Produo Textual - texto 2

CONJUNCTIONS
A conjunction may be used to indicate the relationship between the ideas
expressed in a clause and the ideas expressed in the rest of a sentence. The conjunctions in the
following examples are printed in bold type.
E.g. We could go to the library, or we could go to the park.
He neither finished his homework nor studied for the test.
went out because the sun was shining.
1. Coordinate conunctions
!oordinate conjunctions are used to join two similar grammatical constructions" for instance,
two words, two phrases or two clauses.
E.g. #y friend and will attend the meeting. The sun rose and the birds began to sing.
The most commonly used coordinate conjunctions are and, but and or. n addition, the words
nor and !et may be used as coordinate conjunctions. n the following table, each coordinate
conjunction is followed by its meaning and an example of its use. $ote the use of in%erted
word order in the clause beginning with nor.
Coordinate Conunctions "#$N%O&S'
$nd( in addition &he tried and succeeded.
but( howe%er They tried but did not succeed.
or( alternati%ely 'id you go out or stay at home(
Nor( and neither did not see it, nor did they.
&et( howe%er The sun is warm, !et the air is cool.
)or( because hate to waste food , )or it is expensi%e
Use $N* to su++est(
)* chronological se+uence,
e.g. -Anna sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response..
/* 0esult,
e.g. -He heard the weather report and boarded up his house..
1to co%er with boards*
2* contrast 1fre+uently replaced by but in this usage*,
e.g. -'aniel is brilliant and 3ohn has a pleasant personality..
4* Add a comment,
e.g. -!harlie became addicted to gambling 5 and that surprised no one who knew
him..
Use %UT to su++est(
)* a contrast,
e.g. -3oey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to li%e +uite
comfortably..
/* an exception,
e.g . -E%erybody but 3ohn is trying out for the team..
Use O, to su++est(
)* an alternati%e,
e.g. -6ou can study hard for this exam or you can fail.
/* an alternati%e,
e.g. -We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat lefto%ers..
2* a negati%e condition,
e.g. -7i%e free or die8..
Use NO, to su++est(
)* The conjunction $90 is most common used as a correlati%e conjunction - neither:.nor.,
e..g. He is neither sane nor brilliant.
/* t can be used with other negati%e expressions,
e.g. -That is not what meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an
admission of guilt..
e.g. -;eorge<s handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he e%er pro%en
untrustworthy..
Use &-T to su++est(
)* -ne%ertheless. or -but..
e.g. -3ohn plays basketball well, !et his fa%orite sport is badminton..
/* 6ET is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and.
e.g. -The %isitors complained loudly about the heat, but !et = and !et they continued to play
golf e%ery day..
Use SO to su++est(
)* A& WE77 or $ A''T9$
e.g. -3ohn is not the only 9lympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister and his >ncle
!het..
/* &9 meaning THE0E?90E,
e.g. -3ohn has always been ner%ous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he a%oids
crowds of his adoring fans..
2* &9 as summing up
e.g. -So. the sheriff peremptorily remo%ed the child from the custody of his parents..
Use #O, to su++est( because and since "literar!'
e.g. 3ohn thought he had a good chance to get the job, )or his father was on the company<s
board of trustees.
e.g. #ost of the %isitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, )or it had been a long,
dusty journey on the train.
NOT-, When a coordinate conjunction joins two %erbs which ha%e the same subject, the
subject need not be repeated.
e.g. she tried and succeeded
-xercise 1( @aying attention to the meanings of the sentences, and to the presence of in%erted
word order, fill in the blanks with the correct coordinate conjunctions chosen from the pairs
gi%en in brackets. ?or example,
would like to come, AAA do not ha%e time. 1but, nor*
would like to come, but do not ha%e time.
