experiment and a restatement of any
final calculated values. You may also include mention of how the lab may be improved or how it could be
done differently to give better results.





























CHEM2151L INORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB SEMESTER: 2014-1

Refernce