). opened the door AAAAAAAAA looked out. 1and, yet*
/. &he was not in the back yard, AAAAAAAAA was she upstairs. 1or, nor*
2. The sun had set, AAAAAAAAA it was still light outside. 1or, yet*
4. 'o you know his address AAAAAAAAA telephone number( 1but, or*
B. He has not arri%ed yet, AAAAAAAAA ha%e they. 1and, nor*
C. read the book, AAAAAAAAA did not understand it. 1but, or*
D. We searched diligently, AAAAAAAA found nothing. 1or, yet*
E. in%ited him AAAAAAAAA his friends. 1and, but*
2. Correlati/e conunctions
!orrelati%e conjunctions are used in pairs, in order to show the relationship between
the ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence.
e.g. -ither ... or is used to indicate that the ideas expressed in the two clauses represent two
alternati%e choices of action.
e.g. -ither you should study harder, or you should take a different course.
CONJUNCTIONS
01$T IS
2IN3-*
S$4P2- S-NT-NC-
both...and subjectFsubject %oth my sister and my brother play the piano.
either...or nounFnoun TonightGs program is either #oHart or Ieetho%en.
Whether...or subjectFsubject 'oes anyone know 5hether the president or the %ice
president was responsible for pro%iding the
announcement to the press
just as . . . so too sentenceFsentence Just as the smell of baking brought back memories, so
too did the taste of the cider.
neither...nor subjectFsubject Neither the orchestra nor the chorus was able to
o%ercome the terrible acoustics in the church.
hardly ... when sentenceFsentence He had hardl! begun to work, 5hen he was interrupted.
if ... 1then* sentenceFsentence I) that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
no sooner ... than sentenceFsentence No sooner had reached the corner, than the bus came.
scarcely ... when sentenceFsentence Scarcel! had we left home, 5hen it started to rain.
what with ... and nounFnoun 0hat 5ith all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has
many relati%es.
rather ... than sentenceFsentence I 5ould rather go swimming than go to the library.
as... as sentenceFsentence #y dog doesn<t smell as bad as your dog smells
not only...but also sentenceFsentence Not onl! does &ue raise money for the symphony, but
she also ushers at all of their concerts.
Exercise ), What is linked(
). He is both intelligent and goodJnatured.
/. will either go for a walk or read a book.
2. He is neither rich nor famous.
4. He had hardl! begun to work, 5hen he was interrupted.
B. I) that is true, then what happened is not surprising.
C. No sooner had reached the corner, than the bus came.
D. &he is not onl! cle%er, but also hardJworking.
E. would rather go swimming than go to the library.
K. Scarcel! had we left home, 5hen it started to rain.
)L. 0hat 5ith all her aunts, uncles and cousins, she has many relati%es.
)). Ha%e you decided 5hether you will come or not(
-xercise 2( @aying attention to the expressions used in the following sentences, fill in the
blanks with the words and, but also, nor, or, than, then and 5hen, as appropriate. ?or
example,
We should either walk +uickly AA take the bus.
We should either walk +uickly or take the bus.
). ha%e both respect AAAAAAAAA admiration for them.
/. Hardly had finished reading o%er the problem, AAAAAAAAA the answer leapt to my mind.
2. t will rain either today AAAAAAAAA tomorrow.
4. He could not decide whether to tell the truth AAAAAAAAA keep silent.
B. t was not only a beautiful day, AAAAAAAAAAA the first day of &pring.
C. f you follow the instructions, AAAAAAAAAA you should ha%e no difficulty.
D. He is neither proud AAAAAAAAA condescending.
E. What with one thing AAAAAAAAA another, it was %ery late by the time we left the house.
K. $o sooner had opened my eyes, AAAAAAAAA remembered where was.
)L. &carcely had heard the news, AAAAAAAAA my friend arri%ed.
6. Subordinate conunctions
)* &ubordinate clauses may begin with relati%e pronouns such as that, 5hat, 5hate/er,
5hich, 5ho and 5ho7, as well as with words such as ho5, 5hen, 5here, 5here/er and
5h!.
e.g. The house, which stood on a hill, could be seen for miles.
wonder how he did that.
We can use relati%e clauses to join two English sentences, or to gi%e more information about
something.
bought a new car. t is %ery fast. 8 I bou+ht a ne5 car that is /er! )ast.
&he li%es in $ew 6ork. &he likes li%ing in $ew 6ork. 8 She li/es in Ne5 &or9. 5hich she li9es.
*e)inin+ and Non-de)inin+ ,elati/e Clause
A de)inin+ relati/e clause tells which noun we are talking about,
like the woman who li%es next door.
1f donGt say Gwho li%es next doorG, then we donGt know which woman mean*.
A non-de)inin+ relati/e clause gi%es us extra information about something. We donGt need this
information to understand the sentence.
li%e in 7ondon, which has some fantastic parks.
1E%erybody knows where 7ondon is, so Gwhich has some fantastic parksG is extra information*.
*e)inin+ relati/e clauses(
a. The relati/e :ronoun is the subect(
We can use GwhoG, GwhichG or GthatG. We use GwhoG for people and GwhichG for things. We can use GthatG for
people or things.
The relati%e clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. We canGt drop the relati%e
pronoun.
?or example 1clause after the object of the sentence*,
Gm looking for a secretary who = that can use a computer well.
We bought a house which = that is /LL years old.
#ore examples 1clause after the subject of the sentence*,
The man who = that phoned is my brother.
The camera which = that costs M)LL is o%er there.
b. The relati/e :ronoun is the obect(
When the relati%e pronoun is the object of the clause, we can drop the relati%e pronoun if we want to.
Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the sentence. Here are some examples,
1!lause after the object*
We went to the %illage 1which = that* 7ucy recommended. 1not where*
3ohn met a woman 1who = that* had been to school with.
1!lause after the subject*
The bike 1which = that* lo%ed was stolen.
The woman 1who = that* my brother lo%es is from #exico.
Non-de)inin+ relati/e clauses(
We donGt use GthatG in nonJdefining relati%e clauses, so we need to use GwhichG if the pronoun refers to a
thing, and GwhoG if it refers to a person. We canGt drop the relati%e pronoun in this kind of clause, e%en
if the relati%e pronoun is the subject of the clause.
1!lause comes after the subject*
#y boss, who is %ery nice, li%es in #anchester.
#y sister, who li%e with, knows a lot about cars.
1!lause comes after the object*
6esterday called our friend 3ulie, who li%es in $ew 6ork.
The photographer called to the Nueen, who looked annoyed.
Pre:ositions and relati/e clauses
f the %erb in the relati%e clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause, for example,
listen to( The music is good. 3ulie listens to the music.
O The music 1which = that* 3ulie listens to is good.
5or9 5ith( #y brother met a woman. used to work with the woman.
O #y brother met a woman 1who = that* used to work 5ith.
+o to( The country is %ery hot. He went to the country.
O The country 1which = that* he went to is %ery hot.
co7e )ro7( %isited the city. 3ohn comes from the city.
O %isited the city 1that = which* 3ohn comes )ro7.
a::l! )or( The job is well paid. &he applied for the job.
O The job 1which = that* she applied )or is well paid.
c. The use o) ;5hose<(
GWhoseG is always the subject of the relati%e clause and canGt be left out. t replaces a possessi%e. t can
be used for people and things.
The dog is o%er there. The dogGs = its owner li%es next door.
O The dog 5hose owner li%es next door is o%er there.
EPE0!&E, HA$' 9>T 1 0elati%e clause J exercise 2*
/* Subordinate clauses may also begin with words which are commonly referred to as
subordinate conunctions. n the following examples, the subordinate conjunctions are
printed in bold type.
e.g. %ecause it was cold, wore my winter coat.
7et us wait until the rain stops.
Type of clause &ubordinating conjunctions
Time After, before, when, while, as, once, whene%er, since=until=till,
as soon as, as long as
@lace Where, where%er, e%erywhere, anywhere
!omparison Than
0eason =result Iecause=since=as, now that, inasmuch as, as long as, so that=such
that, for
'irect contrast While, whereas
9pposition Although, e%en though, though, despite 1the fact that*, in spite of
1the fact that*
!ondition f, unless, pro%ided that, only if, whether or not, in case, e%en if,
pro%iding or pro%ided, supposing, or else
#anner As, as if, as though
@urpose &o that, in order that, so as to
The subordinate conunctions below are accompanied by their meanings and examples of
use.
$s
). because, $s he is my friend, will help him.
/. when, We watched as the plane took off.
$)ter
). later in time, $)ter the train left, we went home.
$lthou+h or thou+h
). in spite of the fact that, $lthou+h it was after midnight, we did not feel tired.
%e)ore
). earlier than, arri%ed be)ore the stores were open.
%ecause
). for the reason that, We had to wait, because we arri%ed early.
I)
). on condition that, I) she is here, we will see her.
Pro/idin+ or :ro/ided
). on condition that, All will be well, :ro/idin+ you are careful.
Since
). from a past time, ha%e been here since the sun rose.
/. as, because, Since you are here, you can help me.
so that
). in order that, am sa%ing money so that can buy a bicycle.
Su::osin+
). if, Su::osin+ that happens, what will you do(
Unless
). except when, if not, Unless he helps us, we cannot succeed.
Until or till
). up to the time when, will wait until hear from you.
0hereas
). because, 0hereas this is a public building, it is open to e%eryone.
/. on the other hand, He is short, 5hereas you are tall.
0hether
). if, do not know 5hether she was in%ited.
0hile
). at the time when, 0hile it was snowing, we played cards.
/. on the other hand, He is rich, 5hile his friend is poor.
2. although, 0hile am not an expert, will do my best.
$s i)
). in a similar way, &he talks as i) she knows e%erything.
$s lon+ as
). if, $s lon+ as we cooperate, we can finish the work easily.
/. while, He has li%ed there as lon+ as ha%e known him.
$s soon as
). immediately when, Write to me as soon as you can.
$s thou+h
). in a similar way, t looks as thou+h there will be a storm.
-/en i)
). in spite of a possibility, am going out e/en i) it rains.
In case
). because of a possibility, Take a sweater in case it gets cold.
Or else
). otherwise, @lease be careful, or else you may ha%e an accident.
So as to
). in order to, hurried so as to be on time.
-xercise 6( @aying attention to the meanings of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the
correct subordinate conjunctions or similar expressions chosen from the pairs gi%en in
brackets. ?or example,
went for a walk AAAAAAA the sun was shining. 1because, otherwise*
went for a walk because the sun was shining.
'o you know AAAAAAA the stores are open today( 1as if, whether*
'o you know whether the stores are open today(
). We recogniHed her at once, AAAAAAAAAAAA we had not seen her for years. 1although, in
case*
/. He kept reading AAAAAAAAAAA he fell asleep. 1for, until*
2. The moon will rise AAAAAAAAAAAA the sun sets. 1as soon as, than*
4. t looks AAAAAAAAAAAA the train will be late. 1while, as though*
B. AAAAAAAAAAAA she got her degree, she became a teacher. 1After, Than*
C. We will not go skiing AAAAAAAAAAAA the weather is good. 1as if, unless*
D. AAAAAAAAAAAA he left, he made sure he had his keys with him. 1Iefore, ?or*
E. AAAAAAAAAAAA told the truth, you would not belie%e me. 1E%en if, &o that*
K. They ha%e known her AAAAAAAAAAA she was a child. 1until, since*
)L. must lea%e now, AAAAAAAAAAAA ha%e a great deal of work to do. 1as, than*
!ertain words, such as a)ter, be)ore, since and until may function either as prepositions or
subordinate conjunctions. Howe%er it should be noted that in some cases different words must
be used as prepositions and subordinate conjunctions, in order to express similar meanings.
This is illustrated in the table below.
*i))erin+ Pre:ositions and Conunctions
4eanin+ Pre:osition Conunction
for this reason because of because
in spite of this 'espite although
at the time when 'uring while
in a similar way 7ike as if
n the following examples, the objects of the prepositions, and the %erbs of the
subordinate clauses are underlined.
@reposition, They were upset because o) the delay.
!onjunction, They were upset because they were delayed.
@reposition, *es:ite the rain, we enjoyed oursel%es.
!onjunction, $lthou+h it rained, we enjoyed oursel%es.
@reposition, We stayed indoors durin+ the storm.
!onjunction, We stayed indoors 5hile the storm raged.
-xercise =( ?or each of the following sentences, paying attention to the structure of the
sentence, fill in the blank with either the conjunction or the preposition gi%en in brackets. ?or
example,
AAAAAAA my warning, they went ahead with their plan. 1Although, 'espite*
'espite my warning, they went ahead with their plan.
AAAAAAAA the sun was shining, the water was cold. 1Although, 'espite*
Although the sun was shining, the water was cold.
). We stayed up late, AAAAAAAAAAAA we were tired. 1although, despite*
/. They went swimming, AAAAAAAAAAAA the coldness of the water. 1although, despite*
2. enjoy the course, AAAAAAAAAAAA the professor is a good teacher. 1because, because of*
4. &he looks AAAAAAAAAAA your sister. 1as if, like*
B. @lease wait AAAAAAAAAAA make a phone call. 1during, while*
C. 'id you hear any noises AAAAAAAAAAAA the night( 1during, while*
D. t looked AAAAAAAAAAAA we would not be able to lea%e until the next day. 1as if, like*
E. We all felt tired AAAAAAAAAAAA the hot weather. 1because, because of*
K. read a book AAAAAAAAAAA was waiting. 1during, while*
)L. Her eyes shone AAAAAAAAAAAAA stars. 1as if, like*
=. Connectin+ ad/erbs
!onnecting ad%erbs are often used to show the relationship between the ideas
expressed in a clause and the ideas expressed in a preceding clause, sentence or paragraph. n
the following examples, the connecting ad%erbs are printed in bold type.
e.g. wanted to study" ho5e/er, was too tired. 1contrast*
We knew what to expect. There)ore, we were not surprised at what happened. 1cause and
effect*
a. Stress and :unctuation
n spoken English, a connecting ad%erb is usually gi%en more stress than a conjunction.
n formal written English a connecting ad%erb is usually separated from the rest of a clause by
commas, whereas a conjunction is usually not separated from the rest of a clause by commas.
n formal written English a clause containing a connecting ad%erb is often separated from a
preceding clause by a semicolon" whereas a clause beginning with a conjunction is usually not
separated from a preceding clause by a semicolon.
e.g. wanted to study" ho5e/er, was too tired.
wanted to study, but was too tired.
b. Connectin+ ad/erbs used to connect sentences
>nlike conjunctions, connecting ad%erbs may be used in formal English to show the
relationship between ideas expressed in separate sentences or paragraphs. ?or example,

e.g. The wind was strong. Thus, felt %ery cold. 1cause 5 effect*
$ote, n informal English, coordinate conjunctions are sometimes used to show the
relationship between the ideas expressed in separate sentences. ?or example,
e.g. The wind was strong. And felt %ery cold.
Howe%er, this use of coordinate conjunctions is considered to be grammatically
incorrect in formal English.
c. Position in a clause
A subordinate conjunction must usually be placed at the beginning of a clause. Howe%er, a
connecting ad%erb may be placed at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.
This is illustrated below.
e.g. His %isit was unexpected. Ne/ertheless, was pleased to see him.
His %isit was unexpected. was, ne/ertheless, pleased to see him.
His %isit was unexpected. was pleased to see him, ne/ertheless.
,-2$TIONS1IP CONJUNCTI>- $*>-,%
$**ITION( also, furthermore, moreo%er, besides, in addition
e.g. #igraine headaches are painful" in adittion, they cause nausea.
Tom bought a notebook" also he bought se%eral pens.

CONT,$ST( howe%er, still, ne%ertheless, con%ersely, instead, nonetheless, otherwise, on
the other hand
e.g. 3aime wanted to see Q#ission mpossibleQ" however, $ick wanted to see Q/E 'ays.Q
6ou will need to focus on the goal" otherwise it is easy to get distracted.
CO4P$,ISON similarly, likewise 1R tGs the same for me*.Q
e.g. Holistic medicine %iews the patient as a whole person" similarly, acupuncture treats
the body as an independent system.
,-SU2T( therefore, thus, hence, then, conse+uently, accordingly
e.g. &tress weakens the immune system" therefore, a high stress le%el can contribute to
many illness.
The company<s profits ha%e fallen" thus, it cannot raise the salaries of its employees.
TI4-( next, then, finally, meanwhile, subse+uently
e.g. ?irst, fry the garlic. Next, add the ginger.
;i%e her the letter to read" then sheGll understand.
CONC2USION( so, that<s why
e.g. The best candidate for the job missed her flight" so we will postpone the inter%iews
until tomorrow.
- #ary felt tired and sleepy" thats why she went to bed.
$ote, As indicated in the following table, se%eral connecting ad%erbs ha%e meanings similar
to those of the conjunctions and, but or so.
Connectin+ $d/erbs 5ith 7eanin+s si7ilar to $nd. %ut and So
Si7ilar to $nd Si7ilar to %ut Si7ilar to So
Also Howe%er accordingly
Iesides $e%ertheless conse+uently
?urthermore $onetheless hence
7ikewise &till therefore
#oreo%er thus
-xercises ? and @.
B. @aying attention to the meanings of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the correct
connecting ad%erbs chosen from the pairs gi%en in brackets. ?or example,
Will you come with me( AAAAAAAAA shall ha%e to go alone. 1Also, 9therwise*
Will you come with me( 9therwise shall ha%e to go alone.
). The work was new to me. AAAAAAAAAAAA, it did not seem difficult. 1!onse+uently,
$e%ertheless*
/. !ontinue along Nueen &treet. AAAAAAAAAAAA turn left. 1Then, Therefore*
2. t was %ery misty. AAAAAAAAAAAAAA, we could not get a clear %iew of the mountain. 1Hence,
Howe%er*
4. We had walked se%eral miles. AAAAAAAAAAAA, we did not feel tired. 1Accordingly, &till*
B. &he is a talented actress. AAAAAAAAAAAA, she is %ery beautiful. 1#oreo%er, Thus*
C. We take the bus e%ery day. AAAAAAAAAA, we are familiar with the bus route. 1$e%ertheless,
Thus*
D. The child was sleepy. AAAAAAAAAAAAAA, we went home early. 19therwise, Therefore*
E. The food was delicious. AAAAAAAAAAAAA, the ser%ice was excellent. 17ikewise,
$e%ertheless*
K. We looked e%erywhere. AAAAAAAAAAAAA, we could not find the keys. 1Howe%er, Thus*
)L. The book is long. AAAAAAAAAAAAA, the %ocabulary is difficult. 1!onse+uently,
?urthermore*
C. @aying attention to the structure of the sentences, fill in the blanks with the conjunctions or
connecting ad%erbs gi%en in brackets. #ake sure that the sentences conform to the rules of
correct formal English. ?or example,
t was %ery hot. AAAAAAAAAAAA, we decided to go swimming. 1!onse+uently, &o*
t was %ery hot. !onse+uently, we decided to go swimming.
). ha%e in%ited him. AAAAAAAAAAAA, ha%e in%ited his sister. 1Also, And*
/. He walked up to the door AAAAAAAAAAAA knocked. 1and, likewise*
2. The bus fare is expensi%e" AAAAAAAAAAAA, prefer to walk. 1so, therefore*
4. &he is wellJeducated. AAAAAAAAAAAA, she has %ery good manners. 1And, Iesides*
B. would rather tra%el by train, AAAAAAAAAAA the bus lea%es earlier. 1but, howe%er*
C. We were born in this %illage" AAAAAAAAAAAA, we know e%eryone here. 1hence, so that*
D. @ut less wood on the fire, AAAAAAAAAAA it will be too smoky. 1or, otherwise*
E. They got off the train. AAAAAAAAAA they began to search for a hotel. 1And, Then*
K. &he studied for many months" AAAAAAAAAAAA, she knew the material thoroughly.
1conse+uently, so that*
)L. The weather was hot" AAAAAAAAAAAA, the air was humid. 1and, moreo%er*
,e)erences(
https,==web.cn.edu=kwheeler=gramAconjAad%.html
http,==www.perfectJenglishJgrammar.com=relati%eJclauses.html
http,==www.csulb.edu=colleges=cla=departments=english=docs=!onjuncti%eAd%erbs.pdf
http,==www/.gsu.edu=Swwwesl=egw=bryson.htmT$T09'>!T9$